garums

garums (nominative singular)
garumi (nominative plural)
garuma (genitive singular)
garumu (genitive plural)
garumam (dative singular)
garumiem (dative plural)
garumu (accusative singular)
garumus (accusative plural)
garumu (instrumental singular)
garumiem (instrumental plural)
garumā (locative singular)
garumos (locative plural)
garum (singular vocative)
garumi (plural vocative)

patskaņa garumu apzīmē ar svītru virs attiecīgā burta

vowel length is marked with a bar above the corresponding letter

(phonetics, phonology) length (longer pronunciation of a vowel or consonant)


diftongs

diftongs (nominative singular)
diftongi (nominative plural)
diftonga (genitive singular)
diftongu (genitive plural)
diftongam (dative singular)
diftongiem (dative plural)
diftongu (accusative singular)
diftongus (accusative plural)
diftongu (instrumental singular)
diftongiem (instrumental plural)
diftongā (locative singular)
diftongos (locative plural)
diftong (singular vocative)
diftongi (plural vocative)

A borrowing, via some other European language, ultimately from Ancient Greek δίφθογγος (díphthongos, “two sounds”), from δίς (dís, “twice”) and φθόγγος (phthóngos, “sound”).

uder

diftonga komponenti

(phonetics, phonology) diphthong (sequence of two different vowels pronounced in one syllable)


garš

head

garš (definite garais, comparative garāks, superlative visgarākais, adverb gari)

garais (definite)
garāks (comparative)
visgarākais (superlative)
gari (adverb)
garš (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
gari (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
gara (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
garas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
gara (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
garu (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
garas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
garu (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
garam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
gariem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
garai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
garām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
garu (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
garus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
garu (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
garas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
garu (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
gariem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
garu (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
garām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
garā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
garos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
garā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
garās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From a derived adjective *gar-is of a masculine form *garyas, parallel to old neuter form *garyan (“forest, tree”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *garā́ˀ, from the o-grade form *gʷorH-eh₂ of Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (> *h₁egʷr-), meaning “mountain, peak” and secondarily “forest” (via, e.g., “mountain surrounded by forest”), from which also “tree”. Therefore, there originally was a noun garš meaning “forest, tree”, which apparently left traces in certain Kurzeme placenames (e.g., Garatmatas, a forest in Matkule), but eventually disappeared, perhaps due to homophony with its derived adjective garš (< *garis). This adjective probably meant at first “(high) like a mountain”, “(tall, slender) like a tree” and then simply “high, tall” > “long”. Cognates include Lithuanian dialectal (reduplicated) gargãras, gargar̃as, gingãras (“long, tall animal or person”), Old Prussian garian (“tree”), Russian, Ukrainian гора́ (gorá, “mountain”), Bulgarian гора́ (gorá, “forest, mountain”), Czech hora (“mountain”) (dialectal also “forest of large trees”), Polish góra (“mountain”) (dialectal also “attic, loft”), Serbo-Croatian dialectal gòra (“mountain, forest, tree”), Hittite [script needed] (ẖegur-, “cliff, peak, spike”).

cog

garš patskanis

gara zilbe

(phonetics, phonology) long (pronounced with longer duration)


fonoloģija

fonoloģija (nominative singular)
fonoloģijas (genitive singular)
fonoloģijai (dative singular)
fonoloģiju (accusative singular)
fonoloģiju (instrumental singular)
fonoloģijā (locative singular)
fonoloģija (singular vocative)

Ultimately from Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”) and λόγος (lógos, “word, treatise”) + -ija).

latviešu valodas fonoloģija

phonology (science that studies how sounds function in languages; also specifically the study of the sound structure of a given language)


balsīgs

head

balsīgs (definite balsīgais, adverb balsīgi)

balsīgais (definite)
balsīgi (adverb)
balsīgs (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
balsīgi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
balsīga (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
balsīgas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
balsīga (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
balsīgu (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
balsīgas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
balsīgu (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
balsīgam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
balsīgiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
balsīgai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
balsīgām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
balsīgu (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
balsīgus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
balsīgu (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
balsīgas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
balsīgu (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
balsīgiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
balsīgu (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
balsīgām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
balsīgā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
balsīgos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
balsīgā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
balsīgās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

patskaņi ir balsīgas skaņas

balsīgie līdzskaņi

balsīgie troksneņi

(phonetics, phonology) voiced (pronounced with simultaneous vibration of the vocal cords)


īss

īss (definite īsais, comparative īsāks, superlative visīsākais, adverb īsi)

īsais (definite)
īsāks (comparative)
visīsākais (superlative)
īsi (adverb)
īss (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
īsi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
īsa (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
īsas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
īsa (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
īsu (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
īsas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
īsu (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
īsam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
īsiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
īsai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
īsām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
īsu (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
īsus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
īsu (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
īsas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
īsu (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
īsiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
īsu (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
īsām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
īsā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
īsos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
īsā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
īsās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From Proto-Baltic *isas, *insas, from Proto-Indo-European *eis-, *is- (“to move fast, forcefully, to drive”) (from earlier “to hit, to move, to drive”). This root may have resulted from metathesis of *sei- (“to extend one's arms; strain, strength”), whence sist (“to hit”). Semantic development: “to hit, to move” > “to knock down, to reduce (with a blow)” > “made smaller, shorter” (participle). Cognates include Lithuanian dialectal įsas, Old Prussian insan (accusative), Sanskrit ईषत् (iṣát, “a little, a few”) (< *iṇst).

īss patskanis

īsa zilbe

(phonetics, phonology) short (pronounced with relatively little duration)


fonologs

lv-noun

fonologs m (1st declension, feminine form: fonoloģe)

fonoloģe (feminine)
fonologs (nominative singular)
fonologi (nominative plural)
fonologa (genitive singular)
fonologu (genitive plural)
fonologam (dative singular)
fonologiem (dative plural)
fonologu (accusative singular)
fonologus (accusative plural)
fonologu (instrumental singular)
fonologiem (instrumental plural)
fonologā (locative singular)
fonologos (locative plural)
fonolog (singular vocative)
fonologi (plural vocative)

(male) phonologist (a specialist in phonology)


fonoloģe

fonoloģe f (5th declension, masculine form: fonologs)

fonologs (masculine)
fonoloģe (nominative singular)
fonoloģes (nominative plural)
fonoloģes (genitive singular)
fonoloģu (genitive plural)
fonoloģei (dative singular)
fonoloģēm (dative plural)
fonoloģi (accusative singular)
fonoloģes (accusative plural)
fonoloģi (instrumental singular)
fonoloģēm (instrumental plural)
fonoloģē (locative singular)
fonoloģēs (locative plural)
fonoloģe (singular vocative)
fonoloģes (plural vocative)

From fonologs (“phonologist”) + -e (“fem.”) (with palatalization of g to ģ).

(female) phonologist (a specialist in phonology)


fonoloģisks

head

fonoloģisks (definite fonoloģiskais, adverb fonoloģiski)

fonoloģiskais (definite)
fonoloģiski (adverb)
fonoloģisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
fonoloģiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
fonoloģiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
fonoloģiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
fonoloģiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
fonoloģisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
fonoloģiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
fonoloģisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
fonoloģiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
fonoloģiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
fonoloģiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
fonoloģiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
fonoloģisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
fonoloģiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
fonoloģisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
fonoloģiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
fonoloģisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
fonoloģiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
fonoloģisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
fonoloģiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
fonoloģiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
fonoloģiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
fonoloģiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
fonoloģiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From fonoloģija (“phonology”) + -isks. Probably not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from another European language.

fonoloģiskā analīze

valodas fonoloģiskās īpatnības

phonological (relating to the functions of sounds in language, or in a specific language)


patskanis

patskanis (nominative singular)
patskaņi (nominative plural)
patskaņa (genitive singular)
patskaņu (genitive plural)
patskanim (dative singular)
patskaņiem (dative plural)
patskani (accusative singular)
patskaņus (accusative plural)
patskani (instrumental singular)
patskaņiem (instrumental plural)
patskanī (locative singular)
patskaņos (locative plural)
patskani (singular vocative)
patskaņi (plural vocative)

From pats (“self”) + skan(ēt) (“to sound”), made into a 2nd-declension noun (ending -is). A calque of German Selbstlaut (“vowel”) coined by Atis Kronvalds in the 1860s (initially as pašskanis). It competed with, and eventually replaced, other coinages such as G. F. Stenders' skandinieks, K. Biezbārdis' skanis, or A. Stērste's balsskanis. There was some variation (patskanis, pašskaņa, patskaņa) until the early 20th century. After J. Endzelīns' and K. Mīlenbahs' 1907 Latviešu Gramatika, the form patskanis stabilized. It became accepted as a standard linguistic term in the 1920s.

uzsvērti un neuzsvērti patskaņi

garie un īsie patskaņi

patskaņu klasifikācija

šaurais patskanis (“e” vai “ē”) ― narrow, tense vowel (“e” or “ē”, pronounced as IPA [ɛ])

platais patskanis (“e” vai “ē”) ― broad, lax vowel (“e” or “ē”, pronounced as IPA [æ])

ritma, lāpāmais patskanis

rhythmic vowel (added for prosodic or metric reasons)


vokālis

vokālis (nominative singular)
vokāļi (nominative plural)
vokāļa (genitive singular)
vokāļu (genitive plural)
vokālim (dative singular)
vokāļiem (dative plural)
vokāli (accusative singular)
vokāļus (accusative plural)
vokāli (instrumental singular)
vokāļiem (instrumental plural)
vokālī (locative singular)
vokāļos (locative plural)
vokāli (singular vocative)
vokāļi (plural vocative)

A borrowing, via some other European language, ultimately from Latin vōcālis (“voiced”).

ritma, lāpāmais vokālis


līdzskanis

līdzskanis (nominative singular)
līdzskaņi (nominative plural)
līdzskaņa (genitive singular)
līdzskaņu (genitive plural)
līdzskanim (dative singular)
līdzskaņiem (dative plural)
līdzskani (accusative singular)
līdzskaņus (accusative plural)
līdzskani (instrumental singular)
līdzskaņiem (instrumental plural)
līdzskanī (locative singular)
līdzskaņos (locative plural)
līdzskani (singular vocative)
līdzskaņi (plural vocative)

A term coined by Atis Kronvalds in the second half of the 19th century, from līdz(i) (“(together) with”) + skan(ēt) (“to sound”), made into a 2nd-declension noun (ending -is). It is a calque of German Mitlaut, from mit (“with”) and Laut (“sound”), itself a calque of Latin cōnsonans, from cōn- (“with”) and sonō (“to sound”).
It (and its alternative form līdzskaņa) competed with other proposed coinages, such as K. Biezbārdis' klaudzis and M. Kaudzīte's neskanis, until the end of the 19th century. After J. Endzelīns' and K. Mīlenbahs' 1907 Latviešu Gramatika, the form līdzskanis stabilized. It became accepted as a standard linguistic term in the 1920s.

compound

balsīgi un nebalsīgi līdzskaņi

dubultoti līdzskaņi

līdzskaņu klasifikācija

cietais līdzskanis

mīkstais līdzskanis

(phonetics, phonology) consonant (language sound pronounced with some kind of obstruction in the vocal tract)


divskanis

divskanis (nominative singular)
divskaņi (nominative plural)
divskaņa (genitive singular)
divskaņu (genitive plural)
divskanim (dative singular)
divskaņiem (dative plural)
divskani (accusative singular)
divskaņus (accusative plural)
divskani (instrumental singular)
divskaņiem (instrumental plural)
divskanī (locative singular)
divskaņos (locative plural)
divskani (singular vocative)
divskaņi (plural vocative)

Coined by Andrejs Stērste in 1879, from div(i) (“two”) + skan(ēt) (“to sound”).

latviešu valodas divskaņi


triftongs

triftongs (nominative singular)
triftongi (nominative plural)
triftonga (genitive singular)
triftongu (genitive plural)
triftongam (dative singular)
triftongiem (dative plural)
triftongu (accusative singular)
triftongus (accusative plural)
triftongu (instrumental singular)
triftongiem (instrumental plural)
triftongā (locative singular)
triftongos (locative plural)
triftong (singular vocative)
triftongi (plural vocative)

A borrowing, via some other European language, ultimately from Ancient Greek τρία (tría, “three”) and φθόγγος (phthóngos, “sound”).

triftonga komponenti

(phonetics, phonology) triphthong (sequence of three different vowels pronounced in one syllable)


nāsenis

nāsenis (nominative singular)
nāseņi (nominative plural)
nāseņa (genitive singular)
nāseņu (genitive plural)
nāsenim (dative singular)
nāseņiem (dative plural)
nāseni (accusative singular)
nāseņus (accusative plural)
nāseni (instrumental singular)
nāseņiem (instrumental plural)
nāsenī (locative singular)
nāseņos (locative plural)
nāseni (singular vocative)
nāseņi (plural vocative)

Coined in the 1920s, from nāss (“nostril”) + -enis.

sanskrita nāsenis ñ ir pielāgojošs alofons līdzskanim n

the Sanskrit nasal consonant ñ is an assimilating allophone of the consonant n

(phonetics, phonology) nasal consonant (a consonant articulated simultaneously with nasal airflow; e.g., m, n)


nazāls

head

nazāls (definite nazālais, comparative nazālāks, superlative visnazālākais, adverb nazāli)

nazālais (definite)
nazālāks (comparative)
visnazālākais (superlative)
nazāli (adverb)
nazāls (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
nazāli (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
nazāla (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
nazālas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
nazāla (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
nazālu (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
nazālas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
nazālu (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
nazālam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
nazāliem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
nazālai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
nazālām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
nazālu (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
nazālus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
nazālu (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
nazālas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
nazālu (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
nazāliem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
nazālu (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
nazālām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
nazālā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
nazālos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
nazālā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
nazālās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From nāss (“nostril”) + -āls. Clearly not formed as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from other European languages.

nazāla skaņa

nazāls līdzskanis

nazāls patskanis

(phonetics, phonology) nasal (pronounced with simultaneous airflow through the nose)


nazalizēt

nazalizēt (transitive, 2nd conjugation, present nazalizēju, nazalizē, nazalizē, past nazalizēju)

conjugation (second-person)
nazalizēju (present)
nazalizē (present)
nazalizēju (past)
nazalizēju (first-person indicative present singular)
nazalizēju (first-person indicative past singular)
nazalizēšu (first-person future indicative singular)
nazalizē (indicative present second-person singular)
nazalizēji (indicative past second-person singular)
nazalizēsi (future indicative second-person singular)
nazalizē (imperative second-person singular)
nazalizē (indicative present singular third-person)
nazalizēja (indicative past singular third-person)
nazalizēs (future indicative singular third-person)
lai nazalizē (imperative singular third-person)
nazalizējam (first-person indicative plural present)
nazalizējām (first-person indicative past plural)
nazalizēsim (first-person future indicative plural)
nazalizēsim (first-person imperative plural)
nazalizējat (indicative plural present second-person)
nazalizējāt (indicative past plural second-person)
nazalizēsiet (future indicative plural second-person)
nazalizēsit (future indicative plural second-person)
nazalizējiet (imperative plural second-person)
nazalizē (indicative plural present third-person)
nazalizēja (indicative past plural third-person)
nazalizēs (future indicative plural third-person)
lai nazalizē (imperative plural third-person)
nazalizējot (present renarrative)
nazalizējošs (active adjectival participle participle-1 present)
esot nazalizējis (past renarrative)
nazalizēdams (active adverbial participle participle-2 present)
nazalizēšot (future renarrative)
nazalizējot (active adverbial participle participle-3 present)
lai nazalizējot (imperative)
nazalizējam (active participle participle-4 present)
nazalizējis (active participle past)
nazalizētu (conditional present)
būtu nazalizējis (conditional past)
nazalizēts (participle passive past)
jānazalizē (debitive indicative)
būt jānazalizē (debitive indicative)
nazalizēt (infinitive)
esot jānazalizē (conjunctive conjunctive-1 debitive)
nenazalizēt (infinitive negative)
jānazalizējot (conjunctive conjunctive-2 debitive)
nazalizēšana (noun-from-verb)

From nazāls (“nasal”) + -izēt. Clearly not formed as such in Lithuanian, but borrowed and adapted from other European languages.

nazalizēt līdzskani

nazalizēt patskani

(phonetics, phonology) to nasalize (to pronounce a sound with simultaneous airflow through the nose)


nazālums

nazālums (nominative singular)
nazāluma (genitive singular)
nazālumam (dative singular)
nazālumu (accusative singular)
nazālumu (instrumental singular)
nazālumā (locative singular)
nazālum (singular vocative)

balss nazālums

patskaņa nazālums

slēdzeņa ŋ artikulācija vietas ziņā ir līdzīga līdzskaņu k, g artikulācijai, atšķirdamas tikai ar nazālumu

with respect to the place of articulation, the occlusive ŋ is similar to the articulation of the consonants k, g, differing (from them) only with (= by, because of) nasalization

(phonetics, phonology) nasality, nasalness (the quality of that which is nasal, which is accompanied by simultaneous airflow through the nose)


balsīgums

balsīgums (nominative singular)
balsīguma (genitive singular)
balsīgumam (dative singular)
balsīgumu (accusative singular)
balsīgumu (instrumental singular)
balsīgumā (locative singular)
balsīgum (singular vocative)

From balsīgs (“voiced”) + -ums (with balsīgs from balss (“voice”) + -īgs).

skaņas balsīgums

plūdeņi un nāseņi vārdu beigās zaudē savu balsīgumu

liquids and nasals lose their voice (= become voiceless) word-finally

(phonetics, phonology) voice (the quality of that which is voiced, which is pronounced with simultaneous vibrations of the vocal cords)


nazalizācija

nazalizācija (nominative singular)
nazalizācijas (genitive singular)
nazalizācijai (dative singular)
nazalizāciju (accusative singular)
nazalizāciju (instrumental singular)
nazalizācijā (locative singular)
nazalizācija (singular vocative)

From nazaliz(ēt) (“nasalize”) + -ācija. Clearly not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from other European languages.

fonētikā nazalizācija

(phonetics, phonology) nasalization (pronunciation of a sound with simultaneous nasal airflow)


starptautiskais fonētiskais alfabēts

lv-noun

starptautiskais fonētiskais alfabēts f (1st declension)

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) International Phonetic Alphabet