destino

la-verb

dēstinō (present infinitive dēstināre, perfect active dēstināvī, supine dēstinātum); first conjugation

dēstinō (canonical)
dēstināre (infinitive present)
dēstināvī (active perfect)
dēstinātum (supine)
dēstinō (active first-person indicative present singular)
dēstinās (active indicative present second-person singular)
dēstinat (active indicative present singular third-person)
dēstināmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
dēstinātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
dēstinant (active indicative plural present third-person)
dēstinābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dēstinābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dēstinābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dēstinābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
dēstinābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dēstinābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dēstinābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
dēstinābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
dēstinābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
dēstinābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
dēstinābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
dēstinābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
dēstināvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
dēstināvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēstināstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēstināvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēstināt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēstināvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
dēstināmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
dēstināvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēstināstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēstināvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstināvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstinārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstināveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
dēstināram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
dēstināverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
dēstinārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
dēstināverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
dēstinārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
dēstināverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
dēstinārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
dēstināverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
dēstinārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
dēstināverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
dēstinārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
dēstināverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
dēstinārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
dēstināveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēstināris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēstināverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēstinārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēstināverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
dēstinārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
dēstināveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēstināritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēstināverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstinārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstinor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
dēstināris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dēstināre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dēstinātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
dēstināmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
dēstināminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
dēstinantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
dēstinābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
dēstinābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dēstinābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dēstinābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
dēstinābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
dēstinābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
dēstinābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
dēstinābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
dēstināberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dēstinābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dēstinābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
dēstinābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
dēstinābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
dēstinābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
dēstinem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dēstinēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dēstinētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dēstinent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dēstinārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstināret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dēstinārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstinārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstināverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
dēstinārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
dēstināverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstināverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstināverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
dēstinārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
dēstināverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstinārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstināverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstināvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
dēstināssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
dēstināvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstināssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstināvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstināsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstināvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
dēstināssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
dēstināvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstināssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstināvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstināssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstiner (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dēstinēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dēstinēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dēstinentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
dēstinārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
dēstinārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstinārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstinā (active imperative present second-person singular)
dēstināte (active imperative plural present second-person)
dēstinātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
dēstinātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
dēstinātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
dēstinantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
dēstināre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
dēstināminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
dēstinātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
dēstinātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
dēstinantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
dēstināre (active infinitive present)
dēstināvisse (active infinitive perfect)
dēstināsse (active infinitive perfect)
dēstinātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
dēstinārī (infinitive passive present)
dēstinātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
dēstinātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
dēstināns (active participle present)
dēstinātūrus (active future participle)
dēstinātus (participle passive perfect)
dēstinandus (future participle passive)
dēstinandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
dēstinandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēstinandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēstinandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēstinātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
dēstinātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Catalan: destinar

Dalmatian: destinur

English: destine

French: destiner

Galician: destinar

Italian: destinare

Occitan: destinar

Portuguese: destinar

Romanian: destina

Sicilian: distinari

Spanish: destinar

From de- + *stanō, the latter an unattested verb from Proto-Italic *stanō, from Proto-Indo-European *stnéh₂ti ~ stn̥h₂énti. Related to stō. Compare obstinō and praestinō from the same stem.


latus

la-noun

latus n (genitive lateris); third declension

lateris (genitive)
latus (nominative singular)
latera (nominative plural)
lateris (genitive singular)
laterum (genitive plural)
laterī (dative singular)
lateribus (dative plural)
latus (accusative singular)
latera (accusative plural)
latere (ablative singular)
lateribus (ablative plural)
latus (singular vocative)
latera (plural vocative)

Asturian: llau

→ English: latus

Franco-Provençal: las

Old French: lez

French: lez, lès

Galician: lado; ⇒ ladrizo

Italian: lato

Portuguese: lado

Romanian: lat, latură

Sicilian: latu

Old Spanish: lado

Spanish: lado

Uncertain. Some indicate Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”) or *stelh₃- (“broad”) (in which case later would be its masculine form).


serra

serra f (genitive serrae); first declension

serrae (genitive)
serra (nominative singular)
serrae (nominative plural)
serrae (genitive singular)
serrārum (genitive plural)
serrae (dative singular)
serrīs (dative plural)
serram (accusative singular)
serrās (accusative plural)
serrā (ablative singular)
serrīs (ablative plural)
serra (singular vocative)
serrae (plural vocative)

Albanian: sharrë (disputed)

Aromanian: sharã

Asturian: serra

Basque: zerra

Catalan: serra

Galician: serra

Occitan: sèrra

Portuguese: serra

Sardinian: sera

Sicilian: serra

Spanish: sierra
→ English: sierra

According to De Vaan, from Proto-Italic *serzā, from Proto-Indo-European *sers-eh₂, from *sers- (“to cut off”), from which he also notes Schrijver's derivation of sarrio from a zero-grade of such a root.
Compare, however, Proto-Celtic *serrā (“sickle, scythe; billhook”), with a different etymology.


vir

la-noun

vir m (genitive virī); second declension

virī (genitive)
vir (nominative singular)
virī (nominative plural)
virī (genitive singular)
virōrum (genitive plural)
virō (dative singular)
virīs (dative plural)
virum (accusative singular)
virōs (accusative plural)
virō (ablative singular)
virīs (ablative plural)
vir (singular vocative)
virī (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *wiros, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós. Cognates include Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Old Prussian wijrs, Lithuanian vyras, Latvian vīrs, Old Irish fer, Old Norse verr, Ossetian ир (ir, “Ossetians”) and Old English wer (English were-).


scorpius

scorpius m (genitive scorpiī or scorpī); second declension

scorpiī (genitive)
scorpī (genitive)
scorpius (nominative singular)
scorpiī (nominative plural)
scorpiī (genitive singular)
scorpī (genitive singular)
scorpiōrum (genitive plural)
scorpiō (dative singular)
scorpiīs (dative plural)
scorpium (accusative singular)
scorpiōs (accusative plural)
scorpiō (ablative singular)
scorpiīs (ablative plural)
scorpie (singular vocative)
scorpiī (plural vocative)

See scorpiō


pello

la-verb

pellō (present infinitive pellere, perfect active pepulī, supine pulsum); third conjugation

pellō (canonical)
pellere (infinitive present)
pepulī (active perfect)
pulsum (supine)
pellō (active first-person indicative present singular)
pellis (active indicative present second-person singular)
pellit (active indicative present singular third-person)
pellimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
pellitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
pellunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
pellēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
pellēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
pellēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
pellēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
pellēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
pellēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
pellam (active first-person future indicative singular)
pellēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
pellet (active future indicative singular third-person)
pellēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
pellētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
pellent (active future indicative plural third-person)
pepulī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
pepulistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
pepulit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
pepulimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
pepulistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
pepulērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
pepulēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
pepuleram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
pepulerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
pepulerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
pepulerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
pepulerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
pepulerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
pepulerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
pepuleris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
pepulerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
pepulerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
pepuleritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
pepulerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
pellor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
pelleris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
pellere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
pellitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
pellimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
pelliminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
pelluntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
pellēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
pellēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
pellēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
pellēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
pellēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
pellēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
pellēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
pellar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
pellēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
pellēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
pellētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
pellēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
pellēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
pellentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
pellam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
pellās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
pellat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
pellāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
pellātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
pellant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
pellerem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
pellerēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
pelleret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
pellerēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
pellerētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
pellerent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
pepulerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
pepulerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
pepulerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
pepulerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
pepulerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
pepulerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
pepulissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
pepulissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
pepulisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
pepulissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
pepulissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
pepulissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
pellar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
pellāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
pellāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
pellātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
pellāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
pellāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
pellantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
pellerer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
pellerēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
pellerēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
pellerētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
pellerēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
pellerēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
pellerentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
pelle (active imperative present second-person singular)
pellite (active imperative plural present second-person)
pellitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
pellitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
pellitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
pelluntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
pellere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
pelliminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
pellitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
pellitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
pelluntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
pellere (active infinitive present)
pepulisse (active infinitive perfect)
pulsūrum esse (active future infinitive)
pellī (infinitive passive present)
pulsum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
pulsum īrī (future infinitive passive)
pellēns (active participle present)
pulsūrus (active future participle)
pulsus (participle passive perfect)
pellendus (future participle passive)
pellundus (future participle passive)
pellendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
pellendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
pellendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
pellendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
pulsum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
pulsū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

From Proto-Italic *pelnō or *pelnaō, a nasal-infix present derived from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”). See Ancient Greek πάλλω (pállō), πελεμίζω (pelemízō, “shake, cause to tremble”), ψάλλω (psállō), Latin palpō.

der

(military) to rout, put to flight, discomfit


secundus

la-adj

secundus (feminine secunda, neuter secundum, comparative secundior, superlative secundissimus); first/second-declension adjective

secunda (feminine)
secundum (neuter)
secundior (comparative)
secundissimus (superlative)
secundus (masculine nominative singular)
secunda (feminine nominative singular)
secundum (neuter nominative singular)
secundī (masculine nominative plural)
secundae (feminine nominative plural)
secunda (neuter nominative plural)
secundī (genitive masculine singular)
secundae (feminine genitive singular)
secundī (genitive neuter singular)
secundōrum (genitive masculine plural)
secundārum (feminine genitive plural)
secundōrum (genitive neuter plural)
secundō (dative masculine singular)
secundae (dative feminine singular)
secundō (dative neuter singular)
secundīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
secundum (accusative masculine singular)
secundam (accusative feminine singular)
secundum (accusative neuter singular)
secundōs (accusative masculine plural)
secundās (accusative feminine plural)
secunda (accusative neuter plural)
secundō (ablative masculine singular)
secundā (ablative feminine singular)
secundō (ablative neuter singular)
secundīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
secunde (masculine singular vocative)
secunda (feminine singular vocative)
secundum (neuter singular vocative)
secundī (masculine plural vocative)
secundae (feminine plural vocative)
secunda (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: segon, segó

English: second (borrowed)

French: second, son

Italian: secondo

Portuguese: segundo

Romanian: secund

Scots: seicont

Sicilian: sicunnu

Spanish: según, segundo

[s̠ɛˈkʊn̪d̪ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *sekʷondo- (literally “that follows”); equivalent to sequor (“to follow”) + -undus. The positive meanings "favourable, fair" come from the notion of the wind or current following you from behind.

inh

Errare, si qui in bello omnes secundos rerum proventus exspectent

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.29

If whoever expects every events in the war to be favorable, erred

(military) fortunate, lucky, victorious, successful (of battle--secundis proeliis)


manus

la-noun

manus f (genitive manūs); fourth declension

manūs (genitive)
manus (nominative singular)
manūs (nominative plural)
manūs (genitive singular)
manuum (genitive plural)
manuī (dative singular)
manibus (dative plural)
manum (accusative singular)
manūs (accusative plural)
manū (ablative singular)
manibus (ablative plural)
manus (singular vocative)
manūs (plural vocative)

q

via an assumed proto-form <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">*mana</i>

Balkan Romance: (via an assumed proto-form *mana)

Aromanian: mãnã

Istro-Romanian: măre

Megleno-Romanian: mǫnă

Romanian: mână

Dalmatian:

mun

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: manu

Gallurese: manu

Sassarese: manu

Italian: mano

Neapolitan: mana

Tarantino: mane, màne

Sicilian: manu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: manu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: man

Piedmontese: man

Romagnol: mân

Friulian: man

Istriot: man

Ladin: man

Romansch: maun

Venetian: man

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: man

Catalan: mà

Franco-Provençal: man

Old French: main (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: man
Occitan: man

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: mano

Aragonese: man

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: mano

Extremaduran: manu

Mirandese: mano

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: mão
Fala: man
Galician: man, mao
Portuguese: mão (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: mano

Spanish: mano (see there for further descendants)

Vulgar Latin: (see there for further descendants)

*mania

*manizāre

Borrowings:

→ English: manus

→ Esperanto: mano

→ Ido: manuo

→ Interlingua: mano

From Proto-Italic *manus, further etymology is disputed. Possible cognates include Proto-Germanic *mundō (> Old English mund (“hand, hand of protection, protector”), whence modern English mound), Ancient Greek μάρη (márē, “hand”) (a hapax legomenon of dubious authenticity) and Hittite [script needed] (manii̯aḫḫ-ⁱ, “to distribute, entrust”).
Proposals for further etymology include:
* a Proto-Indo-European *méh₂-r̥ ~ *mh₂-én-, from *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon, signal”), favoured by Mallory and D. Q. Adams
* a Proto-Indo-European *mon-u-, with a later change from mo- to ma- in an open syllable, possibly connected to Old Irish muin (“protection”) too, favoured by Schrijver and de Vaan (although de Vaan finds the Irish term semantically difficult).

cog

(military, nautical) grappling hooks used to snare enemy vessels


strategematicus

la-adj

stratēgēmaticus (feminine stratēgēmatica, neuter stratēgēmaticum); first/second-declension adjective

stratēgēmaticus (canonical)
stratēgēmatica (feminine)
stratēgēmaticum (neuter)
stratēgēmaticus (masculine nominative singular)
stratēgēmatica (feminine nominative singular)
stratēgēmaticum (neuter nominative singular)
stratēgēmaticī (masculine nominative plural)
stratēgēmaticae (feminine nominative plural)
stratēgēmatica (neuter nominative plural)
stratēgēmaticī (genitive masculine singular)
stratēgēmaticae (feminine genitive singular)
stratēgēmaticī (genitive neuter singular)
stratēgēmaticōrum (genitive masculine plural)
stratēgēmaticārum (feminine genitive plural)
stratēgēmaticōrum (genitive neuter plural)
stratēgēmaticō (dative masculine singular)
stratēgēmaticae (dative feminine singular)
stratēgēmaticō (dative neuter singular)
stratēgēmaticīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
stratēgēmaticum (accusative masculine singular)
stratēgēmaticam (accusative feminine singular)
stratēgēmaticum (accusative neuter singular)
stratēgēmaticōs (accusative masculine plural)
stratēgēmaticās (accusative feminine plural)
stratēgēmatica (accusative neuter plural)
stratēgēmaticō (ablative masculine singular)
stratēgēmaticā (ablative feminine singular)
stratēgēmaticō (ablative neuter singular)
stratēgēmaticīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
stratēgēmatice (masculine singular vocative)
stratēgēmatica (feminine singular vocative)
stratēgēmaticum (neuter singular vocative)
stratēgēmaticī (masculine plural vocative)
stratēgēmaticae (feminine plural vocative)
stratēgēmatica (neuter plural vocative)

[s̠t̪rät̪eːɡeːˈmät̪ɪkʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek στρᾰτήγημα (stratḗgēma, “stratagem”).

der

(military) of or pertaining to military stratagems


strategema

la-noun

stratēgēma n (genitive stratēgēmatis); third declension

stratēgēma (canonical neuter)
stratēgēmatis (genitive)
stratēgēma (nominative singular)
stratēgēmata (nominative plural)
stratēgēmatis (genitive singular)
stratēgēmatum (genitive plural)
stratēgēmatī (dative singular)
stratēgēmatibus (dative plural)
stratēgēma (accusative singular)
stratēgēmata (accusative plural)
stratēgēmate (ablative singular)
stratēgēmatibus (ablative plural)
stratēgēma (singular vocative)
stratēgēmata (plural vocative)

Catalan: estratagema

Old French: stratageme

→ Middle English: *stratageme

English: stratagem

French: stratagème

Italian: stratagemma

Portuguese: estratagema

Sicilian: strataggema

Spanish: estratagema

[s̠t̪rät̪eːˈɡeːmä]

[st̪rät̪eˈd͡ʒɛːmä]

From Ancient Greek στρατήγημα (stratḗgēma).


album

album n (genitive albī); second declension

albī (genitive)
album (nominative singular)
alba (nominative plural)
albī (genitive singular)
albōrum (genitive plural)
albō (dative singular)
albīs (dative plural)
album (accusative singular)
alba (accusative plural)
albō (ablative singular)
albīs (ablative plural)
album (singular vocative)
alba (plural vocative)

English: album

French: album

German: Album

Portuguese: álbum

Romanian: album

Russian: альбо́м m (alʹbóm)

Serbo-Croatian: album

Spanish: álbum, album

(politics) a blank tablet on which items were recorded, such as the tablet on which the edicts of the praetor were written


clavarium

clāvārium n (genitive clāvāriī or clāvārī); second declension

clāvārium (canonical neuter)
clāvāriī (genitive)
clāvārī (genitive)
clāvārium (nominative singular)
clāvāria (nominative plural)
clāvāriī (genitive singular)
clāvārī (genitive singular)
clāvāriōrum (genitive plural)
clāvāriō (dative singular)
clāvāriīs (dative plural)
clāvārium (accusative singular)
clāvāria (accusative plural)
clāvāriō (ablative singular)
clāvāriīs (ablative plural)
clāvārium (singular vocative)
clāvāria (plural vocative)

[kɫ̪äːˈu̯äːriʊ̃ˑ]

From clāvus (“nail”) + -ārium (of purpose), via *clāvārius (relating to nails).


ala

āla (canonical feminine)
ālae (genitive)
āla (nominative singular)
ālae (nominative plural)
ālae (genitive singular)
ālārum (genitive plural)
ālae (dative singular)
ālīs (dative plural)
ālam (accusative singular)
ālās (accusative plural)
ālā (ablative singular)
ālīs (ablative plural)
āla (singular vocative)
ālae (plural vocative)

Asturian: ala

Catalan: ala

Dalmatian: jal

Franco-Provençal: âla

Friulian: ale

Gallurese: ala

Italian: ala

Ligurian: âa

Occitan: ala

desctree

Old French: aile f
Middle French: aisle f, aesle; æsle
French: aile f
→ Middle English: ele
English: aisle

Old Galician-Portuguese: aa

Galician: á

Portuguese: á

Romansch: ala, ela

Sardinian: aba, ala, àua

Sassarese: ara

Sicilian: ala

Spanish: ala

Venetian: ała

→ English: ala, ali-

→ Esperanto: alo

→ Galician: ala

→ Portuguese: ala

For earlier *axla, from axis, from Proto-Italic *aksis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (“axis”).

(military) a wing (portion of an army, cavalry force (usually) deployed on an army's flank)


senator

la-noun

senātor m (genitive senātōris, feminine senātrīx); third declension

senātor (canonical masculine)
senātōris (genitive)
senātrīx (feminine)
senātor (nominative singular)
senātōrēs (nominative plural)
senātōris (genitive singular)
senātōrum (genitive plural)
senātōrī (dative singular)
senātōribus (dative plural)
senātōrem (accusative singular)
senātōrēs (accusative plural)
senātōre (ablative singular)
senātōribus (ablative plural)
senātor (singular vocative)
senātōrēs (plural vocative)

English: senator

desctree

French: sénateur
→ Romanian: senator
→ Turkish: senatör

Galician: senador

Irish: seanadóir

Italian: senatore

Middle Iranian: (As title of Roman politicians)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭀𐭍𐭕𐭅𐭓 (sʾntwr /sāntūr/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭠𐭭𐭲𐭥𐭥 (sʾntwr /sāntōr/)

Norman: sénateu

Portuguese: senador

Russian: сена́тор (senátor)

Sicilian: sinaturi

Spanish: senador

Welsh: henadur

[s̠ɛˈnäːt̪ɔr]

From senātus (“senate”) + -tor, originally from senex (“old”).

(politics) senator (a member of the Roman Senate)


opera

la-noun

opera f (genitive operae); first declension

operae (genitive)
opera (nominative singular)
operae (nominative plural)
operae (genitive singular)
operārum (genitive plural)
operae (dative singular)
operīs (dative plural)
operam (accusative singular)
operās (accusative plural)
operā (ablative singular)
operīs (ablative plural)
opera (singular vocative)
operae (plural vocative)

→? Albanian: vepër

Catalan: obra

Franco-Provençal: ôvra

Friulian: opare

Galician: obra

Italian: opera

→ Catalan: òpera

→ Dutch: opera

→ English: opera

→ French: opéra

desc

→ Arabic: أُوبِرَا (ʔūbirā)

→ Arabic: أُوبِرَا (ʔūbirā)

→ Galician: ópera

→ Portuguese: ópera

→ Romanian: operă

→ Russian: о́пера (ópera)

→ Spanish: ópera

→ Venetian: òpera, òpra, òpara

Occitan: òbra

Old French: uevre

English: ure

French: œuvre

→ Old Irish: opar

Irish: obair

Manx: obbyr

Scottish Gaelic: obair

Portuguese: obra

Rhonese: övra

Romansch: ovra

Sardinian: òbera, òpera

Sicilian: òpira

Spanish: huebra, obra

Venetian: ovra (obsolete)

Walloon: ouve

From opus, operis n (“work”), via reinterpretation of its nominative plural form as a feminine singular noun.

C. Octāvius pater a prīncipiō aetātis et rē et existimātiōne magnā fuit, ut equidem mīrer hunc quoque ā nōnnūllīs argentārium atque etiam inter dīvīsōrēs operāsque campestrēs prōditum; amplīs enim innūtrītus opibus honōrēs et adeptus est facile et ēgregiē administrāvit.

c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum 2 3.period1

The father Gaius Octavius was from the beginning of his age of great wealth as well as reputation, so that I wonder that he too is alleged by some to have been a money-changer and even among the electoral bribe distributors and aiders in the Campus Martius; for, brought up with ample riches, he obtained honours with ease as well as administering them excellently.

(derogatory, politics) hired aider, tool, rowdy

day labourer, farmhand
hired aider, tool, rowdy


glans

la-noun

glāns f (genitive glandis); third declension

glāns (canonical feminine)
glandis (genitive)
glāns (nominative singular)
glandēs (nominative plural)
glandis (genitive singular)
glandum (genitive plural)
glandī (dative singular)
glandibus (dative plural)
glandem (accusative singular)
glandēs (accusative plural)
glande (ablative singular)
glandibus (ablative plural)
glāns (singular vocative)
glandēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: gljindã

Romanian: ghindă

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ghianda, ajjanna (Reati)

Sicilian: ghianna

Calabrian: aghianda

Padanian:

Friulian: gland, glant

Ladin: gian

Piedmontese: giand, agian, gianda

desc

Romansch: glogn, glonda, galonda, glanda

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: glland, agllan, allan, llan

Valdôtain: llande, llan

Old French: glant, glande

French: gland, glande

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: glan

Belsetán: lan

Ribagorçan: llan

Old Catalan: glan, aglan

Catalan: gla, aglá

Old Occitan: glan, aglan

Occitan: agland (silent ⟨d⟩)

Gascon: gland

Vivaro-Alpine: gland, alhand

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llande

Portuguese: lande

Spanish: lande (Álava), llande (regional?)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: landi

Logudorese: lande, landa

Nuorese: grande, lande, lanne

Vulgar Latin: glandinis

Neapolitan: ghialne (Andria)

Piedmontese: giandr

Sardinian: landiri (Campidanese)

Spanish: landre

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: gland

→ English: gland, glans

→ French: glande

→ Galician: glande

→ Italian: glande

→ Portuguese: glande

→ Romanian: gland

→ Russian: гла́нды (glándy)

→ Spanish: glande

From Proto-Italic *glānts, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₂- (“acorn”).

(weaponry) an acorn-shaped ball of lead or clay, hurled at the enemy

(transferred sense)
(New Latin, firearms) a bullet


imperium

la-noun

imperium n (genitive imperiī or imperī); second declension

imperiī (genitive)
imperī (genitive)
imperium (nominative singular)
imperia (nominative plural)
imperiī (genitive singular)
imperī (genitive singular)
imperiōrum (genitive plural)
imperiō (dative singular)
imperiīs (dative plural)
imperium (accusative singular)
imperia (accusative plural)
imperiō (ablative singular)
imperiīs (ablative plural)
imperium (singular vocative)
imperia (plural vocative)

Asturian: imperiu

Friulian: imperi

German: Imperium

Italian: imperio, impero

Old Catalan: emperi

Catalan: imperi

Occitan: empèri

Old French:

→ English: empire, empery, imperium

French: empire

→ Old Irish: impere, impire

Irish: impire

Scottish Gaelic: ìmpire

Old Galician-Portuguese: emperio

Portuguese: império

Piedmontese: imperi

Romanian: imperiu

desctree

→ Russian: импе́рия (impérija), импе́рія (impérija) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Kazakh: империя (imperiä)
→ Hebrew: אימפריה
→ Turkmen: imperiýa
→ Uzbek: imperiya
→ Yiddish: אימפּעריע (imperye)

Sicilian: mpiru

Spanish: imperio

→ Tagalog: imperyo

Venetian: inpero

[ɪmˈpɛriʊ̃ˑ]

From imperō (“command, order”) + -ium, from im- (form of in) + parō (“prepare, arrange; intend”).

Q. Fuluio Ap. Claudio, prioris anni consulibus, prorogatum imperium est atque exercitus quos habebant decreti, adiectumque ne a Capua quam obsidebant abscederent priusquam expugnassent.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1

The military authority of Quintus Fulvius and Appius Claudius, consuls of the previous year, was extended and the armies which they had were decided upon, and it was added as a proviso that they should not withdraw from Capua, which they were besieging, until they conquered it.

(military) Military authority, the command (of an army).


discipulus

la-noun

discipulus m (genitive discipulī); second declension

discipulī (genitive)
discipulus (nominative singular)
discipulī (nominative plural)
discipulī (genitive singular)
discipulōrum (genitive plural)
discipulō (dative singular)
discipulīs (dative plural)
discipulum (accusative singular)
discipulōs (accusative plural)
discipulō (ablative singular)
discipulīs (ablative plural)
discipule (singular vocative)
discipulī (plural vocative)

English: disciple

Catalan: deixeble

French: disciple

Old Irish: deiscipul

Irish: deisceabal

Scottish Gaelic: deisciobal

Italian: discepolo

Norman: discipl'ye (Jersey)

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: sêpolo, decipolo, discipulo

Portuguese: discípulo

Romanian: discipol

Spanish: discípulo

Welsh: disgybl

[d̪ɪs̠ˈkɪpʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From dis- + Proto-Italic *kapelos (“one who takes”) corresponding to *dwiskapelos, from *kapiō (“take”) (whence capiō). Sense influenced by the unrelated verb discō (“learn”).

(military) cadet (student in a military school or state program)


habena

la-noun

habēna f (genitive habēnae); first declension

habēna (canonical feminine)
habēnae (genitive)
habēna (nominative singular)
habēnae (nominative plural)
habēnae (genitive singular)
habēnārum (genitive plural)
habēnae (dative singular)
habēnīs (dative plural)
habēnam (accusative singular)
habēnās (accusative plural)
habēnā (ablative singular)
habēnīs (ablative plural)
habēna (singular vocative)
habēnae (plural vocative)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *aβuɨn (see there for further descendants)


miles

mīles m or f (genitive mīlitis); third declension

mīles (canonical feminine masculine)
mīlitis (genitive)
mīles (nominative singular)
mīlitēs (nominative plural)
mīlitis (genitive singular)
mīlitum (genitive plural)
mīlitī (dative singular)
mīlitibus (dative plural)
mīlitem (accusative singular)
mīlitēs (accusative plural)
mīlite (ablative singular)
mīlitibus (ablative plural)
mīles (singular vocative)
mīlitēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: milite

→ Piedmontese: mìlit

→ Portuguese: mílite

Romanian: mire (uncertain)

→ Spanish: mílite

→ Welsh: milwr

Unknown. Possibly of Etruscan origin. The suffix seems similar to that of pedes, eques, veles, comes, but the origin of mīl- is opaque. A connection to mīlia (“thousands”), perhaps as "person going by the thousand(s)", is difficult to confidently motivate semantically.

mīles gregārius


certo

la-verb

certō (present infinitive certāre, perfect active certāvī, supine certātum); first conjugation

certō (canonical)
certāre (infinitive present)
certāvī (active perfect)
certātum (supine)
certō (active first-person indicative present singular)
certās (active indicative present second-person singular)
certat (active indicative present singular third-person)
certāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
certātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
certant (active indicative plural present third-person)
certābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
certābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
certābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
certābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
certābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
certābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
certābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
certābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
certābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
certābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
certābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
certābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
certāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
certāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
certāstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
certāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
certāt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
certāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
certāmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
certāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
certāstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
certāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
certāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
certārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
certāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
certāram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
certāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
certārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
certāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
certārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
certāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
certārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
certāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
certārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
certāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
certārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
certāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
certārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
certāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
certāris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
certāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
certārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
certāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
certārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
certāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
certāritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
certāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
certārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
certor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
certāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
certāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
certātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
certāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
certāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
certantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
certābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
certābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
certābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
certābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
certābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
certābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
certābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
certābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
certāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
certābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
certābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
certābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
certābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
certābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
certem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
certēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
certet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
certēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
certētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
certent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
certārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
certārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
certārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
certārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
certāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
certārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
certāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
certāssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
certāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certāssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certāsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
certāssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
certāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certāssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certāssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
certēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
certēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
certētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
certēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
certēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
certentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
certārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
certārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
certārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
certārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
certārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
certārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
certārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
certā (active imperative present second-person singular)
certāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
certātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
certātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
certātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
certantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
certāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
certāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
certātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
certātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
certantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
certāre (active infinitive present)
certāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
certāsse (active infinitive perfect)
certātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
certārī (infinitive passive present)
certārier (infinitive passive present)
certātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
certātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
certāns (active participle present)
certātūrus (active future participle)
certātus (participle passive perfect)
certandus (future participle passive)
certandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
certandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
certandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
certandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
certātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
certātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Albanian: qërtoj

Aromanian: ntsertu, ntsirtari

Italian: certare

Portuguese: certar

Romanian: certa, certare

Sardinian: chertare, certari, certai


ordo

la-noun

ōrdō m (genitive ōrdinis); third declension

ōrdō (canonical masculine)
ōrdinis (genitive)
ōrdō (nominative singular)
ōrdinēs (nominative plural)
ōrdinis (genitive singular)
ōrdinum (genitive plural)
ōrdinī (dative singular)
ōrdinibus (dative plural)
ōrdinem (accusative singular)
ōrdinēs (accusative plural)
ōrdine (ablative singular)
ōrdinibus (ablative plural)
ōrdō (singular vocative)
ōrdinēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: urdin

Romanian: ordin, ordine

Padanian:

Friulian: ordin

Piedmontese: ordo

Romansch: urden, uorden

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: ordine, ordini

Dalmatian: jorden

Neapolitan: ordine, urdine

Sicilian: ùrdini, òrdini

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ordre

French: orne

Occitan: òrde

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: orde

Old Galician-Portuguese: orden, ordin

Galician: orde, engorde

Portuguese: ordem

Spanish: orden

Sardinian:

Campidanese: òrdini, òldini

Logudorese: òrdine, òldine

Borrowed:

→ Albanian: urdhër

→ Breton: urzh

desc

→ Bulgarian: орден (orden), ордер (order)

→ Danish: orden, ordning, ordre

→ Dutch: orde, order

→ Indonesian: orde

→ English: ordo

→ Esperanto: ordeno, ordino, ordo, ordono

Ido: ordeno, ordino, ordo

→ French: ordo

→ German: Orden, Order, ordern, Ordnung, Ordo

→ Hunsrik: Orde

→ Indonesian: ordo

→ Interlingua: ordine

→ Irish: ord

→ Italian: ordine

→ Norwegian: orden, ordning, ordre

→ Old French: ordre, ordne, ordene

Middle French: ordre

French: ordre

→ Middle English: ordre

English: order

→ Polish: order, ordynek

→ Russian: орден (orden), ордер (order)

→ Scottish Gaelic: òrdaich, òrdugh

→ Swahili: oda

→ Swedish: orden, order, ordning

→ Ukrainian: орден (orden), ордер (order)

→ Welsh: urdd

From Proto-Italic *ordō (“row, order”); the initial ō- is a secondary development. Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂or-dʰ-Hō, from *h₂er- (“to fit together”), whence artus.

(military) A rank or line of soldiers; band, troop, company

(military) command, captaincy, generalship


missio

la-noun

missiō f (genitive missiōnis); third declension

missiō (canonical feminine)
missiōnis (genitive)
missiō (nominative singular)
missiōnēs (nominative plural)
missiōnis (genitive singular)
missiōnum (genitive plural)
missiōnī (dative singular)
missiōnibus (dative plural)
missiōnem (accusative singular)
missiōnēs (accusative plural)
missiōne (ablative singular)
missiōnibus (ablative plural)
missiō (singular vocative)
missiōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: messió, → missió

→ English: mission

desctree

French: mission
→ Romanian: misiune
→ Turkish: misyon

German: Mission

Italian: missione

→ Polish: misja

Portuguese: missão

→ Russian: миссия (missija)

Spanish: misión

[…] dum ne quem militem legeret ex eo numero quibus senatus missionem reditumque in patriam negasset ante belli finem.

[…] provided he did not choose any soldier from those to whom the Senate had refused discharge and a return home before the end of the war


pars

la-noun

pars f (genitive partis); third declension

partis (genitive)
pars (nominative singular)
partēs (nominative plural)
partis (genitive singular)
partium (genitive plural)
partī (dative singular)
partibus (dative plural)
partem (accusative singular)
partim (accusative singular)
partēs (accusative plural)
partīs (accusative plural)
parte (ablative singular)
partī (ablative singular)
partibus (ablative plural)
pars (singular vocative)
partēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: parti, parte

Catalan: part

Dalmatian: puart

Old French: part

French: part

→ English: part (partly; also from Old English)

i

from the Old French plural <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">pars</i>

→ English: parse (from the Old French plural pars)

Friulian: part

Galician: parte

Irish: páirt

Italian: parte

Ladin: part, pert

Megleno-Romanian: parti

Occitan: part

Portuguese: parte

Romanian: parte

Romansch: part

Sardinian: parti, parte, palte

Sicilian: parti

Spanish: parte

Swedish: part

Venetian: part, parte

→ Dutch: part

→⇒ English: pars recta

→ Old English: part

English: part (partly; also from Old French)

→ Welsh: parth

From Proto-Italic *partis > parts > pars.
Probably from the same root as pār and portiō. This could be the Proto-Indo-European root *perH- or *per- (“sell, exchange”), which also gave the Ancient Greek πόρνη (pórnē, “prostitute”), and πέρνημι (pérnēmi, “sell”).
Others refer to (the perhaps identical) Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to pass through”), whence Latin porta, portus, parō, pariō, perīculum, experior, Ancient Greek πέρα (péra), πείρω (peírō), πόρος (póros), Proto-Germanic *faraną (“to go, to travel”) and *fērō (“danger”), whence English fare and fear, German fahren and Gefahr.
While keeping the separate root Proto-Indo-European *sperH-, that could also explain Latin parcus, parcō, Ancient Greek σπαρνός (sparnós), English spare.

cog

(politics, usually in the plural) a party


protector

la-noun

prōtēctor m (genitive prōtēctōris); third declension

prōtēctor (canonical masculine)
prōtēctōris (genitive)
prōtēctor (nominative singular)
prōtēctōrēs (nominative plural)
prōtēctōris (genitive singular)
prōtēctōrum (genitive plural)
prōtēctōrī (dative singular)
prōtēctōribus (dative plural)
prōtēctōrem (accusative singular)
prōtēctōrēs (accusative plural)
prōtēctōre (ablative singular)
prōtēctōribus (ablative plural)
prōtēctor (singular vocative)
prōtēctōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: protector

→ Danish: protektor

→ Dutch: protector

French: protecteur

Galician: protector

Italian: protettore

Portuguese: protetor

Romanian: protector

→ Russian: протектор (protektor)

Spanish: protector

→ Swedish: protektor

From prōtegō (“protect, defend”) + -tor (agent noun suffix).

af

(politics) a high-ranking honorary title in the Roman Dominate, originally a bodyguard of the emperor


scorpio

la-noun

scorpiō m (genitive scorpiōnis); third declension

scorpiō (canonical masculine)
scorpiōnis (genitive)
scorpiō (nominative singular)
scorpiōnēs (nominative plural)
scorpiōnis (genitive singular)
scorpiōnum (genitive plural)
scorpiōnī (dative singular)
scorpiōnibus (dative plural)
scorpiōnem (accusative singular)
scorpiōnēs (accusative plural)
scorpiōne (ablative singular)
scorpiōnibus (ablative plural)
scorpiō (singular vocative)
scorpiōnēs (plural vocative)

→? Albanian: shkrap

Catalan: escorpí

Old French: scorpion

French: scorpion

→ Middle Dutch: scorpioen

Dutch: schorpioen

→ English: scorpion

→ Welsh: sgorpion

→ German: Skorpion

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌾𐍉 (skaurpjō)

→ Middle Irish: scoirp

Irish: scairp

Italian: scorpione

>? Italian: sgorbio

→ Middle Low German: schorpie

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skorpion

Portuguese: escorpião

Romanian: scorpion

Romansch: scorpiun

→ Russian: скорпио́н m (skorpión)

Sicilian: scurpiuni

Spanish: escorpión

scorpione ab latere dextro traiectus exanimatusque concidit

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.25

He was pierced and killed on the right side by a scorpion and fell


musculus

mūsculus m (genitive mūsculī); second declension

mūsculus (canonical masculine)
mūsculī (genitive)
mūsculus (nominative singular)
mūsculī (nominative plural)
mūsculī (genitive singular)
mūsculōrum (genitive plural)
mūsculō (dative singular)
mūsculīs (dative plural)
mūsculum (accusative singular)
mūsculōs (accusative plural)
mūsculō (ablative singular)
mūsculīs (ablative plural)
mūscule (singular vocative)
mūsculī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: musclo, muscllo

Aromanian: mushclju

Asturian: muslu

Catalan: muscle, musclo

Corsican: musculu

Italian: muscolo

Occitan: muscle

desctree

Old French: moule, moucle, moulle, mouscle
French: moule
→ Middle Dutch: mosscele
Dutch: mossel

Romanian: mușchi

Spanish: muslo

→ Albanian: muskul, mushk

→ Catalan: múscul

→ Danish: muskel

→ English: musculus (learned)

→ Middle French: muscle
French: muscle
→ Middle English: muscle
English: muscle

→ Friulian: muscul

→ Galician: músculo

→ German: Muskel

→ Proto-West Germanic: *muskulā (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: músculo

→ Romansch: muscul, muscal, muscla

→ Russian: мускул (muskul)

→ Sardinian: musculu

→ Spanish: músculo

→ Swedish: muskel

[ˈmuːs̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From mūs (“a mouse”) + -culus (diminutive suffix), literally “little mouse”. The “muscle” sense is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “mouse; muscle”).

semantic loan

(transferred sense)
(military) a shed, mantelet, shielding


testudo

la-noun

testūdō f (genitive testūdinis); third declension

testūdō (canonical feminine)
testūdinis (genitive)
testūdō (nominative singular)
testūdinēs (nominative plural)
testūdinis (genitive singular)
testūdinum (genitive plural)
testūdinī (dative singular)
testūdinibus (dative plural)
testūdinem (accusative singular)
testūdinēs (accusative plural)
testūdine (ablative singular)
testūdinibus (ablative plural)
testūdō (singular vocative)
testūdinēs (plural vocative)

Italian: testuggine

Neapolitan: stuscene

→ English: testudo

→ Esperanto: testudo

→ French: testudo

→ Spanish: testudo

[t̪ɛs̠ˈt̪uːd̪oː]

From testa (“fragment of earthenware; shell or covering”).

(by extension, military) covering, shed, shelter


cedo

la-verb

cēdō (present infinitive cēdere, perfect active cessī, supine cessum); third conjugation

cēdō (canonical)
cēdere (infinitive present)
cessī (active perfect)
cessum (supine)
cēdō (active first-person indicative present singular)
cēdis (active indicative present second-person singular)
cēdit (active indicative present singular third-person)
cēdimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
cēditis (active indicative plural present second-person)
cēdunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
cēdēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
cēdēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
cēdēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
cēdēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
cēdēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
cēdēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
cēdam (active first-person future indicative singular)
cēdēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
cēdet (active future indicative singular third-person)
cēdēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
cēdētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
cēdent (active future indicative plural third-person)
cessī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
cessistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
cessit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
cessimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
cessistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
cessērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
cessēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
cesseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
cesserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
cesserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
cesserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
cesserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
cesserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
cesserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
cesseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
cesserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
cesserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
cesseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
cesserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
cēdor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
cēderis (indicative passive present second-person singular)
cēdere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
cēditur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
cēdimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
cēdiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
cēduntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
cēdēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
cēdēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
cēdēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
cēdēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
cēdēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
cēdēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
cēdēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
cēdar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
cēdēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
cēdēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
cēdētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
cēdēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
cēdēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
cēdentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
cēdam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
cēdās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
cēdat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
cēdāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
cēdātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
cēdant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
cēderem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
cēderēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cēderet (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cēderēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
cēderētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cēderent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cesserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
cesserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cesserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cesserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
cesserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cesserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cessissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
cessissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cessisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cessissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
cessissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cessissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cēdar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
cēdāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
cēdāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
cēdātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
cēdāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
cēdāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
cēdantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
cēderer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
cēderēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
cēderēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
cēderētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
cēderēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
cēderēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
cēderentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
cēde (active imperative present second-person singular)
cēdite (active imperative plural present second-person)
cēditō (active future imperative second-person singular)
cēditō (active future imperative singular third-person)
cēditōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
cēduntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
cēdere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
cēdiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
cēditor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
cēditor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
cēduntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
cēdere (active infinitive present)
cessisse (active infinitive perfect)
cessūrum esse (active future infinitive)
cēdī (infinitive passive present)
cessum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
cessum īrī (future infinitive passive)
cēdēns (active participle present)
cessūrus (active future participle)
cessus (participle passive perfect)
cēdendus (future participle passive)
cēdundus (future participle passive)
cēdendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
cēdendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
cēdendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
cēdendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
cessum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
cessū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ Catalan: cedir

→ Dutch: cederen

→ English: cede

→ French: céder

→ Romanian: ceda

→ Galician: ceder

→ Italian: cedere

→ Dalmatian: čedur

→ Portuguese: ceder

→ Sicilian: cèdiri

→ Spanish: ceder

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Italic *kezdō, further derivation disputed.
* Perhaps it is from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyesdʰ- (“to drive away; to go away”). Cognates include Sanskrit सेधति (sedhati, “to drive, chase away”) and Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “will chase away”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćyazd-, *ćižd-.
* Others derive it from *ḱe (“this, here”) + *sed- (“to sit down”). For the semantic development "to sit down" > "to go and sit" > "to go" compare the cognates English set out, Sanskrit उपसीदति (upasīdati, “to approach”), and Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodós, “road”).
* Others derive the ending from -dō (“to put”).

m+

(intransitive) to withdraw, depart, retire, go away from, yield

(intransitive, military) to withdraw, fall back, give up one's post, yield


domus

la-noun

domus f (irregular, variously declined, genitive domūs or domī); fourth declension, second declension

domūs (genitive)
domī (genitive)
domus (nominative singular)
domūs (nominative plural)
domūs (genitive singular)
domī (genitive singular)
domuum (genitive plural)
domōrum (genitive plural)
domuī (dative singular)
domō (dative singular)
domū (dative singular)
domibus (dative plural)
domum (accusative singular)
domūs (accusative plural)
domōs (accusative plural)
domū (ablative singular)
domō (ablative singular)
domibus (ablative plural)
domus (singular vocative)
domūs (plural vocative)
domī (locative singular)
domibus (locative plural)

Italian: duomo (“cathedral”)

→ Middle French: dome

French: dôme (“cathedral”)

→? Piedmontese: dòm, dom

→? Portuguese: domo

Old French: dom (rare)

Venetian: domo

Sardinian: domu, domo, dommu

Sicilian: domu

q

→ Proto-West Germanic: *dōm (see there for further descendants; some were later influenced by French)

For Proto-Italic *domos, from Proto-Indo-European *dṓm (“house, home”), from root *dem- (“to build”). Cognates include Ancient Greek δόμος (dómos), Albanian dhomë (“a chamber, a room”), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬨- (dam-) Sanskrit दम (dáma), Proto-Slavic *domъ and further to English timber. At least indirectly cognate to Latin dominus.
The feminine gender is probably due to the original root noun; attempts to transfer it to the 4th declension are due to 2nd declension feminines being unusual outside of tree names. Some manuscripts of Plautus show forms in dem-; De Vaan (2008) doubts their authenticity.

domī habeō

I have at home, I have in abundance, I am provided with

domum

home, homewards, to the house; adverbial form

domō

from home, out of the house; at home, in the house; adverbial form

extrā domum

placed outside of the house; refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery

prō domō

for one’s own home or house; serving the interests of a given perspective or for the benefit of a given group

household, family (the dependants of the head of a house)


tiro

la-noun

tīrō m (genitive tīrōnis); third declension

tīrō (canonical masculine)
tīrōnis (genitive)
tīrō (nominative singular)
tīrōnēs (nominative plural)
tīrōnis (genitive singular)
tīrōnum (genitive plural)
tīrōnī (dative singular)
tīrōnibus (dative plural)
tīrōnem (accusative singular)
tīrōnēs (accusative plural)
tīrōne (ablative singular)
tīrōnibus (ablative plural)
tīrō (singular vocative)
tīrōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: tiró (learned)

→ Italian: tirone (learned)


cervus

cervus m (genitive cervī); second declension

cervī (genitive)
cervus (nominative singular)
cervī (nominative plural)
cervī (genitive singular)
cervōrum (genitive plural)
cervō (dative singular)
cervīs (dative plural)
cervum (accusative singular)
cervōs (accusative plural)
cervō (ablative singular)
cervīs (ablative plural)
cerve (singular vocative)
cervī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tserbu

Megleno-Romanian: țerb

Romanian: cerb

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: çervo

Lombard: cèrf

Venetian: cervo

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: cèrf

Old French: cerf

French: cerf

Picard: cherfe

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: cervo

Catalan: cervo

Old Occitan:

Occitan: cèrvi

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cierf

Ladin: cerf

Romansch: tschierv

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: ciervu

Old Galician-Portuguese: cervo

Galician: cervo

Portuguese: cervo

Old Spanish:

Spanish: ciervo

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: cervu

Gallurese: celvu

Italian: cervo

Sassarese: zèivu

Sicilian: cervu

Sardinian:

Campidanese: cerbu

Logudorese: chervu

Nuorese: chervu

Borrowings:

→ Dutch: cerviduct

→ Esperanto: cervo

From Proto-Italic *kerwos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂wós, from *ḱerh₂- (“horn”) (whence English horn, hirn, Latin cornū (“horn”)) + *-wós (whence Latin -vus).
Cognate with Welsh carw (“deer”), Greek κεραός (keraós, “horned”). The first-syllable e was likely taken from the PIE root noun *ḱerh₂s (“horn”) (itself eventually lost in Latin), while the shift in meaning from 'horned' to 'deer' may be common Italo-Celtic.


ductus

ductus m (genitive ductūs); fourth declension

ductūs (genitive)
ductus (nominative singular)
ductūs (nominative plural)
ductūs (genitive singular)
ductuum (genitive plural)
ductuī (dative singular)
ductibus (dative plural)
ductum (accusative singular)
ductūs (accusative plural)
ductū (ablative singular)
ductibus (ablative plural)
ductus (singular vocative)
ductūs (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: duq

Catalan: dut, duit (archaic)

→ English: duct, ductus

⇒ Esperanto: dukto

Italian: dotto

Old French: duit

→ Portuguese: ducto, duto (Brazil)

→ Romanian: duct

Spanish: ducto

⇒ Welsh: dwythell

From dūcō (“to lead, conduct, draw”) + -tus (action noun suffix).

af

[ˈd̪ʊkt̪ʊs̠]

(military) generalship, military lead, conduct, command


carpo

la-verb

carpō (present infinitive carpere, perfect active carpsī, supine carptum); third conjugation

carpō (canonical)
carpere (infinitive present)
carpsī (active perfect)
carptum (supine)
carpō (active first-person indicative present singular)
carpis (active indicative present second-person singular)
carpit (active indicative present singular third-person)
carpimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
carpitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
carpunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
carpēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
carpēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
carpēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
carpēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
carpēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
carpēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
carpam (active first-person future indicative singular)
carpēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
carpet (active future indicative singular third-person)
carpēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
carpētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
carpent (active future indicative plural third-person)
carpsī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
carpsistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
carpsit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
carpsimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
carpsistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
carpsērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
carpsēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
carpseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
carpserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
carpserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
carpserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
carpserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
carpserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
carpserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
carpseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
carpserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
carpserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
carpseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
carpserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
carpor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
carperis (indicative passive present second-person singular)
carpere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
carpitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
carpimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
carpiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
carpuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
carpēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
carpēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
carpēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
carpēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
carpēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
carpēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
carpēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
carpar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
carpēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
carpēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
carpētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
carpēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
carpēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
carpentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
carpam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
carpās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
carpat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
carpāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
carpātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
carpant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
carperem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
carperēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
carperet (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
carperēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
carperētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
carperent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
carpserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
carpserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
carpserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
carpserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
carpserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
carpserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
carpsissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
carpsissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
carpsisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
carpsissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
carpsissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
carpsissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
carpar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
carpāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
carpāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
carpātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
carpāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
carpāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
carpantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
carperer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
carperēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
carperēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
carperētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
carperēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
carperēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
carperentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
carpe (active imperative present second-person singular)
carpite (active imperative plural present second-person)
carpitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
carpitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
carpitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
carpuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
carpere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
carpiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
carpitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
carpitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
carpuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
carpere (active infinitive present)
carpsisse (active infinitive perfect)
carptūrum esse (active future infinitive)
carpī (infinitive passive present)
carptum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
carptum īrī (future infinitive passive)
carpēns (active participle present)
carptūrus (active future participle)
carptus (participle passive perfect)
carpendus (future participle passive)
carpundus (future participle passive)
carpendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
carpendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
carpendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
carpendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
carptum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
carptū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Catalan: carpir-se

English: excerpt

Galician: carpir

Italian: carpare, carpire

Old French: charpir, carpir

French: charpir

Old Galician-Portuguese: carpir

Portuguese: carpir

Spanish: carpir

From Proto-Italic *karpō, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp-.
Compare Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”) and κείρω (keírō, “to cut off”), English harvest, sharp, shear.

Relinquēbātur Caesarī nihil, nisi utī equitātū agmen adversāriōrum male habēret et carperet.

c. 48 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Civili 1.63

No option remained to Cesar, other than annoying and harassing the enemy army with the cavalry.


falx

la-noun

falx f (genitive falcis); third declension

falcis (genitive)
falx (nominative singular)
falcēs (nominative plural)
falcis (genitive singular)
falcium (genitive plural)
falcī (dative singular)
falcibus (dative plural)
falcem (accusative singular)
falcēs (accusative plural)
falcīs (accusative plural)
falce (ablative singular)
falcibus (ablative plural)
falx (singular vocative)
falcēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: falz

Aromanian: falcã, falche

Old Leonese: foce, fouce

Asturian: foz, fouz, foiz, ḥoce, ḥoz

Leonese: fouz

Mirandese: fouce

Catalan: falç

Emilian: fèlz

→ English: falx

Fala: foici

Franco-Provençal: folx

Friulian: fals

Italian: falce

Ladin: fauc

Lombard: falc, folcc

Neapolitan: falcè

Old French: fauz

French: faux

Karipúna Creole French: fos

Picard: feuque

Walloon: foque (obsolete)

Old Occitan: fals

Occitan: falç, fauç, haus, fâ

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: fouce
Fala: foici, fueici
Galician: fouce
Portuguese: foice, fouce (dated or dialectal)

Romanian: falcă, falce

Romansch: faulsch

desc

Sardinian: falche, falle, farche, farci, frache, fraci

Sicilian: fauci

Spanish: hoz

Venetian: falẑ

>? Vulgar Latin: falcina

→ Albanian: felqinë

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg- (“to sting; needle”), whence also Proto-Celtic *delgos (“needle; pin”), Proto-Germanic *dalkaz (“pin, brooch; dagger”), Lithuanian dilgùs (“stinging, burning”), dilgėlė̃, dìlgė f (“nettle”), dìlgti, dìlgstu (“to be stung by nettles”), dal̃gis (“scythe”). Both the -a- and the -c- are unexpected, which might suggest a borrowing from a neighbouring Indo-European language of Italy.

cog

(military) a hook used to pull down walls


pellis

la-noun

pellis f (genitive pellis); third declension

pellis (genitive)
pellis (nominative singular)
pellēs (nominative plural)
pellis (genitive singular)
pellium (genitive plural)
pellī (dative singular)
pellibus (dative plural)
pellem (accusative singular)
pellēs (accusative plural)
pellīs (accusative plural)
pelle (ablative singular)
pellibus (ablative plural)
pellis (singular vocative)
pellēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheali

Romanian: piele

Dalmatian:

pial

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pelle

Sicilian: peddi

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pedde, peddi (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Friulian: piel

Romagnol: pël

Romansch: pel

Venetian: pełe

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pél

desctree

Old French: pel
Bourguignon: peâ
Middle French: peau
French: peau

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: pell

Occitan: pèl

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: piel

Old Galician-Portuguese: pele

Portuguese: pele

Spanish: piel

Borrowings:

→ English: pell

→ Old Irish: pell

Irish: peall

Scottish Gaelic: peall

→ Old Norse: pilz

Icelandic: pils

Norwegian Bokmål: pels

Norwegian Nynorsk: pels

From Proto-Italic *pelnis, from Proto-Indo-European *pel-ni-s (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”), from *pel- (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέλμᾰ (pélma, “sole of the foot”), Old English fell (“fell, skin, hide; garment of skin”).

cog

(military) a tent for soldiers (because it was covered with skins)


cuneus

la-noun

cuneus m (genitive cuneī); second declension

cuneī (genitive)
cuneus (nominative singular)
cuneī (nominative plural)
cuneī (genitive singular)
cuneōrum (genitive plural)
cuneō (dative singular)
cuneīs (dative plural)
cuneum (accusative singular)
cuneōs (accusative plural)
cuneō (ablative singular)
cuneīs (ablative plural)
cunee (singular vocative)
cuneī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cunj, cunjiu

Romanian: cui

Italo-Romance:

Italian: conio

Neapolitan: cogno

Sicilian: cugnu

Padanian:

Emilian: cògn

Ladin: cogn

Friulian: cugn

Ligurian: cun-gno, cun-ni, cuin

Lombard: cugn, cugne, cuni ⇒ cugneul, chigneul, qignœl

Ossolano: ciugn

Piedmontese: cugn, cun-i, cuin-i

Venetian: cogn

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: couen, cugno, cugne

Old French: coin, coigne

French: coin

→ Irish: cúinne

desctree

→ Middle English: coyn, coign, coigne, coin, coygne, coyne, cune, koyne, kuyne, quyne
English: coin, quoin, coign
→ Japanese: コイン (koin)
Scots: cuinyie, cunzie

→ Scottish Gaelic: cùinn

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: cuny

Occitan: cunh, conh, cuenh

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: cuño, cruño

Portuguese: cunho

Spanish: cuño

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cunea

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: cunna, cuna

Galician: cuña

Portuguese: cunha

Spanish: cuña

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: kunj

→ English: cuneus

→ Italian: cuneo

→ Portuguese: cúneo

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kün

Middle Welsh: kyn

Welsh: cŷn

Uncertain root, apparently with the suffix -eus. Various problematic comparisons to either Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) or *ḱúH- (“spike; sting”) (compare Latin culex (“mosquito”), Avestan 𐬯𐬏𐬐𐬁 (sūkā, “needle”), Sanskrit शूक (śūka, “spike, bristle; sting (of an insect)”), शूल (śūla, “spear; stake”) etc.) have been unfruitful; a long vowel (*cūneus) would be expected in the latter case, and the morphology of the -n-eus suffix remains opaque. One possibility is that cuneus is a borrowing from Ancient Greek γώνιος (gṓnios, “corner, angle”) via an Etruscan intermediate which could explain the devoicing.

der

(military) troops arrayed in a wedge formation


cippus

la-noun

cippus m (genitive cippī); second declension

cippī (genitive)
cippus (nominative singular)
cippī (nominative plural)
cippī (genitive singular)
cippōrum (genitive plural)
cippō (dative singular)
cippīs (dative plural)
cippum (accusative singular)
cippōs (accusative plural)
cippō (ablative singular)
cippīs (ablative plural)
cippe (singular vocative)
cippī (plural vocative)

Catalan: cep

French: cippe, cep, cèpe, sep

→ English: cepe, cep

Galician: cepo, cepa

Italian: cippo, ceppo

Occitan: cep

Portuguese: cipo, cepo

Romanian: cep

Sicilian: cippu

Spanish: cipo, cepo

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kɨf

Middle Breton: queff

Middle Welsh: kyff

→ Welsh: cyff

→ Middle Irish: cepp

Irish: ceap

→ Old High German: kipfa, chipf

German: Kipfl

→ English: kipfel

→ German: Kippe

Seemingly from a Proto-Italic *keipos (where Latin cīpus would be the older form), likely related to scīpiō, of unclear further origin. Some offer connection with Ancient Greek σκήπτω (skḗptō), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₂p- (“rod, shaft, staff, club”), whence also Latin scāpus and English shaft, but this is problematic and certainly cannot account for the form with long ī. Others, such as de Vaan, prefer to derive the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱéypos (“pole, stick”), connecting it to Sanskrit शेप (śepa, “penis, tail”). Furthermore, the irregular alternation between the form with short ĭ and geminate pp versus that with long ī with singular p could indicate contamination from another Italic dialect or borrowing from a substrate language; however, this may be a normal Latin sound law seen also in littera from lītera.

inh

(military, in the plural) bulwark of sharpened stakes


moles

la-noun

mōlēs f (genitive mōlis); third declension

mōlēs (canonical feminine)
mōlis (genitive)
mōlēs (nominative singular)
mōlēs (nominative plural)
mōlis (genitive singular)
mōlium (genitive plural)
mōlī (dative singular)
mōlibus (dative plural)
mōlem (accusative singular)
mōlēs (accusative plural)
mōlīs (accusative plural)
mōle (ablative singular)
mōlibus (ablative plural)
mōlēs (singular vocative)
mōlēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: mola, moll (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: μόλος (mólos)

desctree

→ Italian: molo
→ Danish: mole
→ English: mole
→ French: môle
→ German: Mole
→ Hungarian: móló
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: molo
→ Polish: molo
→ Russian: мол (mol)

Italian: mole

Portuguese: mó

Spanish: mole

Borrowings:

→ English: mole

→ Portuguese: mole

[ˈmoːɫ̪eːs̠]

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₃- (“to exert”) (though de Vaan reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European root as *melos (“trouble, obstacle”) instead). Cognate with Ancient Greek μῶλος (môlos, “turmoil”) and German mühen (“to labor, toil”). See also Latin mōs.


fala

la-noun

fala f (genitive falae); first declension

falae (genitive)
fala (nominative singular)
falae (nominative plural)
falae (genitive singular)
falārum (genitive plural)
falae (dative singular)
falīs (dative plural)
falam (accusative singular)
falās (accusative plural)
falā (ablative singular)
falīs (ablative plural)
fala (singular vocative)
falae (plural vocative)


optio

optiō m (genitive optiōnis); third declension

optiō (canonical masculine)
optiōnis (genitive)
optiō (nominative singular)
optiōnēs (nominative plural)
optiōnis (genitive singular)
optiōnum (genitive plural)
optiōnī (dative singular)
optiōnibus (dative plural)
optiōnem (accusative singular)
optiōnēs (accusative plural)
optiōne (ablative singular)
optiōnibus (ablative plural)
optiō (singular vocative)
optiōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Ancient Greek: ὀπτίων (optíōn)

desc

→ Aramaic: אבטיונא

→ Aramaic: אבטיונא


striga

la-noun

striga f (genitive strigae); first declension

strigae (genitive)
striga (nominative singular)
strigae (nominative plural)
strigae (genitive singular)
strigārum (genitive plural)
strigae (dative singular)
strigīs (dative plural)
strigam (accusative singular)
strigās (accusative plural)
strigā (ablative singular)
strigīs (ablative plural)
striga (singular vocative)
strigae (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *strigā, from what looks like a cross of Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to brush, strip, shear”) and Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“to draw, tie”).

der

(surveying) A strip of ground longer than broad.

A strip of ground longer than broad.
A side-avenue in camp.


hiberno

la-verb

hībernō (present infinitive hībernāre, perfect active hībernāvī, supine hībernātum); first conjugation

hībernō (canonical)
hībernāre (infinitive present)
hībernāvī (active perfect)
hībernātum (supine)
hībernō (active first-person indicative present singular)
hībernās (active indicative present second-person singular)
hībernat (active indicative present singular third-person)
hībernāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
hībernātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
hībernant (active indicative plural present third-person)
hībernābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
hībernābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
hībernābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
hībernābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
hībernābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
hībernābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
hībernābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
hībernābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
hībernābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
hībernābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
hībernābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
hībernābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
hībernāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
hībernāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
hībernāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
hībernāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
hībernāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
hībernāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
hībernāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
hībernāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
hībernāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
hībernāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
hībernāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
hībernāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
hībernāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
hībernāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
hībernāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
hībernāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
hībernāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
hībernāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
hībernāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
hībernor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
hībernāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
hībernāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
hībernātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
hībernāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
hībernāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
hībernantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
hībernābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
hībernābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
hībernābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
hībernābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
hībernābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
hībernābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
hībernābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
hībernābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
hībernāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
hībernābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
hībernābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
hībernābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
hībernābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
hībernābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
hībernem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
hībernēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
hībernētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
hībernent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
hībernārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
hībernārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
hībernārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hībernārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hībernāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
hībernāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
hībernāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hībernāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hībernāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hībernāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hībernāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hībernāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hīberner (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
hībernēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
hībernēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
hībernentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
hībernārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
hībernārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
hībernārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hībernārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hībernā (active imperative present second-person singular)
hībernāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
hībernātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
hībernātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
hībernātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
hībernantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
hībernāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
hībernāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
hībernātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
hībernātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
hībernantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
hībernāre (active infinitive present)
hībernāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
hībernātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
hībernārī (infinitive passive present)
hībernātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
hībernātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
hībernāns (active participle present)
hībernātūrus (active future participle)
hībernātus (participle passive perfect)
hībernandus (future participle passive)
hībernandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
hībernandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
hībernandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
hībernandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
hībernātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
hībernātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

desc

Aromanian: arnedz, irnedz, arnari, irnari

Catalan: hibernar, hivernar

English: hibernate, hivernate

French: hiberner, hiverner

Friulian: ibernâ

Italian: ibernare, invernare

Occitan: ivernar

Portuguese: hibernar, invernar

Romanian: hiberna, hibernare, ierna, iernare

Sardinian: iberrare, ierrare, iverrare

Sicilian: nvernari

Spanish: hibernar, invernar

Venetian: invernar

(military) to keep to a winter encampment