paprika

paprika (nominative singular)
paprikas (nominative plural)
paprikas (genitive singular)
papriku (genitive plural)
paprikai (dative singular)
paprikām (dative plural)
papriku (accusative singular)
paprikas (accusative plural)
papriku (instrumental singular)
paprikām (instrumental plural)
paprikā (locative singular)
paprikās (locative plural)
paprika (singular vocative)
paprikas (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, borrowed from Hungarian paprika, itself from Serbo-Croatian páprika, from pȁpar, from Latin piper (“pepper”), whence also Latvian pipars (q.v.).

gaļu sagriež gabaliņos, apcep taukvielā, liek katlā, pievieno papriku

cut the meat into small pieces, fry in a fat substance (= butter or margarine), put it in a pot (and) add paprika

(only plural) sweet pepper (the green, yellow or red fruits of this plant, eaten as vegetables; also, a condiment powder made from these fruits)


tomāts

tomāts (nominative singular)
tomāti (nominative plural)
tomāta (genitive singular)
tomātu (genitive plural)
tomātam (dative singular)
tomātiem (dative plural)
tomātu (accusative singular)
tomātus (accusative plural)
tomātu (instrumental singular)
tomātiem (instrumental plural)
tomātā (locative singular)
tomātos (locative plural)
tomāt (singular vocative)
tomāti (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Tomate, or from Russian тома́т (tomát), themselves borrowings from French tomate, itself a borrowing from Spanish tomate, ultimately borrowed from Classical Nahuatl tomatl. This word is first mentioned in Latvian by the end of the 19th century, initially in two forms, masculine (tomāts) and feminine (tomāte); only in the 1920s did the masculine form became dominant.

tomātu stādi

ēdamais, kultīvētais tomāts

plaši izplatīts kultūraugs ir tomāti, kuri Eiropā ievesti 1554. gadā

tomatoes are a quite widespread crop, which was introduced in Europe in 1554

tomātus ilgu laiku audzēja kā dekoratīvus augus

tomatoes were grown for a long time as ornamental plants

Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicum#Translingual

tomato (plant (Solanum lycopersicum) with branched stems, yellow flowers and juicy, edible red fruits)

tomātu sula

tomātu pasta

tomātu biezenis

konservēti tomāti

reņģes tomātu mērcē

brokastīs māmiņa sagriež lielu, sarkanu tomātu un vienu sīpolu

for breakfast, mummy cut a large, red tomato and one onion

tomato (the red fruit of this plant, eaten as a vegetable)


zirnis

zirnis (nominative singular)
zirņi (nominative plural)
zirņa (genitive singular)
zirņu (genitive plural)
zirnim (dative singular)
zirņiem (dative plural)
zirni (accusative singular)
zirņus (accusative plural)
zirni (instrumental singular)
zirņiem (instrumental plural)
zirnī (locative singular)
zirņos (locative plural)
zirni (singular vocative)
zirņi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *žírˀnjas, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źírˀna, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. In Eastern Baltic, this word narrowed its meaning from “grain” to only one kind of grain, “pea”.

dārza zirnis

lauka zirnis

sējas zirnis

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual

pea (several plants of the family Fabaceae, especially Pisum sativum)

zirņu pāksts

lobīt zirņus

kaltēt zirņus

pelēkie zirņi ar speķi

zirņu zupa

pea (the grain of these plants, especially Pisum sativum)


biete

biete (nominative singular)
bietes (nominative plural)
bietes (genitive singular)
biešu (genitive plural)
bietei (dative singular)
bietēm (dative plural)
bieti (accusative singular)
bietes (accusative plural)
bieti (instrumental singular)
bietēm (instrumental plural)
bietē (locative singular)
bietēs (locative plural)
biete (singular vocative)
bietes (plural vocative)


kāposti

kāposti (nominative plural)
kāpostu (genitive plural)
kāpostiem (dative plural)
kāpostus (accusative plural)
kāpostiem (instrumental plural)
kāpostos (locative plural)
kāposti (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old East Slavic капуста (kapusta) (cf. Russian капу́ста (kapústa)), itself a borrowing based on the merging of two Latin words, caputium (“head of cabbage”) and compos(i)ta (“compound vegetables”). This word must have been borrowed before the 13th century, when Old East Slavic у was still pronounced as o. Its first occurrence is in 16th-century dictionaries.

audzēt kāpostus

kāpostu galviņa, kāpostgalviņa

vārīt kāpostus

kāpostu pīrāgs

Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleracea#Translingual

cabbage (a type of leafy vegetable, especially Brassica oleracea)


burkāns

burkāns (nominative singular)
burkāni (nominative plural)
burkāna (genitive singular)
burkānu (genitive plural)
burkānam (dative singular)
burkāniem (dative plural)
burkānu (accusative singular)
burkānus (accusative plural)
burkānu (instrumental singular)
burkāniem (instrumental plural)
burkānā (locative singular)
burkānos (locative plural)
burkān (singular vocative)
burkāni (plural vocative)

The word is first mentioned in Latvian in 17th-century dictionaries. It is a heavily discussed word spread around the Baltic Sea, up to Russian бурка́н (burkán), борка́н (borkán) and Finnish porkkana, Estonian porgand, Livonian borkõn, borkõnz, borkkiņ, the immediate sources of which are unknown but are sought in any of the neighbouring Indo-European languages. Possible scenarios:
* It is a borrowing from Baltic German Burkane, from Middle Low German, itself
** from Old Frisian bure, burre (“conic root; top of a stake, pile (in the ground)”) + a diminutive suffix -ken, -kan (cf. the Old Frisian reduced form burke (“little root”)). But it is dubious that the diminutive suffix would get a long vowel and even become stressed. In turn it is tempting to assume in this constellation that the German is from Latvian. One needs to ask why this word has prominence only in the extreme fringes of the German and Russian language areas respectively.
** from Burgundian rule over the Netherlands, hence the word would just reflected the country name Burgundy. This is backed by the observation of the carrot plant’s spread in the Late Middle Ages from the Mediterranean over Middle Europe to Northeast Europe. But the transmitting forms of Low German and Dutch dialects are in question.
* It is from a Proto-Indo-European *br̥k, *mr̥k with reflexes in Lithuanian burkūnas, burkañtas, Ancient Greek βράκανα (brákana), Russian борка́н, бурка́н (borkán, burkán) on the one hand and Proto-Slavic *mъrky and Proto-Germanic *murhǭ on the other.
* It is from a non-Indo-European substrate language which had an alternation that explains the anlaut variation between the voiced bilabial plosive and the voiced bilabial nasal of the aforementioned words. Ancient Greek βράκανα (brákana, “wild vegetables”) is a random correspondence if not remotely related via the source language of this word.
* The Baltic words are possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate language and German and Russian derive from Latvian. Proto-Slavic *mъrky and Proto-Germanic *murhǭ are random correspondences, possibly from an unrelated substrate.

unk

discussed

cog

борка́н, бурка́н

galda burkāns

lopbarības burkāns

burkānu vaga

burkānu lauks

ravēt burkānus

burkānu kaitēkļi

no savvaļas burkāna krustojot izaudzēts lauku burkāns

by crossing wild carrots the field carrot was grown

Daucus carota
Daucus carota#Translingual

carrot (a plant with a large edible root, often orange in colour, esp. Daucus carota)

dzert burkānu sulu

burkānu salāti

tīrīt burkānus

pagrabos glabā kartupeļus, burkānus, bietes un citas saknes

in the cellars one stores potatoes, carrots, beets and other roots

Tenis atkal piesarka kā burkāns

carrot (the edible root of that plant, often orange in colour and used as a vegetable)


sīpols

sīpols (nominative singular)
sīpoli (nominative plural)
sīpola (genitive singular)
sīpolu (genitive plural)
sīpolam (dative singular)
sīpoliem (dative plural)
sīpolu (accusative singular)
sīpolus (accusative plural)
sīpolu (instrumental singular)
sīpoliem (instrumental plural)
sīpolā (locative singular)
sīpolos (locative plural)
sīpol (singular vocative)
sīpoli (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle Dutch sipol (cf. Middle Low German sipolle, German Zwiebel), itself a borrowing from Italian cipollo, from Latin cīpulla, cepulla, the diminutive form of cēpa, of uncertain origin (perhaps a borrowing from an unattested Ancient Greek word.)

gladiolu, tulpju sīpols

ķiplokam ir salikts sīpols, kas sastāv no vairākiem patstāvīgiem sīpoliem, un katra nolauztā ķiploka daiva izveido jaunu augu

garlic has a compound bulb which consists of several independent bulbs, and every clove of garlic that breaks off originates a new plant

(botany) bulb (a modification of the stem and shriveled leaves of certain plants, among which onions, which accumulates nutrients)


salāts

salāts (nominative singular)
salāti (nominative plural)
salāta (genitive singular)
salātu (genitive plural)
salātam (dative singular)
salātiem (dative plural)
salātu (accusative singular)
salātus (accusative plural)
salātu (instrumental singular)
salātiem (instrumental plural)
salātā (locative singular)
salātos (locative plural)
salāt (singular vocative)
salāti (plural vocative)

Via other European languages (cf. French salade, German Salat, Russian сала́т (salát)), ultimately a borrowing from Vulgar Latin salāta, from saliō (“to salt”), from sal (“salt”), apparently initially a reference to the sauce (e.g., “salted vegetables”).

dārzeņu, biešu, burkānu salāti

augļu salāti

sēņu salāti

gaļas salāti

salātu trauks

izmērcētas pupiņas novāra, gurķus sarīvē skaidās, tomātus sagriež šķēlītēs, lokus sīki sasmalcina... visas salātu sastāvdaļas samaisa...

one cooks the seasoned beans, one cuts the cucumbers into slivers, the tomatoes into slices, the chive into small pieces... all (these) salad ingredients are (then) mixed...

aukstajā galdā dažādus salātus pasniedz kā papildinājumu gaļas un zivju ēdieniem

in a cold table (= table with cold foods), some kinds of salads are served as complement to meat and fish dishes

(usually plural) salad (food consisting of fresh or cooked vegetables, perhaps with meat or fish, all cut together and served with sauce, oil, or vinegar)


dārzājs

dārzājs (nominative singular)
dārzāji (nominative plural)
dārzāja (genitive singular)
dārzāju (genitive plural)
dārzājam (dative singular)
dārzājiem (dative plural)
dārzāju (accusative singular)
dārzājus (accusative plural)
dārzāju (instrumental singular)
dārzājiem (instrumental plural)
dārzājā (locative singular)
dārzājos (locative plural)
dārzāj (singular vocative)
dārzāji (plural vocative)

Coined in the 1860s by Juris Alunāns, from dārzs (“garden”) + -ājs.

audzēt dārzājus

labs dzelzs avots ir lapu dārzāji

leafy vegetables are a good source of iron

no dārzājiem izlieto bumbuļus (kartupeļi, topinambūri), saknes (burkāni, bietes, kāļi), stublājus un ziedus (rabarberi, sparģeli, puķu kāposti), lapas (kāposti, spināti, salāti, puravi), augļus (gurķi, ķirbji, melones, tomāti, baklažāni)

from vegetables one uses tubers (potatoes, artichokes), roots (carrots, beets, swedes), stems and lowers (rhubarb, asparagus, cauliflower), leaves (cabbage, spinach, lettuce, leeks), (and) fruits (cucumber, squash, mellon, tomato, eggplant)

(chiefly in the plural) vegetable (herbaceous plants with juicy edible parts; cucumber, tomato, lettuce, cabbage, potato, etc.)


dārzenis

dārzenis (nominative singular)
dārzeņi (nominative plural)
dārzeņa (genitive singular)
dārzeņu (genitive plural)
dārzenim (dative singular)
dārzeņiem (dative plural)
dārzeni (accusative singular)
dārzeņus (accusative plural)
dārzeni (instrumental singular)
dārzeņiem (instrumental plural)
dārzenī (locative singular)
dārzeņos (locative plural)
dārzeni (singular vocative)
dārzeņi (plural vocative)

lapu dārzeņi

augļu dārzeņi

ziedu dārzeņi

sakņu dārzeņi

dārzeņu kultūras

bietēm, kāļiem, rāceņiem, burkāniem, kāpostiem un citiem dārzeņiem sulīgi, zaļi laksti plētās jau ap Jāņu dienu

the juicy green foliage of beets, swedes, turnips, carrots, cabbages and other vegables was extending itself (= had well grown out) already at about St. John's day


gurķis

gurķis (nominative singular)
gurķi (nominative plural)
gurķa (genitive singular)
gurķu (genitive plural)
gurķim (dative singular)
gurķiem (dative plural)
gurķi (accusative singular)
gurķus (accusative plural)
gurķi (instrumental singular)
gurķiem (instrumental plural)
gurķī (locative singular)
gurķos (locative plural)
gurķi (singular vocative)
gurķi (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle Low German augurke (cf. German Gurke); the Germanic term is itself a borrowing from Polish ogórek, originally from Greek άγουρος (ágouros) “unripe, immature”) which replaced an earlier term krievāboli.
First attested in 17th-century dictionaries as augurķis, later agurķe, agurķis, also (already in the 17th century) gurķis, it became gurķis, gurķe in 18th-century literature. In the mid-19th century, only the form gurķis remained.

gurķu dobe

gurķa ziedi

gurķu sēklas

gurķu šķirnes

sēt gurķus

laistīt gurķus

audzēt gurķus siltumnīcā

Cucumis sativus
Cucumis sativus#Translingual

cucumber (plant of the family Cucurbitaceae, species Cucumis sativus, often cultivated in gardens for its edible vegetable fruit)


ķiploks

ķiploks (nominative singular)
ķiploki (nominative plural)
ķiploka (genitive singular)
ķiploku (genitive plural)
ķiplokam (dative singular)
ķiplokiem (dative plural)
ķiploku (accusative singular)
ķiplokus (accusative plural)
ķiploku (instrumental singular)
ķiplokiem (instrumental plural)
ķiplokā (locative singular)
ķiplokos (locative plural)
ķiplok (singular vocative)
ķiploki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle Low German klüflōk (“garlic”) (cf. German Knoblauch, Dutch knoflook), with klüf- from Proto-Germanic *kliuban (“to split, to cut”) and -lōk “onion, leek” (cf. German Lauch, Dutch look, English leek), i.e., originally “split, segmented onion.” This loanword is first mentioned in 17th-century dictionaries.

ziemas ķiploki

savvaļas ķiploks

ķiploka sīpols

tulpes, lilijas, virtuves sīpolus, ķiplokus un vēl citus augus apvieno liliju dzimtā

tulips, lilies, kitchen onions, garlic and still other plants combine (to form) the lily family (Liliaceae)

ķiploki izaug no 20 līdz 100 cm augsti

Allium sativum
Allium sativum#Translingual

garlic (herbaceous plant, sp. Allium sativum, with pungent edible bulbs)


ķirbis

ķirbis (nominative singular)
ķirbji (nominative plural)
ķirbja (genitive singular)
ķirbju (genitive plural)
ķirbim (dative singular)
ķirbjiem (dative plural)
ķirbi (accusative singular)
ķirbjus (accusative plural)
ķirbi (instrumental singular)
ķirbjiem (instrumental plural)
ķirbī (locative singular)
ķirbjos (locative plural)
ķirbi (singular vocative)
ķirbji (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Kürbis, itself borrowed from Latin cucurbita (from an earlier *curbitia, via reduplication). This word is first mentioned in early 18th-century texts, but only in the 19th century did it become really popular and enter the standard literary language. Various expressions had previously been used to refer to this plant, usually comparing it to a cucumber or apple (“big cucumber”, “big apple”, “porridge apple,” “porridge cucumber,” etc.). The ending -s, which is part of the root in German, was reinterpreted as the Latvian Nom. Sg. ending -(i)s and is replaced accordingly in other grammatical cases.

paraistais ķirbis

baltais ķirbis

ziemas ķirbji

ķirbju sēklas

lielaugļu ķirbis

krūmu ķirbis

pumpkin, squash, gourd (plants; fam. Cucurbitaceae)


kartupelis

kartupelis (nominative singular)
kartupeļi (nominative plural)
kartupeļa (genitive singular)
kartupeļu (genitive plural)
kartupelim (dative singular)
kartupeļiem (dative plural)
kartupeli (accusative singular)
kartupeļus (accusative plural)
kartupeli (instrumental singular)
kartupeļiem (instrumental plural)
kartupelī (locative singular)
kartupeļos (locative plural)
kartupeli (singular vocative)
kartupeļi (plural vocative)

A borrowing, from Baltic German Kartoffel, Kartuffel (compare Low German Kartuffel, Standard High German Kartoffel, Danish kartoffel), from a Romance language: compare Romansch tartuffel, Italian tartufalo, from tartufo (“truffle”). The Latvian form is first attested at the beginning of the 18th century. A number of other (often unrelated) terms for “potato” exist in Latvian dialects alongside the standard word.

kartupeļu (lakstu) puve

kartupeļu šķirnes

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum#Translingual

potato (plant, Solanum tuberosum, with tubers eaten as a starchy vegetable)


lēca

lēca (nominative singular)
lēcas (nominative plural)
lēcas (genitive singular)
lēcu (genitive plural)
lēcai (dative singular)
lēcām (dative plural)
lēcu (accusative singular)
lēcas (accusative plural)
lēcu (instrumental singular)
lēcām (instrumental plural)
lēcā (locative singular)
lēcās (locative plural)
lēca (singular vocative)
lēcas (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old East Slavic ляца (ljaca, “lentils”), from Proto-Slavic *lęťa. Because of the roundish, flat seeds of this plant, K. Lībietis used the same word (in 1873) to refer also to the structure inside the eye (crystalline lens), as well as its optical equivalent (lens). In this, he followed the model of German Linse.

vārīt lēcas

briljants lēcas grauda formā

lēcas kultivē cilvēku uzturam no visssenākiem laikiem

one has cultivated lentils for human consumption since the most ancient times

(usually plural) lentils, lens (plant of the genus Lens, cultivated for their edible seeds; the seeds of these plants)

izliekta lēca

ieliekta lēca

kontakta lēca, kontaktlēca

visus refrakcijas anomālijas veidus mēs labojam ar speciāli pagatavotām stikla lēcām

all types of refraction anomalies we (can) correct with specially prepared glass lenses

(optics) lens (a clear, transparent body in various forms, usually made of glass, used to change the direction of incoming light rays so as to produce images)


kukurūza

kukurūza (nominative singular)
kukurūzas (genitive singular)
kukurūzai (dative singular)
kukurūzu (accusative singular)
kukurūzu (instrumental singular)
kukurūzā (locative singular)
kukurūza (singular vocative)

Apparently borrowed from Russian кукуру́за (kukurúza), itself of unclear origin (q.v.).

kukurūzas vālītes

kukurūzas graudi

kukurūzas šķirnes

kukurūza ir ļoti vērtīgs lopbarības augs, no kura iegūst daudz labas skābbarības un arī lielu graudu ražu

corn/maize is a very valuable forage plant from which one obtains a lot of good silage and also a large grain harvest

corn, maize (plant of the species Zea mays)


saldais pipars

saldais pipars (nominative singular)
saldie pipari (nominative plural)
saldā pipara (genitive singular)
saldo piparu (genitive plural)
saldajam piparam (dative singular)
saldajiem pipariem (dative plural)
saldo piparu (accusative singular)
saldos piparus (accusative plural)
saldo piparu (instrumental singular)
saldajiem pipariem (instrumental plural)
saldajā piparā (locative singular)
saldajos piparos (locative plural)
saldo pipar (singular vocative)
saldais pipar (singular vocative)
saldie pipari (plural vocative)

saldie pipari ir vitamīnaugs, kam ir liela nozīme uzturā

sweet peppers are a plant (rich in) vitamins which plays an important role in (our) diet

Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum#Translingual

sweet pepper, bell pepper (non-spicy type of pepper, esp. Capsicum annuum)

skābējot gurķus, ieteicams pievienot saldos piparus, jo tie ir bagāti ar vitamīniem

(when) pickling cucumbers, it is advisable to add sweet peppers, because they are rich in (lit. with) vitamins

(only plural) sweet pepper (the green, yellow or red fruits of this plant, eaten as vegetables)


dilles

dilles (nominative plural)
diļļu (genitive plural)
dillēm (dative plural)
dilles (accusative plural)
dillēm (instrumental plural)
dillēs (locative plural)
dilles (plural vocative)


kālis

kālis (nominative singular)
kāļi (nominative plural)
kāļa (genitive singular)
kāļu (genitive plural)
kālim (dative singular)
kāļiem (dative plural)
kāli (accusative singular)
kāļus (accusative plural)
kāli (instrumental singular)
kāļiem (instrumental plural)
kālī (locative singular)
kāļos (locative plural)
kāli (singular vocative)
kāļi (plural vocative)


rutks

rutks (nominative singular)
rutki (nominative plural)
rutka (genitive singular)
rutku (genitive plural)
rutkam (dative singular)
rutkiem (dative plural)
rutku (accusative singular)
rutkus (accusative plural)
rutku (instrumental singular)
rutkiem (instrumental plural)
rutkā (locative singular)
rutkos (locative plural)
rutk (singular vocative)
rutki (plural vocative)

radish (radish with white or black root)


redīss

redīss (nominative singular)
redīsi (nominative plural)
redīsa (genitive singular)
redīsu (genitive plural)
redīsam (dative singular)
redīsiem (dative plural)
redīsu (accusative singular)
redīsus (accusative plural)
redīsu (instrumental singular)
redīsiem (instrumental plural)
redīsā (locative singular)
redīsos (locative plural)
redīs (singular vocative)
redīsi (plural vocative)


batāte

batāte (nominative singular)
batātes (nominative plural)
batātes (genitive singular)
batāšu (genitive plural)
batātei (dative singular)
batātēm (dative plural)
batāti (accusative singular)
batātes (accusative plural)
batāti (instrumental singular)
batātēm (instrumental plural)
batātē (locative singular)
batātēs (locative plural)
batāte (singular vocative)
batātes (plural vocative)


saldais kartupelis

saldais kartupelis (nominative singular)
saldie kartupeļi (nominative plural)
saldā kartupeļa (genitive singular)
saldo kartupeļu (genitive plural)
saldajam kartupelim (dative singular)
saldajiem kartupeļiem (dative plural)
saldo kartupeli (accusative singular)
saldos kartupeļus (accusative plural)
saldo kartupeli (instrumental singular)
saldajiem kartupeļiem (instrumental plural)
saldajā kartupelī (locative singular)
saldajos kartupeļos (locative plural)
saldo kartupeli (singular vocative)
saldais kartupeli (singular vocative)
saldie kartupeļi (plural vocative)


puravs

puravs (nominative singular)
puravi (nominative plural)
purava (genitive singular)
puravu (genitive plural)
puravam (dative singular)
puraviem (dative plural)
puravu (accusative singular)
puravus (accusative plural)
puravu (instrumental singular)
puraviem (instrumental plural)
puravā (locative singular)
puravos (locative plural)
purav (singular vocative)
puravi (plural vocative)


kabacis

kabacis (nominative singular)
kabači (nominative plural)
kabača (genitive singular)
kabaču (genitive plural)
kabacim (dative singular)
kabačiem (dative plural)
kabaci (accusative singular)
kabačus (accusative plural)
kabaci (instrumental singular)
kabačiem (instrumental plural)
kabacī (locative singular)
kabačos (locative plural)
kabaci (singular vocative)
kabači (plural vocative)