pecus

la-noun

pecus n (genitive pecoris); third declension

pecoris (genitive)
pecus (nominative singular)
pecora (nominative plural)
pecoris (genitive singular)
pecorum (genitive plural)
pecorī (dative singular)
pecoribus (dative plural)
pecus (accusative singular)
pecora (accusative plural)
pecore (ablative singular)
pecoribus (ablative plural)
pecus (singular vocative)
pecora (plural vocative)

Padanian:

Friulian: piore

Ligurian: pegoa, pegora, piégoa

Lombard: pévra, péura, pégora

Old Piedmontese: piévra

Piedmontese: pévra

Venetan: piègora, pégora, piovra

Gallurese: pécura, pégura

Italian: pecora

→ Portuguese: pécora

Sassarese: péggura

Sicilian: pècura

→ Spanish: pécora

From Proto-Italic *pekos, from Proto-Indo-European *péḱ-os (“livestock”). Related to pecū, from Proto-Indo-European *peḱu- (“livestock, domestic animals”). Cognates include Sanskrit पशु (páśu, “cattle”), Old Armenian ասր (asr, “fleece”), Old Saxon fehu, Old English feoh, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu), Old Norse fé, Swedish fä and Lithuanian pēkus (“cattle”).
The origin of the suffixal -d- in pecus ~ pecudis is unknown.

der

1st century bc, M. Terentius Varro, Rerum Rusticarum, Book II, Ch. 1, §12

...there is a knowledge of tending and feeding livestock so that the greatest profit is siezed from it... It has nine parts, three divisions of three items each, such that one is about the lesser domestic animals whose three species are the sheep, goat, and pig and another about the greater livestock, in which there are likewise three kinds divided by their nature: cows, donkeys, and horses. The third part is in animals which are not raised so that profit may be seized from them themselves but because of or from the other groups above. They are mules, dogs, and shepherds.

...est scientia pecoris parandi ac pascendi ut fructus quam possint maximi capiantur ex eo... Ea partes habet novem, discretas ter ternas, ut sit una de minoribus pecudibus cuius genera tria oves, capra, sus, altera de pecore maiore, in quo sunt item ad tres species natura discreti: boves, asini, equi. Tertia pars est in pecuaria quae non parantur ut ex iis capiatur fructus, sed propter eam aut ex ea. Sunt muli, canes, pastores.

1st century bc, G. Iulius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, Book. VI, Ch. vi

Caesar... enters their country in three divisions, burns their houses and villages, and gets possession of a large number of animals and men.

Caesar... adit tripertito, aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero potitur.

(zoology) A group of large domestic animals: a herd of cattle, horses, or donkeys; such animals in a collective sense: cattle and equines.

1st century, L. Iunius Moderatus Columella, De Re Rustica, Book VIII, Ch. iv

...volatile pecus...
...flying herd [i.e., birds]...

1st century, L. Iunius Moderatus Columella, De Re Rustica, Book VIII, Ch. xvii, Sect. 7

With our 'stables' arranged on this principle, we will lead in our watery 'herd' [i.e., fish]...

Hac ratione stabulis ordinatis aquatile pecus inducemus...

(zoology, figuratively) Any other group of animals, imagined as a herd or flock; such animals collectively: beasts.

(zoology, Late Latin) Any individual animal, conceived as a member or usual member of a flock or herd.


Maia

la-proper noun

Maia f sg (genitive Maiae); first declension

Maiae (genitive)
Maia (nominative singular)
Maiae (genitive singular)
Maiae (dative singular)
Maiam (accusative singular)
Maiā (ablative singular)
Maia (singular vocative)

As a figure of Greek mythology, from Ancient Greek Μαῖα (Maîa, “Maia”), from Ancient Greek μαῖα (maîa, “lady”). As a figure of Roman religion and myth, of uncertain origin, possibly originally a native Latin formation from a feminine suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“great”) (compare Maius as an epithet of Jupiter) that was conflated with the Greek goddess.

(astronomy) A star in the constellation Taurus. It is the fourth brightest star in the Pleiades cluster.


Brenda

(poetic, geography) archaic form of Brundisium


malleolus

la-noun

malleolus m (genitive malleolī); second declension

malleolī (genitive)
malleolus (nominative singular)
malleolī (nominative plural)
malleolī (genitive singular)
malleolōrum (genitive plural)
malleolō (dative singular)
malleolīs (dative plural)
malleolum (accusative singular)
malleolōs (accusative plural)
malleolō (ablative singular)
malleolīs (ablative plural)
malleole (singular vocative)
malleolī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: măior

Italo-Romance:

Italian: magliolo

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: mallol

Occitan: malhòl

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Asturian: mayuelu, machuelu, mayuolu, mayuölu, mayuilu, malluelu

Galician: amalló, amalloa, amallón, malló, malloa

Portuguese: amalhó, malhó

Spanish: majuelo

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: mal·lèol

→ English: malleolus

→ French: malléole

→ Italian: malleolo

→ Spanish: maléolo

From malleus (“a hammer, mallet”) + -olus.

diminutive of malleus:
(weaponry) A kind of fire-dart.

diminutive of malleus:
A kind of fire-dart.


calamina

la-noun

calamīna f (genitive calamīnae); first declension

calamīna (canonical feminine)
calamīnae (genitive)
calamīna (nominative singular)
calamīnae (nominative plural)
calamīnae (genitive singular)
calamīnārum (genitive plural)
calamīnae (dative singular)
calamīnīs (dative plural)
calamīnam (accusative singular)
calamīnās (accusative plural)
calamīnā (ablative singular)
calamīnīs (ablative plural)
calamīna (singular vocative)
calamīnae (plural vocative)

English: calaminaris, lapis calaminaris

French: calamine

English: calamine

Italian: calamina

Spanish: calamina

From cadmia under influence from calamus, from Ancient Greek κᾰδμῐ́ᾱ (kădmĭ́ā), variant of Κᾰδμείᾱ (Kădmeíā), from Κάδμος (Kádmos, “Cadmus”) + -εια (-eia, “-ia: forming related substances”). Equivalent to calamus + -īna.

(Medieval Latin, alchemy, chemistry) synonym of cadmia, calamine


alcali

(chemistry, Medieval Latin, New Latin) alkali


squilla

squilla f (genitive squillae); first declension

squillae (genitive)
squilla (nominative singular)
squillae (nominative plural)
squillae (genitive singular)
squillārum (genitive plural)
squillae (dative singular)
squillīs (dative plural)
squillam (accusative singular)
squillās (accusative plural)
squillā (ablative singular)
squillīs (ablative plural)
squilla (singular vocative)
squillae (plural vocative)
scilla (alternative)

→ French: squille

Galician: esquía, esquila

→ Translingual: Squilla

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σκίλλα (skílla, “squill, Urginea maritima”).


abeo

la-verb

abeō (present infinitive abīre, perfect active abiī or abīvī, supine abitum); irregular conjugation, impersonal in the passive

abeō (canonical)
irregular conjugation (canonical)
abīre (infinitive present)
abiī (active perfect)
abīvī (active perfect)
abitum (supine)
abeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
abīs (active indicative present second-person singular)
abit (active indicative present singular third-person)
abīmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
abītis (active indicative plural present second-person)
abeunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
abībam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abībās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abībat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abībāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abībātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abībant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abībō (active first-person future indicative singular)
abībis (active future indicative second-person singular)
abībit (active future indicative singular third-person)
abībimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
abībitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
abībunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
abiī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
abīvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
abīstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
abīvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
abiit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
abīvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
abiimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
abīstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
abiērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
abiēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
abieram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
abierās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
abierat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
abierāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
abierātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
abierant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
abierō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
abieris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
abierit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
abierimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
abieritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
abierint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
abītur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
abībātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
abībitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
abitum est (indicative passive perfect singular third-person)
abitum erat (indicative passive pluperfect singular third-person)
abitum erit (future indicative passive perfect singular third-person)
abeam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
abeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
abeat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
abeāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
abeātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
abeant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
abīrem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
abīrēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abīret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abīrēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abīrētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abīrent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abierim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
abierīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abierit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abierīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
abierītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abierint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abīssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
abīssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abīsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abīssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
abīssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abīssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abeātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
abīrētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abitum sit (passive perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abitum esset (passive pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abī (active imperative present second-person singular)
abīte (active imperative plural present second-person)
abītō (active future imperative second-person singular)
abītō (active future imperative singular third-person)
abītōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
abeuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
abītor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
abīre (active infinitive present)
abīrī (infinitive passive present)
abiēns (active participle present)
abitūrum esse (active future infinitive)
abitum īrī (future infinitive passive)
abitūrus (active future participle)
abeundum (future participle passive)
abīsse (active infinitive perfect)
abitum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
abitum (participle passive perfect)
abitum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
abitūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
abeundī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
abeundō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
abeundum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
abeundō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
abitum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
abitū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
habeō (alternative Latin obsolete proscribed vulgar)

Illa abit Ōceanō, tōtīus serta Corōnae
in caelum redeunt, […]

4 CE, Germanicus (translator), Phaenomena 667-668 (original author: Aratus)

She (Cassiopeia) sets in the Ocean, the wreaths of the entire Corona
return to the heavens, […]

to depart, go away, go off, exit
(astronomy) to set


officina

la-noun

officīna f (genitive officīnae); first declension

officīna (canonical feminine)
officīnae (genitive)
officīna (nominative singular)
officīnae (nominative plural)
officīnae (genitive singular)
officīnārum (genitive plural)
officīnae (dative singular)
officīnīs (dative plural)
officīnam (accusative singular)
officīnās (accusative plural)
officīnā (ablative singular)
officīnīs (ablative plural)
officīna (singular vocative)
officīnae (plural vocative)
opificīna (alternative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: fucina, fuggina (Lucchese)

Padanian:

Old Ligurian: foxina

Piedmontese: fusina, fusigna

Romansch: fuschigna

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Old French: oechine, oechevine, ouchine, wisine, huysine

Middle French: oeuchine, œussine, oucine, huisine, ozine, uisine, usine

desctree

French: usine
→ Bambara: izini
→ Bulgarian: юзи́на (juzína)
→ Portuguese: usina
→ Romanian: uzină
→ Spanish: usina

Walloon: oujhene

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: oficina

→ English: officina

→ Galician: oficina

→ Italian: officina

desc

→ Middle French: offechinne, offecine, offichine, officine

French: officine

→ Polish: oficyna

→ Portuguese: oficina

→ Romanian: oficină

→ Spanish: oficina

From opifex (“laborer, worker”) + -īna, with vowel syncope followed by assimilation of /pf/ to /ff/. Compare opificium, officium (“action of working”).

(New Latin, especially botany) an apothecary's, a pharmacy


coronilla

la-noun

coronilla f (genitive coronillae); first declension

English: coronilla

French: coronille

Translingual: Coronilla

From Spanish coronilla. Coined by Tournefort.


polion

polion n (genitive poliī); second declension

poliī (genitive)
polion (nominative singular)
polia (nominative plural)
poliī (genitive singular)
poliōrum (genitive plural)
poliō (dative singular)
poliīs (dative plural)
polion (accusative singular)
polia (accusative plural)
poliō (ablative singular)
poliīs (ablative plural)
polion (singular vocative)
polia (plural vocative)
polium (alternative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πόλιον (pólion), from πολιός (poliós, “grey”, “white”).

(Late Latin, botany) A strong-smelling plant, perhaps Teucrium polium.


lasar

lāsar n (genitive lāsaris); third declension

lāsar (canonical neuter)
lāsaris (genitive)
lāsar (nominative singular)
lāsara (nominative plural)
lāsaris (genitive singular)
lāsarum (genitive plural)
lāsarī (dative singular)
lāsaribus (dative plural)
lāsar (accusative singular)
lāsara (accusative plural)
lāsare (ablative singular)
lāsaribus (ablative plural)
lāsar (singular vocative)
lāsara (plural vocative)
lāser (alternative)

From Ancient Greek λάσαρ (lásar), alternative form of λάσαρον (lásaron).

Lasaris radix.


drupa

drūpa f (genitive drūpae); first declension

drūpa (canonical feminine)
drūpae (genitive)
drūpa (nominative singular)
drūpae (nominative plural)
drūpae (genitive singular)
drūpārum (genitive plural)
drūpae (dative singular)
drūpīs (dative plural)
drūpam (accusative singular)
drūpās (accusative plural)
drūpā (ablative singular)
drūpīs (ablative plural)
drūpa (singular vocative)
drūpae (plural vocative)
drūpa oliva (alternative)
druppa (alternative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δρῠ́ππᾱ (drŭ́ppā, “olive”), elliptic form of δρῠ́πεπᾰ (ἐλαίᾱ) (drŭ́pepă (elaíā), “ripe olive”), from δρῠοπέτης (drŭopétēs), δρῠπεπής (drŭpepḗs), δρῡ́πεψ (drū́peps, “fully ripe”, literally “ripened on a tree”), from δρῦς (drûs, “tree”) + πεπ- (pep-, “to ripen”) + -ής (-ḗs, forming adjectives).


carolinianus

la-adj

carolīniānus (feminine carolīniāna, neuter carolīniānum); first/second-declension adjective

carolīniānus (canonical)
carolīniāna (feminine)
carolīniānum (neuter)
carolīniānus (masculine nominative singular)
carolīniāna (feminine nominative singular)
carolīniānum (neuter nominative singular)
carolīniānī (masculine nominative plural)
carolīniānae (feminine nominative plural)
carolīniāna (neuter nominative plural)
carolīniānī (genitive masculine singular)
carolīniānae (feminine genitive singular)
carolīniānī (genitive neuter singular)
carolīniānōrum (genitive masculine plural)
carolīniānārum (feminine genitive plural)
carolīniānōrum (genitive neuter plural)
carolīniānō (dative masculine singular)
carolīniānae (dative feminine singular)
carolīniānō (dative neuter singular)
carolīniānīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carolīniānum (accusative masculine singular)
carolīniānam (accusative feminine singular)
carolīniānum (accusative neuter singular)
carolīniānōs (accusative masculine plural)
carolīniānās (accusative feminine plural)
carolīniāna (accusative neuter plural)
carolīniānō (ablative masculine singular)
carolīniānā (ablative feminine singular)
carolīniānō (ablative neuter singular)
carolīniānīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carolīniāne (masculine singular vocative)
carolīniāna (feminine singular vocative)
carolīniānum (neuter singular vocative)
carolīniānī (masculine plural vocative)
carolīniānae (feminine plural vocative)
carolīniāna (neuter plural vocative)

(botany, New Latin) Of a species, having a range including North and South Carolina in the United States.


carolinus

carolīnus (feminine carolīna, neuter carolīnum); first/second-declension adjective

carolīnus (canonical)
carolīna (feminine)
carolīnum (neuter)
carolīnus (masculine nominative singular)
carolīna (feminine nominative singular)
carolīnum (neuter nominative singular)
carolīnī (masculine nominative plural)
carolīnae (feminine nominative plural)
carolīna (neuter nominative plural)
carolīnī (genitive masculine singular)
carolīnae (feminine genitive singular)
carolīnī (genitive neuter singular)
carolīnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
carolīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
carolīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
carolīnō (dative masculine singular)
carolīnae (dative feminine singular)
carolīnō (dative neuter singular)
carolīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carolīnum (accusative masculine singular)
carolīnam (accusative feminine singular)
carolīnum (accusative neuter singular)
carolīnōs (accusative masculine plural)
carolīnās (accusative feminine plural)
carolīna (accusative neuter plural)
carolīnō (ablative masculine singular)
carolīnā (ablative feminine singular)
carolīnō (ablative neuter singular)
carolīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carolīne (masculine singular vocative)
carolīna (feminine singular vocative)
carolīnum (neuter singular vocative)
carolīnī (masculine plural vocative)
carolīnae (feminine plural vocative)
carolīna (neuter plural vocative)
Carolinus (alternative)

(New Latin, taxonomy) Of a species, having a range including North and South Carolina in the United States.


carolinensis

carolīnēnsis (neuter carolīnēnse); third-declension two-termination adjective

carolīnēnsis (canonical)
carolīnēnse (neuter)
carolīnēnsis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
carolīnēnse (neuter nominative singular)
carolīnēnsēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
carolīnēnsia (neuter nominative plural)
carolīnēnsis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
carolīnēnsium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
carolīnēnsī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
carolīnēnsibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carolīnēnsem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
carolīnēnse (accusative neuter singular)
carolīnēnsēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
carolīnēnsīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
carolīnēnsia (accusative neuter plural)
carolīnēnsī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
carolīnēnsibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carolīnēnsis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
carolīnēnse (neuter singular vocative)
carolīnēnsēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
carolīnēnsia (neuter plural vocative)

(botany, zoology, New Latin) Of a species, having a range including North and South Carolina in the United States.


caroliniensis

carolīniēnsis (neuter carolīniēnse); third-declension two-termination adjective

carolīniēnsis (canonical)
carolīniēnse (neuter)
carolīniēnsis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
carolīniēnse (neuter nominative singular)
carolīniēnsēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
carolīniēnsia (neuter nominative plural)
carolīniēnsis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
carolīniēnsium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
carolīniēnsī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
carolīniēnsibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carolīniēnsem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
carolīniēnse (accusative neuter singular)
carolīniēnsēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
carolīniēnsīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
carolīniēnsia (accusative neuter plural)
carolīniēnsī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
carolīniēnsibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carolīniēnsis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
carolīniēnse (neuter singular vocative)
carolīniēnsēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
carolīniēnsia (neuter plural vocative)

(New Latin, botany, zoology) Of a species, having a range including North and South Carolina in the United States.


Canicula

la-proper noun

Canīcula f sg (genitive Canīculae); first declension

Canīcula (canonical feminine singular)
Canīculae (genitive)
Canīcula (nominative singular)
Canīculae (genitive singular)
Canīculae (dative singular)
Canīculam (accusative singular)
Canīculā (ablative singular)
Canīcula (singular vocative)

(English): Canicula

From canīcula (“puppy”), from canis (“dog”) + -ula (diminutive suffix).

(historical astronomy) synonym of Sirius

(historical astronomy) synonym of Canis Majoris


caelebs

la-adj

caelebs (genitive caelibis); third-declension one-termination adjective

caelibis (genitive)
caelebs (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
caelibēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
caelibis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
caelibum (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
caelibī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
caelibibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
caelibem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
caelebs (accusative neuter singular)
caelibēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
caelibe (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
caelibibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
caelebs (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
caelibēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
coelebs (alternative)
cēlebs (alternative Medieval-Latin)

la-adecl

No neuter nominative/accusative/vocative plural form is attested prior to New Latin. The form *caeliba is given by some New Latin grammars and is attested in some English works in the context of Latin-based taxonomic jargon. The use of the ending -a instead of -ia is consistent with the consonant-stem inflection in the rest of the paradigm, but the form is dubious because in practice very few positive adjectives of the third declension have an attested consonant-stem neuter plural form in -a (even if they have an ablative singular in -e and a genitive plural in -um). Given the fact that Latin neuter nouns are typically inanimate, the scarcity of attestations in the neuter is to some extent a consequence of the word's meaning; however, metonymic use would theoretically be possible, as in the expression caelebs vita.

Galician: ceibe (“free to roam”)

→ Italian: celibe (learned)

Portuguese: ceive (“free to roam”)

→ Sicilian: cèlibbi (learned)

→ Spanish: célibe (learned)

Unknown. Suggestions include Proto-Indo-European *kéywelos (“alone”), but root obscure and suffix unexplained, see also Sanskrit केवल (kévala, “alone”); possibly a suffixation of Proto-Indo-European *koyl- *keh₂i-lo- (“safe, unharmed, whole”), via unattested *cael.

Cuvier mentioned no specific names in connection with his new genus Otomys and it would appear to be a genus caelebs.

1951, G. H. Swynnerton, R. W. Hayman, “A Checklist of the Land Mammals of the Tanganyika Territory and the Zanzibar Protectorate”, in Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society, volume 20, numbers 6-7 (overall work in English), page 321:

He named Clavigera and Rastelligera as new brachiopod genera to accommodate these forms, but no species being cited by him here or in a further publication (1878b), these remained genera caeliba. ¶ McKay (1878, pp. 87-9) listed fossils—mainly as genera—collected by him from 14 Otapirian localities in the Hokonui Hills.

1955, J. D. Campbell, I. C. McKellar, “The Otapirian Stage of the Triassic System of New Zealand, Part I”, in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 83, 1955-56 (overall work in English), Royal Society of New Zealand, page 696:

Again, no nominal species were associated with the subgenus; Hector evidently intended to publish a full paper, with subgeneric and specific designations, sometime in the early 1880's, but the work never appeared (although the plates were prepared) and Rastelligera thus became a "genus caelebs." Meanwhile the manuscript name continued to be published-McKay (1881, p. 44) listed Rastelligera taylori Hector (a "nomen nudum", as it is another manuscript name) from the Otapirian of the Mataura River; Hector himself (1886) published figures of an unnamed species of Rastelligera. ¶ Thomson (1913, p. 50) was concerned over the validity of Hector's "genera caeliba" and printed Hector's unpublished plates, with identifications "fide" McKay, in an attempt to clarify the situation.

1967, A. Logan, Middle and Upper Triassic Spiriferinid Brachiopods from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (overall work in English), page 24:

Schinz (1825 : 586), in a German edition of Cuvier's "Le Regne Animal", erected the genus-group name Ametistina in the bald statement "Ametistina Lam. Janthina", in a list of generic names that apparently represent the divisions (recognized at that time) of Linnaeus' genera of Mollusca; i.e. Ametistina is listed under Helix. Thus as first erected, the name must be interpreted as a genus caelebs, and if available may later have species placed in it.

1970, A. G. Beu, “Ametistina Schinz, 1825 (Gastropoda, Family Janthinidae): Request for Suppression under the Plenary Powers. Z.N.(S.) 1894”, in Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 27, number 1 (overall work in English), page 44:

(New Latin, taxonomy) of a genus name: not yet formally associated with any specific epithet as part of a complete binomial species name


anhinga

la-noun

anhinga f (genitive anhingae); first declension

anhingae (genitive)
anhinga (nominative singular)
anhingae (nominative plural)
anhingae (genitive singular)
anhingārum (genitive plural)
anhingae (dative singular)
anhingīs (dative plural)
anhingam (accusative singular)
anhingās (accusative plural)
anhingā (ablative singular)
anhingīs (ablative plural)
anhinga (singular vocative)
anhingae (plural vocative)

From Old Tupi ajíŋa, áyinga, or ayingá, possibly via Portuguese anhingá.

(zoology, New Latin) anhinga or snakebird, a member of the genus Anhinga.


polia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πολιά (poliá).

Colos appellāvit drosolithum herbāceus, melichrum melleus, cuius plūra genera, melichlōrum geminus, parte flāvus, parte melleus, crociān crocī similitūdine quādam spargente, poliān canitiē, spartopolian rariōre.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 37.73

The colour gave name to the grass-green dewstone, to the honey melichrus, who has many sorts, the twin-coloured melichlorus, part yellow, part honey, the crocia with something like saffron sprinkled on it, the polia with grayness, the spartopolia with the same, more dispersed.

(hapax legomenon, mineralogy) a precious stone


sorus

sōrus m (genitive sōrī); second declension

sōrus (canonical masculine)
sōrī (genitive)
sōrus (nominative singular)
sōrī (nominative plural)
sōrī (genitive singular)
sōrōrum (genitive plural)
sōrō (dative singular)
sōrīs (dative plural)
sōrum (accusative singular)
sōrōs (accusative plural)
sōrō (ablative singular)
sōrīs (ablative plural)
sōre (singular vocative)
sōrī (plural vocative)

→ Dutch: sorus

→ English: sorus

→ German: Sorus

→ Italian: soro

→ Portuguese: soro

→ Spanish: soro

From Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”).

Calosphaeria obvoluta Karst. (ds. S. 158). Perith. 8–16 in soros orbiculares mediocres dense stipata, circinantia, atra, villo fusco obducta tamquam contextu, sphaeroidea, collis perithecii diametrum plerumque suberantibus ostiolisque per peridermii rimas vel poros emergentibus, plus minus exstantibus plerumque 1 Mm. longis, subaequalibus, decumbentibus, flexuosis, obtusis, hispidis instructa.

1874, “Neu aufgestellte Arten”, in Leopold Just, editor, Botanischer Jahresbericht ᴳᴮ, volume 2, page 317:

(mycology, lichenology) Any reproductive structure, in some lichens and fungi, that produces spores.

Sporangia (capsulae) hypophylla, raro et epiphylla, minuta, lenticularia, turbinata v. subglobosa, saepius annulo, e catenula unica cellularum (10–40) formato, verticali, obliquo v. transversali, ―∣― ―― completo v. obsoleto, cincta, ruptilia, rimosa, rarius acropora, plerumque in soros orbiculares, globosos, oblongos v. lineares et longissimos conferta, raro pauca v. solitaria. Sori e rachi, venis venulisque foliorum, passim in receptacula punctiformia v. majora-globosa, elongata v. longissima tumentibus, imposita v. ad rachin solam residuam, passim alatam spicati, nudi, pilosi v. indusio supero, infero v. laterali, scarioso, raro coriaceo, deciduo v. durabili, vero v. spurio, tecti v. involucrati.

1847, Paulus Horaninov, Characteres essentiales familiarum ac tribuum regni vegetabilis et amphorganici ad leges tetractydis naturae conscripti accedit enumeratio generum magis notorum et organographiae supplementum, St. Peterburg ᴳᴮ: K. Wienhöber, pages 14–15:

Sporangia poro verticali v. rimula introrsum hiantia, syncyclica v. biseriata et connata in soros quasi multiloculares (bivalves), circulares, oblongos v. lineares, sparsos, confertos v. totam dorsi superficiem obtegentes, nudos v. indusiatos.

1847, Paulus Horaninov, Characteres essentiales familiarum ac tribuum regni vegetabilis et amphorganici ad leges tetractydis naturae conscripti accedit enumeratio generum magis notorum et organographiae supplementum, St. Peterburg ᴳᴮ: K. Wienhöber, page 16:

(botany) A cluster of sporangia on the edge or underside of a fern frond.


propago

prōpāgō f (genitive prōpāginis); third declension

prōpāgō (canonical feminine)
prōpāginis (genitive)
prōpāgō (nominative singular)
prōpāginēs (nominative plural)
prōpāginis (genitive singular)
prōpāginum (genitive plural)
prōpāginī (dative singular)
prōpāginibus (dative plural)
prōpāginem (accusative singular)
prōpāginēs (accusative plural)
prōpāgine (ablative singular)
prōpāginibus (ablative plural)
prōpāgō (singular vocative)
prōpāginēs (plural vocative)
prōpāgēs (alternative)

Old French: provain

French: provin

→ English: provine

Italian: propaggine

→ English: propago

(botany) set, layer, shoot (of a plant, for propagation)


telirrhizos

telirrhizos f (genitive telirrhizī); second declension

telirrhizī (genitive)
telirrhizos (nominative singular)
telirrhizī (nominative plural)
telirrhizoe (nominative plural)
telirrhizī (genitive singular)
telirrhizōrum (genitive plural)
telirrhizō (dative singular)
telirrhizīs (dative plural)
telirrhizon (accusative singular)
telirrhizōs (accusative plural)
telirrhizō (ablative singular)
telirrhizīs (ablative plural)
telirrhize (singular vocative)
telirrhizī (plural vocative)
telirrhizoe (plural vocative)
thelyrrhizos (alternative)

(mineralogy) a kind of precious stone (of uncertain type)


thelyrrhizos

thelyrrhizos f (genitive thelyrrhizī); second declension

thelyrrhizī (genitive)
thelyrrhizos (nominative singular)
thelyrrhizī (nominative plural)
thelyrrhizoe (nominative plural)
thelyrrhizī (genitive singular)
thelyrrhizōrum (genitive plural)
thelyrrhizō (dative singular)
thelyrrhizīs (dative plural)
thelyrrhizon (accusative singular)
thelyrrhizōs (accusative plural)
thelyrrhizō (ablative singular)
thelyrrhizīs (ablative plural)
thelyrrhize (singular vocative)
thelyrrhizī (plural vocative)
thelyrrhizoe (plural vocative)

(mineralogy) alternative form of telirrhizos


dryitis

dryītis f (genitive dryītidis); third declension

dryītis (canonical feminine)
dryītidis (genitive)
dryītis (nominative singular)
dryītidēs (nominative plural)
dryītidis (genitive singular)
dryītidum (genitive plural)
dryītidī (dative singular)
dryītidibus (dative plural)
dryītidem (accusative singular)
dryītidēs (accusative plural)
dryītide (ablative singular)
dryītidibus (ablative plural)
dryītis (singular vocative)
dryītidēs (plural vocative)


paneros

panerōs f (genitive panerōtis); third declension

panerōs (canonical feminine)
panerōtis (genitive)
panerōs (nominative singular)
panerōtēs (nominative plural)
panerōtis (genitive singular)
panerōtum (genitive plural)
panerōtī (dative singular)
panerōtibus (dative plural)
panerōtem (accusative singular)
panerōtēs (accusative plural)
panerōte (ablative singular)
panerōtibus (ablative plural)
panerōs (singular vocative)
panerōtēs (plural vocative)
panerastos (alternative)

(mineralogy) a precious stone reputed to make the bearer fruitful


obeo

la-verb

obeō (present infinitive obīre, perfect active obiī or obīvī, supine obitum); irregular conjugation

obeō (canonical)
irregular conjugation (canonical)
obīre (infinitive present)
obiī (active perfect)
obīvī (active perfect)
obitum (supine)
obeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
obīs (active indicative present second-person singular)
obit (active indicative present singular third-person)
obīmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
obītis (active indicative plural present second-person)
obeunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
obībam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
obībās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
obībat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
obībāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
obībātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
obībant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
obībō (active first-person future indicative singular)
obībis (active future indicative second-person singular)
obībit (active future indicative singular third-person)
obībimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
obībitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
obībunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
obiī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
obīvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
obīstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
obīvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
obiit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
obīvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
obiimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
obīstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
obiērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
obiēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
obieram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
obierās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
obierat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
obierāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
obierātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
obierant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
obierō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
obieris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
obierit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
obierimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
obieritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
obierint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
obeor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
obīris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
obīre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
obītur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
obīmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
obīminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
obeuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
obībar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
obībāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
obībāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
obībātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
obībāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
obībāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
obībantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
obībor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
obīberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
obībere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
obībitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
obībimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
obībiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
obībuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
obeam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
obeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
obeat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
obeāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
obeātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
obeant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
obīrem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
obīrēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
obīret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
obīrēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
obīrētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
obīrent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
obierim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
obierīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
obierit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
obierīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
obierītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
obierint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
obīssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
obīssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
obīsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
obīssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
obīssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
obīssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
obear (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
obeāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
obeāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
obeātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
obeāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
obeāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
obeantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
obīrer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
obīrēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
obīrēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
obīrētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
obīrēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
obīrēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
obīrentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
obī (active imperative present second-person singular)
obīte (active imperative plural present second-person)
obītō (active future imperative second-person singular)
obītō (active future imperative singular third-person)
obītōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
obeuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
obīre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
obīminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
obītor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
obītor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
obeuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
obīre (active infinitive present)
obīrī (infinitive passive present)
obiēns (active participle present)
obitūrum esse (active future infinitive)
obitum īrī (future infinitive passive)
obitūrus (active future participle)
obeundus (future participle passive)
obīsse (active infinitive perfect)
obitum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
obitus (participle passive perfect)
obitum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
obitūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
obeundī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
obeundō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
obeundum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
obeundō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
obitum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
obitū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

English: obituary


officinalis

la-adj

officīnālis (neuter officīnāle); third-declension two-termination adjective

officīnālis (canonical)
officīnāle (neuter)
officīnālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
officīnāle (neuter nominative singular)
officīnālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
officīnālia (neuter nominative plural)
officīnālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
officīnālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
officīnālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
officīnālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
officīnālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
officīnāle (accusative neuter singular)
officīnālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
officīnālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
officīnālia (accusative neuter plural)
officīnālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
officīnālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
officīnālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
officīnāle (neuter singular vocative)
officīnālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
officīnālia (neuter plural vocative)

Translingual: Dactylon officinale


cosmopolites

la-noun

cosmopolītēs m (genitive cosmopolītae); first declension

cosmopolītēs (canonical masculine)
cosmopolītae (genitive)
cosmopolītēs (nominative singular)
cosmopolītae (nominative plural)
cosmopolītae (genitive singular)
cosmopolītārum (genitive plural)
cosmopolītae (dative singular)
cosmopolītīs (dative plural)
cosmopolītēn (accusative singular)
cosmopolītās (accusative plural)
cosmopolītē (ablative singular)
cosmopolītīs (ablative plural)
cosmopolītē (singular vocative)
cosmopolītae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κοσμοπολίτης (kosmopolítēs), from κόσμος (kósmos, “world”) + πολίτης (polítēs, “citizen”), By surface analysis, cosmos + polis + -ītēs.

bor+

κοσμοπολίτης


leg.

(biology) abbreviation of legit (“collected”);


supernus

la-adj

supernus (feminine superna, neuter supernum, adverb superne); first/second-declension adjective

superna (feminine)
supernum (neuter)
superne (adverb)
supernus (masculine nominative singular)
superna (feminine nominative singular)
supernum (neuter nominative singular)
supernī (masculine nominative plural)
supernae (feminine nominative plural)
superna (neuter nominative plural)
supernī (genitive masculine singular)
supernae (feminine genitive singular)
supernī (genitive neuter singular)
supernōrum (genitive masculine plural)
supernārum (feminine genitive plural)
supernōrum (genitive neuter plural)
supernō (dative masculine singular)
supernae (dative feminine singular)
supernō (dative neuter singular)
supernīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
supernum (accusative masculine singular)
supernam (accusative feminine singular)
supernum (accusative neuter singular)
supernōs (accusative masculine plural)
supernās (accusative feminine plural)
superna (accusative neuter plural)
supernō (ablative masculine singular)
supernā (ablative feminine singular)
supernō (ablative neuter singular)
supernīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
superne (masculine singular vocative)
superna (feminine singular vocative)
supernum (neuter singular vocative)
supernī (masculine plural vocative)
supernae (feminine plural vocative)
superna (neuter plural vocative)

English: supernal

French: supernel

Italian: superno

Most likely a back-formation from supernē.

Fīnibus est Asiae latus artum lingua supernīs,
Caspia quam mediam faciunt atque aequora pontī
Euxīnī: locus hic discrīmen dīcitur esse

5th C. CE, Priscian (translator), Periegesis 29–33, original author: Dionysius Periegetes, in Poetae Latini Minores (volume V), Emil Baehrens (editor), Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Leipzig 1879, page 276

The northern limits of Asia Minor have a narrow flank, a tongue,
which the Caspian Sea and the waters of the Black Sea create
in the middle: this place is said to be the separation
of Europe and Asia, distinguising the country from the fields.

Eurōpae atque Asiae disiungēns rūribus arva.

(geography, figuratively, rare) northern


iumentum

la-noun

iūmentum n (genitive iūmentī); second declension

iūmentum (canonical neuter)
iūmentī (genitive)
iūmentum (nominative singular)
iūmenta (nominative plural)
iūmentī (genitive singular)
iūmentōrum (genitive plural)
iūmentō (dative singular)
iūmentīs (dative plural)
iūmentum (accusative singular)
iūmenta (accusative plural)
iūmentō (ablative singular)
iūmentīs (ablative plural)
iūmentum (singular vocative)
iūmenta (plural vocative)
iouxmentom (alternative Old-Latin)
jūmentum (alternative)

Italo-Romance:

desctree

Italian: giumento
→ Romansch: giumaint
→ Sicilian: giumentu

Neapolitan: jummiento, jummenta

Sicilian: jumentu, jumenta

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: jument, jumente (sense 2)
French: jument
→ Catalan: jument
→ Franco-Provençal: jument
Norman: jeunment
→ Middle English: jument
English: jument

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: jument, jumenta

→ Portuguese: jumento, jumenta

→ Spanish: jumento

From Proto-Italic *jouksməntom, a back-formation from the plural *jouksmənta, from *jungō (“to yoke, join”) + *-mənta (suffix forming collective nouns). These elements correspond to Classical Latin iungō and -menta.

1st century, L. Iunius Moderatus Columella, De Res Rustica, Book VI, Preface, Sect. 3

And so it is that iumenta and armenta draw their names from the fact that they aid our work either by bringing up burdens or by plowing.

Unde etiam iumenta et armenta nomina a re traxere quod nostrum laborem vel onera subvectando vel arando iuvarent.

(zoology) A draft animal, a beast of burden, a large domestic animal suitable for drawing carts and carriages: a cow, horse, mule, or donkey.

(zoology) synonym of iūmenta: such animals taken collectively.


tenebrio

la-noun

tenebriō m (genitive tenebriōnis); third declension

tenebriō (canonical masculine)
tenebriōnis (genitive)
tenebriō (nominative singular)
tenebriōnēs (nominative plural)
tenebriōnis (genitive singular)
tenebriōnum (genitive plural)
tenebriōnī (dative singular)
tenebriōnibus (dative plural)
tenebriōnem (accusative singular)
tenebriōnēs (accusative plural)
tenebriōne (ablative singular)
tenebriōnibus (ablative plural)
tenebriō (singular vocative)
tenebriōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Tenebrio (learned)

From tenebrae (“darkness, gloom”) + -iō. In New Latin, used by biologists as the name of a genus of beetles (Tenebrio).

(New Latin, biology) mealworm (Tenebriō mólitor)


grex

grex m (genitive gregis); third declension

gregis (genitive)
grex (nominative singular)
gregēs (nominative plural)
gregis (genitive singular)
gregum (genitive plural)
gregī (dative singular)
gregibus (dative plural)
gregem (accusative singular)
gregēs (accusative plural)
grege (ablative singular)
gregibus (ablative plural)
grex (singular vocative)
gregēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: gregge

→ Middle French: grege

Gallo-Romance:

Old Gascon: grey

Old Occitan: grec, grei

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: gree

Old Galician-Portuguese: grei

Portuguese: grei

Galician: grei, grea

Old Spanish: grey

Spanish: grey

Borrowings:

→ English: grex

→? Old Irish: graigh

→ Proto-Albanian: [Term?]

Albanian: grigjë

→? Proto-Brythonic: [Term?]

Welsh: gre

From Proto-Italic *greks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- (“to assemble, gather together”) (though de Vaan prefers to reconstruct the Proto-Italic as *gʷreg-, and the Proto-Indo-European as *gʷreg- (“group, herd”)). Cognates include Lithuanian gurguole (“mass, crowd”) and gurgulys (“chaos, confusion”), Old Church Slavonic гръсть (grŭstĭ, “handful”), Welsh gre (“herd”), Ancient Greek γάργαρα (gárgara, “heaps, lots (of people, etc.)”), Khotanese [script needed] (haṃ-grīs, “to gather, assemble”).

cog

(zoology) a group of smaller animals: a flock (of birds, sheep, etc.), a pack (of dogs, wolves, etc.), a swarm (of insects), etc.


zonula

la-noun

zōnula f (genitive zōnulae); first declension

zōnula (canonical feminine)
zōnulae (genitive)
zōnula (nominative singular)
zōnulae (nominative plural)
zōnulae (genitive singular)
zōnulārum (genitive plural)
zōnulae (dative singular)
zōnulīs (dative plural)
zōnulam (accusative singular)
zōnulās (accusative plural)
zōnulā (ablative singular)
zōnulīs (ablative plural)
zōnula (singular vocative)
zōnulae (plural vocative)

English: zonula, zonule

Italian: zonula

Diminutive form of zōna (“belt”, “girdle”), formed as zōna + -ula (suffix forming feminine diminutives).


splenium

splēnium n (genitive splēniī or splēnī); second declension

splēnium (canonical neuter)
splēniī (genitive)
splēnī (genitive)
splēnium (nominative singular)
splēnia (nominative plural)
splēniī (genitive singular)
splēnī (genitive singular)
splēniōrum (genitive plural)
splēniō (dative singular)
splēniīs (dative plural)
splēnium (accusative singular)
splēnia (accusative plural)
splēniō (ablative singular)
splēniīs (ablative plural)
splēnium (singular vocative)
splēnia (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek σπληνῐ́ον (splēnĭ́on, “pad or compress of linen”), from σπλήν (splḗn, “milt, spleen”) + -ῐον (-ĭon, “diminutive suffix”).


pediculus

la-noun

pediculus m (genitive pediculī); second declension

pediculī (genitive)
pediculus (nominative singular)
pediculī (nominative plural)
pediculī (genitive singular)
pediculōrum (genitive plural)
pediculō (dative singular)
pediculīs (dative plural)
pediculum (accusative singular)
pediculōs (accusative plural)
pediculō (ablative singular)
pediculīs (ablative plural)
pedicule (singular vocative)
pediculī (plural vocative)
pedunculus (alternative)

→ Catalan: pedicle

→ English: pedicle

→ French: pédicule

→ Portuguese: pedículo

→ Spanish: pedículo

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pedicullus

Sicilian: pidicuḍḍu

From pēs, pedis (“foot”) + -culus (“diminutive suffix”).

suffix

(botany) A footstalk or pedicel of fruit or leaf.


cadmia

la-noun

cadmī̆a f (genitive cadmī̆ae); first declension

cadmī̆a (canonical feminine)
cadmī̆ae (genitive)
cadmī̆a (nominative singular)
cadmī̆ae (nominative plural)
cadmī̆ae (genitive singular)
cadmī̆ārum (genitive plural)
cadmī̆ae (dative singular)
cadmī̆īs (dative plural)
cadmī̆am (accusative singular)
cadmī̆ās (accusative plural)
cadmī̆ā (ablative singular)
cadmī̆īs (ablative plural)
cadmī̆a (singular vocative)
cadmī̆ae (plural vocative)
cadmēa (alternative)

English: cadmia

desc

Medieval Latin: calamina, calaminaris, lapis calaminaris

English: calaminaris, lapis calaminaris

French: calamine

English: calamine

From Ancient Greek κᾰδμῐ́ᾱ (kădmĭ́ā), variant of Κᾰδμείᾱ (Kădmeíā), from Κάδμος (Kádmos, “Cadmus”) + -εια (-eia, “-ia: forming related substances”). Equivalent to Cadmus + -ia.

(alchemy, chemistry) calamine, a pink form of zinc oxide formed as a byproduct during sublimation.

(metallurgy, figuratively) dross, any furnace slag


comb. nov.

combb. nov. (plural)
comb. nov. (nominative singular)
combb. nov. (nominative plural)
comb. nov. (genitive singular)
combb. nov. (genitive plural)
comb. nov. (dative singular)
combb. nov. (dative plural)
comb. nov. (accusative singular)
combb. nov. (accusative plural)
comb. nov. (ablative singular)
combb. nov. (ablative plural)
comb. nov. (singular vocative)
combb. nov. (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

Invariant by case; only declined for number.

(taxonomy) abbreviation of combīnātiō nova


combinatio nova

la-noun

combīnātiō nova f (genitive combīnātiōnis novae); third declension

combīnātiō nova (canonical feminine)
combīnātiōnis novae (genitive)
combīnātiō nova (nominative singular)
combīnātiōnēs novae (nominative plural)
combīnātiōnis novae (genitive singular)
combīnātiōnum novārum (genitive plural)
combīnātiōnī novae (dative singular)
combīnātiōnibus novīs (dative plural)
combīnātiōnem novam (accusative singular)
combīnātiōnēs novās (accusative plural)
combīnātiōne novā (ablative singular)
combīnātiōnibus novīs (ablative plural)
combīnātiō nova (singular vocative)
combīnātiōnēs novae (plural vocative)
comb. nov. (alternative abbreviation)

(taxonomy) combinatio nova (literally "new combination")


dehinc

Univerbation of dē (“down from”) + hinc, with apocope of + -ce and vowel contraction.

post eōs Aethiopās esse, dehinc loca exūsta sōlis ārdōribus

86 BCE – c. 35 BCE, Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum 19.6

Further to the south are Ethiopians, and from here on lands scorched by the sun's heat.

(topography) from this place on, from here on


praesaepe

praesaepe n (genitive praesaepis); third declension

praesaepis (genitive)
praesaepe (nominative singular)
praesaepia (nominative plural)
praesaepis (genitive singular)
praesaepium (genitive plural)
praesaepī (dative singular)
praesaepibus (dative plural)
praesaepe (accusative singular)
praesaepia (accusative plural)
praesaepī (ablative singular)
praesaepibus (ablative plural)
praesaepe (singular vocative)
praesaepia (plural vocative)
praesēpe (alternative)
praesaepēs (alternative)
praesēpēs (alternative)
praesaepis (alternative)
praesēpis (alternative)
praesaepia (alternative)
praesēpia (alternative)
praesaepium (alternative)
praesēpium (alternative)

Galician: presebe

Italian: presepe

Portuguese: pesebre, presepe

Sicilian: prisepi

Spanish: pesebre

From praesaepiō (“barricade, fence in”).

(astronomy) space between the two stars called Aselli in the constellation of Cancer.


bolis

bolis f (genitive bolidis); third declension

bolidis (genitive)
bolis (nominative singular)
bolidēs (nominative plural)
bolidis (genitive singular)
bolidum (genitive plural)
bolidī (dative singular)
bolidibus (dative plural)
bolidem (accusative singular)
bolidēs (accusative plural)
bolide (ablative singular)
bolidibus (ablative plural)
bolis (singular vocative)
bolidēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: bolda

→ Catalan: bòlid

→ English: bolis

desctree

→ French: bolide
→ Czech: bolid
→ Dutch: bolide
→ English: bolide
→ Polish: bolid
→ Portuguese: bólide
→ Romanian: bolid
→ Slovak: bolid
→ Spanish: bólido

→ German: Bolid

→ Italian: bolide

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βολίς (bolís).

(astronomy) a meteor of the form of an arrow


lichenologia

la-noun

līchēnologia f sg (genitive līchēnologiae); first declension

līchēnologia (canonical feminine singular)
līchēnologiae (genitive)
līchēnologia (nominative singular)
līchēnologiae (genitive singular)
līchēnologiae (dative singular)
līchēnologiam (accusative singular)
līchēnologiā (ablative singular)
līchēnologia (singular vocative)


qualis

quālis (canonical)
quālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
quāle (neuter nominative singular)
quālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
quālia (neuter nominative plural)
quālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
quālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
quālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
quālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
quālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
quāle (accusative neuter singular)
quālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
quālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
quālia (accusative neuter plural)
quālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
quālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
quālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
quāle (neuter singular vocative)
quālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
quālia (neuter plural vocative)

Aromanian: cari, care, cai

Dalmatian: cal

English: quale

Franco-Provençal: quâl

French: quel

Friulian: cuâl

Galician: cal

Italian: quale

Ladin: chel

Occitan: qual

Portuguese: qual

Romanian: care

Sicilian: quali

Spanish: cual

Venetan: quało

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷo- (“interrogative, relative stem”) and maybe *h₂el- (“to grow”) (cf. the sense of indolēs, from this root). Cognate with Ancient Greek πηλίκος (pēlíkos).

der

† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated° Rare‡only used as a conjunction

Prius aliquid esse dēbet, deinde quāle esse.

c. 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 117.27.6

Something first needs to be, and then to be of a particular kind.

(technical, philosophy) of a particular kind


geniculum

la-noun

geniculum n (genitive geniculī); second declension

geniculī (genitive)
geniculum (nominative singular)
genicula (nominative plural)
geniculī (genitive singular)
geniculōrum (genitive plural)
geniculō (dative singular)
geniculīs (dative plural)
geniculum (accusative singular)
genicula (accusative plural)
geniculō (ablative singular)
geniculīs (ablative plural)
geniculum (singular vocative)
genicula (plural vocative)
geniculus (alternative)

Late Latin: genuculum (see there for further descendants)

[ɡɛˈnɪ.kʊ.ɫũː]

From genū (“knee”) + -culum (diminutive nominal suffix).

affix

(transferred sense, botany) knot or joint on the stalk of a plant

diminutive of genū:
knot or joint on the stalk of a plant


angustifolius

la-adj

angustifolius (feminine angustifolia, neuter angustifolium); first/second-declension adjective

angustifolia (feminine)
angustifolium (neuter)
angustifolius (masculine nominative singular)
angustifolia (feminine nominative singular)
angustifolium (neuter nominative singular)
angustifoliī (masculine nominative plural)
angustifoliae (feminine nominative plural)
angustifolia (neuter nominative plural)
angustifoliī (genitive masculine singular)
angustifoliae (feminine genitive singular)
angustifoliī (genitive neuter singular)
angustifoliōrum (genitive masculine plural)
angustifoliārum (feminine genitive plural)
angustifoliōrum (genitive neuter plural)
angustifoliō (dative masculine singular)
angustifoliae (dative feminine singular)
angustifoliō (dative neuter singular)
angustifoliīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
angustifolium (accusative masculine singular)
angustifoliam (accusative feminine singular)
angustifolium (accusative neuter singular)
angustifoliōs (accusative masculine plural)
angustifoliās (accusative feminine plural)
angustifolia (accusative neuter plural)
angustifoliō (ablative masculine singular)
angustifoliā (ablative feminine singular)
angustifoliō (ablative neuter singular)
angustifoliīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
angustifolie (masculine singular vocative)
angustifolia (feminine singular vocative)
angustifolium (neuter singular vocative)
angustifoliī (masculine plural vocative)
angustifoliae (feminine plural vocative)
angustifolia (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: angustifolious (learned)


digitigradus

digitigradus (feminine digitigrada, neuter digitigradum); first/second-declension adjective

digitigrada (feminine)
digitigradum (neuter)
digitigradus (masculine nominative singular)
digitigrada (feminine nominative singular)
digitigradum (neuter nominative singular)
digitigradī (masculine nominative plural)
digitigradae (feminine nominative plural)
digitigrada (neuter nominative plural)
digitigradī (genitive masculine singular)
digitigradae (feminine genitive singular)
digitigradī (genitive neuter singular)
digitigradōrum (genitive masculine plural)
digitigradārum (feminine genitive plural)
digitigradōrum (genitive neuter plural)
digitigradō (dative masculine singular)
digitigradae (dative feminine singular)
digitigradō (dative neuter singular)
digitigradīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
digitigradum (accusative masculine singular)
digitigradam (accusative feminine singular)
digitigradum (accusative neuter singular)
digitigradōs (accusative masculine plural)
digitigradās (accusative feminine plural)
digitigrada (accusative neuter plural)
digitigradō (ablative masculine singular)
digitigradā (ablative feminine singular)
digitigradō (ablative neuter singular)
digitigradīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
digitigrade (masculine singular vocative)
digitigrada (feminine singular vocative)
digitigradum (neuter singular vocative)
digitigradī (masculine plural vocative)
digitigradae (feminine plural vocative)
digitigrada (neuter plural vocative)

Translingual: Bolitoglossa digitigrada

From digitus (“digit, toe”) + gradus (“step”).

af

(zoology) digitigrade; walking on the toes


stilus

la-noun

stilus m (genitive stilī); second declension

stilī (genitive)
stilus (nominative singular)
stilī (nominative plural)
stilī (genitive singular)
stilōrum (genitive plural)
stilō (dative singular)
stilīs (dative plural)
stilum (accusative singular)
stilōs (accusative plural)
stilō (ablative singular)
stilīs (ablative plural)
stile (singular vocative)
stilī (plural vocative)
stylus (alternative misspelling)

Balkano-Romance:

>? Aromanian: stur

>? Romanian: stur

Italo-Romance:

Italian: stelo

q

or from Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">estai</i>

Ibero-Romance (or from Old French estai):

>? Old Galician-Portuguese: esteo

Galician: esteo

Portuguese: esteio

→ Spanish: esteyo

>? Old Spanish: estelo

→? Albanian: shtyllë

→ Catalan: estil (learned)

→ English: stylus (learned)

→ Finnish: stilus (learned)

→ Friulian: stîl (learned)

→ Galician: estilo (learned)

desctree

→ German: Stil, Styl, Stylus (learned)
→ Lower Sorbian: stil

→ Hungarian: stílus (learned)

→ Indonesian: stilus (learned)

→ Irish: stíl, stíleas (learned)

→ Italian: stilo (learned)

→ Middle Low German: stilus (learned)

→ Old French: estile (see there for further descendants)

→ Old High German: stil (learned)

Middle High German: stil

German: Stiel

→ Old Norse: stíll (learned)

Danish: stil (partly)

Icelandic: stíll (partly)

Norwegian Bokmål: stil (partly)

Norwegian Nynorsk: stil (partly)

Swedish: stil (partly)

→ Piedmontese: stil

→ Portuguese: estilo (learned)

→ Spanish: estilo (learned)
→ Tagalog: estilo, istilo

→ Welsh: stil, ystîl

Probably from Proto-Italic *stiglos (which stimulus and stiva may also be related to), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp; to sting”) + *-lós. In this case, related to instīgō (“to urge, stimulate, stir up”), Ancient Greek στῐ́ζω (stĭ́zō, “to mark with a pointed instrument”), Ancient Greek στῐ́γμᾰ (stĭ́gmă, “mark, spot”), Proto-Germanic *stikaną (“to stick, stab”). An alternative derivation relates the word to Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬉𐬭𐬀 (staēra, “mountaintop”).
Not related to Ancient Greek στῦλος (stûlos, “pillar; wooden pole”).

noncog

Omnis autem nux unam radicem mittit, et simplici stilo prorepit.

4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Re Rustica 5.10.13

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(in general) a stake, pale, spike
(botany) a stem, stalk


acceleratorium

la-noun

accelerātōrium n (genitive accelerātōriī); second declension

accelerātōrium (canonical neuter)
accelerātōriī (genitive)
accelerātōrium (nominative singular)
accelerātōria (nominative plural)
accelerātōriī (genitive singular)
accelerātōriōrum (genitive plural)
accelerātōriō (dative singular)
accelerātōriīs (dative plural)
accelerātōrium (accusative singular)
accelerātōria (accusative plural)
accelerātōriō (ablative singular)
accelerātōriīs (ablative plural)
accelerātōrium (singular vocative)
accelerātōria (plural vocative)

Portuguese: aceleratório


cartilago

cartilāgō f (genitive cartilāginis); third declension

cartilāgō (canonical feminine)
cartilāginis (genitive)
cartilāgō (nominative singular)
cartilāginēs (nominative plural)
cartilāginis (genitive singular)
cartilāginum (genitive plural)
cartilāginī (dative singular)
cartilāginibus (dative plural)
cartilāginem (accusative singular)
cartilāginēs (accusative plural)
cartilāgine (ablative singular)
cartilāginibus (ablative plural)
cartilāgō (singular vocative)
cartilāginēs (plural vocative)

→ English: cartilage

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kert- (“to weave, twist together”), the same source as Latin crātis (“wickerwork”) and Ancient Greek κροτώνη (krotṓnē, “excrescence on a tree”).

cog

(botany) A substance harder than pulp but softer than woody fiber.


suboles

la-noun

subolēs f (genitive subolis); third declension

subolēs (canonical feminine)
subolis (genitive)
subolēs (nominative singular)
subolēs (nominative plural)
subolis (genitive singular)
subolum (genitive plural)
subolī (dative singular)
subolibus (dative plural)
subolem (accusative singular)
subolēs (accusative plural)
subole (ablative singular)
subolibus (ablative plural)
subolēs (singular vocative)
subolēs (plural vocative)
sobolēs (alternative)


acceleratio

accelerātiō f (genitive accelerātiōnis); third declension

accelerātiō (canonical feminine)
accelerātiōnis (genitive)
accelerātiō (nominative singular)
accelerātiōnēs (nominative plural)
accelerātiōnis (genitive singular)
accelerātiōnum (genitive plural)
accelerātiōnī (dative singular)
accelerātiōnibus (dative plural)
accelerātiōnem (accusative singular)
accelerātiōnēs (accusative plural)
accelerātiōne (ablative singular)
accelerātiōnibus (ablative plural)
accelerātiō (singular vocative)
accelerātiōnēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: aceleración

Catalan: acceleració

→ English: acceleration

French: accélération

Haitian Creole: akselerasyon

Galician: aceleración

Italian: accelerazione

Occitan: acceleracion

Portuguese: aceleração

Romanian: accelerație

Spanish: aceleración

From accelerō (“hasten, accelerate”) + -tiō.


truncus

truncus m (genitive truncī); second declension

truncī (genitive)
truncus (nominative singular)
truncī (nominative plural)
truncī (genitive singular)
truncōrum (genitive plural)
truncō (dative singular)
truncīs (dative plural)
truncum (accusative singular)
truncōs (accusative plural)
truncō (ablative singular)
truncīs (ablative plural)
trunce (singular vocative)
truncī (plural vocative)

Catalan: tronc

Friulian: tronc

Galician: tronco

Italian: tronco

Old French: tronc

French: tronc

→ Middle Dutch: tronc

Dutch: tronk

desctree

→ Middle English: tronke, trunke
English: trunk
Scots: trunk

Portuguese: tronco
→ Dutch: tronk
Afrikaans: tronk
→ English: tronk
→ Kwanyama: ondolonggo
→ Gujarati: તુરંગ (turaṅg)
→ Kannada: ತುರಂಗ (turaṅga)
→ Malayalam: തുറുങ്ക് (tuṟuṅkŭ)
→ Marathi: तुरुंग (turuṅga)

Sicilian: truncu

Spanish: tronco

→ Albanian: trung

→ English: truncus

→ Esperanto: trunko

Unknown origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *twerḱ- (“to cut”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σάρξ (sárx), Old Irish tru, troich (“fated to die”) and Latin trux and Proto-Slavic *strǫkъ.

(New Latin, biology) the thorax of an insect


ventus solaris

la-noun

ventus sōlāris m (genitive ventī sōlāris); second declension

ventus sōlāris (canonical masculine)
ventī sōlāris (genitive)
ventus sōlāris (nominative singular)
ventī sōlārēs (nominative plural)
ventī sōlāris (genitive singular)
ventōrum sōlārium (genitive plural)
ventō sōlārī (dative singular)
ventīs sōlāribus (dative plural)
ventum sōlārem (accusative singular)
ventōs sōlārēs (accusative plural)
ventōs sōlārīs (accusative plural)
ventō sōlārī (ablative singular)
ventīs sōlāribus (ablative plural)
vente sōlāris (singular vocative)
ventī sōlārēs (plural vocative)


leprosus

la-adj

leprōsus (feminine leprōsa, neuter leprōsum); first/second-declension adjective

leprōsus (canonical)
leprōsa (feminine)
leprōsum (neuter)
leprōsus (masculine nominative singular)
leprōsa (feminine nominative singular)
leprōsum (neuter nominative singular)
leprōsī (masculine nominative plural)
leprōsae (feminine nominative plural)
leprōsa (neuter nominative plural)
leprōsī (genitive masculine singular)
leprōsae (feminine genitive singular)
leprōsī (genitive neuter singular)
leprōsōrum (genitive masculine plural)
leprōsārum (feminine genitive plural)
leprōsōrum (genitive neuter plural)
leprōsō (dative masculine singular)
leprōsae (dative feminine singular)
leprōsō (dative neuter singular)
leprōsīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
leprōsum (accusative masculine singular)
leprōsam (accusative feminine singular)
leprōsum (accusative neuter singular)
leprōsōs (accusative masculine plural)
leprōsās (accusative feminine plural)
leprōsa (accusative neuter plural)
leprōsō (ablative masculine singular)
leprōsā (ablative feminine singular)
leprōsō (ablative neuter singular)
leprōsīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
leprōse (masculine singular vocative)
leprōsa (feminine singular vocative)
leprōsum (neuter singular vocative)
leprōsī (masculine plural vocative)
leprōsae (feminine plural vocative)
leprōsa (neuter plural vocative)

English: leprous, leprose

Italian: leproso

Spanish: leproso

From lepra (“leprosy”) + -ōsus (“-ose”).

(New Latin, botany) leprose, having a scaly appearance


dominium

la-noun

dominium n (genitive dominiī or dominī); second declension

dominiī (genitive)
dominī (genitive)
dominium (nominative singular)
dominia (nominative plural)
dominiī (genitive singular)
dominī (genitive singular)
dominiōrum (genitive plural)
dominiō (dative singular)
dominiīs (dative plural)
dominium (accusative singular)
dominia (accusative plural)
dominiō (ablative singular)
dominiīs (ablative plural)
dominium (singular vocative)
dominia (plural vocative)

⇒ Medieval Latin: dominiō

Middle French: dominion

French: dominion
→ Romanian: dominion

→ Middle English: dominion

desctree

English: dominion
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dominion
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dominion

Catalan: domini

→ English: dominium

Galician: dominio

Italian: dominio

desc

→ Middle English: domine, dominy, dominye, domyny

desctree

Old French: demaine, demeigne, demeine, demene, demesne, demeyne, domaine, domane (possibly)
French: domaine
→ English: domaine
→ German: Domäne
→ Romanian: domeniu
→ Italian: demanio
→ Middle English: demayne
English: demesne
→ Middle English: demeine, demain
English: domain

Piedmontese: domini

→ Polish: dominium

Portuguese: domínio

Romanian: domeniu

Spanish: dominio

A proposal is made to recognize super ranks, including the new rank of dominion (Dominium) above that of the kingdom (Regnum) and to designate suffixes for those of superfamily and above.

[August 1974, Royall T. Moore, Taxon, volume 23, number 4, →DOI, page 650:


elementum

la-noun

elementum n (genitive elementī); second declension

elementī (genitive)
elementum (nominative singular)
elementa (nominative plural)
elementī (genitive singular)
elementōrum (genitive plural)
elementō (dative singular)
elementīs (dative plural)
elementum (accusative singular)
elementa (accusative plural)
elementō (ablative singular)
elementīs (ablative plural)
elementum (singular vocative)
elementa (plural vocative)

Catalan: element

English: element

French: élément

Turkish: eleman

Galician: elemento

German: Element

Italian: elemento

Occitan: element

Portuguese: elemento

Romanian: element

Russian: элемент (element)

Spanish: elemento

Swedish: element

Turkish: element

Welsh: elfen

[ɛ.ɫɛˈmɛn.tũː]

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)
la:elementum

Uncertain. Perhaps ultimately from L M N, first three letters of the second half of the Canaanite alphabet, recited by ancient scribes when learning it (in sense compare English ABC(s) (“fundamentals”)). This idea has been criticized though due to the absence of any evidence for use of a half-split in the Latin alphabet itself and the lack of evidence for the use of "el", "em", and "en" as letter names in early Latin. An alternative related idea is that elementum was borrowed into Latin from a Semitic term (probably via Egyptian) halaḥama, which derives from the old South Semitic initial character sequence, h-l-ḥ-m..., though this presents some difficulties as well.
Alternatively could be a neologism to translate the equivalent Greek term στοιχεῖον (stoikheîon, “element, letter”) (introduced in the sense of "element" by Plato), which, like the Latin elementum, has the dual meaning of "element" and "letter". This neologism would be modelled on and alluding to alimentum (“nourishment”), modified to be a mnemonic for the sequence of letters "L M N"; this would make it related to alere (“to nourish”), olēscere (“to grow”), both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-.
A further suggestion is that the word may have been derived from an unattested *elepantum for a letter made of ivory (i.e., a toy letter for the purpose of learning to read), an old loanword from Ancient Greek ἐλέφας (eléphas, “elephant”) or its accusative ἐλέφαντα (eléphanta). This could explain the otherwise irregular -e- in the second syllable.

noncog

(chemistry, physics) one of four elements that composed the world.


bivalens

la-adj

bivalēns (genitive bivalentis); third-declension one-termination adjective

bivalēns (canonical)
bivalentis (genitive)
bivalēns (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
bivalentēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
bivalentia (neuter nominative plural)
bivalentis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
bivalentium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
bivalentī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
bivalentibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
bivalentem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
bivalēns (accusative neuter singular)
bivalentēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
bivalentia (accusative neuter plural)
bivalentī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
bivalentibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
bivalēns (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
bivalentēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
bivalentia (neuter plural vocative)

Beryllium est bivalens elementum toxicum


boracium

la-noun

bōrācium n (genitive bōrāciī); second declension

bōrācium (canonical neuter)
bōrāciī (genitive)
bōrācium (nominative singular)
bōrācia (nominative plural)
bōrāciī (genitive singular)
bōrāciōrum (genitive plural)
bōrāciō (dative singular)
bōrāciīs (dative plural)
bōrācium (accusative singular)
bōrācia (accusative plural)
bōrāciō (ablative singular)
bōrāciīs (ablative plural)
bōrācium (singular vocative)
bōrācia (plural vocative)


carbonicus

la-adj

carbōnicus (feminine carbōnica, neuter carbōnicum); first/second-declension adjective

carbōnicus (canonical)
carbōnica (feminine)
carbōnicum (neuter)
carbōnicus (masculine nominative singular)
carbōnica (feminine nominative singular)
carbōnicum (neuter nominative singular)
carbōnicī (masculine nominative plural)
carbōnicae (feminine nominative plural)
carbōnica (neuter nominative plural)
carbōnicī (genitive masculine singular)
carbōnicae (feminine genitive singular)
carbōnicī (genitive neuter singular)
carbōnicōrum (genitive masculine plural)
carbōnicārum (feminine genitive plural)
carbōnicōrum (genitive neuter plural)
carbōnicō (dative masculine singular)
carbōnicae (dative feminine singular)
carbōnicō (dative neuter singular)
carbōnicīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carbōnicum (accusative masculine singular)
carbōnicam (accusative feminine singular)
carbōnicum (accusative neuter singular)
carbōnicōs (accusative masculine plural)
carbōnicās (accusative feminine plural)
carbōnica (accusative neuter plural)
carbōnicō (ablative masculine singular)
carbōnicā (ablative feminine singular)
carbōnicō (ablative neuter singular)
carbōnicīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
carbōnice (masculine singular vocative)
carbōnica (feminine singular vocative)
carbōnicum (neuter singular vocative)
carbōnicī (masculine plural vocative)
carbōnicae (feminine plural vocative)
carbōnica (neuter plural vocative)


pondus atomicum

la-noun

pondus atomicum n (genitive ponderis atomicī); third declension

ponderis atomicī (genitive)
pondus atomicum (nominative singular)
pondera atomica (nominative plural)
ponderis atomicī (genitive singular)
ponderum atomicōrum (genitive plural)
ponderī atomicō (dative singular)
ponderibus atomicīs (dative plural)
pondus atomicum (accusative singular)
pondera atomica (accusative plural)
pondere atomicō (ablative singular)
ponderibus atomicīs (ablative plural)
pondus atomicum (singular vocative)
pondera atomica (plural vocative)

(New Latin, physics, chemistry) atomic weight


gasum

gasum n (genitive gasī); second declension

gasī (genitive)
gasum (nominative singular)
gasa (nominative plural)
gasī (genitive singular)
gasōrum (genitive plural)
gasō (dative singular)
gasīs (dative plural)
gasum (accusative singular)
gasa (accusative plural)
gasō (ablative singular)
gasīs (ablative plural)
gasum (singular vocative)
gasa (plural vocative)


isotopus

isotopus m (genitive isotopī); second declension

isotopī (genitive)
isotopus (nominative singular)
isotopī (nominative plural)
isotopī (genitive singular)
isotopōrum (genitive plural)
isotopō (dative singular)
isotopīs (dative plural)
isotopum (accusative singular)
isotopōs (accusative plural)
isotopō (ablative singular)
isotopīs (ablative plural)
isotope (singular vocative)
isotopī (plural vocative)


isotopium

isotopium n (genitive isotopiī); second declension

isotopiī (genitive)
isotopium (nominative singular)
isotopia (nominative plural)
isotopiī (genitive singular)
isotopiōrum (genitive plural)
isotopiō (dative singular)
isotopiīs (dative plural)
isotopium (accusative singular)
isotopia (accusative plural)
isotopiō (ablative singular)
isotopiīs (ablative plural)
isotopium (singular vocative)
isotopia (plural vocative)


oxidum

oxidum n (genitive oxidī); second declension

oxidī (genitive)
oxidum (nominative singular)
oxida (nominative plural)
oxidī (genitive singular)
oxidōrum (genitive plural)
oxidō (dative singular)
oxidīs (dative plural)
oxidum (accusative singular)
oxida (accusative plural)
oxidō (ablative singular)
oxidīs (ablative plural)
oxidum (singular vocative)
oxida (plural vocative)


oxydatum

oxydātum n (genitive oxydātī); second declension

oxydātum (canonical neuter)
oxydātī (genitive)
oxydātum (nominative singular)
oxydāta (nominative plural)
oxydātī (genitive singular)
oxydātōrum (genitive plural)
oxydātō (dative singular)
oxydātīs (dative plural)
oxydātum (accusative singular)
oxydāta (accusative plural)
oxydātō (ablative singular)
oxydātīs (ablative plural)
oxydātum (singular vocative)
oxydāta (plural vocative)


solidum

solidum n (genitive solidī); second declension

solidī (genitive)
solidum (nominative singular)
solida (nominative plural)
solidī (genitive singular)
solidōrum (genitive plural)
solidō (dative singular)
solidīs (dative plural)
solidum (accusative singular)
solida (accusative plural)
solidō (ablative singular)
solidīs (ablative plural)
solidum (singular vocative)
solida (plural vocative)

solidum corpus

(physics, mathematics) solid (state of matter, shape)


sideritis

sidērītis f (genitive sidērītidis); third declension

sidērītis (canonical feminine)
sidērītidis (genitive)
sidērītis (nominative singular)
sidērītidēs (nominative plural)
sidērītidis (genitive singular)
sidērītidum (genitive plural)
sidērītidī (dative singular)
sidērītidibus (dative plural)
sidērītidem (accusative singular)
sidērītidēs (accusative plural)
sidērītide (ablative singular)
sidērītidibus (ablative plural)
sidērītis (singular vocative)
sidērītidēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σιδηρῖτις (sidērîtis).


chloridum

chlōridum n (genitive chlōridī); second declension

chlōridum (canonical neuter)
chlōridī (genitive)
chlōridum (nominative singular)
chlōrida (nominative plural)
chlōridī (genitive singular)
chlōridōrum (genitive plural)
chlōridō (dative singular)
chlōridīs (dative plural)
chlōridum (accusative singular)
chlōrida (accusative plural)
chlōridō (ablative singular)
chlōridīs (ablative plural)
chlōridum (singular vocative)
chlōrida (plural vocative)


oxygenum

oxygenum n (genitive oxygenī); second declension

oxygenī (genitive)
oxygenum (nominative singular)
oxygena (nominative plural)
oxygenī (genitive singular)
oxygenōrum (genitive plural)
oxygenō (dative singular)
oxygenīs (dative plural)
oxygenum (accusative singular)
oxygena (accusative plural)
oxygenō (ablative singular)
oxygenīs (ablative plural)
oxygenum (singular vocative)
oxygena (plural vocative)

(New Latin, chemistry) alternative form of oxygenium


methanum

methanum n (genitive methanī); second declension

methanī (genitive)
methanum (nominative singular)
methana (nominative plural)
methanī (genitive singular)
methanōrum (genitive plural)
methanō (dative singular)
methanīs (dative plural)
methanum (accusative singular)
methana (accusative plural)
methanō (ablative singular)
methanīs (ablative plural)
methanum (singular vocative)
methana (plural vocative)

[…]sed multae inquisitiones scientificae demonstrant maiorem partem calefactionis universalis postremis decennis gasiorum ex cumulatione oriri […] (dioxydum carbonicum, methanum, oxyda nitrogeni et alia) quae emittuntur potissimum ob humanam industriam.

2015, Pope Franciscus, “Laudato si’. http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html, Litterae Encyclicae, Vatican

[…] yet a number of scientific studies indicate that most global warming in recent decades is due to the great concentration of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and others) released mainly as a result of human activity.


ethanum

ethanum n (genitive ethanī); second declension

ethanī (genitive)
ethanum (nominative singular)
ethana (nominative plural)
ethanī (genitive singular)
ethanōrum (genitive plural)
ethanō (dative singular)
ethanīs (dative plural)
ethanum (accusative singular)
ethana (accusative plural)
ethanō (ablative singular)
ethanīs (ablative plural)
ethanum (singular vocative)
ethana (plural vocative)


propanum

propanum n (genitive propanī); second declension

propanī (genitive)
propanum (nominative singular)
propana (nominative plural)
propanī (genitive singular)
propanōrum (genitive plural)
propanō (dative singular)
propanīs (dative plural)
propanum (accusative singular)
propana (accusative plural)
propanō (ablative singular)
propanīs (ablative plural)
propanum (singular vocative)
propana (plural vocative)


butanum

butanum n (genitive butanī); second declension

butanī (genitive)
butanum (nominative singular)
butana (nominative plural)
butanī (genitive singular)
butanōrum (genitive plural)
butanō (dative singular)
butanīs (dative plural)
butanum (accusative singular)
butana (accusative plural)
butanō (ablative singular)
butanīs (ablative plural)
butanum (singular vocative)
butana (plural vocative)


pentanum

pentanum n (genitive pentanī); second declension

pentanī (genitive)
pentanum (nominative singular)
pentana (nominative plural)
pentanī (genitive singular)
pentanōrum (genitive plural)
pentanō (dative singular)
pentanīs (dative plural)
pentanum (accusative singular)
pentana (accusative plural)
pentanō (ablative singular)
pentanīs (ablative plural)
pentanum (singular vocative)
pentana (plural vocative)


astrophysica

astrophysica f (genitive astrophysicae); first declension

astrophysicae (genitive)
astrophysica (nominative singular)
astrophysicae (nominative plural)
astrophysicae (genitive singular)
astrophysicārum (genitive plural)
astrophysicae (dative singular)
astrophysicīs (dative plural)
astrophysicam (accusative singular)
astrophysicās (accusative plural)
astrophysicā (ablative singular)
astrophysicīs (ablative plural)
astrophysica (singular vocative)
astrophysicae (plural vocative)


gasium

gasium n (genitive gasiī or gasī); second declension

gasiī (genitive)
gasī (genitive)
gasium (nominative singular)
gasia (nominative plural)
gasiī (genitive singular)
gasī (genitive singular)
gasiōrum (genitive plural)
gasiō (dative singular)
gasiīs (dative plural)
gasium (accusative singular)
gasia (accusative plural)
gasiō (ablative singular)
gasiīs (ablative plural)
gasium (singular vocative)
gasia (plural vocative)


relativitas

relātīvitās f (genitive relātīvitātis); third declension

relātīvitās (canonical feminine)
relātīvitātis (genitive)
relātīvitās (nominative singular)
relātīvitātēs (nominative plural)
relātīvitātis (genitive singular)
relātīvitātum (genitive plural)
relātīvitātī (dative singular)
relātīvitātibus (dative plural)
relātīvitātem (accusative singular)
relātīvitātēs (accusative plural)
relātīvitāte (ablative singular)
relātīvitātibus (ablative plural)
relātīvitās (singular vocative)
relātīvitātēs (plural vocative)


cellularis

la-adj

cellulāris (neuter cellulāre); third-declension two-termination adjective

cellulāris (canonical)
cellulāre (neuter)
cellulāris (feminine masculine nominative singular)
cellulāre (neuter nominative singular)
cellulārēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
cellulāria (neuter nominative plural)
cellulāris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
cellulārium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
cellulārī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
cellulāribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
cellulārem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
cellulāre (accusative neuter singular)
cellulārēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
cellulārīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
cellulāria (accusative neuter plural)
cellulārī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
cellulāribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
cellulāris (feminine masculine singular vocative)
cellulāre (neuter singular vocative)
cellulārēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
cellulāria (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: cel·lular

Galician: celular

English: cellular

Portuguese: celular

Spanish: celular

(New Latin, cytology) cellular (relating to cells)


praedator

la-noun

praedātor m (genitive praedātōris); third declension

praedātor (canonical masculine)
praedātōris (genitive)
praedātor (nominative singular)
praedātōrēs (nominative plural)
praedātōris (genitive singular)
praedātōrum (genitive plural)
praedātōrī (dative singular)
praedātōribus (dative plural)
praedātōrem (accusative singular)
praedātōrēs (accusative plural)
praedātōre (ablative singular)
praedātōribus (ablative plural)
praedātor (singular vocative)
praedātōrēs (plural vocative)

English: predator

French: prédateur

Italian: predatore

Portuguese: predador

Romanian: prădător

Spanish: predador


celebensis

la-adj

celebēnsis (neuter celebēnse); third-declension two-termination adjective

celebēnsis (canonical)
celebēnse (neuter)
celebēnsis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
celebēnse (neuter nominative singular)
celebēnsēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
celebēnsia (neuter nominative plural)
celebēnsis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
celebēnsium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
celebēnsī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
celebēnsibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
celebēnsem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
celebēnse (accusative neuter singular)
celebēnsēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
celebēnsīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
celebēnsia (accusative neuter plural)
celebēnsī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
celebēnsibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
celebēnsis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
celebēnse (neuter singular vocative)
celebēnsēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
celebēnsia (neuter plural vocative)

From English Celebes (“Sulawesi, an island in Indonesia”) + -ensis (“of or from a place”).

af

Raillietina celebensis

(New Latin, taxonomy) Of a species, having a range including Sulawesi in Indonesia.


typus

la-noun

typus m (genitive typī); second declension

typī (genitive)
typus (nominative singular)
typī (nominative plural)
typī (genitive singular)
typōrum (genitive plural)
typō (dative singular)
typīs (dative plural)
typum (accusative singular)
typōs (accusative plural)
typō (ablative singular)
typīs (ablative plural)
type (singular vocative)
typī (plural vocative)
typos (alternative Classical-Latin)
typhus (alternative Medieval-Latin)

→ Catalan: tipus

desctree

→ English: type
→ Japanese: タイプ
→ Korean: 타입 (taip)

→ French: type
→ Polish: typ
→ Romanian: tip
→ Persian: تیپ (tip)
→ Turkish: tip

→ German: Typ

→ Hungarian: típus

Italian: tipo

→ Portuguese: tipo

Spanish: tipo

From Ancient Greek τῠ́πος (tŭ́pos, “mark”, “impression”, “type”), from τῠ́πτω (tŭ́ptō, “I strike, beat”).

der

(New Latin, taxonomy, zoology) When it is the specific epithet of a binomial name, indicates it is the type species.


refringo

la-verb

refringō (present infinitive refringere, perfect active refrēgī, supine refrāctum); third conjugation

refringō (canonical)
refringere (infinitive present)
refrēgī (active perfect)
refrāctum (supine)
refringō (active first-person indicative present singular)
refringis (active indicative present second-person singular)
refringit (active indicative present singular third-person)
refringimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
refringitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
refringunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
refringēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
refringēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
refringēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
refringēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
refringēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
refringēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
refringam (active first-person future indicative singular)
refringēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
refringet (active future indicative singular third-person)
refringēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
refringētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
refringent (active future indicative plural third-person)
refrēgī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
refrēgistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
refrēgit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
refrēgimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
refrēgistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
refrēgērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
refrēgēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
refrēgeram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
refrēgerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
refrēgerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
refrēgerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
refrēgerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
refrēgerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
refrēgerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
refrēgeris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
refrēgerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
refrēgerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
refrēgeritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
refrēgerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
refringor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
refringeris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
refringere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
refringitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
refringimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
refringiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
refringuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
refringēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
refringēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
refringēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
refringēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
refringēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
refringēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
refringēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
refringar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
refringēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
refringēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
refringētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
refringēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
refringēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
refringentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
refringam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
refringās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
refringat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
refringāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
refringātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
refringant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
refringerem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
refringerēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
refringeret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
refringerēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
refringerētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
refringerent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
refrēgerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
refrēgerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
refrēgerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
refrēgerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
refrēgerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
refrēgerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
refrēgissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
refrēgissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
refrēgisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
refrēgissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
refrēgissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
refrēgissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
refringar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
refringāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
refringāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
refringātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
refringāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
refringāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
refringantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
refringerer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
refringerēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
refringerēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
refringerētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
refringerēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
refringerēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
refringerentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
refringe (active imperative present second-person singular)
refringite (active imperative plural present second-person)
refringitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
refringitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
refringitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
refringuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
refringere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
refringiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
refringitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
refringitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
refringuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
refringere (active infinitive present)
refringī (infinitive passive present)
refringēns (active participle present)
refrāctūrum esse (active future infinitive)
refrāctum īrī (future infinitive passive)
refrāctūrus (active future participle)
refringendus (future participle passive)
refringundus (future participle passive)
refrēgisse (active infinitive perfect)
refrāctum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
refrāctus (participle passive perfect)
refrāctum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
refrāctūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
refringendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
refringendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
refringendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
refringendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
refrāctum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
refrāctū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ Catalan: refringir

Old French: refraindre

→ English: refrain

French: refrain

→ Sicilian: rifrànciri

→ Spanish: refringir


carbunculus

la-noun

carbunculus m (genitive carbunculī); second declension

carbunculī (genitive)
carbunculus (nominative singular)
carbunculī (nominative plural)
carbunculī (genitive singular)
carbunculōrum (genitive plural)
carbunculō (dative singular)
carbunculīs (dative plural)
carbunculum (accusative singular)
carbunculōs (accusative plural)
carbunculō (ablative singular)
carbunculīs (ablative plural)
carbuncule (singular vocative)
carbunculī (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Italian: carbonchio, ⇒ scarbonchiare

desc

Old Catalan: carbonclo, carblonco, corblonco, carvoncle

Catalan: carboncle

Old Occitan: carbuncle, carboncle

Occitan: carboncle

Semi-learned:

→ Galician: caruncho, carbuncho

→ Italian: carboncolo, ⇒ scarboncolo

→? Old Northern French: carboncle, charbuncle, carbuncle, charboucle, carboucle

→ English: carbuncle

French: carboncle, carboucle, ⇒ escarboucle

→ Spanish: carbunclo

Learned:

→ German: Karbunkel, Karfunkel

→ Galician: carbúnculo, cabrunco, carbunco

→ Italian: carbuncolo, carbunculo, carbonculo

→ Portuguese: carbúnculo

→ Russian: карбу́нкул (karbúnkul)

→ Spanish: carbúnculo

From carbō (“coal, charcoal”) + -culus (diminutive nominal suffix).

af

(phytopathology) disease caused by hoar-frost