tundra

tundra (nominative singular)
tundras (nominative plural)
tundru (accusative singular)
tundras (accusative plural)
tundras (genitive singular)
tundru (genitive plural)
tundrai (dative singular)
tundrām (dative plural)
tundru (instrumental singular)
tundrām (instrumental plural)
tundrā (locative singular)
tundrās (locative plural)
tundra (singular vocative)
tundras (plural vocative)

Ultimately from Russian ту́ндра (túndra).

Varbūt jūs kādreiz esat dzirdējuši par to, ko sauc par "tundru", gan filmā, gan seriālā, gan dokumentālajā filmā. Bet kas ir tundra?

2024 December 20, Claudi Casals, kas ir tundra:

You may have heard of what is called "the tundra" in a film, TV series or documentary. But what is the tundra?

tundra (a natural zone that has developed in the arctic and subarctic zones and is characterised by low average temperatures, high humidity and short growing seasons)


rags

rags (nominative singular)
ragi (nominative plural)
ragu (accusative singular)
ragus (accusative plural)
raga (genitive singular)
ragu (genitive plural)
ragam (dative singular)
ragiem (dative plural)
ragu (instrumental singular)
ragiem (instrumental plural)
ragā (locative singular)
ragos (locative plural)
rags (singular vocative)
ragi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rágas (“horn”).

(geography, syn. zemesrags) cape (projection of land into water)


upe

upe (nominative singular)
upes (nominative plural)
upi (accusative singular)
upes (accusative plural)
upes (genitive singular)
upju (genitive plural)
upei (dative singular)
upēm (dative plural)
upi (instrumental singular)
upēm (instrumental plural)
upē (locative singular)
upēs (locative plural)
upe (singular vocative)
upes (plural vocative)

In principle, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, *h₂op- (“(flowing) water, river”). Cognates include Lithuanian ùpė, dialectal ũpė, upìs, ùpis, Old Prussian ape (“river”), apus (“(water) well”), Sudovian upa (“river”), Hittite ẖap(a) (“river”), Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”), Tocharian A, Tocharian B āp (“water”). The u in Latvian upe (and Lithuanian upė), instead of the expected a, as in the Old Prussian cognate, is difficult to explain. Some suggest that upe was influenced by other words (e.g., Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)), others that it is not cognate with Old Prussian ape, but rather a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *eup-, *ūp-, *up- (“to call, to cry, to yell”), or then a specific Eastern Baltic word without a Proto-Indo-European etymology.

strauja, lēna upe

kalnu, līdzenumu upe

upes gultne

upes ieleja

upes baseins

upju sistēma

upes pietekas

upes ieteka, grīva

upes izteka

upes augštece, lejtece

upju transports

upju kuģniecība

(geography) river (permanent watercourse)


leja

leja (nominative singular)
lejas (nominative plural)
leju (accusative singular)
lejas (accusative plural)
lejas (genitive singular)
leju (genitive plural)
lejai (dative singular)
lejām (dative plural)
leju (instrumental singular)
lejām (instrumental plural)
lejā (locative singular)
lejās (locative plural)
leja (singular vocative)
lejas (plural vocative)

From earlier (19th-century) leija, from Proto-Baltic *ley-ya-, from *ley-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *l̥-ey, from the zero grade of *el-, *Heh₃l- (“to bend, to incline”) (whence also elkonis (“elbow”), q.v.) with a suffix -ey. The meaning probably evolved as follows: “bent inward” > “inwardly bent earth”, “valley” > “lower area.” Cognates include Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌾𐌰 (undarleija, “lower, smaller”), Ancient Greek λειμών (leimṓn, “humid, grassy place, humid meadow”) (lower places are often humid).

cog

upes, strauta leja

dziļa leja

krūmiem aizaugusi leja

lejas nogāze

starp diviem kalniem vēsā lejā / svēts, vientuļš klosteris glabājās

in a cool valley between two mountains / a holy, lonely monastery kept itself


jūra

jūra (nominative singular)
jūras (nominative plural)
jūru (accusative singular)
jūras (accusative plural)
jūras (genitive singular)
jūru (genitive plural)
jūrai (dative singular)
jūrām (dative plural)
jūru (instrumental singular)
jūrām (instrumental plural)
jūrā (locative singular)
jūrās (locative plural)
jūra (singular vocative)
jūras (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *jáuˀrāˀ ~ *jū́ˀrāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-, *ūr- with an added initial y, from *aw-, *awe- (“to wet, to moisten, to flow”) with a suffix -r. The initial *y may result from metathesis in *awer- (> *h₂wer-, *eur-), or from the influence of some other Proto-Indo-European root like *(e)rey-, *(e)rew- (“to flow”) (metathesized into *ewr-). The original meaning was thus “wet, swampy place” (cf. Lithuanian jáuris (“swamp”) < Proto-Baltic *jaur-), whence “lake” (still attested in old folk tales, and also in borrowings into Finnic: Livonian jõra, Estonian järv, Finnish järvi, Sami jaura, jawre, jávri) and finally “sea.” Cognates include Lithuanian jū́ra, dialectal jūrė, plural jū́ros, jū́rios, jū́rės (cf. Latvian dialectal jūre, jūris, plural jūres), Old Prussian iūrin, *jūren, *jūrʲai, Armenian ջուր (ǰur, “water”), Albanian hurdë (“deep place; pond; swamp”); without the initial *y, also Old Norse úr (“drizzle”), ȳra (“to drizzle”), Latin ūrīnō (“to dive, to plunge into water”), ūrīna (“urine”).

Baltijas jūra

Melnā jūra

jūras krasts, ūdens, vējš

peldēt jūrā

jūras slimība

iziet jūrā

virs, zem jūrās līmeņa

(geography) sea (large body of salty water)


garums

garums (nominative singular)
garumi (nominative plural)
garumu (accusative singular)
garumus (accusative plural)
garuma (genitive singular)
garumu (genitive plural)
garumam (dative singular)
garumiem (dative plural)
garumu (instrumental singular)
garumiem (instrumental plural)
garumā (locative singular)
garumos (locative plural)
garum (singular vocative)
garumi (plural vocative)

ģeogrāfiskais garums

austrumu garums

rietumu garums

(geography) longitude (distance in degrees between a given place and the prime meridian)


selga

selga (nominative singular)
selgas (nominative plural)
selgu (accusative singular)
selgas (accusative plural)
selgas (genitive singular)
selgu (genitive plural)
selgai (dative singular)
selgām (dative plural)
selgu (instrumental singular)
selgām (instrumental plural)
selgā (locative singular)
selgās (locative plural)
selga (singular vocative)
selgas (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Livonian sälga (“back; open sea”); compare cognates in other Baltic-Finnic languages (Finnish selkä (“back, open water”), Estonian selg (“back”), dialectal sälg).

izbraukt selgā

to go to the deep, open sea; to leave the coast

kuģis izbraucis selgā

the ship left the coast (into the open sea)

vējš pūš no selgas

the wind is blowing from seaways, from the open sea

a deep place, far from the coast (of a sea, big lake, river, etc.); the deep sea; the open sea


polārs

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polārs (definite polārais, comparative polārāks, superlative vispolārākais, adverb polāri)

polārais (definite)
polārāks (comparative)
vispolārākais (superlative)
polāri (adverb)
polārs (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
polāri (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
polāra (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
polāras (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
polāru (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
polārus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
polāru (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
polāras (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
polāra (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
polāru (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
polāras (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
polāru (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
polāram (dative indefinite masculine singular)
polāriem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
polārai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
polārām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
polāru (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
polāriem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
polāru (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
polārām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
polārā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
polāros (indefinite locative masculine plural)
polārā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
polārās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

polārais klimats, aukstums

polārā vasara, ziema

polārais ezers, gaiss, ledus

polārais anticiklons

polārais loks, riņķis

polārais apgabals

the polar area (between the poles and the polar circles)

polārā nakts

polar night (when the sun does not rise)

polārā diena

polārā blāzma, polārblāzma

northern lights, aurora (lit. polar glow)

polārais lācis, polārlācis

(geography) polar, Arctic (located at, relating to, or typical of, the North or South Poles of the Earth and the area around them)


karte

karte (nominative singular)
kartes (nominative plural)
karti (accusative singular)
kartes (accusative plural)
kartes (genitive singular)
karšu (genitive plural)
kartei (dative singular)
kartēm (dative plural)
karti (instrumental singular)
kartēm (instrumental plural)
kartē (locative singular)
kartēs (locative plural)
karte (singular vocative)
kartes (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Karte, like kārts “playing cards” (the latter apparently having suffered the influence of kārts “pole” on its form), first attested as zemes kārte (with a long ā) in the 1850s, and later on (by the end of the 19th century) simply as karte (with a short e).

kartes mērogs

lasīt karti

ģeogrāfiska karte

topogrāfiska karte

ģeoloģiska karte

zvaigžņu karte


zemesrags

zemesrags (nominative singular)
zemesragi (nominative plural)
zemesragu (accusative singular)
zemesragus (accusative plural)
zemesraga (genitive singular)
zemesragu (genitive plural)
zemesragam (dative singular)
zemesragiem (dative plural)
zemesragu (instrumental singular)
zemesragiem (instrumental plural)
zemesragā (locative singular)
zemesragos (locative plural)
zemesrag (singular vocative)
zemesragi (plural vocative)

From zemes (“earth[gen.]”) + rags (“horn”).

viņi bija apbraukuši zemesragu un tagad turējās līdztekus krastam, kilometrus trīs selgā

they had sailed around the cape and now stayed along the coast, at a distance of about three kilometers

(geography) cape, promontory, headland (piece of land that extends beyond the coast into a sea or a lake)


Zeme

Zeme (nominative singular)
Zemi (accusative singular)
Zemes (genitive singular)
Zemei (dative singular)
Zemi (instrumental singular)
Zemē (locative singular)
Zeme (singular vocative)

(astronomy, geography) Earth (third planet in the Solar System, inhabited by humans; astronomic symbol: ⊕)


josla

josla (nominative singular)
joslas (nominative plural)
joslu (accusative singular)
joslas (accusative plural)
joslas (genitive singular)
joslu (genitive plural)
joslai (dative singular)
joslām (dative plural)
joslu (instrumental singular)
joslām (instrumental plural)
joslā (locative singular)
joslās (locative plural)
josla (singular vocative)
joslas (plural vocative)

From the same stem found in josta (“belt”), Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s- (“to girdle”), but with a different suffix (-l(a) instead of -t(a)). Cognates include Lithuanian júoslas (“tie, bind, bandage”), and, with yet another suffix, Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē, “belt, sash, zone”) (from *zṓsnā from *yōs-nā-).

cog

ekvatoriālā, tropu, subtropu, polārā joslā

equatorial, tropical, subtropical, polar zone

laika josla, zona

(geography) an elongated area in general; zone; area


ģeogrāfe

lv-noun

ģeogrāfe f (5th declension, masculine form: ģeogrāfs)

ģeogrāfs (masculine)
ģeogrāfe (nominative singular)
ģeogrāfes (nominative plural)
ģeogrāfi (accusative singular)
ģeogrāfes (accusative plural)
ģeogrāfes (genitive singular)
ģeogrāfu (genitive plural)
ģeogrāfei (dative singular)
ģeogrāfēm (dative plural)
ģeogrāfi (instrumental singular)
ģeogrāfēm (instrumental plural)
ģeogrāfē (locative singular)
ģeogrāfēs (locative plural)
ģeogrāfe (singular vocative)
ģeogrāfes (plural vocative)

From ģeogrāfs (“geographer”) + -e (“fem.”).

(female) geographer (a specialist in geography)


ģeogrāfs

ģeogrāfs m (1st declension, feminine form: ģeogrāfe)

ģeogrāfe (feminine)
ģeogrāfs (nominative singular)
ģeogrāfi (nominative plural)
ģeogrāfu (accusative singular)
ģeogrāfus (accusative plural)
ģeogrāfa (genitive singular)
ģeogrāfu (genitive plural)
ģeogrāfam (dative singular)
ģeogrāfiem (dative plural)
ģeogrāfu (instrumental singular)
ģeogrāfiem (instrumental plural)
ģeogrāfā (locative singular)
ģeogrāfos (locative plural)
ģeogrāf (singular vocative)
ģeogrāfi (plural vocative)

ģeogrāfu ekspedīcija

īsā laikā ģeogrāfiem vajadzēja izpētīt zemes reljefu

in a short time the geographers had to explore the Earth's terrain

(male) geographer (a specialist in geography)


ģeogrāfija

ģeogrāfija (nominative singular)
ģeogrāfiju (accusative singular)
ģeogrāfijas (genitive singular)
ģeogrāfijai (dative singular)
ģeogrāfiju (instrumental singular)
ģeogrāfijā (locative singular)
ģeogrāfija (singular vocative)

Via some other European language, ultimately from Ancient Greek γεωγραφία (geōgraphía), from γῆ (gê, “earth”) and γράφω (gráphō, “I write”) + -ija.

vispārējā ģeogrāfija

fiziskā ģeogrāfija

ekonomiskā ģeogrāfija

vēsturiskā ģeogrāfija

politiskā ģeogrāfija

militārā ģeogrāfija

geography (the study of the physical structure and the inhabitants of the surface of the Earth)


ģeogrāfisks

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ģeogrāfisks (definite ģeogrāfiskais, comparative ģeogrāfiskāks, superlative visģeogrāfiskākais, adverb ģeogrāfiski)

ģeogrāfiskais (definite)
ģeogrāfiskāks (comparative)
visģeogrāfiskākais (superlative)
ģeogrāfiski (adverb)
ģeogrāfisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
ģeogrāfiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
ģeogrāfiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
ģeogrāfiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
ģeogrāfisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
ģeogrāfiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
ģeogrāfisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
ģeogrāfiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
ģeogrāfiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
ģeogrāfisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
ģeogrāfiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
ģeogrāfisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
ģeogrāfiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
ģeogrāfiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
ģeogrāfiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
ģeogrāfiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
ģeogrāfisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
ģeogrāfiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
ģeogrāfisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
ģeogrāfiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
ģeogrāfiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
ģeogrāfiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
ģeogrāfiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
ģeogrāfiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From ģeogrāfija (“geography”) + -isks. Probably not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from other European languages.

salas ģeogrāfiskie apstākļi

valsts ģeogrāfiskais stāvoklis

a country's geographic situation, a country's geography

geographic (relating to some specific part of the world)


topogrāfe

lv-noun

topogrāfe f (5th declension, masculine form: topogrāfs)

topogrāfs (masculine)
topogrāfe (nominative singular)
topogrāfes (nominative plural)
topogrāfi (accusative singular)
topogrāfes (accusative plural)
topogrāfes (genitive singular)
topogrāfu (genitive plural)
topogrāfei (dative singular)
topogrāfēm (dative plural)
topogrāfi (instrumental singular)
topogrāfēm (instrumental plural)
topogrāfē (locative singular)
topogrāfēs (locative plural)
topogrāfe (singular vocative)
topogrāfes (plural vocative)

From topogrāfs (“topographer”) + -e (“fem.”).

(female) topographer (a specialist in topography)


topogrāfs

topogrāfs m (1st declension, feminine form: topogrāfe)

topogrāfe (feminine)
topogrāfs (nominative singular)
topogrāfi (nominative plural)
topogrāfu (accusative singular)
topogrāfus (accusative plural)
topogrāfa (genitive singular)
topogrāfu (genitive plural)
topogrāfam (dative singular)
topogrāfiem (dative plural)
topogrāfu (instrumental singular)
topogrāfiem (instrumental plural)
topogrāfā (locative singular)
topogrāfos (locative plural)
topogrāf (singular vocative)
topogrāfi (plural vocative)

topogrāfam vajag izjust apvidu kā vilkam

the topoographer must experience the area as a wolf (would)

(male) topographer (a specialist in topography)


topogrāfija

topogrāfija (nominative singular)
topogrāfiju (accusative singular)
topogrāfijas (genitive singular)
topogrāfijai (dative singular)
topogrāfiju (instrumental singular)
topogrāfijā (locative singular)
topogrāfija (singular vocative)

Via some other European language, ultimately from Latin topographia, from Ancient Greek τοπογραφία (topographía), from τόπος (tópos, “place”) and γράφω (gráphō, “I write”) + -ija.

topogrāfija ir ģeodēzijas nozare

topography (science that develops methods for measuring the surface of a region and displaying it on a plan or map)


kartogrāfs

kartogrāfs m (1st declension, feminine form: kartogrāfe)

kartogrāfe (feminine)
kartogrāfs (nominative singular)
kartogrāfi (nominative plural)
kartogrāfu (accusative singular)
kartogrāfus (accusative plural)
kartogrāfa (genitive singular)
kartogrāfu (genitive plural)
kartogrāfam (dative singular)
kartogrāfiem (dative plural)
kartogrāfu (instrumental singular)
kartogrāfiem (instrumental plural)
kartogrāfā (locative singular)
kartogrāfos (locative plural)
kartogrāf (singular vocative)
kartogrāfi (plural vocative)

(male) cartographer (a specialist in cartography)


kartogrāfe

kartogrāfe f (5th declension, masculine form: kartogrāfs)

kartogrāfs (masculine)
kartogrāfe (nominative singular)
kartogrāfes (nominative plural)
kartogrāfi (accusative singular)
kartogrāfes (accusative plural)
kartogrāfes (genitive singular)
kartogrāfu (genitive plural)
kartogrāfei (dative singular)
kartogrāfēm (dative plural)
kartogrāfi (instrumental singular)
kartogrāfēm (instrumental plural)
kartogrāfē (locative singular)
kartogrāfēs (locative plural)
kartogrāfe (singular vocative)
kartogrāfes (plural vocative)

From kartogrāfs (“cartographer”) + -e (“fem.”).

suffix

(female) cartographer (a specialist in cartography)


kartogrāfija

kartogrāfija (nominative singular)
kartogrāfiju (accusative singular)
kartogrāfijas (genitive singular)
kartogrāfijai (dative singular)
kartogrāfiju (instrumental singular)
kartogrāfijā (locative singular)
kartogrāfija (singular vocative)

Via some other European language, ultimately from French cartographie, from carte (“map”) (itself from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “sheet of paper”)) and γράφω (gráphō, “I write”)) with the suffix -ie (Latvian -ija).

der

vēsturiskā kartogrāfija

augsnes kartogrāfija

kartogrāfijas institūts

kartogrāfijas piederumi

cartography (the science of the spatial representation of natural and social phenomena, usually with maps or charts; set of techniques to make maps and charts)


topogrāfisks

head

topogrāfisks (definite topogrāfiskais, adverb topogrāfiski)

topogrāfiskais (definite)
topogrāfiski (adverb)
topogrāfisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
topogrāfiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
topogrāfiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
topogrāfiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
topogrāfisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
topogrāfiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
topogrāfisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
topogrāfiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
topogrāfiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
topogrāfisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
topogrāfiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
topogrāfisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
topogrāfiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
topogrāfiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
topogrāfiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
topogrāfiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
topogrāfisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
topogrāfiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
topogrāfisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
topogrāfiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
topogrāfiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
topogrāfiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
topogrāfiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
topogrāfiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

From topogrāfija (“topography”) + -isks. Probably not derived as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from another European language.

topogrāfiska anatomija

(anatomy) topographic (relating to the relative position of organs and tissues in the body)


lejtece

lejtece (nominative singular)
lejteces (nominative plural)
lejteci (accusative singular)
lejteces (accusative plural)
lejteces (genitive singular)
lejteču (genitive plural)
lejtecei (dative singular)
lejtecēm (dative plural)
lejteci (instrumental singular)
lejtecēm (instrumental plural)
lejtecē (locative singular)
lejtecēs (locative plural)
lejtece (singular vocative)
lejteces (plural vocative)

From leja (“lower part”) + tece (“flow, stream”).

compound

arheoloģiskie pieminekļi Daugavas lejtecē

the archaeological sites in the lower reaches of the Daugava river

Nemunas lejtece veido Lietuvas robežu ar Krievijas Kaļiņingradas apgabalu

the lower course of the Nemuna river forms the border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad enclave

(of rivers) lower reaches, lower course (part of a river near its end, near its mouth, its estuary, including its surroundings)


lejas tece

lejas tece (nominative singular)
lejas teces (nominative plural)
lejas teci (accusative singular)
lejas teces (accusative plural)
lejas teces (genitive singular)
lejas teču (genitive plural)
lejas tecei (dative singular)
lejas tecēm (dative plural)
lejas teci (instrumental singular)
lejas tecēm (instrumental plural)
lejas tecē (locative singular)
lejas tecēs (locative plural)
lejas tece (singular vocative)
lejas teces (plural vocative)

lower reaches, lower course (of a river); alternative form of lejtece


ieleja

ieleja (nominative singular)
ielejas (nominative plural)
ieleju (accusative singular)
ielejas (accusative plural)
ielejas (genitive singular)
ieleju (genitive plural)
ielejai (dative singular)
ielejām (dative plural)
ieleju (instrumental singular)
ielejām (instrumental plural)
ielejā (locative singular)
ielejās (locative plural)
ieleja (singular vocative)
ielejas (plural vocative)

auglīga ieleja

upes gultne ielejā

doties pa nogāze uz ieleju

šķērsot ieleju

ciems atradās augstienē, un ielejā kā nomesta josta locījās maza upīte

the village is located in the highland, and in the valey a small river meandered like a belt thrown (down there)

(geography) valley (lower area created by a river on the surface of the earth; lower area between mountains where a river flows)


augšas tece

augšas tece (nominative singular)
augšas teces (nominative plural)
augšas teci (accusative singular)
augšas teces (accusative plural)
augšas teces (genitive singular)
augšas teču (genitive plural)
augšas tecei (dative singular)
augšas tecēm (dative plural)
augšas teci (instrumental singular)
augšas tecēm (instrumental plural)
augšas tecē (locative singular)
augšas tecēs (locative plural)
augšas tece (singular vocative)
augšas teces (plural vocative)

upper reaches, upper course (of a river); alternative spelling of augštece


augštece

augštece (nominative singular)
augšteces (nominative plural)
augšteci (accusative singular)
augšteces (accusative plural)
augšteces (genitive singular)
augšteču (genitive plural)
augštecei (dative singular)
augštecēm (dative plural)
augšteci (instrumental singular)
augštecēm (instrumental plural)
augštecē (locative singular)
augštecēs (locative plural)
augštece (singular vocative)
augšteces (plural vocative)

From augša (“upper part”) + tece (“flow, stream”).

Daugavas augštecē

the upper reaches of the Daugava river, the upper Daugava

plostnieki vadījuši plostus no upju augšteču mežainajiem apvidiem uz rūpniecības un tirdzniecības centriem

raftsmen conducted rafts from the upstream forested regions (down) to the industrial and commercial centers

(of rivers) upper reaches, upper course (part of a river near its beginning, near its headwaters, including its surroundings)


arktisks

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arktisks (definite arktiskais, comparative arktiskāks, superlative visarktiskākais, adverb arktiski)

arktiskais (definite)
arktiskāks (comparative)
visarktiskākais (superlative)
arktiski (adverb)
arktisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
arktiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
arktiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
arktiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
arktisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
arktiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
arktisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
arktiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
arktiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
arktisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
arktiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
arktisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
arktiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
arktiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
arktiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
arktiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
arktisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
arktiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
arktisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
arktiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
arktiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
arktiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
arktiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
arktiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

Via other European languages, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀρκτικός (arktikós, “of the bear, northern”), a reference to the northerly constellation Ursa Major, from ἄρκτος (árktos, “bear”).

uder

arktiskā ekspedīcija

arktiskie augi

arktiskā fauna

arktiskās salas

arktiskais klimats

arktiskais pavasaris

arktiskā flote

Arctic (relating to, or typical of, the Earth's northern polar region)


antarktisks

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antarktisks (definite antarktiskais, adverb antarktiski)

antarktiskais (definite)
antarktiski (adverb)
antarktisks (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
antarktiski (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
antarktiska (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
antarktiskas (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
antarktisku (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
antarktiskus (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
antarktisku (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
antarktiskas (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
antarktiska (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
antarktisku (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
antarktiskas (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
antarktisku (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
antarktiskam (dative indefinite masculine singular)
antarktiskiem (dative indefinite masculine plural)
antarktiskai (dative feminine indefinite singular)
antarktiskām (dative feminine indefinite plural)
antarktisku (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
antarktiskiem (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
antarktisku (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
antarktiskām (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
antarktiskā (indefinite locative masculine singular)
antarktiskos (indefinite locative masculine plural)
antarktiskā (feminine indefinite locative singular)
antarktiskās (feminine indefinite locative plural)

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀνταρκτικός (antarktikós), from ἀντί (antí, “opposite, against”) and ἄρκτος (árktos, “Great Bear; North”).

antarktiskā ekspedīcija

antarktiskie pētījumi

antarktiskā bāze

Antarctic (relating to, or typical of, Antarctica)


iezis

iezis (nominative singular)
ieži (nominative plural)
iezi (accusative singular)
iežus (accusative plural)
ieža (genitive singular)
iežu (genitive plural)
iezim (dative singular)
iežiem (dative plural)
iezi (instrumental singular)
iežiem (instrumental plural)
iezī (locative singular)
iežos (locative plural)
iezi (singular vocative)
ieži (plural vocative)

smilšakmens iezis

sarkanā malā iezis

Zvārtes iezis

Zvārte's rock (in Gauja national park, Latvia)

(in the singular, geography) rock (outcrop of such mineral layers, forming a steep slope)


brasls

brasls (nominative singular)
brasli (nominative plural)
braslu (accusative singular)
braslus (accusative plural)
brasla (genitive singular)
braslu (genitive plural)
braslam (dative singular)
brasliem (dative plural)
braslu (instrumental singular)
brasliem (instrumental plural)
braslā (locative singular)
braslos (locative plural)
brasl (singular vocative)
brasli (plural vocative)

From the same source as the verb brist (q.v.), with change of the final consonant and an extra element lo, apparently originally an adjective meaning probably “shallow.” The Lithuanian and Old Prussian forms correspond to a variant brasts found in Courland dialects and in some placenames (Brastvalks) and family names (Brastiņš); the Slavic forms correspond to a dialectal variant brads, also found in placenames (Bradas, Bradaiži). Cognates include Lithuanian brastà, dialectal brasvà, brastvà “ford; miry path, swampy meadow,” Old Prussian *brast- “ford” (in placenames, e.g., Balkombrastun), Proto-Slavic *brodъ (Russian, Belarusian брод (brod), Ukrainian брід (brid), Bulgarian брод (brod), Czech brod, Polish bród),

pāriet upi braslā

un zirgs rāmiem soļiem devās pa celiņu uz braslu, pārbrida upi un uzkāpa atkal krastā

and the horse went by the path to the ford, crossed the river and climbed back on shore

ford (shallow place in a river or stream where one can cross it)