Kongo

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)
# Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)
# Congo (a large river in Africa, which flows for about 4,380 km (2,720 miles) to the Atlantic Ocean in the Democratic Republic of Congo)


Temza

Temza (nominative singular)
Temzu (accusative singular)
Temzas (genitive singular)
Temzai (dative singular)
Temzu (instrumental singular)
Temzā (locative singular)
Temza (singular vocative)

Thames (a river in southeast England, in the United Kingdom, flowing through London)


upe

upe (nominative singular)
upes (nominative plural)
upi (accusative singular)
upes (accusative plural)
upes (genitive singular)
upju (genitive plural)
upei (dative singular)
upēm (dative plural)
upi (instrumental singular)
upēm (instrumental plural)
upē (locative singular)
upēs (locative plural)
upe (singular vocative)
upes (plural vocative)

In principle, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, *h₂op- (“(flowing) water, river”). Cognates include Lithuanian ùpė, dialectal ũpė, upìs, ùpis, Old Prussian ape (“river”), apus (“(water) well”), Sudovian upa (“river”), Hittite ẖap(a) (“river”), Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”), Tocharian A, Tocharian B āp (“water”). The u in Latvian upe (and Lithuanian upė), instead of the expected a, as in the Old Prussian cognate, is difficult to explain. Some suggest that upe was influenced by other words (e.g., Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)), others that it is not cognate with Old Prussian ape, but rather a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *eup-, *ūp-, *up- (“to call, to cry, to yell”), or then a specific Eastern Baltic word without a Proto-Indo-European etymology.

strauja, lēna upe

kalnu, līdzenumu upe

upes gultne

upes ieleja

upes baseins

upju sistēma

upes pietekas

upes ieteka, grīva

upes izteka

upes augštece, lejtece

upju transports

upju kuģniecība

(geography) river (permanent watercourse)


osta

osta (nominative singular)
ostas (nominative plural)
ostu (accusative singular)
ostas (accusative plural)
ostas (genitive singular)
ostu (genitive plural)
ostai (dative singular)
ostām (dative plural)
ostu (instrumental singular)
ostām (instrumental plural)
ostā (locative singular)
ostās (locative plural)
osta (singular vocative)
ostas (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óh₃s. Compare Lithuanian uostas.

upes osta, ezera osta

zvejas osta

tirdzniecības osta

ostas pilsēta

ostas strādnieki


jūra

jūra (nominative singular)
jūras (nominative plural)
jūru (accusative singular)
jūras (accusative plural)
jūras (genitive singular)
jūru (genitive plural)
jūrai (dative singular)
jūrām (dative plural)
jūru (instrumental singular)
jūrām (instrumental plural)
jūrā (locative singular)
jūrās (locative plural)
jūra (singular vocative)
jūras (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *jáuˀrāˀ ~ *jū́ˀrāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-, *ūr- with an added initial y, from *aw-, *awe- (“to wet, to moisten, to flow”) with a suffix -r. The initial *y may result from metathesis in *awer- (> *h₂wer-, *eur-), or from the influence of some other Proto-Indo-European root like *(e)rey-, *(e)rew- (“to flow”) (metathesized into *ewr-). The original meaning was thus “wet, swampy place” (cf. Lithuanian jáuris (“swamp”) < Proto-Baltic *jaur-), whence “lake” (still attested in old folk tales, and also in borrowings into Finnic: Livonian jõra, Estonian järv, Finnish järvi, Sami jaura, jawre, jávri) and finally “sea.” Cognates include Lithuanian jū́ra, dialectal jūrė, plural jū́ros, jū́rios, jū́rės (cf. Latvian dialectal jūre, jūris, plural jūres), Old Prussian iūrin, *jūren, *jūrʲai, Armenian ջուր (ǰur, “water”), Albanian hurdë (“deep place; pond; swamp”); without the initial *y, also Old Norse úr (“drizzle”), ȳra (“to drizzle”), Latin ūrīnō (“to dive, to plunge into water”), ūrīna (“urine”).

cog

mēness jūra

(astronomy) sea (dark areas on the surface of the Moon or other natural satellites)


ezers

ezers (nominative singular)
ezeri (nominative plural)
ezeru (accusative singular)
ezerus (accusative plural)
ezera (genitive singular)
ezeru (genitive plural)
ezeram (dative singular)
ezeriem (dative plural)
ezeru (instrumental singular)
ezeriem (instrumental plural)
ezerā (locative singular)
ezeros (locative plural)
ezers (singular vocative)
ezeri (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *éźera (“lake”), from Proto-Indo-European *eǵʰerom (“lake”), from the stem *eǵʰ- (“border”) (whence also Latvian eža, q.v.). The meaning change, from “border” to “lake,” is probably motivated by the fact that lakes were often used as markers of the border between separate regions. Cognates include Lithuanian ẽžeras, Old Prussian assaran ([azaran]), Sudovian ziro (< *eziro < *ezero), Proto-Slavic *ezero (Old Church Slavonic ѥзєро (jezero), Russian, Ukrainian о́зеро (ózero), Belarusian во́зера (vózjera), Bulgarian е́зеро (ézero), Czech jezero, Polish jezioro.

Sīvera ezers ― lake Sīvers

jūras piekrastes ezers

ieapaļš, izstiepts ezers

šaurs, dziļš ezers

rāms ezers

peldēties, zvejot ezerā

ezeru nogulumi

ezeriem bagāts apvidus

te tumšāks, te gaišāks, te noslēpumaini spulgodams, te kūpēdams miglā, ceļa malā dus ezers

by the road side there lay a lake, here darker, there lighter, here mysteriously reflective, there clouded in fog

lake (large natural body of freshwater surrounded by land)


fjords

fjords (nominative singular)
fjordi (nominative plural)
fjordu (accusative singular)
fjordus (accusative plural)
fjorda (genitive singular)
fjordu (genitive plural)
fjordam (dative singular)
fjordiem (dative plural)
fjordu (instrumental singular)
fjordiem (instrumental plural)
fjordā (locative singular)
fjordos (locative plural)
fjord (singular vocative)
fjordi (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr, from Proto-Germanic *ferþu, *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”)


Indra

First recorded as a given name of Latvians in early 20th century. As a given name, derived from the place name, or from Indriķis (“Henry”).


Donava

Donava (nominative singular)
Donavu (accusative singular)
Donavas (genitive singular)
Donavai (dative singular)
Donavu (instrumental singular)
Donavā (locative singular)
Donava (singular vocative)


Samara

Samara (nominative singular)
Samaru (accusative singular)
Samaras (genitive singular)
Samarai (dative singular)
Samaru (instrumental singular)
Samarā (locative singular)
Samara (singular vocative)

Samara (a tributary of the Volga in Russia)


dīķis

dīķis (nominative singular)
dīķi (nominative plural)
dīķi (accusative singular)
dīķus (accusative plural)
dīķa (genitive singular)
dīķu (genitive plural)
dīķim (dative singular)
dīķiem (dative plural)
dīķi (instrumental singular)
dīķiem (instrumental plural)
dīķī (locative singular)
dīķos (locative plural)
dīķi (singular vocative)
dīķi (plural vocative)


okeāns

okeāns (nominative singular)
okeāni (nominative plural)
okeānu (accusative singular)
okeānus (accusative plural)
okeāna (genitive singular)
okeānu (genitive plural)
okeānam (dative singular)
okeāniem (dative plural)
okeānu (instrumental singular)
okeāniem (instrumental plural)
okeānā (locative singular)
okeānos (locative plural)
okeān (singular vocative)
okeāni (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin Ōceanus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós, “Oceanus”), a water deity.

uder

Atlantijas okeāns

Klusais okeāns

Ziemeļu Ledus okeāns

okeāna straumes

okeāna kuģis, tvaikonis

nedēļām ilgi kuģis brauca pa Indijas okeāna skumjajiem klajumiem

for weeks the ship sailed through the sad plains of the Indic Ocean

ocean (one of the largest natural masses of water, situated between continents)


kanāls

kanāls (nominative singular)
kanāli (nominative plural)
kanālu (accusative singular)
kanālus (accusative plural)
kanāla (genitive singular)
kanālu (genitive plural)
kanālam (dative singular)
kanāliem (dative plural)
kanālu (instrumental singular)
kanāliem (instrumental plural)
kanālā (locative singular)
kanālos (locative plural)
kanāl (singular vocative)
kanāli (plural vocative)


strauts

strauts (nominative singular)
strauti (nominative plural)
strautu (accusative singular)
strautus (accusative plural)
strauta (genitive singular)
strautu (genitive plural)
strautam (dative singular)
strautiem (dative plural)
strautu (instrumental singular)
strautiem (instrumental plural)
strautā (locative singular)
strautos (locative plural)
straut (singular vocative)
strauti (plural vocative)

From a 17th-century verb straut (“to flow, to float”) (later replaced by straust (“to flow quickly, to stream”)), from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow”), with an epenthetic t (whence also straujš (“quick, fast”)). Cognates include Lithuanian sraũtas (“stream, current, flow”) (dialectal straũtas), Sanskrit स्रोत (srótas-, “flow, river”); for the old verb straut, compare also Lithuanian iterative verb sravė́ti (“to flow slowly”), Sanskrit स्रवति (srávati, “to flow”), Ancient Greek ῥέω (rhéō, “to flow”).

cog

kalnu, meža strauts

sniegūdens strauts

strauts urdz, čalo

strauts burbuļo

strautu forele


straujums

straujums (nominative singular)
straujumi (nominative plural)
straujumu (accusative singular)
straujumus (accusative plural)
straujuma (genitive singular)
straujumu (genitive plural)
straujumam (dative singular)
straujumiem (dative plural)
straujumu (instrumental singular)
straujumiem (instrumental plural)
straujumā (locative singular)
straujumos (locative plural)
straujum (singular vocative)
straujumi (plural vocative)

From straujš (“fast, quick, rapid”) + -ums.

foreles tusēja tikai straujumos, kur kāda pārgāze pār koku sanesumiem vai akmeņiem

trouts hang out only in the rapids, where (there is) some overflow over wood deposits or stones

(also plural) rapids (area in a river or stream with turbulent, swift water motion)


straujtece

straujtece (nominative singular)
straujteces (nominative plural)
straujteci (accusative singular)
straujteces (accusative plural)
straujteces (genitive singular)
straujteču (genitive plural)
straujtecei (dative singular)
straujtecēm (dative plural)
straujteci (instrumental singular)
straujtecēm (instrumental plural)
straujtecē (locative singular)
straujtecēs (locative plural)
straujtece (singular vocative)
straujteces (plural vocative)

From strauja (“quick[fem.]”) + tece (“flow, stream”).

compound

sākas nobrauciens kādus 20 km lejup pa Ogri; braukšana laba, jūt straumi, vietām nelielas straujteces, kas drusku pašūpo, drusku uzšļaksta ūdeni

the descent began some 20km down the Ogre (river); the trip was good, to feel the current, at places (there were) rapids that rocked (the boat) and splashed the water a little

rapids (section of a river, stream, etc. where the current is particularly turbulent and fast)


krāce

krāce (nominative singular)
krāces (nominative plural)
krāci (accusative singular)
krāces (accusative plural)
krāces (genitive singular)
krāču (genitive plural)
krācei (dative singular)
krācēm (dative plural)
krāci (instrumental singular)
krācēm (instrumental plural)
krācē (locative singular)
krācēs (locative plural)
krāce (singular vocative)
krāces (plural vocative)

Related to the Latvian verb krākt (“to roar”). The most likely theory is that the word krāce was influenced by krākt (in, e.g., lengthening the ā), but that it originally was *krace, a form of dialectal kracis (“pole with crossbar (for drying grain)”), from Proto-Indo-European *krek-, *krok- (“to stand out, to stick out, to straighten oneself”), which would originally suggest the specific configuration of rapids in the Daugava river.

mutuļainas krāces

šalc krāces

krāču ūdens

laiva tuvojās krācēm

upe gāžas lejup no kalniem, veidojot krāces un ūdenskritumus

the river runs down from the mountains, forming rapids and waterfalls

rapids (section of a river where the water flows rapidly down, usually over or around rocks)


grīva

grīva (nominative singular)
grīvas (nominative plural)
grīvu (accusative singular)
grīvas (accusative plural)
grīvas (genitive singular)
grīvu (genitive plural)
grīvai (dative singular)
grīvām (dative plural)
grīvu (instrumental singular)
grīvām (instrumental plural)
grīvā (locative singular)
grīvās (locative plural)
grīva (singular vocative)
grīvas (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *grī́ˀwāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂.

padziļināt upes grīvu

pie Daugavas grīvas bija pārāk daudz zvejnieku

at the mouth of the Daugava there were too many fishermen

estuary, mouth (the place at which a river reaches the sea)


līcis

līcis (nominative singular)
līči (nominative plural)
līci (accusative singular)
līčus (accusative plural)
līča (genitive singular)
līču (genitive plural)
līcim (dative singular)
līčiem (dative plural)
līci (instrumental singular)
līčiem (instrumental plural)
līcī (locative singular)
līčos (locative plural)
līci (singular vocative)
līči (plural vocative)


brasls

brasls (nominative singular)
brasli (nominative plural)
braslu (accusative singular)
braslus (accusative plural)
brasla (genitive singular)
braslu (genitive plural)
braslam (dative singular)
brasliem (dative plural)
braslu (instrumental singular)
brasliem (instrumental plural)
braslā (locative singular)
braslos (locative plural)
brasl (singular vocative)
brasli (plural vocative)

From the same source as the verb brist (q.v.), with change of the final consonant and an extra element lo, apparently originally an adjective meaning probably “shallow.” The Lithuanian and Old Prussian forms correspond to a variant brasts found in Courland dialects and in some placenames (Brastvalks) and family names (Brastiņš); the Slavic forms correspond to a dialectal variant brads, also found in placenames (Bradas, Bradaiži). Cognates include Lithuanian brastà, dialectal brasvà, brastvà “ford; miry path, swampy meadow,” Old Prussian *brast- “ford” (in placenames, e.g., Balkombrastun), Proto-Slavic *brodъ (Russian, Belarusian брод (brod), Ukrainian брід (brid), Bulgarian брод (brod), Czech brod, Polish bród),

pāriet upi braslā

un zirgs rāmiem soļiem devās pa celiņu uz braslu, pārbrida upi un uzkāpa atkal krastā

and the horse went by the path to the ford, crossed the river and climbed back on shore

ford (shallow place in a river or stream where one can cross it)


Reina

Reina (nominative singular)
Reinu (accusative singular)
Reinas (genitive singular)
Reinai (dative singular)
Reinu (instrumental singular)
Reinā (locative singular)
Reina (singular vocative)


Klusais okeāns

Klusais okeāns (nominative singular)
Kluso okeānu (accusative singular)
Klusā okeāna (genitive singular)
Klusajam okeānam (dative singular)
Kluso okeānu (instrumental singular)
Klusajā okeānā (locative singular)
Kluso okeān (singular vocative)
Klusais okeān (singular vocative)


Ziemeļu Ledus okeāns

Ziemeļu Ledus okeāns (nominative singular)
Ziemeļu Ledus okeānu (accusative singular)
Ziemeļu Ledus okeāna (genitive singular)
Ziemeļu Ledus okeānam (dative singular)
Ziemeļu Ledus okeānu (instrumental singular)
Ziemeļu Ledus okeānā (locative singular)
Ziemeļu Ledus okeān (singular vocative)


lagūna

lagūna (nominative singular)
lagūnas (nominative plural)
lagūnu (accusative singular)
lagūnas (accusative plural)
lagūnas (genitive singular)
lagūnu (genitive plural)
lagūnai (dative singular)
lagūnām (dative plural)
lagūnu (instrumental singular)
lagūnām (instrumental plural)
lagūnā (locative singular)
lagūnās (locative plural)
lagūna (singular vocative)
lagūnas (plural vocative)