mačka

mačka (nominative singular)
mačkas (nominative plural)
mačku (accusative singular)
mačkas (accusative plural)
mačkas (genitive singular)
mačku (genitive plural)
mačkai (dative singular)
mačkām (dative plural)
mačku (instrumental singular)
mačkām (instrumental plural)
mačkā (locative singular)
mačkās (locative plural)
mačka (singular vocative)
mačkas (plural vocative)


tante

lv-noun

tante f (5th declension, masculine form: tēvocis)

tante (canonical feminine)
onkulis (canonical)
tēvocis (masculine)
tante (nominative singular)
tantes (nominative plural)
tanti (accusative singular)
tantes (accusative plural)
tantes (genitive singular)
tanšu (genitive plural)
tantei (dative singular)
tantēm (dative plural)
tanti (instrumental singular)
tantēm (instrumental plural)
tantē (locative singular)
tantēs (locative plural)
tante (singular vocative)
tantes (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Tante (“aunt”), itself a borrowing from French tante (“aunt”). This borrowing was first mentioned in 18th-century Latvian texts.

dzīvot pie tantes

tante Betsija

aunt (father's sister or mother's sister; father's brother's wife or mother's brother's wife)

Peterēna vienaudži mani jau uzrunā par tanti

Peterēns (= Little Peter)'s friends called me aunt

atbrauca inspektors un viena tante no arodbiedrības, veca meita

the inspector came with an aunt from the trade union, an old girl

aunt (a grown woman, in relation to a child, even if not the child's real aunt)


brālis

brālis (nominative singular)
brāļi (nominative plural)
brāli (accusative singular)
brāļus (accusative plural)
brāļa (genitive singular)
brāļu (genitive plural)
brālim (dative singular)
brāļiem (dative plural)
brāli (instrumental singular)
brāļiem (instrumental plural)
brālī (locative singular)
brāļos (locative plural)
brāli (singular vocative)
brāļi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brā́ˀtē, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Cognate with Lithuanian brolis.

brother (people who are closely related to each other)


māte

māte (nominative singular)
mātes (nominative plural)
māti (accusative singular)
mātes (accusative plural)
mātes (genitive singular)
māšu (genitive plural)
mātei (dative singular)
mātēm (dative plural)
māti (instrumental singular)
mātēm (instrumental plural)
mātē (locative singular)
mātēs (locative plural)
māt (singular vocative)
mātes (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *mā́ˀtē, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (“mother”), where the initial *ma, *meh₂ may have originally been a child's call or nursery word.
Cognates include Lithuanian mótė (“woman, wife”, dialectally also “mother”), móteris (“woman”), mótina (“mother”), Old Prussian mūti, muti, mothe, Sudovian ate (< *māte), Proto-Slavic *mati (Russian мать (matʹ), Belarusian маць (macʹ), Ukrainian ма́ти (máty), Bulgarian ма́ти (máti), ма́тер (máter), Czech máti, archaic Polish mać), Proto-Germanic *mōdēr (Old Saxon mōdar, Old English mōdor, English mother, Old Norse móðir, Old High German muoter, German Mutter), Sanskrit मातृ (mā́tṛ), Avestan 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 (mātar), Ancient Greek μήτηρ (mḗtēr), Doric μάτηρ (mátēr), Latin māter.

cog

briežu, vilku, lāču māte

bišu māte

female individual of some animal species


dieveris

brother-in-law (the brother of one's husband)


vīrs

vīrs (nominative singular)
vīri (nominative plural)
vīru (accusative singular)
vīrus (accusative plural)
vīra (genitive singular)
vīru (genitive plural)
vīram (dative singular)
vīriem (dative plural)
vīru (instrumental singular)
vīriem (instrumental plural)
vīrā (locative singular)
vīros (locative plural)
vīrs (singular vocative)
vīri (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wī́ˀras, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós “man” < “strong one”, from the stem *weyh₁- (“to go, move in a straight direction; to be strong”) (cf. Latin vīs (“strength”)). Cognates include Lithuanian výras, Old Prussian wijrs, wirs, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂 (wair), Old High German wer, Old Norse verr, Old Irish fer, Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬭𐬀 (vira), 𐬬𐬍𐬭𐬀 (vīra), Latin vir.

pusmūža vīrs

stalts vīrs

omulīgs vīrs

lāga vīrs

spēka vīrs

goda vīrs

īsts vīrs

vīru koris, vīriešu koris

sardzes vīrs

darba vīrs

karavīrs

ugunsdzēsēju komandas vīri

fire-brigade men (= firemen, firefighters)

(in combination with a word describing an occupation) a man who works, deals with something


bārenis

lv-noun

bārenis m (2nd declension, feminine form: bārene)

bārene (feminine)
bārenis (nominative singular)
bāreņi (nominative plural)
bāreni (accusative singular)
bāreņus (accusative plural)
bāreņa (genitive singular)
bāreņu (genitive plural)
bārenim (dative singular)
bāreņiem (dative plural)
bāreni (instrumental singular)
bāreņiem (instrumental plural)
bārenī (locative singular)
bāreņos (locative plural)
bāreni (singular vocative)
bāreņi (plural vocative)

From bārs (“lonely”) + -enis, possibly originally a diminutive form.

apaļš bārenis

kļūt bārenim

bāreņu aizbildnis

pierādīt vajag, ka ir apaļš bārenis, ne tēva, ne mātes

(he) needs to prove that he is a full orphan without father and mother

(male) orphan (a boy who has lost one or both parents)


tēvs

tēvs (nominative singular)
tēvi (nominative plural)
tēvu (accusative singular)
tēvus (accusative plural)
tēva (genitive singular)
tēvu (genitive plural)
tēvam (dative singular)
tēviem (dative plural)
tēvu (instrumental singular)
tēviem (instrumental plural)
tēvā (locative singular)
tēvos (locative plural)
tēvs (singular vocative)
tēvi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *tewas ("father"), from Proto-Indo-European *te- (“father”), a stem found in reduplicated form in tētis (“father”) (q.v.). The epenthetic v arose to break the e-a sequence. Cognates include Lithuanian tėvas, Old Prussian tāws, towis (“father”), thewis (“father's brother”).

Mūsu Tēvs, Tēvs Mūsu

debesu tēvs

Dievs Tēvs! Dievs Kungs!

oh God! oh Lord! (expressions of surprise or fear)

(Christianity) God the Father (God seen as the creator of the universe)


dēls

dēls (nominative singular)
dēli (nominative plural)
dēlu (accusative singular)
dēlus (accusative plural)
dēla (genitive singular)
dēlu (genitive plural)
dēlam (dative singular)
dēliem (dative plural)
dēlu (instrumental singular)
dēliem (instrumental plural)
dēlā (locative singular)
dēlos (locative plural)
dēls (singular vocative)
dēli (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *dē-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰē-, *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, to nurse”) (whence also Latvian dēle (“leech”), q.v.); the original meaning was thus “one to nurse,” “suckling one,” “baby” (cf. Latin fellāre (“to nurse”), filius (“son”) < *fēlios < *dʰeh₁(y)-li-os). Cognates include Proto-Slavic *dětę (Russian дети (deti, “children”)), Albanian djalë (“boy, son”). The term dēls replaced an earlier *sūn(u)s, the original Indo-European word for “son” (cf. Lithuanian sūnùs, English son, Russian сын (syn)). This is usually explained as the result of taboo: the ‘real’ word for “son” was avoided so as not to attract the attention of evil spirits. Note that the languages that lack a reflex of this original word (Latin, Celtic, Latvian, Albanian) also lack the corresponding word for “daughter” (cf. Lithuanian duktė̃, Russian дочь (dočʹ), German Tochter); this suggests that there may have been dialectal differences in Proto-Indo-European concerning words for children.

Latvijas zemes dēls

a son of the land of Latvia (= a Latvian)

dažādu tautu dēli un meitas

the sons and daughters of various nations

(poetic) son (a member of a people, group, etc.)


meita

meita (nominative singular)
meitas (nominative plural)
meitu (accusative singular)
meitas (accusative plural)
meitas (genitive singular)
meitu (genitive plural)
meitai (dative singular)
meitām (dative plural)
meitu (instrumental singular)
meitām (instrumental plural)
meitā (locative singular)
meitās (locative plural)
meit (singular vocative)
meitas (plural vocative)

Traditionally, this word is considered borrowed from Middle Low German meid (“female servant”) (or from Middle High German meyt, meyde, or Middle Dutch meit), which replaced an older Proto-Indo-European word, probably *dukte, cognate with Lithuanian duktė̃, Old Prussian duckti, Russian дочь (doč’), German Tochter, English daughter (< Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr). It has, however, been pointed out that (a) the meaning “daughter” is older (“servant” is attested only from the 19th century), which is the opposite of what should happen if it were a borrowing from Germanic; (b) the broken intonation is not usual in borrowings from Germanic; and (c) the presumed original word *dukte has left no trace in place names, dialectal forms, etc. On account of that, some researchers believe that meita is not a borrowing, but actually the original word for “daughter” in Latvian, i.e. Latvian did not derive “daughter” from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr (like Latin, which has fīlia). A possible source would be Proto-Indo-European *mēy- (“soft, tender, dear”), with an extra t; meita would have originally been the feminine form of the resulting adjective *meits (“tender, dear, loved”). Another possibility would be the same stem as mīt (“to change”): the original meaning would have been “changing (status, via marriage)” > “young woman about to get married” > “unmarried young woman; daughter.”

der

muižas meita

vasaras meita

istabas meita

saimniece pie tā paša brauciena gribēja apraudzīties un apklausīties pēc jaunas meitas

the lady wanted, in the same trip, to come see and hear the new servants


bērns

bērns (nominative singular)
bērni (nominative plural)
bērnu (accusative singular)
bērnus (accusative plural)
bērna (genitive singular)
bērnu (genitive plural)
bērnam (dative singular)
bērniem (dative plural)
bērnu (instrumental singular)
bērniem (instrumental plural)
bērnā (locative singular)
bērnos (locative plural)
bērns (singular vocative)
bērni (plural vocative)

From an earlier *berns, with lengthening ([èɾ] > [æ̀ːɾ]), from Proto-Baltic *bernas, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- with an extra -no-s. The meaning evolved from “carry, bear” > “carried thing, burden” > “baby (being carried by pregnant woman)” > “child.” Cognates include Lithuanian bérnas (“young, unmarried man; child; boy; servant”), Sudovian barnaj (“children”) (< *bernai), Proto-Germanic *barną (“child”) (Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn), Swedish barn, English bairn (“child”)). In the sense of “burden,” also Proto-Slavic *bermę < *bermen- (dialectal Russian бере́мя (berémja, “burden; lap”)), Old Armenian բեռն (beṙn), Ancient Greek φέρνη (phérnē, “dowry”); in the sense of “pregnant,” Russian бере́менная (berémennaja), Polish brzemienna, from brzemienny (“full of cargo”); and in the sense of “to be born, birth,” Ancient Greek φέρμα (phérma, “fruit of the earth”), Old English ġeberan (“to bring forth, to give birth”), German gebären, English bear, be born.

cog

“vai, māt, Brūnaļai teļinš!” meitene priecīgi sasit rokas... “Brūnaļa mani vairs nepazīst...” “viņai bail, ka tu nedari pāri viņas bērnam”

“oh, Mum, Brūnaļa (the cow) has a little calf!” the girl happily clapped her hands... “Brūnaļa doesn't know me anymore...” “she is afraid of what you might do to her child”


sieva

sieva (nominative singular)
sievas (nominative plural)
sievu (accusative singular)
sievas (accusative plural)
sievas (genitive singular)
sievu (genitive plural)
sievai (dative singular)
sievām (dative plural)
sievu (instrumental singular)
sievām (instrumental plural)
sievā (locative singular)
sievās (locative plural)
sieva (singular vocative)
sievas (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śéiwāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱéy-wos, from *ḱey- (“be located; camp, settlement; friendly; from the same home”) with a suffix -wā (from the same stem also Latvian saime (“household”)). The semantic change seems to have been “friendly settlement or household member” > “woman”. Cognate with Sanskrit शेव (śéva, “dear, friendly, honored”), Gothic 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰-𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 (heiwa-frauja, “master of the house”), Old High German hiwa (“wife”), hi(w)o (“spouse; servant”), Latin civis (“citizen”) (previously “household member”, “villager”). As Latvian sieva gradually shifted its basic meaning to “wife”, a new term sieviete (“woman”) was coined (in the 19th century).

𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰-𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰

vīrs un sieva

nolūkot sievu

ņemt, apņemt sievu

sievas vecāki

viņa jau divus gadus ir sieva

viņam nav sievas

wife (married woman; woman with respect to her husband)


bārene

lv-noun

bārene f (5th declension, masculine form: bārenis)

bārenis (masculine)
bārene (nominative singular)
bārenes (nominative plural)
bāreni (accusative singular)
bārenes (accusative plural)
bārenes (genitive singular)
bāreņu (genitive plural)
bārenei (dative singular)
bārenēm (dative plural)
bāreni (instrumental singular)
bārenēm (instrumental plural)
bārenē (locative singular)
bārenēs (locative plural)
bārene (singular vocative)
bārenes (plural vocative)

esmu bārene: man nav ne mātes, ne tēva

I am an orphan: I have neither mother nor father

Luzei ir gādīga māte un krietni radi, bet Karlīne ir bārene

Luze has a caring mother and good relatives, while Karlīne is an orphan

(female) orphan (a girl who has lost one or both parents)


ģimene

ģimene (nominative singular)
ģimenes (nominative plural)
ģimeni (accusative singular)
ģimenes (accusative plural)
ģimenes (genitive singular)
ģimeņu (genitive plural)
ģimenei (dative singular)
ģimenēm (dative plural)
ģimeni (instrumental singular)
ģimenēm (instrumental plural)
ģimenē (locative singular)
ģimenēs (locative plural)
ģimene (singular vocative)
ģimenes (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Lithuanian giminė̃ (“family; kin; genus; gender”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-, the same root as the verb dzimt (“to be born”) (q.v.); cf. also Sudovian gimna (“family; uncles, their wives”). This borrowing is first attested in writings in the 1870s, with a broader range of meanings (“family, kin, generation, sex, gender”); the current meaning of “family” stabilized at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1870s, Juris Alunāns attempted to correct it to dzimene (which would be the regular development if the word had not been borrowed), but this form never became popular. It replaced the previous borrowing famīlija (from German Familie).

cog

daudzbērnu ģimene

strādnieku ģimene

zemnieku ģimene

mazas ģimenes

saskanīga ģimenes dzīve

ģimenes stāvoklis

ģimenes budžets

ģimenes galva

head of the family (= the family's breadwinner)

ģimenes māja

ģimenes cilvēks

married (lit. family) person, (usually a man)

ģimenes tiesības

family law (legislation concerning marriage, kinship, adoption, etc.)

mūsu ģimene ir liela: tētis, māmiņa un septiņi bērni

our family is big: father, mother and seven children

A. Upīts romānā “Jauni Avoti”, tēlojot konfliktus starp Robežnieku ģimenes locekļiem, atspoguļo tam laikam raksturīgos konfliktus patriarhālās ģimenes iziruma apstākļos

A. Upīts depicting in (his) novel “New Sources” the conflicts between the members of the Robežnieks family also portrayed the conflicts, typical of those times, in the process of disintegration of the patriarchal family

family (group formed by a couple and their children (if any) living together; larger group of relatives living together)

šodien pārrunā sevišķi aktuālas tēmas: aminoskābju palielināšana cūkgaļā, līniju un ģimeņu analīzes un citas svarīgas problemas

today (they) discussed especially current issues: the increase of aminoacids in pork, the analysis of lines (= lineages) and families, and other important problems

(livestock) a group of female animals descended from one breeder

stārķu ģimene

mežacūku ģimene

tas, ko parasti uzskata par vilku baru, īstenībā ir viena vilku ģimene: veco vilku pāris un viņu šā gada un pērnie vilcēni, kas ziemas sākumā sanāk kopā

that which one usually considers a pack of wolves is actually a family of wolves: an old wolf couple and their wolflings of this year and of the previous year, who get together at the beginning of winter

(zoology) family (a group of animals consisting of a male, a female and their offspring, living and eating together)


medus mēnesis

medus mēnesis (nominative singular)
medus mēneši (nominative plural)
medus mēnesi (accusative singular)
medus mēnešus (accusative plural)
medus mēneša (genitive singular)
medus mēnešu (genitive plural)
medus mēnesim (dative singular)
medus mēnešiem (dative plural)
medus mēnesi (instrumental singular)
medus mēnešiem (instrumental plural)
medus mēnesī (locative singular)
medus mēnešos (locative plural)
medus mēnesi (singular vocative)
medus mēneši (plural vocative)

honeymoon (period of time immediately following a marriage)


cilts

cilts (nominative singular)
ciltis (nominative plural)
cilti (accusative singular)
ciltis (accusative plural)
cilts (genitive singular)
cilšu (genitive plural)
ciltij (dative singular)
ciltīm (dative plural)
cilti (instrumental singular)
ciltīm (instrumental plural)
ciltī (locative singular)
ciltīs (locative plural)
cilts (singular vocative)
ciltis (plural vocative)

From an older, obsolete verb cilt (“to rise”), or perhaps, via ablaut, from celt (“to raise, to lift, to build”). The meaning of cilt, “to rise,” is linked to that of “to appear, to originate, to be born;” the original being thus changed from “(where) one rises, is born” to “tribe.” Cognates include Lithuanian kiltìs.

pirmatnējās ciltis

klejotāju ciltis

mednieku ciltis

sena cilts

cilts virsaitis

tribe (group of people with a primitive type of social organization)

viena asins... viena cilts

sena zvejnieku cilts

a group of relatives with a common origin or ancestor, a clan, family

cilvēku cilts

(poetic) a group of people united by common ideals, activities, goals


dvīne

lv-noun

dvīne f (5th declension, masculine form: dvīnis)

dvīnis (masculine)
dvīne (nominative singular)
dvīnes (nominative plural)
dvīni (accusative singular)
dvīnes (accusative plural)
dvīnes (genitive singular)
dvīņu (genitive plural)
dvīnei (dative singular)
dvīnēm (dative plural)
dvīni (instrumental singular)
dvīnēm (instrumental plural)
dvīnē (locative singular)
dvīnēs (locative plural)
dvīne (singular vocative)
dvīnes (plural vocative)

dvīņu māsa

abas dvīņu māsas ir labas vingrotājas

pašas jaunākās meistarsacīkšu dalībnieces ir Kanādas indiāņu dvīnes

the youngest championship participants are the Canadian Indian (female) twins

(female) twin (a girl born together with another child from one mother)


dvīnis

dvīnis m (2nd declension, feminine form: dvīne)

dvīne (feminine)
dvīnis (nominative singular)
dvīņi (nominative plural)
dvīni (accusative singular)
dvīņus (accusative plural)
dvīņa (genitive singular)
dvīņu (genitive plural)
dvīnim (dative singular)
dvīņiem (dative plural)
dvīni (instrumental singular)
dvīņiem (instrumental plural)
dvīnī (locative singular)
dvīņos (locative plural)
dvīni (singular vocative)
dvīņi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, twofold”) (with an extra suffix *-no, *-nyo), from *dwi- (“two”), whence also divi (“two”) (q.v.). Cognates include Lithuanian dvynỹs, Old High German zwiniling (< *twi-na-), German Zwilling, English twin, Latin bini (“in twos, in pairs”) (< *dwis-no-).

der

dvīņu brālis

twin brother (a man with a twin brother or sister)

dvīņu māsa

twin sister (a woman with a twin brother or sister)

dvīņu zvaigzne

dvīņu klēts

twin barn (i.e., two barns under the same roof)

dvīņi ir līdzīgi pēc ārienes

Kaspars domāja par saviem dvīņiem

Kaspars thought about his twins (children)

turcietei piedzimuši dvīņi, zēns un meitene

the Turkish woman gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl

(male) twin (a boy born together with another child from one mother)


māsa

māsa (nominative singular)
māsas (nominative plural)
māsu (accusative singular)
māsas (accusative plural)
māsas (genitive singular)
māsu (genitive plural)
māsai (dative singular)
māsām (dative plural)
māsu (instrumental singular)
māsām (instrumental plural)
māsā (locative singular)
māsās (locative plural)
māsa (singular vocative)
māsas (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *mā-, a baby language word for “mother,” “mommy” (whence also māte, q.v.). This word, probably at first a term of endearment, has replaced an earlier descendant of Proto-Indo-European *swésōr (still found in Lithuanian sesuõ, genitive form seser̃s). Cognates include Lithuanian móša (“sister-in-law”), Old Prussian moazo ([moaso], “aunt”).

māsa, medicīnas māsa

operāciju māsa

diētas māsa

vecākā māsa

medicīnas māsu kursi

iegūt medicīnas māsu diplomu

nurse (medical assistant who helps a doctor treat patients)


tēvocis

lv-noun

tēvocis m (2nd declension, feminine form: tante)

tante (feminine)
tēvocis (nominative singular)
tēvoči (nominative plural)
tēvoci (accusative singular)
tēvočus (accusative plural)
tēvoča (genitive singular)
tēvoču (genitive plural)
tēvocim (dative singular)
tēvočiem (dative plural)
tēvoci (instrumental singular)
tēvočiem (instrumental plural)
tēvocī (locative singular)
tēvočos (locative plural)
tēvoci (singular vocative)
tēvoči (plural vocative)

From tēvs (“father”), with an extra element -oc ([ùots], maybe from *ōk); cf. Lithuanian tėvõkas (“older man; grandfather”), tėvùkas (“daddy; grandfather”). First attested in Kurzeme in the 18th century, this word has since then spread to other areas and entered the standard language.

cog

“es te stāvu no pusseptiņiem”, uztraucas kāds tēvocis

“I have been standing here since half past six,” some uncle complained

uncle (a grown man, in relation to a child, even if not the child's real uncle)


dzimta

dzimta (nominative singular)
dzimtas (nominative plural)
dzimtu (accusative singular)
dzimtas (accusative plural)
dzimtas (genitive singular)
dzimtu (genitive plural)
dzimtai (dative singular)
dzimtām (dative plural)
dzimtu (instrumental singular)
dzimtām (instrumental plural)
dzimtā (locative singular)
dzimtās (locative plural)
dzimta (singular vocative)
dzimtas (plural vocative)

From the same stem as dzimt (“to be born”) + -a.

dzimtas senči

cilvēku dzimta

people in general, humankind (lit. people's family, clan)

un dzimta dzemdē jaunu dzimtu, / arvienu augšup kāpdama, / un gadu simts dzen gadu simtu / uz priekšu vētras straujumā!

and kin gives birth to new kin, always ascending upwards, and century drives century / forward, with the speed of a storm!

family, kin, kin group, clan, kind (a group of people related by blood and descended from a single ancestor)

slims padēls nav skaista pameita, ko var ieprecināt augstdzimušā un bagātā dzimtā

a sick stepson is not a beautiful stepdaughter, who could be married into a well-born, rich family

viņa dzimta nebija liela; tā sastāvēja pavisam no trim dvēselēm... pats saimnieks Silmežs, viņa sieva un mājas saimniece Ilze un meita Trīne

his family, household was not big; it consisted of three souls in total... the farmer Silmežs, his wife Ilze, the lady of the house, and the daughter, Trīne

family (a few, usually two or three, generations of related people; parents and children)

pīļu dzimta

vilki, lapsas, polārlapsas un citi suņu dzimtas plēsoņas dzīvo apmēram 16 gadus

wolves, foxes, arctic foxes and other canid (Canidae, lit. dog family) predators live about 16 years

rozes pieder pie rožu dzimtas un ieņem izcilu vietu starp citām puķēm

the roses belong to the Rosaceae (lit. rose family) and take an outstanding place among other flowers

(biology, taxonomy) family (a group of genera)


bērnība

bērnība (nominative singular)
bērnību (accusative singular)
bērnības (genitive singular)
bērnībai (dative singular)
bērnību (instrumental singular)
bērnībā (locative singular)
bērnība (singular vocative)

laimīga, bezrūpīga bērnība – a happy, carefree childhood

bērnības draugi – childhood friends

bērnības atmiņas – childhood memories

bērnības rotaļas – childhood toys

bērnam pieder bērnība, laimīgs laiks, kad jaunais pilsonis zinātkārs, iepazīstas ar apkārtējo pasauli – childhood belongs to the child, a happy time when a new curious citizen becomes acquainted with the surrounding world

childhood (time in one's life after one's birth and before one's adolescence)


znots

znots (nominative singular)
znoti (nominative plural)
znotu (accusative singular)
znotus (accusative plural)
znota (genitive singular)
znotu (genitive plural)
znotam (dative singular)
znotiem (dative plural)
znotu (instrumental singular)
znotiem (instrumental plural)
znotā (locative singular)
znotos (locative plural)
znot (singular vocative)
znoti (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵen-, *ǵnō-, *ǵneh₃- (“to know, to recognize”) (whence also zināt, q.v.), possibly of the same origin as *ǵenh₁- (“to create, to generate”) (> “to give birth”, “to have/be a relative”). The initial meaning of znots was apparently “(new) relative”, “man who married into the family/clan”, from which it was restricted to “son-in-law” (note that an 18th-century source still had it as “brother-in-law”). Cognates include Lithuanian žéntas (“son-in-law”), Proto-Slavic *zętь (Old Church Slavonic зѧть (zętĭ), Russian зять (zjatʹ), Belarusian зяць (zjacʹ), Bulgarian зет (zet), Czech zeť, Polish zięć), Sanskrit ज्ञाति (jñatí, “relative”), Ancient Greek γνωστός (gnōstós, “blood relative, brother”).

māte ar sirdi un prātu znota pusē

the mother (was) with heart and soul on (her) son-in-law's side

viņš taču ir un paliek meitas vīrs un viņas mātes znots

but he is and reamins (that) daughter's husband and her mother's son-in-law

par to es gribētu ar jums parunāties, kā znots ar sievasmāti!

I would like to talk to you about that, as a son-in-law to (his) mother-in-law


dzīvesbiedrs

lv-noun

dzīvesbiedrs m (1st declension, feminine form: dzīvesbiedre or dzīvesbiedrene)

dzīvesbiedre (feminine)
dzīvesbiedrene (feminine)
dzīvesbiedrs (nominative singular)
dzīvesbiedri (nominative plural)
dzīvesbiedru (accusative singular)
dzīvesbiedrus (accusative plural)
dzīvesbiedra (genitive singular)
dzīvesbiedru (genitive plural)
dzīvesbiedram (dative singular)
dzīvesbiedriem (dative plural)
dzīvesbiedru (instrumental singular)
dzīvesbiedriem (instrumental plural)
dzīvesbiedrā (locative singular)
dzīvesbiedros (locative plural)
dzīvesbiedr (singular vocative)
dzīvesbiedri (plural vocative)

From dzīves (“life[gen.]”) + biedrs (“companion, comrade”).

compound

viņš ir mīlošs dzīvesbiedrs sievai

kopā ar dzīvesbiedru viņa dosies ceļojumā pa Ventu

together with (her) husband she will travel through Venta

husband (a male spouse, a married man, in reference to his wife)


dzīvesbiedre

lv-noun

dzīvesbiedre f (5th declension, masculine form: dzīvesbiedrs)

dzīvesbiedrs (masculine)
dzīvesbiedre (nominative singular)
dzīvesbiedres (nominative plural)
dzīvesbiedri (accusative singular)
dzīvesbiedres (accusative plural)
dzīvesbiedres (genitive singular)
dzīvesbiedru (genitive plural)
dzīvesbiedrei (dative singular)
dzīvesbiedrēm (dative plural)
dzīvesbiedri (instrumental singular)
dzīvesbiedrēm (instrumental plural)
dzīvesbiedrē (locative singular)
dzīvesbiedrēs (locative plural)
dzīvesbiedre (singular vocative)
dzīvesbiedres (plural vocative)

From dzīves (“life[gen.]”) + biedre (“(female) companion, comrade”) (with biedre from biedrs (“companion, comrade”) + -e (“fem.”), or from dzīvesbiedrs (“companion, comrade”) + -e (“fem.”) (with dzīvesbiedrs from dzīves (“life[gen.]”) + biedrs (“companion, comrade”)).

suffix

arī Vesmana dzīvesbiedre Maruta Hāba kādreiz bija viena no pirmajām traktoristēm republikā

also Vesmans' wife Maruta Hāba once was one of the first female tractor drivers in the (Latvian) republic

Mareņos vēl nekad nav bijis tāds gods: uzņemt deputāta dzīvesbiedri un viņa dēlu

in Mareņi there had never been such honor: to receive the MP's wife and his son

wife (a female spouse, a married woman with reference to her husband)


svainība

svainība (nominative singular)
svainību (accusative singular)
svainības (genitive singular)
svainībai (dative singular)
svainību (instrumental singular)
svainībā (locative singular)
svainība (singular vocative)

mūs ar bijušo zemes īpašnieu saista tikai svainība, tad zemi kā mantojumu saņemt nevaram

we were linked to the previous owner of the land only by a brother-in-law relation, so we cannot get the land as (our) property

kinship relation between brothers-in-law or sisters-in-law


svainiene

svainiene (nominative singular)
svainienes (nominative plural)
svainieni (accusative singular)
svainienes (accusative plural)
svainienes (genitive singular)
svainieņu (genitive plural)
svainienei (dative singular)
svainienēm (dative plural)
svainieni (instrumental singular)
svainienēm (instrumental plural)
svainienē (locative singular)
svainienēs (locative plural)
svainiene (singular vocative)
svainienes (plural vocative)

From svainis (“brother-in-law”) + -iene (“fem.”).

“vēl nesen biju aizbraucis pat uz savu veco ciemu...” “tur pie brāļa sievas?” “tur, jā, bet svainieni nesatiku”

“I even recently went to my old village...” “there, at your brother's wife's (house)?” “yes, there, but I didn't meet my sister-in-law”

sister-in-law (one's wife's sister or one's husband's sister; also, one's brother's wife, or one's husband's brother's wife)


svaine

svaine (nominative singular)
svaines (nominative plural)
svaini (accusative singular)
svaines (accusative plural)
svaines (genitive singular)
svaiņu (genitive plural)
svainei (dative singular)
svainēm (dative plural)
svaini (instrumental singular)
svainēm (instrumental plural)
svainē (locative singular)
svainēs (locative plural)
svaine (singular vocative)
svaines (plural vocative)

From svainis (“brother-in-law”) + -e (“fem.”).

tā nav ne mana, ne mana brāļa māja, tā ir mums abiem kopīga... bet kad es apprecēšos, es vairs negribēšu iet svaines virtuvē

this is neither my nor my brother's house, this is our common (house)... but when I get married, I won't want to go to my sister-in-law's kitchen anymore


meitas vīrs

meitas vīrs (nominative singular)
meitas vīri (nominative plural)
meitas vīru (accusative singular)
meitas vīrus (accusative plural)
meitas vīra (genitive singular)
meitas vīru (genitive plural)
meitas vīram (dative singular)
meitas vīriem (dative plural)
meitas vīru (instrumental singular)
meitas vīriem (instrumental plural)
meitas vīrā (locative singular)
meitas vīros (locative plural)
meitas vīr (singular vocative)
meitas vīri (plural vocative)

sievas māte nu žēlojas: “vai, meitas vīrs, kam tu tā dari?”

the wife's mother now lamented: “oh, son-in-law, to (= for) whom are you doing it like that?”

Fredrika Idestama vietā par vadītāju tika iecelts viņa meitas vīrs Gustafs Fogelholms

to Fredrik Idestam's place as manager his son-in-law Gustaf Fogelholm was appointed


tētis

tētis (nominative singular)
tēti (nominative plural)
tēti (accusative singular)
tētus (accusative plural)
tēta (genitive singular)
tētu (genitive plural)
tētim (dative singular)
tētiem (dative plural)
tēti (instrumental singular)
tētiem (instrumental plural)
tētī (locative singular)
tētos (locative plural)
tēti (singular vocative)
tēti (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *tet- (with expressive lengthening: e → ē), from Proto-Indo-European *teta, *tata-, probably formed (via child language) by reduplication from Proto-Indo-European *átta (“father”). Cognates include Lithuanian tė̃tis (“dad”), tetà (“aunt”), Old Prussian thetis (“grandfather”), Russian dialectal та́та (táta), Polish tata, Czech táta (“dad”), teta (“aunt”), Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta), Sanskrit ततः (tataḥ), Ancient Greek τέττα (tétta), τατᾶ (tatâ) (vocative), Latin tata (child language), Welsh tad.

un tad es katru dienu būšu pie tevis, tēt!

and then every day I'll be with you, dad!

tagad rakstniecei 71 gads, tēvs miris, kad viņai bija trīspadsmit gadi, bet viņa mums stāsta par savu tēti, it kā tas vakar būtu aizgājis

the writer is now 71, (her) father died when she was 13, but she told us about her dad as if he had gone yesterday

mamma un tēti! vēstule būs pavisam īsa — mum and dad! (this) letter will be very short


svainis

lv-noun

svainis m (2nd declension, feminine form: svaine or svainiene)

svaine (feminine)
svainiene (feminine)
svainis (nominative singular)
svaiņi (nominative plural)
svaini (accusative singular)
svaiņus (accusative plural)
svaiņa (genitive singular)
svaiņu (genitive plural)
svainim (dative singular)
svaiņiem (dative plural)
svaini (instrumental singular)
svaiņiem (instrumental plural)
svainī (locative singular)
svaiņos (locative plural)
svaini (singular vocative)
svaiņi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *swaynya-, from Proto-Indo-European *swoini, probably meaning “ours,” “one of us”, from *swe-, *swo- with an extra in, from the reflexive pronominal stem *se- (“one's own”) with an extra -we, -wo (whence also Latvian savs). The meaning probably went from “one of us, one of our relatives” to “one who has become a relative (by marriage)” and was then restricted to “brother-in-law.” Cognates include Lithuanian sváinis (“wife's sister's husband”), Old High German swein (“servant, shepherd”) (< “one of us”), Messapic veinam (“one's own (acc.)”).

cog

tev pašam māsa un svainis strādā kaut kur kolhozā

your very sister and brother-in-law work somewhere in a collective farm

Līzbetei daudz radu nebija... pilnīgi cerams, ka svainis Līdaks ar māsu Gerdu bērēs nebūs

Līzbete didn't have many relatives... it can certainly be hoped that (her) brother-in-law Līdaks and (her) sister Gerda won't be at the funeral

brother-in-law (one's wife's brother or one's husband's brother; also, one's sister's husband, or one's wife's sister's husband)


ģints

ģints (nominative singular)
ģintis (nominative plural)
ģinti (accusative singular)
ģintis (accusative plural)
ģints (genitive singular)
ģinšu (genitive plural)
ģintij (dative singular)
ģintīm (dative plural)
ģinti (instrumental singular)
ģintīm (instrumental plural)
ģintī (locative singular)
ģintīs (locative plural)
ģints (singular vocative)
ģintis (plural vocative)

Traditionally considered borrowed from Lithuanian gentìs (“family, kin group, clan, tribe; relative”). But the Lithuanian form has en instead of in; in occurs only in some Eastern Lithuanian dialects. Also, in the 17th century, Latvian forms with in are attested in Semigallia (Zemgale), agreeing with the [in] in Old Prussian gyntos (“men, husbands”); it may therefore be that ģints was originally not a borrowing but an old Curonian word which later spread from Western Latvia to Semigallia. Note that older Semigallian dialects sometimes conserved initial ģ (> dz in standard Latvian): cf. place names like Ģintumi or Ģinuļi. If this is the case, then ģints, like Lithuanian gentìs, reflects Proto-Indo-European *ǵen- (< *ǵenh₁-) “to create,” “to give birth” (via an unaltered Proto-Baltic *gint-, where the initial g, instead of ž, results from either the influence of the related stem *gʷem-, whence also dzemdēt “to give birth,” or from conservative dialectal variants).

bor

patriarhālā ģints

ģints iekārta

ģints sabiedrība

familiar society (i.e., composed of families)

mātes ģints

maternal, matriarchal family (where descent goes through the mother's line)

tēvas ģints

paternal, patriarchal family (where descent goes through the father's line)

(history, anthropology) family, kin group, clan (a primitive unit of social organization, based on blood relations and lineage from a common ancestor)


bāre

lv-noun

bāre f (5th declension, masculine form: bāris)

bāris (masculine)
bāre (nominative singular)
bāres (nominative plural)
bāri (accusative singular)
bāres (accusative plural)
bāres (genitive singular)
bāru (genitive plural)
bārei (dative singular)
bārēm (dative plural)
bāri (instrumental singular)
bārēm (instrumental plural)
bārē (locative singular)
bārēs (locative plural)
bāre (singular vocative)
bāres (plural vocative)


bāra bērns

bāra bērns (nominative singular)
bāra bērni (nominative plural)
bāra bērnu (accusative singular)
bāra bērnus (accusative plural)
bāra bērna (genitive singular)
bāra bērnu (genitive plural)
bāra bērnam (dative singular)
bāra bērniem (dative plural)
bāra bērnu (instrumental singular)
bāra bērniem (instrumental plural)
bāra bērnā (locative singular)
bāra bērnos (locative plural)
bāra bērn (singular vocative)
bāra bērni (plural vocative)

[bàːɾa bæ̀ːɾns]

Jānim Jaunsudrabiņam bija grūta bērnība, viņš bija bāra bērns

Jānis Jaunsudrabiņš had a rough childhood, he was an orphan

ak tu skuķi, bāra bērns / tavu skaistu dziedašanu! / man nenāca nakti miegs, / tavu dziesmu klausoties

oh you girl, (you) orphan / your beautiful singing! / I couldn't sleep at night, / listening to your song

orphan (a child who has lost one or both parents)


bāris

bāris m (2nd declension, feminine form: bāre)

bāre (feminine)
bāris (nominative singular)
bāri (nominative plural)
bāri (accusative singular)
bārus (accusative plural)
bāra (genitive singular)
bāru (genitive plural)
bārim (dative singular)
bāriem (dative plural)
bāri (instrumental singular)
bāriem (instrumental plural)
bārī (locative singular)
bāros (locative plural)
bāri (singular vocative)
bāri (plural vocative)

From the same stem as bārs (“lonely”) (q.v.), made into a second declension masculine noun (ending -is).

bāra bērns, bārabērns

kļūt par bāri

netrūkst starp viņiem arī bāra bērnu, kam karš nolaupījis mātes glāstu un tēva padomu

among them, thereis no shortage of orphan children, from whom the war stole (their) mother's caresses and (their) father's advice

(rare, usually genitive) (male) orphan (a boy who has lost one or both parents)


vedekla

vedekla (nominative singular)
vedeklas (nominative plural)
vedeklu (accusative singular)
vedeklas (accusative plural)
vedeklas (genitive singular)
vedeklu (genitive plural)
vedeklai (dative singular)
vedeklām (dative plural)
vedeklu (instrumental singular)
vedeklām (instrumental plural)
vedeklā (locative singular)
vedeklās (locative plural)
vedekla (singular vocative)
vedeklas (plural vocative)

Derived from vest (“to lead, to take”) + -ekla; the original meaning was thus “one to be led, taken”. The notion “marrying”, or “bride, fiancée, young wife” are often connected to the stem of vest (“to lead, to take”), probably because of the idea of the husband “taking, leading” the wife (away from her father); cf. Lithuanian vèsti (“to marry”), Russian неве́ста (nevésta, “bride, fiancée”) (√ *newo-wed-ta (“the newly taken, the newly married”)), Sanskrit वधू (vadhū́, “bride, young wife”). Note that vedekla is still attested in folk tales with the meaning “bride”. Note also a masculine counterpart in Lithuanian (but not in Latvian): vedẽklis (“young man old enough to marry, eligible, nubile young man”).

cog

otrdien, kad viņa nāca mājās, skaidri varēja redzēt, ka viņa bijusi dēla kāzās, jo kur tad viņa citur būtu dabūjusi jauno villaini, ja ne no vedeklas?

on Tuesday, when she came home, one could easily see that she had been to (her) son's wedding, because where else would she have gotten that woolen shawl, if not from (her) daughter-in-law?

tagad sāku saprast, ka arī man aug dēls, ka arī es kādreiz kādai meitenei kļūšu par vīramāti... no tā, kāds būs mans dēls pret iemīļoto, veidosies vedeklas un manas attiecības

now I begin to realize that my son is growing, that someday I, too, will become some girl's mother-in-law... my relationship to my daughter-in-law will depend on what my son will be to (his) beloved


māsasdēls

māsasdēls (nominative singular)
māsasdēli (nominative plural)
māsasdēlu (accusative singular)
māsasdēlus (accusative plural)
māsasdēla (genitive singular)
māsasdēlu (genitive plural)
māsasdēlam (dative singular)
māsasdēliem (dative plural)
māsasdēlu (instrumental singular)
māsasdēliem (instrumental plural)
māsasdēlā (locative singular)
māsasdēlos (locative plural)
māsasdēl (singular vocative)
māsasdēli (plural vocative)


mazdēls

mazdēls (nominative singular)
mazdēli (nominative plural)
mazdēlu (accusative singular)
mazdēlus (accusative plural)
mazdēla (genitive singular)
mazdēlu (genitive plural)
mazdēlam (dative singular)
mazdēliem (dative plural)
mazdēlu (instrumental singular)
mazdēliem (instrumental plural)
mazdēlā (locative singular)
mazdēlos (locative plural)
mazdēl (singular vocative)
mazdēli (plural vocative)


dēladēls

dēladēls (nominative singular)
dēladēli (nominative plural)
dēladēlu (accusative singular)
dēladēlus (accusative plural)
dēladēla (genitive singular)
dēladēlu (genitive plural)
dēladēlam (dative singular)
dēladēliem (dative plural)
dēladēlu (instrumental singular)
dēladēliem (instrumental plural)
dēladēlā (locative singular)
dēladēlos (locative plural)
dēladēl (singular vocative)
dēladēli (plural vocative)


meitasdēls

meitasdēls (nominative singular)
meitasdēli (nominative plural)
meitasdēlu (accusative singular)
meitasdēlus (accusative plural)
meitasdēla (genitive singular)
meitasdēlu (genitive plural)
meitasdēlam (dative singular)
meitasdēliem (dative plural)
meitasdēlu (instrumental singular)
meitasdēliem (instrumental plural)
meitasdēlā (locative singular)
meitasdēlos (locative plural)
meitasdēl (singular vocative)
meitasdēli (plural vocative)


tēvabrālis

tēvabrālis (nominative singular)
tēvabrāļi (nominative plural)
tēvabrāli (accusative singular)
tēvabrāļus (accusative plural)
tēvabrāļa (genitive singular)
tēvabrāļu (genitive plural)
tēvabrālim (dative singular)
tēvabrāļiem (dative plural)
tēvabrāli (instrumental singular)
tēvabrāļiem (instrumental plural)
tēvabrālī (locative singular)
tēvabrāļos (locative plural)
tēvabrāli (singular vocative)
tēvabrāļi (plural vocative)

From tēvs (“father”) + brālis (“brother”).


mātesbrālis

mātesbrālis (nominative singular)
mātesbrāļi (nominative plural)
mātesbrāli (accusative singular)
mātesbrāļus (accusative plural)
mātesbrāļa (genitive singular)
mātesbrāļu (genitive plural)
mātesbrālim (dative singular)
mātesbrāļiem (dative plural)
mātesbrāli (instrumental singular)
mātesbrāļiem (instrumental plural)
mātesbrālī (locative singular)
mātesbrāļos (locative plural)
mātesbrāli (singular vocative)
mātesbrāļi (plural vocative)

From māte (“mother”) + brālis (“brother”).


mazmeita

mazmeita (nominative singular)
mazmeitu (accusative singular)
mazmeitas (genitive singular)
mazmeitai (dative singular)
mazmeitu (instrumental singular)
mazmeitā (locative singular)
mazmeita (singular vocative)

From mazs (“little”) + meita (“daughter”).


meitasmeita

meitasmeita (nominative singular)
meitasmeitu (accusative singular)
meitasmeitas (genitive singular)
meitasmeitai (dative singular)
meitasmeitu (instrumental singular)
meitasmeitā (locative singular)
meitasmeita (singular vocative)

From meita (“daughter”) + meita (“daughter”).


mātesmāsa

mātesmāsa (nominative singular)
mātesmāsu (accusative singular)
mātesmāsas (genitive singular)
mātesmāsai (dative singular)
mātesmāsu (instrumental singular)
mātesmāsā (locative singular)
mātesmāsa (singular vocative)


laulība

laulība (nominative singular)
laulības (nominative plural)
laulību (accusative singular)
laulības (accusative plural)
laulības (genitive singular)
laulību (genitive plural)
laulībai (dative singular)
laulībām (dative plural)
laulību (instrumental singular)
laulībām (instrumental plural)
laulībā (locative singular)
laulībās (locative plural)
laulība (singular vocative)
laulības (plural vocative)

marriage, matrimony, wedlock (legal union between two people; state of being married)


brāļameita

brāļameita (nominative singular)
brāļameitas (nominative plural)
brāļameitu (accusative singular)
brāļameitas (accusative plural)
brāļameitas (genitive singular)
brāļameitu (genitive plural)
brāļameitai (dative singular)
brāļameitām (dative plural)
brāļameitu (instrumental singular)
brāļameitām (instrumental plural)
brāļameitā (locative singular)
brāļameitās (locative plural)
brāļameit (singular vocative)
brāļameitas (plural vocative)


brālēns

brālēns (nominative singular)
brālēni (nominative plural)
brālēnu (accusative singular)
brālēnus (accusative plural)
brālēna (genitive singular)
brālēnu (genitive plural)
brālēnam (dative singular)
brālēniem (dative plural)
brālēnu (instrumental singular)
brālēniem (instrumental plural)
brālēnā (locative singular)
brālēnos (locative plural)
brālēn (singular vocative)
brālēni (plural vocative)


mazbērns

mazbērns (nominative singular)
mazbērni (nominative plural)
mazbērnu (accusative singular)
mazbērnus (accusative plural)
mazbērna (genitive singular)
mazbērnu (genitive plural)
mazbērnam (dative singular)
mazbērniem (dative plural)
mazbērnu (instrumental singular)
mazbērniem (instrumental plural)
mazbērnā (locative singular)
mazbērnos (locative plural)
mazbērn (singular vocative)
mazbērni (plural vocative)


krustmeita

krustmeita (nominative singular)
krustmeitas (nominative plural)
krustmeitu (accusative singular)
krustmeitas (accusative plural)
krustmeitas (genitive singular)
krustmeitu (genitive plural)
krustmeitai (dative singular)
krustmeitām (dative plural)
krustmeitu (instrumental singular)
krustmeitām (instrumental plural)
krustmeitā (locative singular)
krustmeitās (locative plural)
krustmeita (singular vocative)
krustmeitas (plural vocative)


krustmāte

krustmāte (nominative singular)
krustmātes (nominative plural)
krustmāti (accusative singular)
krustmātes (accusative plural)
krustmātes (genitive singular)
krustmāšu (genitive plural)
krustmātei (dative singular)
krustmātēm (dative plural)
krustmāti (instrumental singular)
krustmātēm (instrumental plural)
krustmātē (locative singular)
krustmātēs (locative plural)
krustmāte (singular vocative)
krustmātes (plural vocative)


krustdēls

krustdēls (nominative singular)
krustdēli (nominative plural)
krustdēlu (accusative singular)
krustdēlus (accusative plural)
krustdēla (genitive singular)
krustdēlu (genitive plural)
krustdēlam (dative singular)
krustdēliem (dative plural)
krustdēlu (instrumental singular)
krustdēliem (instrumental plural)
krustdēlā (locative singular)
krustdēlos (locative plural)
krustdēl (singular vocative)
krustdēli (plural vocative)


krusttēvs

krusttēvs (nominative singular)
krusttēvi (nominative plural)
krusttēvu (accusative singular)
krusttēvus (accusative plural)
krusttēva (genitive singular)
krusttēvu (genitive plural)
krusttēvam (dative singular)
krusttēviem (dative plural)
krusttēvu (instrumental singular)
krusttēviem (instrumental plural)
krusttēvā (locative singular)
krusttēvos (locative plural)
krusttēv (singular vocative)
krusttēvi (plural vocative)