tundra

tundra (nominative singular)
tundras (nominative plural)
tundras (genitive singular)
tundru (genitive plural)
tundrai (dative singular)
tundrām (dative plural)
tundru (accusative singular)
tundras (accusative plural)
tundru (instrumental singular)
tundrām (instrumental plural)
tundrā (locative singular)
tundrās (locative plural)
tundra (singular vocative)
tundras (plural vocative)

Ultimately from Russian ту́ндра (túndra).

Varbūt jūs kādreiz esat dzirdējuši par to, ko sauc par "tundru", gan filmā, gan seriālā, gan dokumentālajā filmā. Bet kas ir tundra?

2024 December 20, Claudi Casals, kas ir tundra:

You may have heard of what is called "the tundra" in a film, TV series or documentary. But what is the tundra?

tundra (a natural zone that has developed in the arctic and subarctic zones and is characterised by low average temperatures, high humidity and short growing seasons)


ogle

ogle (nominative singular)
ogles (nominative plural)
ogles (genitive singular)
ogļu (genitive plural)
oglei (dative singular)
oglēm (dative plural)
ogli (accusative singular)
ogles (accusative plural)
ogli (instrumental singular)
oglēm (instrumental plural)
oglē (locative singular)
oglēs (locative plural)
ogle (singular vocative)
ogles (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *anˀglís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óngʷl̥ (“coal”).

aktīvā ogle, aktivētā ogle

melns kā ogle

ogles zīmējumi

kvēlojošas ogles

charcoal (partially burnt organic materials, usually wood)

ogļu atradnes

ogļu ieguve

ogļu rūpniecība

(syn. akmeņogle) coal (mineral deposits, used as industrial fuel)


rags

rags (nominative singular)
ragi (nominative plural)
raga (genitive singular)
ragu (genitive plural)
ragam (dative singular)
ragiem (dative plural)
ragu (accusative singular)
ragus (accusative plural)
ragu (instrumental singular)
ragiem (instrumental plural)
ragā (locative singular)
ragos (locative plural)
rags (singular vocative)
ragi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rágas (“horn”).

(geography, syn. zemesrags) cape (projection of land into water)


akmens

lv-noun

akmens m (2nd declension, irregular nominative, genitive)

akmens (nominative singular)
akmeņi (nominative plural)
akmens (genitive singular)
akmeņu (genitive plural)
akmenim (dative singular)
akmeņiem (dative plural)
akmeni (accusative singular)
akmeņus (accusative plural)
akmeni (instrumental singular)
akmeņiem (instrumental plural)
akmenī (locative singular)
akmeņos (locative plural)
akmeni (singular vocative)
akmeņi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ákmō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱ-mō (whence also asmens, originally a parallel form to akmens, created by a different development of *ḱ, perhaps due to Proto-Indo-European dialectal differences), from the stem *h₂éḱ- (“sharp, pointy, angular; stone”) with an extra element -men. Cognates include Lithuanian akmuõ, genitive akmeñs, Sudovian akmi, Hittite [script needed] (aku, “sharp stone”), Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone, rock, sky”), Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬨𐬀𐬥 (asman, “stone, sky”), Ancient Greek ἄκμων (ákmōn, “anvil”), ἀκμή (akmḗ, “spike, edge, blade”); with reduction (zero grade) of the stem (*h₂éḱ-h₂-men > Proto-Slavic *kamy (“stone”)), also Belarusian, Russian ка́мень (kámenʹ), Ukrainian ка́мінь (káminʹ), Bulgarian ка́мен (kámen), Czech kámen, Polish kamień.
According to more recent analyses, the corresponding form may have been *ákmō all the way up to Eastern Baltic unity, thus identical to the Proto-Balto-Slavic form.

cog

ass, šķautņaina akmens

akmens šķembas

akmens slabs, plāksne

akmens klons, sienas, bruģis

mest akmeni

lauzt akmeņus

smags ka akmens

ciets ka akmens

krīt ka akmens

akmens laikmets

stone, rock (non-metallic solid mineral; a piece of such mineral)

akmens sirds

gleznotājs ar nekustīgu akmens seju bija atlaidies atzveltnes krēslā

the painter with the immobile, stone face had let himself down on the armchair

(in the genitive, used as adjective) hard; indifferent, unfeeling, unrelenting, unshakable

žults akmeņi

zobu akmens, zobakmens

nieru akmeņi veidojas nieru bļodiņās

kidney stones are formed in the renal pelvis

(medicine, anatomy) stone, calculus (a hard, usually saline, formation in the body)


upe

upe (nominative singular)
upes (nominative plural)
upes (genitive singular)
upju (genitive plural)
upei (dative singular)
upēm (dative plural)
upi (accusative singular)
upes (accusative plural)
upi (instrumental singular)
upēm (instrumental plural)
upē (locative singular)
upēs (locative plural)
upe (singular vocative)
upes (plural vocative)

In principle, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, *h₂op- (“(flowing) water, river”). Cognates include Lithuanian ùpė, dialectal ũpė, upìs, ùpis, Old Prussian ape (“river”), apus (“(water) well”), Sudovian upa (“river”), Hittite ẖap(a) (“river”), Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”), Tocharian A, Tocharian B āp (“water”). The u in Latvian upe (and Lithuanian upė), instead of the expected a, as in the Old Prussian cognate, is difficult to explain. Some suggest that upe was influenced by other words (e.g., Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)), others that it is not cognate with Old Prussian ape, but rather a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *eup-, *ūp-, *up- (“to call, to cry, to yell”), or then a specific Eastern Baltic word without a Proto-Indo-European etymology.

strauja, lēna upe

kalnu, līdzenumu upe

upes gultne

upes ieleja

upes baseins

upju sistēma

upes pietekas

upes ieteka, grīva

upes izteka

upes augštece, lejtece

upju transports

upju kuģniecība

(geography) river (permanent watercourse)


leja

leja (nominative singular)
lejas (nominative plural)
lejas (genitive singular)
leju (genitive plural)
lejai (dative singular)
lejām (dative plural)
leju (accusative singular)
lejas (accusative plural)
leju (instrumental singular)
lejām (instrumental plural)
lejā (locative singular)
lejās (locative plural)
leja (singular vocative)
lejas (plural vocative)

From earlier (19th-century) leija, from Proto-Baltic *ley-ya-, from *ley-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *l̥-ey, from the zero grade of *el-, *Heh₃l- (“to bend, to incline”) (whence also elkonis (“elbow”), q.v.) with a suffix -ey. The meaning probably evolved as follows: “bent inward” > “inwardly bent earth”, “valley” > “lower area.” Cognates include Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌾𐌰 (undarleija, “lower, smaller”), Ancient Greek λειμών (leimṓn, “humid, grassy place, humid meadow”) (lower places are often humid).

upes, strauta leja

dziļa leja

krūmiem aizaugusi leja

lejas nogāze

starp diviem kalniem vēsā lejā / svēts, vientuļš klosteris glabājās

in a cool valley between two mountains / a holy, lonely monastery kept itself


smaragds

smaragds (nominative singular)
smaragdi (nominative plural)
smaragda (genitive singular)
smaragdu (genitive plural)
smaragdam (dative singular)
smaragdiem (dative plural)
smaragdu (accusative singular)
smaragdus (accusative plural)
smaragdu (instrumental singular)
smaragdiem (instrumental plural)
smaragdā (locative singular)
smaragdos (locative plural)
smaragd (singular vocative)
smaragdi (plural vocative)

Ultimately from Ancient Greek σμᾰ́ραγδος (smắragdos).


erozija

erozija (nominative singular)
erozijas (nominative plural)
erozijas (genitive singular)
eroziju (genitive plural)
erozijai (dative singular)
erozijām (dative plural)
eroziju (accusative singular)
erozijas (accusative plural)
eroziju (instrumental singular)
erozijām (instrumental plural)
erozijā (locative singular)
erozijās (locative plural)
erozija (singular vocative)
erozijas (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin ērōsiō, an action nominal derived from the verb ērōdō (“to gnaw away, to corrode”). It was adapted to fit Latvian grammatical patterns ( + -ija).

augsnes erozija

vējš ir viens no spēcīgākajiem augsnes erozija faktoriem

the wind is one of the most important factors in soil erosion

(agriculture, geology) erosion (destructive effect of natural external forces (wind, water, etc. on the surface of the earth, its soil, rocks, etc.)


mineraloģija

mineraloģija (nominative singular)
mineraloģijas (genitive singular)
mineraloģijai (dative singular)
mineraloģiju (accusative singular)
mineraloģiju (instrumental singular)
mineraloģijā (locative singular)
mineraloģija (singular vocative)


jūra

jūra (nominative singular)
jūras (nominative plural)
jūras (genitive singular)
jūru (genitive plural)
jūrai (dative singular)
jūrām (dative plural)
jūru (accusative singular)
jūras (accusative plural)
jūru (instrumental singular)
jūrām (instrumental plural)
jūrā (locative singular)
jūrās (locative plural)
jūra (singular vocative)
jūras (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *jáuˀrāˀ ~ *jū́ˀrāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-, *ūr- with an added initial y, from *aw-, *awe- (“to wet, to moisten, to flow”) with a suffix -r. The initial *y may result from metathesis in *awer- (> *h₂wer-, *eur-), or from the influence of some other Proto-Indo-European root like *(e)rey-, *(e)rew- (“to flow”) (metathesized into *ewr-). The original meaning was thus “wet, swampy place” (cf. Lithuanian jáuris (“swamp”) < Proto-Baltic *jaur-), whence “lake” (still attested in old folk tales, and also in borrowings into Finnic: Livonian jõra, Estonian järv, Finnish järvi, Sami jaura, jawre, jávri) and finally “sea.” Cognates include Lithuanian jū́ra, dialectal jūrė, plural jū́ros, jū́rios, jū́rės (cf. Latvian dialectal jūre, jūris, plural jūres), Old Prussian iūrin, *jūren, *jūrʲai, Armenian ջուր (ǰur, “water”), Albanian hurdë (“deep place; pond; swamp”); without the initial *y, also Old Norse úr (“drizzle”), ȳra (“to drizzle”), Latin ūrīnō (“to dive, to plunge into water”), ūrīna (“urine”).

Baltijas jūra

Melnā jūra

jūras krasts, ūdens, vējš

peldēt jūrā

jūras slimība

iziet jūrā

virs, zem jūrās līmeņa

(geography) sea (large body of salty water)


fjords

fjords (nominative singular)
fjordi (nominative plural)
fjorda (genitive singular)
fjordu (genitive plural)
fjordam (dative singular)
fjordiem (dative plural)
fjordu (accusative singular)
fjordus (accusative plural)
fjordu (instrumental singular)
fjordiem (instrumental plural)
fjordā (locative singular)
fjordos (locative plural)
fjord (singular vocative)
fjordi (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr, from Proto-Germanic *ferþu, *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”)


pludmale

pludmale (nominative singular)
pludmales (nominative plural)
pludmales (genitive singular)
pludmaļu (genitive plural)
pludmalei (dative singular)
pludmalēm (dative plural)
pludmali (accusative singular)
pludmales (accusative plural)
pludmali (instrumental singular)
pludmalēm (instrumental plural)
pludmalē (locative singular)
pludmalēs (locative plural)
pludmale (singular vocative)
pludmales (plural vocative)

Apparently from plūst (“to flow (past stem plūd-)”) + male (“side?”), the latter being apparently a variant of mala (“side, shore”).

compound

to flow <small>(past stem plūd-</small>)

smilšaina pludmale

oļaina pludmale

saulaina pludmale

kūrorta labiekārtota pludmale

pludmales volejbols

nonākuši pludmalē, bērni redz okeānu

arriving at the beach, the children see the ocean

beach (seashore component, usually consisting of sand or pebbles, formed by the action of the waters)


ģeoloģija

ģeoloģija (nominative singular)
ģeoloģijas (nominative plural)
ģeoloģijas (genitive singular)
ģeoloģiju (genitive plural)
ģeoloģijai (dative singular)
ģeoloģijām (dative plural)
ģeoloģiju (accusative singular)
ģeoloģijas (accusative plural)
ģeoloģiju (instrumental singular)
ģeoloģijām (instrumental plural)
ģeoloģijā (locative singular)
ģeoloģijās (locative plural)
ģeoloģija (singular vocative)
ģeoloģijas (plural vocative)

Probably via some other European language, ultimately from New Latin geologia, from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê, “earth”) and λόγος (lógos, “word, study”) + -ija.

šā rajona ģeoloģija

geology (the composition, structure, and development of the Earth and its crust, or a part of it)


garums

garums (nominative singular)
garumi (nominative plural)
garuma (genitive singular)
garumu (genitive plural)
garumam (dative singular)
garumiem (dative plural)
garumu (accusative singular)
garumus (accusative plural)
garumu (instrumental singular)
garumiem (instrumental plural)
garumā (locative singular)
garumos (locative plural)
garum (singular vocative)
garumi (plural vocative)

ģeogrāfiskais garums

austrumu garums

rietumu garums

(geography) longitude (distance in degrees between a given place and the prime meridian)


seismoloģija

seismoloģija (nominative singular)
seismoloģijas (genitive singular)
seismoloģijai (dative singular)
seismoloģiju (accusative singular)
seismoloģiju (instrumental singular)
seismoloģijā (locative singular)
seismoloģija (singular vocative)

A modern coinage, from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós, “earthquake”) and -λογία (-logía, “study of”).

uder

seismoloģija ir ģeoloģijas nozare

seismology (the study of vibrations of the Earth's interior, such as earthquakes)


Austrālija

Austrālija (nominative singular)
Austrālijas (genitive singular)
Austrālijai (dative singular)
Austrāliju (accusative singular)
Austrāliju (instrumental singular)
Austrālijā (locative singular)
Austrālija (singular vocative)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


kontinents

kontinents (nominative singular)
kontinenti (nominative plural)
kontinenta (genitive singular)
kontinentu (genitive plural)
kontinentam (dative singular)
kontinentiem (dative plural)
kontinentu (accusative singular)
kontinentus (accusative plural)
kontinentu (instrumental singular)
kontinentiem (instrumental plural)
kontinentā (locative singular)
kontinentos (locative plural)
kontinent (singular vocative)
kontinenti (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately from Latin continēns (accusative form continēntem), the present participle of the verb continēo (“to contain”) used as a noun.

Eiropas, Āzijas kontinents

Āfrikas, Amerikas kontinents

atklāt kontinentu

vecais kontinents

the old continent (i.e., Eurasia, sometimes Africa)

melnais kontinents

kontinenta sēklis

pa visiem kontinentiem

continent (large landmass, completely or almost completely surrounded by seas and oceans)


paleontologs

lv-noun

paleontologs m (1st declension, feminine form: paleontoloģe)

paleontoloģe (feminine)
paleontologs (nominative singular)
paleontologi (nominative plural)
paleontologa (genitive singular)
paleontologu (genitive plural)
paleontologam (dative singular)
paleontologiem (dative plural)
paleontologu (accusative singular)
paleontologus (accusative plural)
paleontologu (instrumental singular)
paleontologiem (instrumental plural)
paleontologā (locative singular)
paleontologos (locative plural)
paleontolog (singular vocative)
paleontologi (plural vocative)

(male) paleontologist (a specialist in paleontology)


selga

selga (nominative singular)
selgas (nominative plural)
selgas (genitive singular)
selgu (genitive plural)
selgai (dative singular)
selgām (dative plural)
selgu (accusative singular)
selgas (accusative plural)
selgu (instrumental singular)
selgām (instrumental plural)
selgā (locative singular)
selgās (locative plural)
selga (singular vocative)
selgas (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Livonian sälga (“back; open sea”); compare cognates in other Baltic-Finnic languages (Finnish selkä (“back, open water”), Estonian selg (“back”), dialectal sälg).

izbraukt selgā

to go to the deep, open sea; to leave the coast

kuģis izbraucis selgā

the ship left the coast (into the open sea)

vējš pūš no selgas

the wind is blowing from seaways, from the open sea

a deep place, far from the coast (of a sea, big lake, river, etc.); the deep sea; the open sea


polārs

head

polārs (definite polārais, comparative polārāks, superlative vispolārākais, adverb polāri)

polārais (definite)
polārāks (comparative)
vispolārākais (superlative)
polāri (adverb)
polārs (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
polāri (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
polāra (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
polāras (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
polāra (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
polāru (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
polāras (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
polāru (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
polāram (dative indefinite masculine singular)
polāriem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
polārai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
polārām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
polāru (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
polārus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
polāru (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
polāras (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
polāru (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
polāriem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
polāru (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
polārām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
polārā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
polāros (indefinite locative masculine plural)
polārā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
polārās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

polārais klimats, aukstums

polārā vasara, ziema

polārais ezers, gaiss, ledus

polārais anticiklons

polārais loks, riņķis

polārais apgabals

the polar area (between the poles and the polar circles)

polārā nakts

polar night (when the sun does not rise)

polārā diena

polārā blāzma, polārblāzma

northern lights, aurora (lit. polar glow)

polārais lācis, polārlācis

(geography) polar, Arctic (located at, relating to, or typical of, the North or South Poles of the Earth and the area around them)


dzīsla

dzīsla (nominative singular)
dzīslas (nominative plural)
dzīslas (genitive singular)
dzīslu (genitive plural)
dzīslai (dative singular)
dzīslām (dative plural)
dzīslu (accusative singular)
dzīslas (accusative plural)
dzīslu (instrumental singular)
dzīslām (instrumental plural)
dzīslā (locative singular)
dzīslās (locative plural)
dzīsla (singular vocative)
dzīslas (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *gīsla (or perhaps Proto-Balto-Slavic *gīˀ(s)lāˀ), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷi-, *gʷey- (< *gʷeyh₃- “to live”) with an extra -la (ancient Indo-European cultures often linked the idea of “life”, “being alive” with visible blood vessels and tendons).
Cognates
Cognates include Lithuanian gýsla, the second half of Old Prussian pettegislo (“back vein”) (cf. pette (“back”)), Proto-Slavic *gislā, *žila (Russian жи́ла (žíla, “vein, tendon”), Ukrainian жи́ла (žýla), Belarusian жы́ла (žýla), Bulgarian жи́ла (žíla), Czech žíla, Polish żyła), Latin filum (< *gʷʰislom < *gʷiHleh₂) “thread, yarn, fiber, tendon, vein”.

dzīslu ieži

fissure rock (the kind of rock that fills fissures)

rūdu dzīslas

Volīnijā pēdējā laikā atrastas pegmatīta dzīslas ar unikāliem vīna dzelteniem topāza kristāliem

in Volhynia pegmatite veins with unique wine yellow topaz crystals were recently found

(geology) vein (a rock-filled crack or fissure on the Earth's crust)


karte

karte (nominative singular)
kartes (nominative plural)
kartes (genitive singular)
karšu (genitive plural)
kartei (dative singular)
kartēm (dative plural)
karti (accusative singular)
kartes (accusative plural)
karti (instrumental singular)
kartēm (instrumental plural)
kartē (locative singular)
kartēs (locative plural)
karte (singular vocative)
kartes (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Karte, like kārts “playing cards” (the latter apparently having suffered the influence of kārts “pole” on its form), first attested as zemes kārte (with a long ā) in the 1850s, and later on (by the end of the 19th century) simply as karte (with a short e).

kartes mērogs

lasīt karti

ģeogrāfiska karte

topogrāfiska karte

ģeoloģiska karte

zvaigžņu karte


akmeņogle

akmeņogle (nominative singular)
akmeņogles (nominative plural)
akmeņogles (genitive singular)
akmeņogļu (genitive plural)
akmeņoglei (dative singular)
akmeņoglēm (dative plural)
akmeņogli (accusative singular)
akmeņogles (accusative plural)
akmeņogli (instrumental singular)
akmeņoglēm (instrumental plural)
akmeņoglē (locative singular)
akmeņoglēs (locative plural)
akmeņogle (singular vocative)
akmeņogles (plural vocative)

From akmens (“rock, stone”) + ogle (“coal”).

akmeņogļu atradnes

akmeņogļu ieguve

akmeņogļu slānis

akmeņogļu darva

akmeņogļu rūpnieciskā pārstrāde

(chiefly in the plural) coal (mineral deposits, used as fuel)


zemesrags

zemesrags (nominative singular)
zemesragi (nominative plural)
zemesraga (genitive singular)
zemesragu (genitive plural)
zemesragam (dative singular)
zemesragiem (dative plural)
zemesragu (accusative singular)
zemesragus (accusative plural)
zemesragu (instrumental singular)
zemesragiem (instrumental plural)
zemesragā (locative singular)
zemesragos (locative plural)
zemesrag (singular vocative)
zemesragi (plural vocative)

From zemes (“earth[gen.]”) + rags (“horn”).

viņi bija apbraukuši zemesragu un tagad turējās līdztekus krastam, kilometrus trīs selgā

they had sailed around the cape and now stayed along the coast, at a distance of about three kilometers

(geography) cape, promontory, headland (piece of land that extends beyond the coast into a sea or a lake)


Zeme

Zeme (nominative singular)
Zemes (genitive singular)
Zemei (dative singular)
Zemi (accusative singular)
Zemi (instrumental singular)
Zemē (locative singular)
Zeme (singular vocative)

(astronomy, geography) Earth (third planet in the Solar System, inhabited by humans; astronomic symbol: ⊕)


josla

josla (nominative singular)
joslas (nominative plural)
joslas (genitive singular)
joslu (genitive plural)
joslai (dative singular)
joslām (dative plural)
joslu (accusative singular)
joslas (accusative plural)
joslu (instrumental singular)
joslām (instrumental plural)
joslā (locative singular)
joslās (locative plural)
josla (singular vocative)
joslas (plural vocative)

From the same stem found in josta (“belt”), Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s- (“to girdle”), but with a different suffix (-l(a) instead of -t(a)). Cognates include Lithuanian júoslas (“tie, bind, bandage”), and, with yet another suffix, Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē, “belt, sash, zone”) (from *zṓsnā from *yōs-nā-).

cog

ekvatoriālā, tropu, subtropu, polārā joslā

equatorial, tropical, subtropical, polar zone

laika josla, zona

(geography) an elongated area in general; zone; area


spalvu mākonis

spalvu mākonis (nominative singular)
spalvu mākoņi (nominative plural)
spalvu mākoņa (genitive singular)
spalvu mākoņu (genitive plural)
spalvu mākonim (dative singular)
spalvu mākoņiem (dative plural)
spalvu mākoni (accusative singular)
spalvu mākoņus (accusative plural)
spalvu mākoni (instrumental singular)
spalvu mākoņiem (instrumental plural)
spalvu mākonī (locative singular)
spalvu mākoņos (locative plural)
spalvu mākoni (singular vocative)
spalvu mākoņi (plural vocative)

(meteorology, chiefly in the plural) cirrus cloud(s) (cloud type characterised by white, delicate filaments or wisps, of white (or mostly white) patches, or of narrow bands)


gubu mākonis

gubu mākonis (nominative singular)
gubu mākoņi (nominative plural)
gubu mākoņa (genitive singular)
gubu mākoņu (genitive plural)
gubu mākonim (dative singular)
gubu mākoņiem (dative plural)
gubu mākoni (accusative singular)
gubu mākoņus (accusative plural)
gubu mākoni (instrumental singular)
gubu mākoņiem (instrumental plural)
gubu mākonī (locative singular)
gubu mākoņos (locative plural)
gubu mākoni (singular vocative)
gubu mākoņi (plural vocative)

gubu mākoņi veidojas no ūdens tvaikiem

(meteorology, chiefly in the plural) cumulus cloud(s) (large, white, puffy cloud)


pārvalks

pārvalks (nominative singular)
pārvalki (nominative plural)
pārvalka (genitive singular)
pārvalku (genitive plural)
pārvalkam (dative singular)
pārvalkiem (dative plural)
pārvalku (accusative singular)
pārvalkus (accusative plural)
pārvalku (instrumental singular)
pārvalkiem (instrumental plural)
pārvalkā (locative singular)
pārvalkos (locative plural)
pārvalk (singular vocative)
pārvalki (plural vocative)

zem mezozoja pārvalka nogulām

under the sediments of the Mezozoic layer

(geology) rock layer, system, which covers something


minerāls

minerāls (nominative singular)
minerāli (nominative plural)
minerāla (genitive singular)
minerālu (genitive plural)
minerālam (dative singular)
minerāliem (dative plural)
minerālu (accusative singular)
minerālus (accusative plural)
minerālu (instrumental singular)
minerāliem (instrumental plural)
minerālā (locative singular)
minerālos (locative plural)
minerāl (singular vocative)
minerāli (plural vocative)

ciets minerāls

šķidrs minerāls

gāzveida minerāls

krāsainie minerāli

rūdu minerāli

minerālu savienojums

mineral (naturally occurring inorganic material with characteristic chemical and physical properties)


ģeogrāfija

ģeogrāfija (nominative singular)
ģeogrāfijas (genitive singular)
ģeogrāfijai (dative singular)
ģeogrāfiju (accusative singular)
ģeogrāfiju (instrumental singular)
ģeogrāfijā (locative singular)
ģeogrāfija (singular vocative)

Via some other European language, ultimately from Ancient Greek γεωγραφία (geōgraphía), from γῆ (gê, “earth”) and γράφω (gráphō, “I write”) + -ija.

vispārējā ģeogrāfija

fiziskā ģeogrāfija

ekonomiskā ģeogrāfija

vēsturiskā ģeogrāfija

politiskā ģeogrāfija

militārā ģeogrāfija

geography (the study of the physical structure and the inhabitants of the surface of the Earth)


ģeogrāfs

lv-noun

ģeogrāfs m (1st declension, feminine form: ģeogrāfe)

ģeogrāfe (feminine)
ģeogrāfs (nominative singular)
ģeogrāfi (nominative plural)
ģeogrāfa (genitive singular)
ģeogrāfu (genitive plural)
ģeogrāfam (dative singular)
ģeogrāfiem (dative plural)
ģeogrāfu (accusative singular)
ģeogrāfus (accusative plural)
ģeogrāfu (instrumental singular)
ģeogrāfiem (instrumental plural)
ģeogrāfā (locative singular)
ģeogrāfos (locative plural)
ģeogrāf (singular vocative)
ģeogrāfi (plural vocative)

ģeogrāfu ekspedīcija

īsā laikā ģeogrāfiem vajadzēja izpētīt zemes reljefu

in a short time the geographers had to explore the Earth's terrain

(male) geographer (a specialist in geography)


ģeogrāfe

ģeogrāfe f (5th declension, masculine form: ģeogrāfs)

ģeogrāfs (masculine)
ģeogrāfe (nominative singular)
ģeogrāfes (nominative plural)
ģeogrāfes (genitive singular)
ģeogrāfu (genitive plural)
ģeogrāfei (dative singular)
ģeogrāfēm (dative plural)
ģeogrāfi (accusative singular)
ģeogrāfes (accusative plural)
ģeogrāfi (instrumental singular)
ģeogrāfēm (instrumental plural)
ģeogrāfē (locative singular)
ģeogrāfēs (locative plural)
ģeogrāfe (singular vocative)
ģeogrāfes (plural vocative)

From ģeogrāfs (“geographer”) + -e (“fem.”).

(female) geographer (a specialist in geography)


ģeogrāfisks

head

ģeogrāfisks (definite ģeogrāfiskais, comparative ģeogrāfiskāks, superlative visģeogrāfiskākais, adverb ģeogrāfiski)

ģeogrāfiskais (definite)
ģeogrāfiskāks (comparative)
visģeogrāfiskākais (superlative)
ģeogrāfiski (adverb)
ģeogrāfisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
ģeogrāfiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
ģeogrāfiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
ģeogrāfiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
ģeogrāfiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
ģeogrāfisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
ģeogrāfiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
ģeogrāfisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
ģeogrāfiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
ģeogrāfiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
ģeogrāfiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
ģeogrāfiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
ģeogrāfisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
ģeogrāfiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
ģeogrāfisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
ģeogrāfiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
ģeogrāfisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
ģeogrāfiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
ģeogrāfisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
ģeogrāfiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
ģeogrāfiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
ģeogrāfiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
ģeogrāfiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
ģeogrāfiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From ģeogrāfija (“geography”) + -isks. Probably not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from other European languages.

salas ģeogrāfiskie apstākļi

valsts ģeogrāfiskais stāvoklis

a country's geographic situation, a country's geography

geographic (relating to some specific part of the world)


ģeologs

lv-noun

ģeologs m (1st declension, feminine form: ģeoloģe)

ģeoloģe (feminine)
ģeologs (nominative singular)
ģeologi (nominative plural)
ģeologa (genitive singular)
ģeologu (genitive plural)
ģeologam (dative singular)
ģeologiem (dative plural)
ģeologu (accusative singular)
ģeologus (accusative plural)
ģeologu (instrumental singular)
ģeologiem (instrumental plural)
ģeologā (locative singular)
ģeologos (locative plural)
ģeolog (singular vocative)
ģeologi (plural vocative)

ģeologu ekspedīcija

(male) geologist (a specialist in geology)


ģeoloģe

ģeoloģe f (5th declension, masculine form: ģeologs)

ģeologs (masculine)
ģeoloģe (nominative singular)
ģeoloģes (nominative plural)
ģeoloģes (genitive singular)
ģeoloģu (genitive plural)
ģeoloģei (dative singular)
ģeoloģēm (dative plural)
ģeoloģi (accusative singular)
ģeoloģes (accusative plural)
ģeoloģi (instrumental singular)
ģeoloģēm (instrumental plural)
ģeoloģē (locative singular)
ģeoloģēs (locative plural)
ģeoloģe (singular vocative)
ģeoloģes (plural vocative)

From ģeologs (“geologist”) + -e (“fem.”) (with palatalization of g to ģ).

(female) geologist (a specialist in geology)


paleontoloģija

paleontoloģija (nominative singular)
paleontoloģijas (genitive singular)
paleontoloģijai (dative singular)
paleontoloģiju (accusative singular)
paleontoloģiju (instrumental singular)
paleontoloģijā (locative singular)
paleontoloģija (singular vocative)

A new coinage, ultimately from Ancient Greek παλαιός (palaiós, “old”), ὤν (ṓn), present participle of εἰμί (eimí, “to be”), and λόγος (lógos, “speech, oration, study”) + -ija.

mūsdienu paleontoloģija

paleontoloģijas muzejs

paleontology (science that studies the living organisms of past eras and their development, usually via their fossilized remains)


paleontoloģe

paleontoloģe f (5th declension, masculine form: paleontologs)

paleontologs (masculine)
paleontoloģe (nominative singular)
paleontoloģes (nominative plural)
paleontoloģes (genitive singular)
paleontoloģu (genitive plural)
paleontoloģei (dative singular)
paleontoloģēm (dative plural)
paleontoloģi (accusative singular)
paleontoloģes (accusative plural)
paleontoloģi (instrumental singular)
paleontoloģēm (instrumental plural)
paleontoloģē (locative singular)
paleontoloģēs (locative plural)
paleontoloģe (singular vocative)
paleontoloģes (plural vocative)

From paleontologs (“paleontologist”) + -e (“fem.”) (with palatalization of g to ģ).

suffix

(female) paleontologist (a specialist in paleontology)


topogrāfija

topogrāfija (nominative singular)
topogrāfijas (genitive singular)
topogrāfijai (dative singular)
topogrāfiju (accusative singular)
topogrāfiju (instrumental singular)
topogrāfijā (locative singular)
topogrāfija (singular vocative)

Via some other European language, ultimately from Latin topographia, from Ancient Greek τοπογραφία (topographía), from τόπος (tópos, “place”) and γράφω (gráphō, “I write”) + -ija.

topogrāfija ir ģeodēzijas nozare

topography (science that develops methods for measuring the surface of a region and displaying it on a plan or map)


topogrāfs

lv-noun

topogrāfs m (1st declension, feminine form: topogrāfe)

topogrāfe (feminine)
topogrāfs (nominative singular)
topogrāfi (nominative plural)
topogrāfa (genitive singular)
topogrāfu (genitive plural)
topogrāfam (dative singular)
topogrāfiem (dative plural)
topogrāfu (accusative singular)
topogrāfus (accusative plural)
topogrāfu (instrumental singular)
topogrāfiem (instrumental plural)
topogrāfā (locative singular)
topogrāfos (locative plural)
topogrāf (singular vocative)
topogrāfi (plural vocative)

topogrāfam vajag izjust apvidu kā vilkam

the topoographer must experience the area as a wolf (would)

(male) topographer (a specialist in topography)


topogrāfe

topogrāfe f (5th declension, masculine form: topogrāfs)

topogrāfs (masculine)
topogrāfe (nominative singular)
topogrāfes (nominative plural)
topogrāfes (genitive singular)
topogrāfu (genitive plural)
topogrāfei (dative singular)
topogrāfēm (dative plural)
topogrāfi (accusative singular)
topogrāfes (accusative plural)
topogrāfi (instrumental singular)
topogrāfēm (instrumental plural)
topogrāfē (locative singular)
topogrāfēs (locative plural)
topogrāfe (singular vocative)
topogrāfes (plural vocative)

From topogrāfs (“topographer”) + -e (“fem.”).

(female) topographer (a specialist in topography)


kartogrāfija

kartogrāfija (nominative singular)
kartogrāfijas (genitive singular)
kartogrāfijai (dative singular)
kartogrāfiju (accusative singular)
kartogrāfiju (instrumental singular)
kartogrāfijā (locative singular)
kartogrāfija (singular vocative)

Via some other European language, ultimately from French cartographie, from carte (“map”) (itself from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “sheet of paper”)) and γράφω (gráphō, “I write”)) with the suffix -ie (Latvian -ija).

der

vēsturiskā kartogrāfija

augsnes kartogrāfija

kartogrāfijas institūts

kartogrāfijas piederumi

cartography (the science of the spatial representation of natural and social phenomena, usually with maps or charts; set of techniques to make maps and charts)


kartogrāfs

lv-noun

kartogrāfs m (1st declension, feminine form: kartogrāfe)

kartogrāfe (feminine)
kartogrāfs (nominative singular)
kartogrāfi (nominative plural)
kartogrāfa (genitive singular)
kartogrāfu (genitive plural)
kartogrāfam (dative singular)
kartogrāfiem (dative plural)
kartogrāfu (accusative singular)
kartogrāfus (accusative plural)
kartogrāfu (instrumental singular)
kartogrāfiem (instrumental plural)
kartogrāfā (locative singular)
kartogrāfos (locative plural)
kartogrāf (singular vocative)
kartogrāfi (plural vocative)

(male) cartographer (a specialist in cartography)


kartogrāfe

kartogrāfe f (5th declension, masculine form: kartogrāfs)

kartogrāfs (masculine)
kartogrāfe (nominative singular)
kartogrāfes (nominative plural)
kartogrāfes (genitive singular)
kartogrāfu (genitive plural)
kartogrāfei (dative singular)
kartogrāfēm (dative plural)
kartogrāfi (accusative singular)
kartogrāfes (accusative plural)
kartogrāfi (instrumental singular)
kartogrāfēm (instrumental plural)
kartogrāfē (locative singular)
kartogrāfēs (locative plural)
kartogrāfe (singular vocative)
kartogrāfes (plural vocative)

From kartogrāfs (“cartographer”) + -e (“fem.”).

suffix

(female) cartographer (a specialist in cartography)


ģeofiziķis

lv-noun

ģeofiziķis m (2nd declension, feminine form: ģeofiziķe)

ģeofiziķe (feminine)
ģeofiziķis (nominative singular)
ģeofiziķi (nominative plural)
ģeofiziķa (genitive singular)
ģeofiziķu (genitive plural)
ģeofiziķim (dative singular)
ģeofiziķiem (dative plural)
ģeofiziķi (accusative singular)
ģeofiziķus (accusative plural)
ģeofiziķi (instrumental singular)
ģeofiziķiem (instrumental plural)
ģeofiziķī (locative singular)
ģeofiziķos (locative plural)
ģeofiziķi (singular vocative)
ģeofiziķi (plural vocative)

latviešu ģeofiziķi

(male) geophysicist (a specialist in geophysics)


ģeofiziķe

ģeofiziķe f (5th declension, masculine form: ģeofiziķis)

ģeofiziķis (masculine)
ģeofiziķe (nominative singular)
ģeofiziķes (nominative plural)
ģeofiziķes (genitive singular)
ģeofiziķu (genitive plural)
ģeofiziķei (dative singular)
ģeofiziķēm (dative plural)
ģeofiziķi (accusative singular)
ģeofiziķes (accusative plural)
ģeofiziķi (instrumental singular)
ģeofiziķēm (instrumental plural)
ģeofiziķē (locative singular)
ģeofiziķēs (locative plural)
ģeofiziķe (singular vocative)
ģeofiziķes (plural vocative)

From ģeofiziķis (“geophysicist”) + -e (“fem.”).

suffix

(female) geophysicist (a specialist in geophysics)


ģeofizika

ģeofizika (nominative singular)
ģeofizikas (genitive singular)
ģeofizikai (dative singular)
ģeofiziku (accusative singular)
ģeofiziku (instrumental singular)
ģeofizikā (locative singular)
ģeofizika (singular vocative)

Via some other European language, ultimately from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê, “earth”) and Latvian fizika (“physics”).

ģeofizikas laboratorija

geophysics (science that studies the Earth's physical properties and the physical processes that occur in it)


ģeofizikāls

head

ģeofizikāls (definite ģeofizikālais, adverb ģeofizikāli)

ģeofizikālais (definite)
ģeofizikāli (adverb)
ģeofizikāls (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
ģeofizikāli (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
ģeofizikāla (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
ģeofizikālas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
ģeofizikāla (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
ģeofizikālu (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
ģeofizikālas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
ģeofizikālu (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
ģeofizikālam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
ģeofizikāliem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
ģeofizikālai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
ģeofizikālām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
ģeofizikālu (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
ģeofizikālus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
ģeofizikālu (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
ģeofizikālas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
ģeofizikālu (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
ģeofizikāliem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
ģeofizikālu (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
ģeofizikālām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
ģeofizikālā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
ģeofizikālos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
ģeofizikālā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
ģeofizikālās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From ģeofizika (“geophysics”) + -āls. Probably not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from another European language.

Sahāras ģeofizikāla struktūra

geophysical structure of the Sahara (desert)

geophysical (relating to the physical properties of the Earth and the physical processes that occur in it)


ģeoloģisks

ģeoloģisks (definite ģeoloģiskais, adverb ģeoloģiski)

ģeoloģiskais (definite)
ģeoloģiski (adverb)
ģeoloģisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
ģeoloģiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
ģeoloģiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
ģeoloģiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
ģeoloģiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
ģeoloģisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
ģeoloģiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
ģeoloģisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
ģeoloģiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
ģeoloģiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
ģeoloģiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
ģeoloģiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
ģeoloģisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
ģeoloģiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
ģeoloģisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
ģeoloģiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
ģeoloģisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
ģeoloģiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
ģeoloģisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
ģeoloģiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
ģeoloģiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
ģeoloģiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
ģeoloģiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
ģeoloģiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From ģeoloģija (“geology”) + -isks. Probably not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from another European language.

ģeoloģiskie dati

ģeoloģiskā karte

ģeoloģiskais laiks

geologic, geological (relating to geology)

rajona ģeoloģiska struktūra

ģeoloģiska formācija

geological (relating to the composition, structure, and development of the Earth and its crust, or a part of it)


paleontoloģisks

paleontoloģisks (definite paleontoloģiskais, adverb paleontoloģiski)

paleontoloģiskais (definite)
paleontoloģiski (adverb)
paleontoloģisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
paleontoloģiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
paleontoloģiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
paleontoloģiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
paleontoloģiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
paleontoloģisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
paleontoloģiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
paleontoloģisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
paleontoloģiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
paleontoloģiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
paleontoloģiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
paleontoloģiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
paleontoloģisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
paleontoloģiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
paleontoloģisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
paleontoloģiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
paleontoloģisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
paleontoloģiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
paleontoloģisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
paleontoloģiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
paleontoloģiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
paleontoloģiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
paleontoloģiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
paleontoloģiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From paleontoloģija (“paleontology”) + -isks. Probably not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from another European language.

paleontoloģiski pētījumi

paleontoloģiskā metode

paleontological (relating to paleontology)


topogrāfisks

topogrāfisks (definite topogrāfiskais, adverb topogrāfiski)

topogrāfiskais (definite)
topogrāfiski (adverb)
topogrāfisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
topogrāfiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
topogrāfiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
topogrāfiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
topogrāfiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
topogrāfisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
topogrāfiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
topogrāfisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
topogrāfiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
topogrāfiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
topogrāfiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
topogrāfiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
topogrāfisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
topogrāfiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
topogrāfisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
topogrāfiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
topogrāfisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
topogrāfiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
topogrāfisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
topogrāfiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
topogrāfiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
topogrāfiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
topogrāfiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
topogrāfiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From topogrāfija (“topography”) + -isks. Probably not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from another European language.

topogrāfiska anatomija

(anatomy) topographic (relating to the relative position of organs and tissues in the body)


sencis

lv-noun

sencis m (2nd declension, feminine form: sence)

sence (feminine)
sencis (nominative singular)
senči (nominative plural)
senča (genitive singular)
senču (genitive plural)
sencim (dative singular)
senčiem (dative plural)
senci (accusative singular)
senčus (accusative plural)
senci (instrumental singular)
senčiem (instrumental plural)
sencī (locative singular)
senčos (locative plural)
senci (singular vocative)
senči (plural vocative)

From sens (“ancient”), made into a 2nd-declension noun. The c suggests a dialectal origin, from those dialects where ns > nc. Alternatively, it may have come from an earlier *sentis, via genitive *senša > senča. There may have been influence from the c in vecis (“old man”).

zirga sencis

putnu senči

(paleontology) ancestor (species of plants or animals from an earlier time period, from which modern species have evolved)


lejtece

lejtece (nominative singular)
lejteces (nominative plural)
lejteces (genitive singular)
lejteču (genitive plural)
lejtecei (dative singular)
lejtecēm (dative plural)
lejteci (accusative singular)
lejteces (accusative plural)
lejteci (instrumental singular)
lejtecēm (instrumental plural)
lejtecē (locative singular)
lejtecēs (locative plural)
lejtece (singular vocative)
lejteces (plural vocative)

From leja (“lower part”) + tece (“flow, stream”).

compound

arheoloģiskie pieminekļi Daugavas lejtecē

the archaeological sites in the lower reaches of the Daugava river

Nemunas lejtece veido Lietuvas robežu ar Krievijas Kaļiņingradas apgabalu

the lower course of the Nemuna river forms the border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad enclave

(of rivers) lower reaches, lower course (part of a river near its end, near its mouth, its estuary, including its surroundings)


lejas tece

lejas tece (nominative singular)
lejas teces (nominative plural)
lejas teces (genitive singular)
lejas teču (genitive plural)
lejas tecei (dative singular)
lejas tecēm (dative plural)
lejas teci (accusative singular)
lejas teces (accusative plural)
lejas teci (instrumental singular)
lejas tecēm (instrumental plural)
lejas tecē (locative singular)
lejas tecēs (locative plural)
lejas tece (singular vocative)
lejas teces (plural vocative)

lower reaches, lower course (of a river); alternative form of lejtece


ieleja

ieleja (nominative singular)
ielejas (nominative plural)
ielejas (genitive singular)
ieleju (genitive plural)
ielejai (dative singular)
ielejām (dative plural)
ieleju (accusative singular)
ielejas (accusative plural)
ieleju (instrumental singular)
ielejām (instrumental plural)
ielejā (locative singular)
ielejās (locative plural)
ieleja (singular vocative)
ielejas (plural vocative)

auglīga ieleja

upes gultne ielejā

doties pa nogāze uz ieleju

šķērsot ieleju

ciems atradās augstienē, un ielejā kā nomesta josta locījās maza upīte

the village is located in the highland, and in the valey a small river meandered like a belt thrown (down there)

(geography) valley (lower area created by a river on the surface of the earth; lower area between mountains where a river flows)


arktisks

head

arktisks (definite arktiskais, comparative arktiskāks, superlative visarktiskākais, adverb arktiski)

arktiskais (definite)
arktiskāks (comparative)
visarktiskākais (superlative)
arktiski (adverb)
arktisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
arktiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
arktiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
arktiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
arktiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
arktisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
arktiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
arktisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
arktiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
arktiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
arktiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
arktiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
arktisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
arktiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
arktisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
arktiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
arktisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
arktiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
arktisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
arktiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
arktiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
arktiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
arktiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
arktiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

Via other European languages, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀρκτικός (arktikós, “of the bear, northern”), a reference to the northerly constellation Ursa Major, from ἄρκτος (árktos, “bear”).

uder

arktiskā ekspedīcija

arktiskie augi

arktiskā fauna

arktiskās salas

arktiskais klimats

arktiskais pavasaris

arktiskā flote

Arctic (relating to, or typical of, the Earth's northern polar region)


antarktisks

head

antarktisks (definite antarktiskais, adverb antarktiski)

antarktiskais (definite)
antarktiski (adverb)
antarktisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
antarktiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
antarktiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
antarktiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
antarktiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
antarktisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
antarktiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
antarktisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
antarktiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
antarktiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
antarktiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
antarktiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
antarktisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
antarktiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
antarktisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
antarktiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
antarktisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
antarktiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
antarktisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
antarktiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
antarktiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
antarktiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
antarktiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
antarktiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀνταρκτικός (antarktikós), from ἀντί (antí, “opposite, against”) and ἄρκτος (árktos, “Great Bear; North”).

antarktiskā ekspedīcija

antarktiskie pētījumi

antarktiskā bāze

Antarctic (relating to, or typical of, Antarctica)


augštece

augštece (nominative singular)
augšteces (nominative plural)
augšteces (genitive singular)
augšteču (genitive plural)
augštecei (dative singular)
augštecēm (dative plural)
augšteci (accusative singular)
augšteces (accusative plural)
augšteci (instrumental singular)
augštecēm (instrumental plural)
augštecē (locative singular)
augštecēs (locative plural)
augštece (singular vocative)
augšteces (plural vocative)

From augša (“upper part”) + tece (“flow, stream”).

compound

Daugavas augštecē

the upper reaches of the Daugava river, the upper Daugava

plostnieki vadījuši plostus no upju augšteču mežainajiem apvidiem uz rūpniecības un tirdzniecības centriem

raftsmen conducted rafts from the upstream forested regions (down) to the industrial and commercial centers

(of rivers) upper reaches, upper course (part of a river near its beginning, near its headwaters, including its surroundings)


augšas tece

augšas tece (nominative singular)
augšas teces (nominative plural)
augšas teces (genitive singular)
augšas teču (genitive plural)
augšas tecei (dative singular)
augšas tecēm (dative plural)
augšas teci (accusative singular)
augšas teces (accusative plural)
augšas teci (instrumental singular)
augšas tecēm (instrumental plural)
augšas tecē (locative singular)
augšas tecēs (locative plural)
augšas tece (singular vocative)
augšas teces (plural vocative)

upper reaches, upper course (of a river); alternative spelling of augštece


grīva

grīva (nominative singular)
grīvas (nominative plural)
grīvas (genitive singular)
grīvu (genitive plural)
grīvai (dative singular)
grīvām (dative plural)
grīvu (accusative singular)
grīvas (accusative plural)
grīvu (instrumental singular)
grīvām (instrumental plural)
grīvā (locative singular)
grīvās (locative plural)
grīva (singular vocative)
grīvas (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *grī́ˀwāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂.

padziļināt upes grīvu

pie Daugavas grīvas bija pārāk daudz zvejnieku

at the mouth of the Daugava there were too many fishermen

estuary, mouth (the place at which a river reaches the sea)


jūrmala

jūrmala (nominative singular)
jūrmalas (genitive singular)
jūrmalai (dative singular)
jūrmalu (accusative singular)
jūrmalu (instrumental singular)
jūrmalā (locative singular)
jūrmala (singular vocative)

Latvian: Jūrmala

Norwegian Bokmål: Jūrmala

From jūra (“sea”) + mala (“edge, border”).

jūrmalas smiltis

jūrmalas kāpas

jūrmalas priedes

tāda bija jūrmala šai ciemā: šaura krasta strēle, uz tās vesels klājums sīku akmentiņu

such was the seashore in that village: a narrow coastal strip, on it a whole layer of small pebbles

seaside, seashore, seacoast (coastal land bordering a sea or ocean)

jūrmalas zvejnieku ciemi

ir zināms, ka Kurzemes jūrmala ar 18. gadsimta otro pusi kļūst par muižnieku vasarnīcu rajonu

it is known that the Kurzeme seaside in the second half of the 18th century became a holiday area for the landed gentry


rubīns

rubīns (nominative singular)
rubīni (nominative plural)
rubīna (genitive singular)
rubīnu (genitive plural)
rubīnam (dative singular)
rubīniem (dative plural)
rubīnu (accusative singular)
rubīnus (accusative plural)
rubīnu (instrumental singular)
rubīniem (instrumental plural)
rubīnā (locative singular)
rubīnos (locative plural)
rubīn (singular vocative)
rubīni (plural vocative)

Via other European languages (cf. Russian руби́н (rubín)), ultimately borrowed from Latin rubeus (“red, reddish”).

rubīna gredzens

ruby ring (a ring with an embedded ruby)

atkarībā no vērtības dārgakmeņus iedala 3 grupās... pie pirmās grupas pieder: dimants, rubīns, safīrs, smaragds, aleksandrīts

depending on (their) value, precious stones are divided into three groups... the first group includes: diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, alexandrite

ruby (red, semi-transparent type of corundum, valued as a precious stone)


dārgakmens

dārgakmens (nominative singular)
dārgakmeņi (nominative plural)
dārgakmens (genitive singular)
dārgakmeņu (genitive plural)
dārgakmenim (dative singular)
dārgakmeņiem (dative plural)
dārgakmeni (accusative singular)
dārgakmeņus (accusative plural)
dārgakmeni (instrumental singular)
dārgakmeņiem (instrumental plural)
dārgakmenī (locative singular)
dārgakmeņos (locative plural)
dārgakmeni (singular vocative)
dārgakmeņi (plural vocative)

zaigojošs dārgakmens

rets dārgakmens

dārgakmeņu slīpēšana

dārgakmeņu mirdzums

dārgakmeņi slēpjas zemē... tātad zeme ir gan brīnumu pilna

precious stones are hidden in the earth... so that the earth is indeed full of wonders

tīrās, mirdzošās zeltlietas nonāk meistaru rokās, kas tajās iestiprina dārgakmeņus

the clean, shiny gold pieces came in the master's hands, who (will) mount the gemstones in them

gem, gemstone, precious stone (rare, precious mineral, usually very hard, and with beautiful optical properties (color, shine, etc.); a polished piece of such a stone, used as jewelry)


laukakmens

laukakmens (nominative singular)
laukakmeņi (nominative plural)
laukakmens (genitive singular)
laukakmeņu (genitive plural)
laukakmenim (dative singular)
laukakmeņiem (dative plural)
laukakmeni (accusative singular)
laukakmeņus (accusative plural)
laukakmeni (instrumental singular)
laukakmeņiem (instrumental plural)
laukakmenī (locative singular)
laukakmeņos (locative plural)
laukakmeni (singular vocative)
laukakmeņi (plural vocative)

From lauku (“field[gen.]”) + akmens (“stone”).

plēsti laukakmeņi

laukakmeņu mūris

laukakmens bruģis

laukakmeņi... radušies, ledājam noārdot kristāliskos pamatiežus Skandināvijā

boulders... result from the glacier breaking the crystalline bedrock in Scandinavia

boulder, rubble (large broken off, rounded piece of non-metallic rock)


klints

klints (nominative singular)
klintis (nominative plural)
klints (genitive singular)
klinšu (genitive plural)
klintij (dative singular)
klintīm (dative plural)
klinti (accusative singular)
klintis (accusative plural)
klinti (instrumental singular)
klintīm (instrumental plural)
klintī (locative singular)
klintīs (locative plural)
klints (singular vocative)
klintis (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle Low German klint (“rocky coast, slope, cliff”). The word entered Latvian in the 18th century from Baltic German dialects; prior to that, akmens “stone,” often in combination with other terms, was used instead.

bor

klinšu ērglis

klinšu vāvere

biezlapju dzimtas augi... daudzi no tiem ir klinšu augi

plants of the Crassulaceae family... many of them are rock plants

(in the genitive, used as an adjective) rock (typical of, living in, a rocky area)


iezis

iezis (nominative singular)
ieži (nominative plural)
ieža (genitive singular)
iežu (genitive plural)
iezim (dative singular)
iežiem (dative plural)
iezi (accusative singular)
iežus (accusative plural)
iezi (instrumental singular)
iežiem (instrumental plural)
iezī (locative singular)
iežos (locative plural)
iezi (singular vocative)
ieži (plural vocative)

dolomīta ieži

kaļķakmens ieži

kalnu ieži

apakšzemes ieži

rūdas ieži

mēness ieži

magmatiskie, metamorfie ieži

sedimenta ieži, nogulumu ieži, nogulumieži

visa ciemata apkārtne pilna brīnišķīgiem granīta, marmora un citiem iežiem

all the region of the village (is) full of wonderful granite, marmor and other rocks

tā kā granīts sastāv no vairākiem minerāliem un... veido veselus kalnus, to vairs nevar saukt par minerālu, bet gan par iezi... tātad kvarcs, vizla un laukšpats ir minerāli, bet šo minerālu sakopojums - granīts ir jau iezis

since granite is composed of several minerals and... forms the entire mountain, it can no longer be called a mineral, but a rock... likewise quartz, mica and feldspat are minerals, but the combination of these minerals - granite - is already a rock

(chiefly plural, mineralogy, geology) rock (mineral layer on the crust of the Earth or of other celestial bodies)

smilšakmens iezis

sarkanā malā iezis

Zvārtes iezis

Zvārte's rock (in Gauja national park, Latvia)

(in the singular, geography) rock (outcrop of such mineral layers, forming a steep slope)


krasts

krasts (nominative singular)
krasti (nominative plural)
krasta (genitive singular)
krastu (genitive plural)
krastam (dative singular)
krastiem (dative plural)
krastu (accusative singular)
krastus (accusative plural)
krastu (instrumental singular)
krastiem (instrumental plural)
krastā (locative singular)
krastos (locative plural)
krast (singular vocative)
krasti (plural vocative)

Cognate with Lithuanian krãštas; see there for more.


līcis

līcis (nominative singular)
līči (nominative plural)
līča (genitive singular)
līču (genitive plural)
līcim (dative singular)
līčiem (dative plural)
līci (accusative singular)
līčus (accusative plural)
līci (instrumental singular)
līčiem (instrumental plural)
līcī (locative singular)
līčos (locative plural)
līci (singular vocative)
līči (plural vocative)


granāts

granāts (nominative singular)
granāti (nominative plural)
granāta (genitive singular)
granātu (genitive plural)
granātam (dative singular)
granātiem (dative plural)
granātu (accusative singular)
granātus (accusative plural)
granātu (instrumental singular)
granātiem (instrumental plural)
granātā (locative singular)
granātos (locative plural)
granāt (singular vocative)
granāti (plural vocative)


rietumi

rietumi (nominative plural)
rietumu (genitive plural)
rietumiem (dative plural)
rietumus (accusative plural)
rietumiem (instrumental plural)
rietumos (locative plural)
rietumi (plural vocative)


alu cilvēks

alu cilvēks (nominative singular)
alu cilvēki (nominative plural)
alu cilvēka (genitive singular)
alu cilvēku (genitive plural)
alu cilvēkam (dative singular)
alu cilvēkiem (dative plural)
alu cilvēku (accusative singular)
alu cilvēkus (accusative plural)
alu cilvēku (instrumental singular)
alu cilvēkiem (instrumental plural)
alu cilvēkā (locative singular)
alu cilvēkos (locative plural)
alu cilvēk (singular vocative)
alu cilvēki (plural vocative)

ko saka Bībele par alu cilvēku?

caveman (ancient human species, popularly believed to dwell in caves)


troglodīts

troglodīts (nominative singular)
troglodīti (nominative plural)
troglodīta (genitive singular)
troglodītu (genitive plural)
troglodītam (dative singular)
troglodītiem (dative plural)
troglodītu (accusative singular)
troglodītus (accusative plural)
troglodītu (instrumental singular)
troglodītiem (instrumental plural)
troglodītā (locative singular)
troglodītos (locative plural)
troglodīt (singular vocative)
troglodīti (plural vocative)

Via other Euroepan languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin trōglodyta (“cave dwelling people”), itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek τρωγλοδύτης (trōglodútēs, “one who dwells in holes”), from τρώγλη (trṓglē, “hole”) and δύω (dúō, “I get into”).

uder

troglodīts ir aizvēsturisks alu cilvēks

troglodyte, caveman (member of an ancient human species that supposedly lived in caves)


brasls

brasls (nominative singular)
brasli (nominative plural)
brasla (genitive singular)
braslu (genitive plural)
braslam (dative singular)
brasliem (dative plural)
braslu (accusative singular)
braslus (accusative plural)
braslu (instrumental singular)
brasliem (instrumental plural)
braslā (locative singular)
braslos (locative plural)
brasl (singular vocative)
brasli (plural vocative)

From the same source as the verb brist (q.v.), with change of the final consonant and an extra element lo, apparently originally an adjective meaning probably “shallow.” The Lithuanian and Old Prussian forms correspond to a variant brasts found in Courland dialects and in some placenames (Brastvalks) and family names (Brastiņš); the Slavic forms correspond to a dialectal variant brads, also found in placenames (Bradas, Bradaiži). Cognates include Lithuanian brastà, dialectal brasvà, brastvà “ford; miry path, swampy meadow,” Old Prussian *brast- “ford” (in placenames, e.g., Balkombrastun), Proto-Slavic *brodъ (Russian, Belarusian брод (brod), Ukrainian брід (brid), Bulgarian брод (brod), Czech brod, Polish bród),

pāriet upi braslā

un zirgs rāmiem soļiem devās pa celiņu uz braslu, pārbrida upi un uzkāpa atkal krastā

and the horse went by the path to the ford, crossed the river and climbed back on shore

ford (shallow place in a river or stream where one can cross it)


ametists

ametists (nominative singular)
ametisti (nominative plural)
ametista (genitive singular)
ametistu (genitive plural)
ametistam (dative singular)
ametistiem (dative plural)
ametistu (accusative singular)
ametistus (accusative plural)
ametistu (instrumental singular)
ametistiem (instrumental plural)
ametistā (locative singular)
ametistos (locative plural)
ametist (singular vocative)
ametisti (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἀμέθυστος (améthustos, “not drunk”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + μεθύω (methúō, “I am drunk”), from μέθυ (méthu, “wine”).


māls

māls (nominative singular)
māli (nominative plural)
māla (genitive singular)
mālu (genitive plural)
mālam (dative singular)
māliem (dative plural)
mālu (accusative singular)
mālus (accusative plural)
mālu (instrumental singular)
māliem (instrumental plural)
mālā (locative singular)
mālos (locative plural)
māl (singular vocative)
māli (plural vocative)


berils

head

berils (definite berilais, comparative berilāks, superlative visberilākais, adverb berili)

berilais (definite)
berilāks (comparative)
visberilākais (superlative)
berili (adverb)
berils (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
berili (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
berila (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
berilas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
berila (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
berilu (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
berilas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
berilu (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
berilam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
beriliem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
berilai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
berilām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
berilu (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
berilus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
berilu (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
berilas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
berilu (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
beriliem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
berilu (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
berilām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
berilā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
berilos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
berilā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
berilās (feminine indefinite locative plural)


vairogs

vairogs (nominative singular)
vairogi (nominative plural)
vairoga (genitive singular)
vairogu (genitive plural)
vairogam (dative singular)
vairogiem (dative plural)
vairogu (accusative singular)
vairogus (accusative plural)
vairogu (instrumental singular)
vairogiem (instrumental plural)
vairogā (locative singular)
vairogos (locative plural)
vairog (singular vocative)
vairogi (plural vocative)


krīts

krīts (nominative singular)
krīti (nominative plural)
krīta (genitive singular)
krītu (genitive plural)
krītam (dative singular)
krītiem (dative plural)
krītu (accusative singular)
krītus (accusative plural)
krītu (instrumental singular)
krītiem (instrumental plural)
krītā (locative singular)
krītos (locative plural)
krīt (singular vocative)
krīti (plural vocative)


zemestrīce

zemestrīce (nominative singular)
zemestrīces (nominative plural)
zemestrīces (genitive singular)
zemestrīču (genitive plural)
zemestrīcei (dative singular)
zemestrīcēm (dative plural)
zemestrīci (accusative singular)
zemestrīces (accusative plural)
zemestrīci (instrumental singular)
zemestrīcēm (instrumental plural)
zemestrīcē (locative singular)
zemestrīcēs (locative plural)
zemestrīce (singular vocative)
zemestrīces (plural vocative)


meteoroloģija

meteoroloģija (nominative singular)
meteoroloģijas (genitive singular)
meteoroloģijai (dative singular)
meteoroloģiju (accusative singular)
meteoroloģiju (instrumental singular)
meteoroloģijā (locative singular)
meteoroloģija (singular vocative)


kaļķakmens

kaļķakmens (nominative singular)
kaļķakmeņi (nominative plural)
kaļķakmens (genitive singular)
kaļķakmeņu (genitive plural)
kaļķakmenim (dative singular)
kaļķakmeņiem (dative plural)
kaļķakmeni (accusative singular)
kaļķakmeņus (accusative plural)
kaļķakmeni (instrumental singular)
kaļķakmeņiem (instrumental plural)
kaļķakmenī (locative singular)
kaļķakmeņos (locative plural)
kaļķakmeni (singular vocative)
kaļķakmeņi (plural vocative)


kaļķi

kaļķi (nominative plural)
kaļķu (genitive plural)
kaļķiem (dative plural)
kaļķus (accusative plural)
kaļķiem (instrumental plural)
kaļķos (locative plural)
kaļķi (plural vocative)


smilšakmens

smilšakmens (nominative singular)
smilšakmeņi (nominative plural)
smilšakmens (genitive singular)
smilšakmeņu (genitive plural)
smilšakmenim (dative singular)
smilšakmeņiem (dative plural)
smilšakmeni (accusative singular)
smilšakmeņus (accusative plural)
smilšakmeni (instrumental singular)
smilšakmeņiem (instrumental plural)
smilšakmenī (locative singular)
smilšakmeņos (locative plural)
smilšakmeni (singular vocative)
smilšakmeņi (plural vocative)