i

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

The name of the Latin-script letter I/i.


delta

delta (nominative singular)
deltas (nominative plural)
deltas (genitive singular)
deltu (genitive plural)
deltai (dative singular)
deltām (dative plural)
deltu (accusative singular)
deltas (accusative plural)
deltu (instrumental singular)
deltām (instrumental plural)
deltā (locative singular)
deltās (locative plural)
delta (singular vocative)
deltas (plural vocative)


svastika

svastika (nominative singular)
svastikas (nominative plural)
svastikas (genitive singular)
svastiku (genitive plural)
svastikai (dative singular)
svastikām (dative plural)
svastiku (accusative singular)
svastikas (accusative plural)
svastiku (instrumental singular)
svastikām (instrumental plural)
svastikā (locative singular)
svastikās (locative plural)
svastika (singular vocative)
svastikas (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Sanskrit स्वस्तिक (svastika).

swastika (old religious symbol, later co-opted by the German Nazi party)


interpunkcija

interpunkcija (nominative singular)
interpunkcijas (genitive singular)
interpunkcijai (dative singular)
interpunkciju (accusative singular)
interpunkciju (instrumental singular)
interpunkcijā (locative singular)
interpunkcija (singular vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin interpunctiō, from inter (“between”) and punctiō (“pricking, puncturing”), from the verb pungo (“to prick, to puncture, to sting”).

interpunkcijas sistēma

apgūt interpunkciju

interpunkcijas kļūdas

izvēloties pieturzīmes, jāņem vērā interpunkcijas un citu rakstības zīmju un paņēmienu mijiedarbība

when choosing punctuation marks, one must take into account the interaction of punctuation and other writing symbols and modes

vispirms tulkotājiem pārmetums, ka viņi pārāk brīvi rīkojušies ar interpunkciju

the first criticism of translators is that they treat punctuation too freely

punctuation mark
punctuation mark#English

(orthography) punctuation (the set of punctuation marks in a given language; the use of punctuation marks in a given language)


A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called garumzīme (“macron”) in Latvian, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ī/ī and Ū/ū.


A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called sediļa, "āķītis," mīkstinājuma zīme (“cedilla”) in Latvian, and found on Ģ/ģ, Ķ/ķ, Ļ/ļ and Ņ/ņ.


apostrofs

apostrofs (nominative singular)
apostrofi (nominative plural)
apostrofa (genitive singular)
apostrofu (genitive plural)
apostrofam (dative singular)
apostrofiem (dative plural)
apostrofu (accusative singular)
apostrofus (accusative plural)
apostrofu (instrumental singular)
apostrofiem (instrumental plural)
apostrofā (locative singular)
apostrofos (locative plural)
apostrof (singular vocative)
apostrofi (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin apostrophus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀπόστροφος (apóstrophos, “accent of elision”), a nominal use of an adjective derived from the verb ἀποστρέφω (apostréphō, “I turn away”).

uder

lietot apostrofu

likt apostrofu vārdu beigās

to put an apostrophe at the ends of words

diacritical mark
diacritical mark#English

(orthography) apostrophe (the ’ character, used in some languages as a punctuation mark and as a diacritical mark in others)


kols

kols (nominative singular)
koli (nominative plural)
kola (genitive singular)
kolu (genitive plural)
kolam (dative singular)
koliem (dative plural)
kolu (accusative singular)
kolus (accusative plural)
kolu (instrumental singular)
koliem (instrumental plural)
kolā (locative singular)
kolos (locative plural)
kol (singular vocative)
koli (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin cōlon (“a member of a verse of poem”), itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek κῶλον (kôlon, “a member, limb, clause, part of a verse”).

uder

kols ir ne vien gramatiski, bet arī jēdzieniski nosacīta pieturzīme... tas arvien norāda uz sekojošu paskaidrojumu

the colon is a punctuation mark conditioned not only grammatically, but also conceptually... it always points to a following explanation

(orthography) colon (the punctuation mark : which usually indicates a longer pause)


punkts

punkts (nominative singular)
punkti (nominative plural)
punkta (genitive singular)
punktu (genitive plural)
punktam (dative singular)
punktiem (dative plural)
punktu (accusative singular)
punktus (accusative plural)
punktu (instrumental singular)
punktiem (instrumental plural)
punktā (locative singular)
punktos (locative plural)
punkt (singular vocative)
punkti (plural vocative)

stop/full stop, period (punctuation mark)


háček
marking partial palatalization:
C, [t͡s] → Č, [t͡ʃ]

háček
marking partial palatalization:
S, [s] → Š, [ʃ]

háček
marking partial palatalization:
Z, [z] → Ž, [ʒ]


krusts

krusts (nominative singular)
krusti (nominative plural)
krusta (genitive singular)
krustu (genitive plural)
krustam (dative singular)
krustiem (dative plural)
krustu (accusative singular)
krustus (accusative plural)
krustu (instrumental singular)
krustiem (instrumental plural)
krustā (locative singular)
krustos (locative plural)
krust (singular vocative)
krusti (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old East Slavic крьстъ (krĭstŭ) (compare Russian крест (krest)) (from Old High German Christ (“Christ”)), which regularly yielded Latvian dialectal krists. The u of the standard Latvian form krusts, however, is not obviously explainable. There are several theories: contamination of Latin crux (“cross”) and Christus (words that Latvians would often hear in Latin in church), influence of Old East Slavic *кръстъ (*krŭstŭ), an earlier borrowing from Old Norse kross (with an open o which old Baltic dialects would have borrowed as u); or perhaps no borrowing (krusts might come from an old Proto-Indo-European word cognate with Latin crux).

krusta astotnieks

(card games) clubs (one of the four suits of playing cards, marked with the symbol ♣)


cē

Latin script
Appendix:Latin script#English

The Latvian name of the Latin script letter C/c.


pieturzīme

pieturzīme (nominative singular)
pieturzīmes (nominative plural)
pieturzīmes (genitive singular)
pieturzīmju (genitive plural)
pieturzīmei (dative singular)
pieturzīmēm (dative plural)
pieturzīmi (accusative singular)
pieturzīmes (accusative plural)
pieturzīmi (instrumental singular)
pieturzīmēm (instrumental plural)
pieturzīmē (locative singular)
pieturzīmēs (locative plural)
pieturzīme (singular vocative)
pieturzīmes (plural vocative)

From pieturas (“stop[gen.]”) + zīme (“symbol”).

compound

pieturzīmju lietošana

pēc gramatiskā principa ar pieturzīmēm atdala, piemēram, salikta teikuma komponentus

following grammatical principles, one separates with punctuation marks, for instance, the components of a complex sentence

punctuation mark (one of various symbols ( ., ; : ? ! etc.) used in writing to facilitate understanding)


komats

komats (nominative singular)
komati (nominative plural)
komata (genitive singular)
komatu (genitive plural)
komatam (dative singular)
komatiem (dative plural)
komatu (accusative singular)
komatus (accusative plural)
komatu (instrumental singular)
komatiem (instrumental plural)
komatā (locative singular)
komatos (locative plural)
komat (singular vocative)
komati (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin comma, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek κόμμα (kómma), from κόπτω (kóptō, “I cut”). The term was made into a 1st-declension masculine noun with an additional final t, probably following the Ancient Greek declensional paradigm (κόμμα (kómma), gen. κόμματος (kómmatos)).

ierakstīt, likt komatu

atdalīt ar komatu

komats latviešu valodas rakstos ir visbiežāk lietotā pieturzīme, un tā funkcijas ir ļoti daudzveidīgas

the comma is the most frequently used punctuation mark in Latvian writing, and its functions are very diverse

“cik ir tauku procents?” jautā Antoniņa... “trīs, komats, deviņi”, tas atbild

“how much is the percentage of fat?” Antoniņa asks... “three comma nine,” he answers

(orthography) comma (punctuation mark (,) usually indicating a short pause; sign used to separate the integer from the decimal part of a number)


daudzpunkte

daudzpunkte (nominative singular)
daudzpunktes (nominative plural)
daudzpunktes (genitive singular)
daudzpunkšu (genitive plural)
daudzpunktei (dative singular)
daudzpunktēm (dative plural)
daudzpunkti (accusative singular)
daudzpunktes (accusative plural)
daudzpunkti (instrumental singular)
daudzpunktēm (instrumental plural)
daudzpunktē (locative singular)
daudzpunktēs (locative plural)
daudzpunkte (singular vocative)
daudzpunktes (plural vocative)

From daudz (“many”) + punkts (“point, dot”), made into a 5th-declension feminine noun (ending -e).

nobeigt teikumu ar daudzpunkti

sākt rindkopu ar daudzpunkti

apzīmēt izlaidumu ar daudzpunkti

saskaņā ar tīri gramatisko interpunkcijas principu daudzpunkti varētu nelietot pavisam, taču tā var iezīmēt rakstos dažādas loģiskas un psiholoģiskas nianses un norādīt uz intonācijas īpatnībām

in accordance with the principle of grammatical punctuation, ellipses could be not used at all, but they can (serve to) highlight in writing different logical and psychological nuances and point to peculiarities in intonation

(orthography) ellipsis (punctuation mark consisting of three periods (…), used to indicate missing words or text)


semikols

semikols (nominative singular)
semikoli (nominative plural)
semikola (genitive singular)
semikolu (genitive plural)
semikolam (dative singular)
semikoliem (dative plural)
semikolu (accusative singular)
semikolus (accusative plural)
semikolu (instrumental singular)
semikoliem (instrumental plural)
semikolā (locative singular)
semikolos (locative plural)
semikol (singular vocative)
semikoli (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately from the Latin semi- + and the word kols (“colon”) (q.v.), imitating formations like English semicolon.

semikols ir samērā spēcīga atdalītājpieturzīme, ko galvenokārt lieto, lai krasāk nošķirtu atsevišķas salikta teikuma daļas

the semicolon is a rather strong separation mark, used primarily to distinguish sharply between parts of a composite sentence

(orthography) semicolon (punctuation mark (;) usually indicating a pause longer than that of a comma)


pareizrakstība

pareizrakstība (nominative singular)
pareizrakstības (genitive singular)
pareizrakstībai (dative singular)
pareizrakstību (accusative singular)
pareizrakstību (instrumental singular)
pareizrakstībā (locative singular)
pareizrakstība (singular vocative)

From pareizs (“correct”) + rakstība (“writing”) (with rakstība from raksts (“piece of writing”) + -ība).

latviešu valodas pareizrakstība

pareizrakstības likumi, principi

pareizrakstības vārdnīca

labot pareizrakstības kļūdas

Mancelis šai grāmatā lieto jaunu latviešu valodas pareizrakstību

in this book, Mancelis uses the new Latvian orthography

Gunāram neveicās ar pareizrakstību... viņš nezināja, kur likt garumzīmes, neprata atšķirt gadījumus, kad raksta “g”, kad “k”

Gunārs had no luck with spelling... he didn't know where to put the length marks (and) couldn't distinguish the cases in which “g” or “k” must be written

orthography, correct spelling (the officially correct way to spell words in a given language)


ortogrāfija

ortogrāfija (nominative singular)
ortogrāfijas (genitive singular)
ortogrāfijai (dative singular)
ortogrāfiju (accusative singular)
ortogrāfiju (instrumental singular)
ortogrāfijā (locative singular)
ortogrāfija (singular vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin orthographia, itself a borrowing from Hellenistic Ancient Greek ὀρθογραφία (orthographía), from ὀρθός (orthós, “correct”) and γράφω (gráphō, “write”).

ortogrāfijas principi

vecā ortogrāfija

old orthography (in Latvia, before the 1920s)

jaunā ortogrāfija

new orthography (in Latvia, after the 1920s)

1918. gadā padomju valdība pieņēma lēmumu par krievu ortogrāfijas grozīšanu

in 1918 the Soviet government adopted a decision on the amendment of the Russian orthography

viena no meitenēm paskaidro ortogrāfijas likumus, bet kāds zēns pasaka interpunkcijas likumus

one of the girls explains the orthography rules, while a boy talks about punctuation rules


ortogrāfisks

head

ortogrāfisks (definite ortogrāfiskais, adverb ortogrāfiski)

ortogrāfiskais (definite)
ortogrāfiski (adverb)
ortogrāfisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
ortogrāfiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
ortogrāfiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
ortogrāfiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
ortogrāfiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
ortogrāfisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
ortogrāfiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
ortogrāfisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
ortogrāfiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
ortogrāfiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
ortogrāfiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
ortogrāfiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
ortogrāfisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
ortogrāfiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
ortogrāfisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
ortogrāfiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
ortogrāfisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
ortogrāfiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
ortogrāfisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
ortogrāfiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
ortogrāfiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
ortogrāfiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
ortogrāfiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
ortogrāfiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From ortogrāfija (“orthography”) + -isks. Clearly not formed as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from other European languages.

ortogrāfiskā rakstība

ortogrāfiska kļūda

orthographic (relating or pertaining to orthography, to spelling)


alfabēts

alfabēts (nominative singular)
alfabēti (nominative plural)
alfabēta (genitive singular)
alfabētu (genitive plural)
alfabētam (dative singular)
alfabētiem (dative plural)
alfabētu (accusative singular)
alfabētus (accusative plural)
alfabētu (instrumental singular)
alfabētiem (instrumental plural)
alfabētā (locative singular)
alfabētos (locative plural)
alfabēt (singular vocative)
alfabēti (plural vocative)

Latviešu valodā izmanto latīņu alfabētu.

alphabet (a set of letters used in a language in a particular order)


cirkumflekss

cirkumflekss (nominative singular)
cirkumfleksi (nominative plural)
cirkumfleksa (genitive singular)
cirkumfleksu (genitive plural)
cirkumfleksam (dative singular)
cirkumfleksiem (dative plural)
cirkumfleksu (accusative singular)
cirkumfleksus (accusative plural)
cirkumfleksu (instrumental singular)
cirkumfleksiem (instrumental plural)
cirkumfleksā (locative singular)
cirkumfleksos (locative plural)
cirkumfleks (singular vocative)
cirkumfleksi (plural vocative)