accentor

la-noun

accentor m (genitive accentōris); third declension

accentōris (genitive)
accentor (nominative singular)
accentōrēs (nominative plural)
accentōris (genitive singular)
accentōrum (genitive plural)
accentōrī (dative singular)
accentōribus (dative plural)
accentōrem (accusative singular)
accentōrēs (accusative plural)
accentōre (ablative singular)
accentōribus (ablative plural)
accentor (singular vocative)
accentōrēs (plural vocative)

From ad + cantor (“singer”), from canō (“sing”).


sulfur

sulfur n (genitive sulfuris); third declension

sulfuris (genitive)
sulfur (nominative singular)
sulfura (nominative plural)
sulfuris (genitive singular)
sulfurum (genitive plural)
sulfurī (dative singular)
sulfuribus (dative plural)
sulfur (accusative singular)
sulfura (accusative plural)
sulfure (ablative singular)
sulfuribus (ablative plural)
sulfur (singular vocative)
sulfura (plural vocative)

From Hellenization of sulpur, of uncertain origin. Also compare Old Armenian ծծումբ (ccumb, “sulfur”).


Phocis

la-proper noun

Phōcis f sg (genitive Phōcidis); third declension

Phōcis (canonical feminine singular)
Phōcidis (genitive)
Phōcis (nominative singular)
Phōcidis (genitive singular)
Phōcidī (dative singular)
Phōcidem (accusative singular)
Phōcide (ablative singular)
Phōcis (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Φωκίς (Phōkís).


ignis

la-noun

ignis m (genitive ignis); third declension

ignis (genitive)
ignis (nominative singular)
ignēs (nominative plural)
ignis (genitive singular)
ignium (genitive plural)
ignī (dative singular)
ignibus (dative plural)
ignem (accusative singular)
ignēs (accusative plural)
ignīs (accusative plural)
igne (ablative singular)
ignī (ablative singular)
ignibus (ablative plural)
ignis (singular vocative)
ignēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: igne

Romanian: Igniș (toponym)

From Proto-Italic *əngʷnis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnís (“fire”). Cognate with Sanskrit अग्नि (agní), Hittite 𒀀𒀝𒉌𒅖 (akniš) (an Indo-Iranian borrowing), Old Church Slavonic огнь (ognĭ) and Old Prussian ugnis.

ferro ignique

striduntque cavernis / stricturae Chalybum et fornacibus ignis anhelat

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 8.420–421

Chalybian ores hiss in the caverns, and from the furnace mouths puff the hot-panting fires


dator

dator m (genitive datōris); third declension

datōris (genitive)
dator (nominative singular)
datōrēs (nominative plural)
datōris (genitive singular)
datōrum (genitive plural)
datōrī (dative singular)
datōribus (dative plural)
datōrem (accusative singular)
datōrēs (accusative plural)
datōre (ablative singular)
datōribus (ablative plural)
dator (singular vocative)
datōrēs (plural vocative)

Italian: datore

Sicilian: daturi

Portuguese: dador

Spanish: dador

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₃tōr (“giver, donor”), from the root *deh₃- (“to give”) (whence also Latin dō). Cognates include Ancient Greek δώτωρ (dṓtōr) and Sanskrit दातृ (dā́tar-).

der

Someone who gives; a giver, donor or patron

(sports) a slave who hands the player the ball


generatrix

la-noun

generātrīx f (genitive generātrīcis, masculine generātor); third declension

generātrīx (canonical feminine)
generātrīcis (genitive)
generātor (masculine)
generātrīx (nominative singular)
generātrīcēs (nominative plural)
generātrīcis (genitive singular)
generātrīcum (genitive plural)
generātrīcī (dative singular)
generātrīcibus (dative plural)
generātrīcem (accusative singular)
generātrīcēs (accusative plural)
generātrīce (ablative singular)
generātrīcibus (ablative plural)
generātrīx (singular vocative)
generātrīcēs (plural vocative)

[ɡɛnɛˈräːt̪riːks̠]

From generō (“bring to life, beget, generate, produce”) + -trīx (feminine agentive suffix) or generātor + -trīx

af

(geometry) generatrix (feminine since it is a type of līnea f (“line”))


onus

la-noun

onus n (genitive oneris); third declension

oneris (genitive)
onus (nominative singular)
onera (nominative plural)
oneris (genitive singular)
onerum (genitive plural)
onerī (dative singular)
oneribus (dative plural)
onus (accusative singular)
onera (accusative plural)
onere (ablative singular)
oneribus (ablative plural)
onus (singular vocative)
onera (plural vocative)

→ Dutch: onus (learned)

→ English: onus (learned)

→ German: Onus (learned)

Italian: onere

Sicilian: òniri

Portuguese: ónus

From Proto-Italic *onos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃énh₂os, from the root *h₃enh₂-. Cognate with Sanskrit अनस् (ánas, “heavy cart; mother; birth; offspring”). See Ancient Greek ὄνομαι (ónomai, “impugn, quarrel with”).


laudator

la-noun

laudātor m (genitive laudātōris, feminine laudātrīx); third declension

laudātor (canonical masculine)
laudātōris (genitive)
laudātrīx (feminine)
laudātor (nominative singular)
laudātōrēs (nominative plural)
laudātōris (genitive singular)
laudātōrum (genitive plural)
laudātōrī (dative singular)
laudātōribus (dative plural)
laudātōrem (accusative singular)
laudātōrēs (accusative plural)
laudātōre (ablative singular)
laudātōribus (ablative plural)
laudātor (singular vocative)
laudātōrēs (plural vocative)

→ English: laudator

Italian: lodatore

Romanian: lăudător

[ɫ̪äu̯ˈd̪äːt̪ɔr]


accusabilis

la-adj

accūsābilis (neuter accūsābile); third-declension two-termination adjective

accūsābilis (canonical)
accūsābile (neuter)
accūsābilis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
accūsābile (neuter nominative singular)
accūsābilēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
accūsābilia (neuter nominative plural)
accūsābilis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
accūsābilium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
accūsābilī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
accūsābilibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
accūsābilem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
accūsābile (accusative neuter singular)
accūsābilēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
accūsābilīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
accūsābilia (accusative neuter plural)
accūsābilī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
accūsābilibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
accūsābilis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
accūsābile (neuter singular vocative)
accūsābilēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
accūsābilia (neuter plural vocative)

English: accusable

French: accusable

Italian: accusabile

Portuguese: acusável

Romanian: acuzabil

[äkːuːˈs̠äːbɪlʲɪs̠]

From accūsāre, accūsō (“blame, accuse”) + -bilis, from ad (“to, towards, at”) + causa (“cause, reason, account, lawsuit”).


accusans

la-noun

accūsāns m (genitive accūsantis); third declension

accūsāns (canonical masculine)
accūsantis (genitive)
accūsāns (nominative singular)
accūsantēs (nominative plural)
accūsantis (genitive singular)
accūsantium (genitive plural)
accūsantī (dative singular)
accūsantibus (dative plural)
accūsantem (accusative singular)
accūsantēs (accusative plural)
accūsantīs (accusative plural)
accūsante (ablative singular)
accūsantibus (ablative plural)
accūsāns (singular vocative)
accūsantēs (plural vocative)

English: accusant

Portuguese: acusante

[äkˈkuːs̠ä̃ːs̠]


accusatio

accūsātiō f (genitive accūsātiōnis); third declension

accūsātiō (canonical feminine)
accūsātiōnis (genitive)
accūsātiō (nominative singular)
accūsātiōnēs (nominative plural)
accūsātiōnis (genitive singular)
accūsātiōnum (genitive plural)
accūsātiōnī (dative singular)
accūsātiōnibus (dative plural)
accūsātiōnem (accusative singular)
accūsātiōnēs (accusative plural)
accūsātiōne (ablative singular)
accūsātiōnibus (ablative plural)
accūsātiō (singular vocative)
accūsātiōnēs (plural vocative)

English: accusation

desc

Old French: ochoison, achoison, achaison

French: achoison

Gallo: achaison

French: accusation

→ Galician: acusación

Italian: accusazione

→ Portuguese: acusação

Romanian: acuzație

→ Spanish: acusación

→ Cebuano: akusasyon

[äkːuːˈs̠äːt̪ioː]

[äkːuˈs̬ät̪ː͡s̪io]

From accūsō (“blame, accuse”) + -tiō, from ad (“to, towards, at”) + causa (“cause, reason, account, lawsuit”).


laus

la-noun

laus f (genitive laudis); third declension

laudis (genitive)
laus (nominative singular)
laudēs (nominative plural)
laudis (genitive singular)
laudum (genitive plural)
laudī (dative singular)
laudibus (dative plural)
laudem (accusative singular)
laudēs (accusative plural)
laude (ablative singular)
laudibus (ablative plural)
laus (singular vocative)
laudēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: alavdã

Romanian: laudă

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: lȯsə (Matera), lówəsə (Molfetta), lauso (Taranto)

Old Italian: lode, loda, lodo

Corsican: losa

Italian: lode

Sicilian: laudi

Padanian:

>? Friulian: laud

Ligurian: loso

Old Lombard: loxo

>? Lombard: los

Old Venetian: laudo, laldo, loldo

Gallo-Romance:

French: los

Old Catalan: *lau

Catalan: llau

Old Occitan: laus, laud, lau

Occitan: laus

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: lavd, lavdë

Learned borrowings:

→ Old French: laude

French: laudes (liturgical term)

→ Spanish: laude

Unclear. Accepting a shift of Proto-Italic *ow to Latin au in pretonic positions, the term reflects a Proto-Indo-European *le/ow-V́-d⁽ʰ⁾-, which is usually traced back to a tentative root *lew- (“to sing, praise”) together with Proto-Germanic *leuþą (“song, poem”). Connection with Old Irish loíd (“poem, lay”) is usually rejected.

plūs erat in gladiō quam curvō laudis arātrō

[Back then] there was more glory in the sword than in the curved plow.
(Literally, there was more of glory [to be gotten] in [use of] the sword than in the curved plow; that is to say, soldiers were more glorified than farmers.)


labor

labor m (genitive labōris); third declension

labōris (genitive)
labor (nominative singular)
labōrēs (nominative plural)
labōris (genitive singular)
labōrum (genitive plural)
labōrī (dative singular)
labōribus (dative plural)
labōrem (accusative singular)
labōrēs (accusative plural)
labōre (ablative singular)
labōribus (ablative plural)
labor (singular vocative)
labōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: llabor

Catalan: llavor, labor

Esperanto: laboro

Friulian: lavôr

Galician: labor

Ido: laboro

Istriot: lavur

Italian: lavoro

Ladin: lëur

→ Old French: labor

English: labor, labour

French: labeur

Portuguese: labor, lavor

→ Romanian: laboare

Romansch: lavur

Sicilian: lavuri

Spanish: labor

Venetian: łavóro, laóro

Welsh: llafur

From Old Latin labōs, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European root *leb- (“to seize, take”), whence Sanskrit लभते (labhate, “take, gain”) and Lithuanian lõbis (“wealth”). More commonly connected with labō (“I totter”) (see Etymology 2 below), but this is rejected by de Vaan, who however provides no alternative. The semantic connection is weak in either case.

rege Numa, frūctū nōn respondente labōrī,

When Numa was king, the produce not responding to the labor,
prayers were ineffective, the farmer deceived

Labore operis incitati

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.28

et mediae tempora noctis erant, iam ducibus somnum dederat labor

It was midnight, and by now their fatigue had given the leaders sleep.

(chiefly poetic) hardship, trouble, fatigue, suffering, drudgery, distress


multicolor

la-adj

multicolor (genitive multicolōris); third-declension one-termination adjective

multicolōris (genitive)
multicolor (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
multicolōrēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
multicolōria (neuter nominative plural)
multicolōris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
multicolōrium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
multicolōrī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
multicolōribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
multicolōrem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
multicolor (accusative neuter singular)
multicolōrēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
multicolōria (accusative neuter plural)
multicolōrī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
multicolōribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
multicolor (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
multicolōrēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
multicolōria (neuter plural vocative)

[mʊɫ̪ˈt̪ɪkɔɫ̪ɔr]

From multus (“much, many”) + color (“color”).

Of many colors, many-colored, multicolored, multicolor.


multicolor

la-noun

multicolor f (genitive multicolōris); third declension

multicolōris (genitive)
multicolor (nominative singular)
multicolōrēs (nominative plural)
multicolōris (genitive singular)
multicolōrum (genitive plural)
multicolōrī (dative singular)
multicolōribus (dative plural)
multicolōrem (accusative singular)
multicolōrēs (accusative plural)
multicolōre (ablative singular)
multicolōribus (ablative plural)
multicolor (singular vocative)
multicolōrēs (plural vocative)

[mʊɫ̪ˈt̪ɪkɔɫ̪ɔr]


generator

generātor m (genitive generātōris, feminine generātrīx); third declension

generātor (canonical masculine)
generātōris (genitive)
generātrīx (feminine)
generātor (nominative singular)
generātōrēs (nominative plural)
generātōris (genitive singular)
generātōrum (genitive plural)
generātōrī (dative singular)
generātōribus (dative plural)
generātōrem (accusative singular)
generātōrēs (accusative plural)
generātōre (ablative singular)
generātōribus (ablative plural)
generātor (singular vocative)
generātōrēs (plural vocative)

From generō (“bring to life, beget, generate, produce”) + -tor (masculine agentive suffix).

af

[ɡɛnɛˈräːt̪ɔr]

begetter, producer, generator, engenderer


Michael

la-proper noun

Michaēl m sg (genitive Michaēlis); third declension

Michaēl (canonical masculine singular)
Michaēlis (genitive)
Michaēl (nominative singular)
Michaēlis (genitive singular)
Michaēlī (dative singular)
Michaēlem (accusative singular)
Michaēle (ablative singular)
Michaēl (singular vocative)

Albanian: Mëhill

Italian: Michele

Old Leonese: Migael

Asturian: Miguel

Leonese: Micael, Migel

Old French: Michel

French: Michel

Portuguese: Miguel

Sicilian: Micheli

Spanish: Miguel

→ Danish: Michael

→ English: Michael

→ Czech: Michael

→ Finnish: Mikael

→ German: Michael

→ Icelandic: Mikael

→ Irish: Micheál

→ Japanese: ミカエル (Mikaeru)

→ Korean: 미카엘 (Mika'el)

→ Latvian: Miķelis

→ Norwegian: Mikael

→ Polabian: Maixăl

→ Polish: Michał

→ Swedish: Mikael

[ˈmɪkʰäeːɫ̪]

From the Koine Greek Μῐχᾱήλ (Mikhāḗl), from the Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mikha'él, “Michael”, literally “Who is like God?”).

der

De tribu Aser, Sthur, filium Michahel.

ante''' AD 405, Biblia Vulgata, Num. 13:14

Of the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael. ― World English Bible translation (Num. 13:13)

Princeps autem regni Persarum restitit mihi viginti et uno diebus; et, ecce, Michahel, unus de principibus primis, venit in adiutorium meum: et ego remansi ibi iuxta regem Persarum.

ante''' AD 407, Biblia Vulgata, Dan. 10:13

But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me twenty-one days; but, behold, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me: and I remained there with the kings of Persia. ― World English Bible translation

Michaël

used to signal that ae is not to be read as /e/ in Ecclesiastical pronunciation


smegma

la-noun

smēgma n (genitive smēgmatis); third declension

smēgma (canonical neuter)
smēgmatis (genitive)
smēgma (nominative singular)
smēgmata (nominative plural)
smēgmatis (genitive singular)
smēgmatum (genitive plural)
smēgmatī (dative singular)
smēgmatibus (dative plural)
smēgma (accusative singular)
smēgmata (accusative plural)
smēgmate (ablative singular)
smēgmatibus (ablative plural)
smēgma (singular vocative)
smēgmata (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek σμῆγμα (smêgma), alternative spelling of σμῆμα (smêma, “soap, detergent”), from σμάω (smáō, “I wipe, clean”).


apotheosis

apotheōsis f (genitive apotheōsis); third declension

apotheōsis (canonical feminine)
apotheōsis (genitive)
apotheōsis (nominative singular)
apotheōsēs (nominative plural)
apotheōsis (genitive singular)
apotheōsium (genitive plural)
apotheōsī (dative singular)
apotheōsibus (dative plural)
apotheōsem (accusative singular)
apotheōsēs (accusative plural)
apotheōsīs (accusative plural)
apotheōse (ablative singular)
apotheōsibus (ablative plural)
apotheōsis (singular vocative)
apotheōsēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: apoteosi

English: apotheosis

French: apothéose

Galician: apoteose

Italian: apoteosi

Occitan: apoteòsi

Portuguese: apoteose

Romanian: apoteoză

Spanish: apoteosis

[äpɔt̪ʰeˈoːs̠ɪs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀποθέωσις (apothéōsis), from verb ἀποθεόω (apotheóō, “deify”) (factitive verb formed from θεός (theós, “God”) with intensive prefix ἀπο- (apo-)).


textile

la-noun

textile n (genitive textilis); third declension

textilis (genitive)
textile (nominative singular)
textilia (nominative plural)
textilis (genitive singular)
textilium (genitive plural)
textilī (dative singular)
textilibus (dative plural)
textile (accusative singular)
textilia (accusative plural)
textilī (ablative singular)
textilibus (ablative plural)
textile (singular vocative)
textilia (plural vocative)

Catalan: tèxtil

Danish: tekstil

Dutch: textiel

English: textile

French: textile
→ Turkish: tekstil

German: Textil, Textilie

Latvian: tekstils

Norwegian Bokmål: tekstil

Norwegian Nynorsk: tekstil

Portuguese: têxtil

Romanian: textil

Russian: текстиль (tekstilʹ)

Spanish: textil

Swedish: textil

[ˈt̪ɛks̠t̪ɪɫ̪ɛ]


mus

mūs m or f (genitive mūris); third declension

mūs (canonical feminine masculine)
mūris (genitive)
mūs (nominative singular)
mūrēs (nominative plural)
mūris (genitive singular)
mūrium (genitive plural)
mūrī (dative singular)
mūribus (dative plural)
mūrem (accusative singular)
mūrēs (accusative plural)
mūrīs (accusative plural)
mūre (ablative singular)
mūribus (ablative plural)
mūs (singular vocative)
mūrēs (plural vocative)

Padanian:

⇒ Lombard: muson (“shrew”)

⇒ Piedmontese: musèt (“shrew”); muson (“shrew, mole”)

Northern Gallo-Romance:

⇒ Franco-Provençal: musèt (“shrew”)

→ Translingual: Mus

From Proto-Italic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s. Cognates include Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs), Sanskrit मूष् (mū́ṣ), Old English mūs (English mouse), Old High German mūs (German Maus), Proto-Slavic *myšь (Russian мышь (myšʹ)).

Old Galician-Portuguese: mur⇒ Galician: murar⇒ Portuguese: murarTrasmontano: muro

quasi mures semper edere alienum cibum

Like mice they always ate the food of other people

Valadas

⇒ Vivaro-Alpine: muret (“marmot”); mure (“marmot”)


error

error m (genitive errōris); third declension

errōris (genitive)
error (nominative singular)
errōrēs (nominative plural)
errōris (genitive singular)
errōrum (genitive plural)
errōrī (dative singular)
errōribus (dative plural)
errōrem (accusative singular)
errōrēs (accusative plural)
errōre (ablative singular)
errōribus (ablative plural)
error (singular vocative)
errōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: error

English: error

French: erreur

Friulian: erôr

Galician: error

Italian: errore

Piedmontese: eror

Portuguese: erro

Romanian: eroare

Sicilian: erruri

Spanish: error

From Proto-Italic *erzōs. Equivalent to erro (“I err, I stray”) + -or.

quantum animīs errōris inest!

Literally:
How much of error is there [is present, exists] in understanding [or judgment]!
Or, interpreted broadly in more natural English:
People make such mistakes! Or: Such misunderstanding!
(In this section of the poem, an enemy is mistakenly admitted into a house at night.)

delusion (a departing from the truth), misunderstanding


phalanx

phalanx f (genitive phalangis); third declension

phalangis (genitive)
phalanx (nominative singular)
phalangēs (nominative plural)
phalangis (genitive singular)
phalangum (genitive plural)
phalangī (dative singular)
phalangibus (dative plural)
phalangem (accusative singular)
phalangēs (accusative plural)
phalange (ablative singular)
phalangibus (ablative plural)
phalanx (singular vocative)
phalangēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: falange

English: phalanx, phalange

French: phalange

Italian: falange

Portuguese: falange

Spanish: falange

[ˈpʰäɫ̪äŋks̠]

From Ancient Greek φάλαγξ (phálanx). Compare Latin phalanga.


operator

operātor m (genitive operātōris); third declension

operātor (canonical masculine)
operātōris (genitive)
operātor (nominative singular)
operātōrēs (nominative plural)
operātōris (genitive singular)
operātōrum (genitive plural)
operātōrī (dative singular)
operātōribus (dative plural)
operātōrem (accusative singular)
operātōrēs (accusative plural)
operātōre (ablative singular)
operātōribus (ablative plural)
operātor (singular vocative)
operātōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: obrador

→ English: operator

→ French: opérateur

Italian: operatore

Old French: ovrëor

French: ouvreur

Piedmontese: operator

Portuguese: obrador

→ Romanian: operator

→ Russian: опера́тор (operátor)

Spanish: obrador

[ɔpɛˈräːt̪ɔr]


vector

vector m (genitive vectōris, feminine vectrīx); third declension

vectōris (genitive)
vectrīx (feminine)
vector (nominative singular)
vectōrēs (nominative plural)
vectōris (genitive singular)
vectōrum (genitive plural)
vectōrī (dative singular)
vectōribus (dative plural)
vectōrem (accusative singular)
vectōrēs (accusative plural)
vectōre (ablative singular)
vectōribus (ablative plural)
vector (singular vocative)
vectōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: vector

→ Dutch: vector

→ English: vector

→ French: vecteur

→ Galician: vector

→ German: Vektor

→ Italian: vettore

→ Portuguese: vetor

→ Romanian: vector

→ Spanish: vector


sulphur

sulphur n (genitive sulphuris); third declension

sulphuris (genitive)
sulphur (nominative singular)
sulphura (nominative plural)
sulphuris (genitive singular)
sulphurum (genitive plural)
sulphurī (dative singular)
sulphuribus (dative plural)
sulphur (accusative singular)
sulphura (accusative plural)
sulphure (ablative singular)
sulphuribus (ablative plural)
sulphur (singular vocative)
sulphura (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: scljifur

Italo-Romance:

Italian: zolfo, solfo (dated)

Sicilian: sùrfuru

Padanian:

Emilian: solfar, suifre

Friulian: solfar

Lombard: solfor, solfer, sofrec

Alpine: sofri, solfri, sofric

desc

Piedmontese: sofro, sorfo, solfo, solfer

Romansch: zulper

Venetian: solfer, sólfaro, solfare, solfar

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old Northern French: sulfre

Anglo-Norman: sulfre

→ English: sulfur, sulphur

→ Malay: sulfur / سولفور

Franco-Provençal: sopro, sofro

Old French: soufre, soffre

French: soufre

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: xufre, ixufre

Ribagorçan: eixufre

Catalan: sofre

Occitan: sofre

Auvergnat: siupre, supre

Languedocien: solpre, siupre

Limousin: siufre

Provençal: soupre, sopre, soufre

Vivaro-Alpine: sòupre, sopre, siupre

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: suffre

Galician: xofre

Portuguese: enxofre

Old Spanish: sufre

→ Basque: sufre

Spanish: azufre

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: súlfaru, súlfuru, súrfuru

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: squfuri, sulfur

→ Catalan: sulfur

→ English: sulfur, sulphur

→ Welsh: sylffwr

→ Romanian: sulf

[ˈs̠ʊɫ̪pʰʊr]

From a Hellenisation of earlier sulpur, from the root *selp- (“fat, oil”). Cognate with English salve, Sanskrit सर्पिस् (sarpís, “cleaned melted butter”), सृप्र (sṛprá, “greasy, smooth”), Tocharian B ṣalype (“ointment”), and perhaps ἔλπος (élpos, “?olive oil, fat”) or Ancient Greek ὄλπη (ólpē, “flask for oil”).
According to De Vaan citing Szemerényi, perhaps from an s-stem Proto-Indo-European *sélpos. However, De Vaan finds both the -él- > -ól- and -os > -ur changes to be irregular (for -ol- > -ul- see sulcus), adding that perhaps it comes from Proto-Italic *solpor, from an r/n-stem Proto-Indo-European *sólpr̥ instead.


Lemuria

la-proper noun

Lemūria n pl (variously declined, genitive Lemūriōrum or Lemūrium); second declension, third declension

Lemūria (canonical neuter plural)
Lemūriōrum (genitive)
Lemūrium (genitive)
Lemūria (nominative plural)
Lemūriōrum (genitive plural)
Lemūrium (genitive plural)
Lemūriīs (dative plural)
Lemūribus (dative plural)
Lemūria (accusative plural)
Lemūriīs (ablative plural)
Lemūribus (ablative plural)
Lemūria (plural vocative)

[ɫ̪ɛˈmuːriä]

From lemurēs (“ghosts of the departed”).

The festival of Lemurēs (spirits, ghosts)


matrix

la-noun

mātrīx f (genitive mātrīcis); third declension

mātrīx (canonical feminine)
mātrīcis (genitive)
mātrīx (nominative singular)
mātrīcēs (nominative plural)
mātrīcis (genitive singular)
mātrīcum (genitive plural)
mātrīcī (dative singular)
mātrīcibus (dative plural)
mātrīcem (accusative singular)
mātrīcēs (accusative plural)
mātrīce (ablative singular)
mātrīcibus (ablative plural)
mātrīx (singular vocative)
mātrīcēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: mãtricã

Catalan: matriu

→ Dutch: matrix, matrijs

→ English: matrix

→ Finnish: matriisi, matriksi

→ German: Matrix

Italian: matrice

→ Macedonian: матрица (matrica)

Old French: marriz, matrice

desctree

French: matrice
→ German: Matrize
→ Polish: matryca
→ Russian: ма́трица (mátrica)
→ Kazakh: матрица (matrisa)
→ Ukrainian: ма́триця (mátrycja)

Old Spanish: madriz

→ Portuguese: matriz

Romanian: mătrice, matrice

Sardinian: matriche, madrighe

Sicilian: matrici

→ Spanish: matriz

dam (non-human female animal kept for breeding)


Atlantis

la-proper noun

Ātlantis f (genitive Ātlantidis); third declension

Ātlantis (canonical feminine)
Ātlantidis (genitive)
Ātlantis (nominative singular)
Ātlantidēs (nominative plural)
Ātlantidis (genitive singular)
Ātlantidum (genitive plural)
Ātlantidī (dative singular)
Ātlantidibus (dative plural)
Ātlantidem (accusative singular)
Ātlantidēs (accusative plural)
Ātlantide (ablative singular)
Ātlantidibus (ablative plural)
Ātlantis (singular vocative)
Ātlantidēs (plural vocative)

[äːt̪ˈɫ̪än̪t̪ɪs̠]


Daniel

Dāniēl m sg (genitive Dāniēlis); third declension

Dāniēl (canonical masculine singular)
Dāniēlis (genitive)
Dāniēl (nominative singular)
Dāniēlis (genitive singular)
Dāniēlī (dative singular)
Dāniēlem (accusative singular)
Dāniēle (ablative singular)
Dāniēl (singular vocative)

Albanian: Danjell, Daniell, Daniel

English: Daniel, Dan

Italian: Daniele

Swedish: Daniel

[ˈd̪äːnieːɫ̪]

From the Ancient Greek Δᾱνῑήλ (Dānīḗl), from the Biblical Hebrew דָּנִיֵּאל (Daniyél, “Daniel”, literally “God is [my] judge”).


Vibo Valentia

la-proper noun

Vibō Valentia f sg (variously declined, genitive Vibōnis Valentiae); third declension, first declension

Vibō Valentia (canonical feminine singular)
Vibōnis Valentiae (genitive)
Vibō Valentia (nominative singular)
Vibōnis Valentiae (genitive singular)
Vibōnī Valentiae (dative singular)
Vibōnem Valentiam (accusative singular)
Vibōne Valentiā (ablative singular)
Vibō Valentia (singular vocative)
Vibōnī Valentiae (locative singular)
Vibōne Valentiae (locative singular)

[ˈu̯ɪboː u̯äˈɫ̪ɛn̪t̪iä]

Latinization of Italian Vibo Valentia, itself a Classicalizing compound of the Latin names Vibō and Valentia. The former name of the city, in Italian Monteleone, was Mons Leōnis

Ipsius verò Vibonis Valentiæ totus murorum ambitus, secundum Mazzella in historia Regni, & Capialbum de Monteleone, ad octo mill. pass. colligit, […]

1710, Giuseppe Bisogni de Gatti, Hipponii, seu Vibonis Valentiae, vel Montisleonis, page 58

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1878, Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum ad archetyporum et librorum fidem, page 106

nota in nummis Bruttiorum oppidi Vibonis Valentiae quod nunc Monteleone vocatur posita.

Inventa prope Vibonis Valentiae portum a. 1835, nunc cum aliis in meo museo adservatur CAP.

1890, Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones Italiae et Siciliae ..., page 156

(Contemporary Latin) Vibo Valentia (a town in Calabria, Italy)


Argolis

Argolis f sg (genitive Argolidis); third declension

Argolidis (genitive)
Argolis (nominative singular)
Argolidis (genitive singular)
Argolidī (dative singular)
Argolidem (accusative singular)
Argolide (ablative singular)
Argolis (singular vocative)

[ˈärɡɔlʲɪs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀργολίς (Argolís).


Cyclades

Cycladēs f pl (genitive Cycladum); third declension

Cycladēs (canonical feminine plural)
Cycladum (genitive)
Cycladēs (nominative plural)
Cycladum (genitive plural)
Cycladibus (dative plural)
Cycladēs (accusative plural)
Cycladibus (ablative plural)
Cycladēs (plural vocative)

[ˈkʏkɫ̪äd̪eːs̠]


propolis

la-noun

propolis m (genitive propolis); third declension

propolis (genitive)
propolis (nominative singular)
propolēs (nominative plural)
propolis (genitive singular)
propolium (genitive plural)
propolī (dative singular)
propolibus (dative plural)
propolin (accusative singular)
propolēs (accusative plural)
propolīs (accusative plural)
propole (ablative singular)
propolibus (ablative plural)
propolis (singular vocative)
propolēs (plural vocative)

Cognate with Ancient Greek πρόπολις (própolis, “bee glue”)


lux

la-noun

lūx f (genitive lūcis); third declension

lūx (canonical feminine)
lūcis (genitive)
lūx (nominative singular)
lūcēs (nominative plural)
lūcis (genitive singular)
lūcum (genitive plural)
lūcī (dative singular)
lūcibus (dative plural)
lūcem (accusative singular)
lūcēs (accusative plural)
lūce (ablative singular)
lūcī (ablative singular)
lūcibus (ablative plural)
lūx (singular vocative)
lūcēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: luz

Asturian: lluz

→ Catalan: lux

→ Czech: lux

→ English: lux (technical term)

Dalmatian: loic

→ Finnish: luksi

→ French: lux

Friulian: lûs

→ Greek: λουξ (loux)

Italian: luce

→ Italian: lux

Ligurian: lûxe

Lombard: lüs

Mirandese: luç

Neapolitan: luce

Old Occitan:

Old Catalan: luts

Occitan: lutz

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: luz
Galician: luz
Portuguese: luz

Piedmontese: luce, lus

→ Polish: luks

→ Portuguese: lux

Romagnol: luš

→ Romanian: lux

Romansch: glisch, glüsch, gleisch

Sardinian: luche, lughe, luxi

Sicilian: luci

Spanish: luz

→ Spanish: lux

→ Swedish: lux

Venetian: łuxe

From Proto-Italic *louks, from Proto-Indo-European *léwks. Cognates include Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white, blank, light, bright, clear”), Ancient Greek λύκη (lúkē, “light, morning twilight”), Sanskrit रोचते (rocate) and Old English lēoht (English light (noun)).

cog

dīxitque Deus fīat lūx et facta est lūx

And God said: Let there be light. And there was light.

prima luce

ad lucem

huic aliquis iuvenum dīxisset amantia verba,
reddēbat tālēs prōtinus illa sonōs:
‘haec loca lūcīs habent nimis et cum lūce pudōris;

If ever some young man spoke to this [nymph] the words of love, immediately she replied with statements such as: “These places have too much of daylight and, with the light, [too much] of shame; if you lead to more secluded caves, I [will] follow [you].”
(A clever ruse used by Cardea; along the journey to the cave, she would then hide from her unsuspecting suitor.)

sī sēcrēta magis dūcis in antra, sequor.’


lumen

la-noun

lūmen n (genitive lūminis); third declension

lūmen (canonical neuter)
lūminis (genitive)
lūmen (nominative singular)
lūmina (nominative plural)
lūminis (genitive singular)
lūminum (genitive plural)
lūminī (dative singular)
lūminibus (dative plural)
lūmen (accusative singular)
lūmina (accusative plural)
lūmine (ablative singular)
lūminibus (ablative plural)
lūmen (singular vocative)
lūmina (plural vocative)

Aromanian: lumi, lunjinã

Asturian: llume

Catalan: llum

Friulian: lum

Istriot: loûme

Italian: lume

Istro-Romanian: lume

Megleno-Romanian: lumi

Mirandese: lhume

Occitan: lum

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: lume
Galician: lume
Portuguese: lume

Piedmontese: lum

Romanian: lume, lumină

Sicilian: lumi

Spanish: lumbre

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: lumen

→ Czech: lumen

→ English: lumen

→ French: lumen

→ German: Lumen

→ Greek: λούμεν (loúmen)

→ Italian: lumen

→ Polish: lumen

→ Portuguese: lúmen

→ Romanian: lumen

→ Russian: люмен (ljumen)

→ Spanish: lumen

→ Swedish: lumen

From Proto-Italic *louksmən, from Proto-Indo-European *léwk-s-mn̥, derived from the root *lewk- (“bright”).
Equivalent to lūx + -men.

… nec dulcī dēclīnat lūmina somnō.

[Rumor] never closes her eyes in sweet slumber.

An opening through which light can penetrate such as an air-hole or a window.

The opening or orifice in a water-pipe or funnel

(figuratively) a luminary, star, light (a most distinguished person)


tuberculosis

la-noun

tūberculōsis f (genitive tūberculōsis); third declension

tūberculōsis (canonical feminine)
tūberculōsis (genitive)
tūberculōsis (nominative singular)
tūberculōsēs (nominative plural)
tūberculōseos (genitive singular)
tūberculōsis (genitive singular)
tūberculōseōn (genitive plural)
tūberculōsi (dative singular)
tūberculōsesin (dative plural)
tūberculōsibus (dative plural)
tūberculōsin (accusative singular)
tūberculōsim (accusative singular)
tūberculōseis (accusative plural)
tūberculōsi (ablative singular)
tūberculōsesin (ablative plural)
tūberculōsibus (ablative plural)
tūberculōsis (singular vocative)
tūberculōsēs (plural vocative)


pauper

la-adj

pauper (genitive pauperis, comparative pauperior, superlative pauperrimus); third-declension one-termination adjective (non-i-stem)

pauperis (genitive)
pauperior (comparative)
pauperrimus (superlative)
pauper (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
pauperēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
paupera (neuter nominative plural)
pauperis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
pauperum (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
pauperī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
pauperibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
pauperem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
pauper (accusative neuter singular)
pauperēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
paupera (accusative neuter plural)
paupere (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
pauperibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
pauper (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
pauperēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
paupera (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: probe

Catalan: pobre

Franco-Provençal: pouv(r)o

Friulian: puar, pùar

Istriot: puovari

Italian: povero

Lombard: pòor, pòr, pòver, pòvar, poret, poaret

Occitan: paure

Old French: povre

→ Middle English: povre

English: poor

Scots: puir

French: pauvre

Norman: pouôrre, pauvre

Walloon: pôve

Old Galician-Portuguese: pobre

Fala: pobri

Galician: pobre

Portuguese: pobre

Piedmontese: pòver, pòr, povr

Romansch: pover

Sardinian: poaru, pobaru, poberu

Sicilian: pòviru, pòvuru, povru

Spanish: pobre

Venetian: pore, poro, poaro, povaro

Learned borrowings

→ Dalmatian: pauper

→ English: pauper

→ Romanian: pauper

→ Romansch: pauper

From Proto-Italic *pawoparos (a thematic adjective, which was switched to the third declension in Latin analogically), from a compound beginning with Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”) (compare English few). The origin of the second element, -per, is less certain, but probably *perh₃- (“to grant, bestow, provide”) (compare Ancient Greek ἔπορον (époron, “to supply, grant, pay”)), therefore the compound meant “providing little”.


oryx

la-noun

oryx m (genitive orygis); third declension

orygis (genitive)
oryx (nominative singular)
orygēs (nominative plural)
orygis (genitive singular)
orygum (genitive plural)
orygī (dative singular)
orygibus (dative plural)
orygem (accusative singular)
orygēs (accusative plural)
oryge (ablative singular)
orygibus (ablative plural)
oryx (singular vocative)
orygēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ὄρυξ (órux), the antelope probably being named after the sharp iron digging tools with the same name, because of the shape of its horns.


paralysis

paralysis f (genitive paralysis or paralyseōs or paralysios); third declension

paralysis (genitive)
paralyseōs (genitive)
paralysios (genitive)
paralysis (nominative singular)
paralysēs (nominative plural)
paralyseis (nominative plural)
paralysis (genitive singular)
paralyseōs (genitive singular)
paralysios (genitive singular)
paralysium (genitive plural)
paralysī (dative singular)
paralysibus (dative plural)
paralysim (accusative singular)
paralysin (accusative singular)
paralysem (accusative singular)
paralysēs (accusative plural)
paralysīs (accusative plural)
paralysī (ablative singular)
paralyse (ablative singular)
paralysibus (ablative plural)
paralysis (singular vocative)
paralysi (singular vocative)
paralysēs (plural vocative)
paralyseis (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

Third-declension noun (Greek-type, i-stem).

Old French: parelisie

→ English: palsy, paralysis

→ Galician: perlesía, parálise

[päˈrälʲʏs̠ɪs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παράλυσις (parálusis, “palsy”).


altar

la-noun

altar n (genitive altāris); third declension

altāris (genitive)
altar (nominative singular)
altāria (nominative plural)
altāris (genitive singular)
altārium (genitive plural)
altārī (dative singular)
altāribus (dative plural)
altar (accusative singular)
altāria (accusative plural)
altārī (ablative singular)
altāribus (ablative plural)
altar (singular vocative)
altāria (plural vocative)


Acheron

la-proper noun

Acherōn m sg (genitive Acherontis); third declension

Acherōn (canonical masculine singular)
Acherontis (genitive)
Acherōn (nominative singular)
Acherontis (genitive singular)
Acherontī (dative singular)
Acherontem (accusative singular)
Acheronte (ablative singular)
Acherōn (singular vocative)

English: Acheron

French: Achéron

Italian: Acheronte

Portuguese: Aqueronte

Spanish: Aqueronte

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀχέρων (Akhérōn), from ὁ ἄχεα ῥέων (ho ákhea rhéōn, “the stream of woe”).


axis

la-noun

axis m (genitive axis); third declension

axis (genitive)
axis (nominative singular)
axēs (nominative plural)
axis (genitive singular)
axium (genitive plural)
axī (dative singular)
axibus (dative plural)
axem (accusative singular)
axēs (accusative plural)
axīs (accusative plural)
axe (ablative singular)
axibus (ablative plural)
axis (singular vocative)
axēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: asse

Padanian:

Friulian: as

Lombard: ax

Piedmontese: ass

Venetian: ase

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: èssi, èshi, assi, ashi, aissi

French: ais

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: eixe, exe

Catalan: eix

Castellonenc: eis, aix

Ribagorçan: aix

Tortosí: aix

Occitan: ais

Gascon: èish

Limousin: aisse

Provençal: aisse

Vivaro-Alpine: aisse

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: exa, exe, ex

Galician: eixe, eixo

Portuguese: eixo

Spanish: eje

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: axis

→ English: axis

→ Franco-Provençal: axo

→ French: axe

→ Irish: ais

→ Occitan: axe

→ Portuguese: axe, áxis

→ Romanian: ax, axă

→ Spanish: axis

From Proto-Italic *aksis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-i-s, from *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”); see also Lithuanian ašis (“axle”), Russian ось (osʹ), Sanskrit अक्ष (ákṣa, “axis, axle, balance beam”), Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn, “axle”), Old High German ahsa (“axle”), Icelandic eax, öxull, öksull, Old English eaxl (whence English axle). Compare also Etruscan 𐌀𐌂𐌔𐌉 (Acsi, “the Axia gens”).

cog

The heavens or a region or clime of these.


stamen

la-noun

stāmen n (genitive stāminis); third declension

stāmen (canonical neuter)
stāminis (genitive)
stāmen (nominative singular)
stāmina (nominative plural)
stāminis (genitive singular)
stāminum (genitive plural)
stāminī (dative singular)
stāminibus (dative plural)
stāmen (accusative singular)
stāmina (accusative plural)
stāmine (ablative singular)
stāminibus (ablative plural)
stāmen (singular vocative)
stāmina (plural vocative)

Catalan: estam

English: stamen, stamina

French: étaim, étamine

Italian: stame

Portuguese: estame, estâmina (via English)

Spanish: estambre

[ˈs̠t̪äːmɛn]

From Proto-Italic *stāmen, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂mn̥, from *steh₂- (“stand”), whence also stō and sistō. Cognate with Sanskrit स्थामन् (sthā́man, “place; strength”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌼𐌰 (stōma), Ancient Greek στῆμα (stêma), used by Hesychius for a part of a plant. Equivalent to stō (“I stand”) + -men (noun-forming suffix).


Zeus

la-proper noun

Zeus m sg (genitive Diōs); third declension

Diōs (genitive)
Zeus (nominative singular)
Dios (genitive singular)
Diī (dative singular)
Dia (accusative singular)
Die (?) (ablative singular)
Zeu (singular vocative)

[d̪͡z̪ɛu̯s̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ζεύς (Zeús).

Quis ignorat Persarum religiones, in quibus duo illa numina consecrata sunt, lucis alter, alter tenebrarum Deus? Ejusdem notionis vestigia, quamvis obscura, in Graecorum mythologica apparent, ubi in primis celebrantur Ζεύς et Ἅιδης, alter coeli et lucis, alter orci et tenebrarum Deus.

1830, Simon Karsten, Xenophanis Colophonii Carminum Reliquiae De Parmenidis Philosophia.20

Who does not know of the Persian religions, in which two spirits are worshipped, one a god of light, the other of darkness? Traces of the same idea, although obscured, show up in Greek mythology: in its origins, Zeus and Hades are worshipped, one as a god of heaven and light, the other of the underworld and darkness.


Moses

Mōsēs m sg (genitive Mōsis or Mōsī or Mōseī); third declension

Mōsēs (canonical masculine singular)
Mōsis (genitive)
Mōsī (genitive)
Mōseī (genitive)
Mōsēs (nominative singular)
Mōsis (genitive singular)
Mōsī (genitive singular)
Mōseī (genitive singular)
Mōsī (dative singular)
Mōsem (accusative singular)
Mōsēn (accusative singular)
Mōse (ablative singular)
Mōsēs (singular vocative)

From Ancient Greek Μωσῆς (Mōsês), Μωϋσῆς (Mōüsês), from Biblical Hebrew מֹשֶׁה (moshé).


reptile

la-noun

rēptile n (genitive rēptilis); third declension

rēptile (canonical neuter)
rēptilis (genitive)
rēptile (nominative singular)
rēptilia (nominative plural)
rēptilis (genitive singular)
rēptilium (genitive plural)
rēptilī (dative singular)
rēptilibus (dative plural)
rēptile (accusative singular)
rēptilia (accusative plural)
rēptilī (ablative singular)
rēptilibus (ablative plural)
rēptile (singular vocative)
rēptilia (plural vocative)

→ English: reptile

→ French: reptile

→ German: Reptil

→ Norwegian Bokmål: reptil

→ Spanish: reptil

→ Swedish: reptil

[ˈreːpt̪ɪɫ̪ɛ]

Substantivized neuter of rēptilis (“creeping”), taken from the phrase animal rēptile.


dis

la-adj

dīs (genitive dītis, comparative dītior, superlative dītissimus); third-declension one-termination adjective

dīs (canonical)
dītis (genitive)
dītior (comparative)
dītissimus (superlative)
dīs (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
dītēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
dītia (neuter nominative plural)
dītis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
dītium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
dītī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
dītibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
dītem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
dīs (accusative neuter singular)
dītēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
dītia (accusative neuter plural)
dītī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
dītibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
dīs (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
dītēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
dītia (neuter plural vocative)

Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix.

Julius Caesar, Commentarii De Bello Gallico, I.ii

By far the noblest and wealthiest man among the Helvetii was Orgetorix.


cos

la-noun

cōs f (genitive cōtis); third declension

cōs (canonical feminine)
cōtis (genitive)
cōs (nominative singular)
cōtēs (nominative plural)
cōtis (genitive singular)
cōtum (genitive plural)
cōtī (dative singular)
cōtibus (dative plural)
cōtem (accusative singular)
cōtēs (accusative plural)
cōte (ablative singular)
cōtibus (ablative plural)
cōs (singular vocative)
cōtēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: cot

French: queux

Italian: cote, cotano

Megleno-Romanian: cuti

Romanian: cute

Sicilian: cuti

⇒ Spanish: codón

From Proto-Italic *kōtis, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”). Cognate with Latin catus (“clever, cunning”), cautēs (“pointed rock”), cuneus (“wedge”) and Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos, “cone”).


vulpes

la-noun

vulpēs f (genitive vulpis); third declension

vulpēs (canonical feminine)
vulpis (genitive)
vulpēs (nominative singular)
vulpēs (nominative plural)
vulpis (genitive singular)
vulpium (genitive plural)
vulpī (dative singular)
vulpibus (dative plural)
vulpem (accusative singular)
vulpēs (accusative plural)
vulpīs (accusative plural)
vulpe (ablative singular)
vulpibus (ablative plural)
vulpēs (singular vocative)
vulpēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: vulpi, vulpe

Catalan: volp

Corsican: volpe, vorpe, volpi, vulpi

Dalmatian: bualp, vualp

Friulian: bolp, volp

Galician: golpe, volpe

Istriot: bulpo

Istro-Romanian: vulpe

Italian: volpe

Ladin: volp, bolp

Neapolitan: vorpe

Occitan: volp

Piedmontese: vulp

Romanian: vulpe, hulpe

desc

Romansch: vulp, uolp (Sursilvan); vualp, gualp (Sutsilvan); golp (Surmiran); vuolp (Puter, Vallader)

desctree

Sicilian: vurpi, gurpi; vulpi, gulpi
→ Maltese: gilpa (from the form gulpi)

Venetian: volp, bolpe, bolp

→ Esperanto: vulpo

→ Translingual: Vulpes

[ˈu̯ʊɫ̪peːs̠]

From earlier volpēs, from Proto-Italic *wolpis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”) (compare Sanskrit लोपाश (lopāśá), Breton louarn, Lithuanian lãpė, Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), Persian روباه (rubâh)). Possibly a conflation with earlier words for "wolf"; see wĺ̥kʷos.

(figuratively) smartness, strategy, quick thinking, adaptability, craftiness, cunning, cleverness, wisdom


abbas

la-noun

abbās m (genitive abbātis, feminine abbātissa); third declension

abbās (canonical masculine)
abbātis (genitive)
abbātissa (feminine)
abbās (nominative singular)
abbātēs (nominative plural)
abbātis (genitive singular)
abbātum (genitive plural)
abbātī (dative singular)
abbātibus (dative plural)
abbātem (accusative singular)
abbātēs (accusative plural)
abbāte (ablative singular)
abbātibus (ablative plural)
abbās (singular vocative)
abbātēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: abate (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: abbate

Sicilian: abbati

Padanian:

Piedmontese: abà

Romagnol: abêt

Old Occitan:

Catalan: abat

Occitan: abat

West Iberian

Asturian: abá

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: abade
Galician: abade
Portuguese: abade

Old Spanish: abbat, abad

Spanish: abad (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings

→ Crimean Tatar: abbat

→ Danish: abbed

→ Finnish: apotti

→ Georgian: აბატი (abaṭi)

→ Indonesian: abbas

→ Latvian: abats

→ Lithuanian: abatas

→ Middle Dutch: abbet

Dutch: abt
Afrikaans: ab

→ Old English: abbat, abbod

Middle English: abbot, abbod

English: abbot
Gullah: aabut

→ Old Norse: ábóti

Icelandic: ábóti

Norwegian: abbed

→ Old French: abbet (see there for further descendants)

→ Old High German: abbāt

Middle High German: abbāt

German: Abt

Luxembourgish: Abt

→ Hungarian: apát

→ Czech: opat
→ Polish: opat

→ Macedonian: опат (opat)

→ Serbo-Croatian: опат

→ Slovak: opát

→ Slovene: opat

→ Ukrainian: опат (opat)

→ Old Irish: ap (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: abbati

Faroese: abbati

→ Old Saxon: *abbat

Middle Low German: abbet, abt

→ Old Swedish: abbot

Swedish: abbot

→ Proto-Brythonic: *abad

Breton: abad

Cornish: abas

Middle Welsh: abat

Welsh: abad

→ West Frisian: abt

From Ancient Greek ἀββα, ἀββᾶς (abba, abbâs, “father or abbot”), from Aramaic אבא (’abbā, “father”).


rex

la-noun

rēx m (genitive rēgis, feminine rēgīna); third declension

rēx (canonical masculine)
rēgis (genitive)
rēgīna (feminine)
rēx (nominative singular)
rēgēs (nominative plural)
rēgis (genitive singular)
rēgum (genitive plural)
rēgī (dative singular)
rēgibus (dative plural)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgēs (accusative plural)
rēge (ablative singular)
rēgibus (ablative plural)
rēx (singular vocative)
rēgēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: rè

Italian: re
→ Maltese: re

Neapolitan: rré

Sicilian: re, reji

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rà

Old Lombard: rex

Lombard: rè, re

Piedmontese: rèj

Friulian: re

Ladin: re

Ligurian: re

Romansch: retg, raig, rai

Venetian: re

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rê

desctree

Old French: roi, rex; rei; rai; roy
Middle French: roy
French: roi, roy (obsolete) (pre-1800)
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa
Norman:
Continental Normandy: rai, ré, rey
Guernsey: ré, roué
Jersey: rouai
Sark: rwe
Walloon: roy, rwè
→ Middle Breton: roe
Breton: roue
→ Middle Cornish: ruy
Cornish: ruw
→ Middle English: roy, roye
English: roy

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: rei, rey

Catalan: rei

Old Occitan: rei
Occitan: rei, rèi

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: rei, rey

Aragonese: rei

Old Leonese: rei, rey, re

Asturian: rei, reye

Leonese: rei

Mirandese: rei

Old Galician-Portuguese: rei
Fala: rei
Galician: rei
Portuguese: rei (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rey
Ladino: rey
Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: re, rei

→ Albanian: regj

→ Basque: errege

→ English: rex, Rex

→ Esperanto: reĝo

→ Koine Greek: ῥήξ (rhḗx)

→ Greek: ρήγας (rígas)

→ Albanian: rig

→ Romanian: rigă

→ Ido: rejo

→ Interlingua: rege

→ Italian: rege

→ Romanian: rege

→? Sicilian: reghi

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Balaeniceps rex, Tyrannosaurus rex

→ Volapük: reg

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
From Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”).

etymon

rēx

inh

“Rēx erat Aenēās nōbīs quō iūstior alter

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.544–545

“We had a king, Aeneas: [None] other than he was more just, nor dutiful, nor [skillful] in war and with weaponry.”

nec pietāte fuit nec bellō maior et armīs.”

(derogatory) despot, tyrant (during the time of the Republic when there were no kings and executive power was usually divided)


ars

la-noun

ars f (genitive artis); third declension

artis (genitive)
ars (nominative singular)
artēs (nominative plural)
artis (genitive singular)
artium (genitive plural)
artī (dative singular)
artibus (dative plural)
artem (accusative singular)
artēs (accusative plural)
artīs (accusative plural)
arte (ablative singular)
artibus (ablative plural)
ars (singular vocative)
artēs (plural vocative)

Corsican: arte

Extremaduran: arti

Franco-Provençal: ârt

→ German: lege artis

Italian: arte

Ligurian: arte

Lombard: aart

Neapolitan: arte

desctree

Old French: art
Middle French: art
French: art
Haitian Creole: la (< l'art)
Norman: art
Walloon: årt
→ Middle English: art
English: art
Jamaican Creole: aat
Tok Pisin: at
→ Japanese: アート (āto)
Scots: airt

Old Leonese:

Asturian: arte

Mirandese: arte

Old Occitan:

Catalan: art

Occitan: art

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: arte

Portuguese: arte

Old Spanish:

Ladino:

Hebrew script: ארטי

Latin script: arte

Spanish: arte
→ Basque: arte
→ Hiligaynon: arte
→ Ilocano: arte
→ Tagalog: arte
→ Waray-Waray: arte

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: art

Ladin: ert

Sardinian: arti

Sicilian: arti

→ Maltese: arti

Venetian: arte

→ Albanian: art

→ Aromanian: artâ

→ Breton: arz

→ Cornish: art

→ Romanian: artă

From Proto-Italic *artis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís (“fitting”), from the root *h₂er- (“to join”).
Cognates include Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (ər^əta, “truth, right”), which in turn descends from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás, and Ancient Greek ἄρτι (árti, “just, exactly”). Related to arma.

cog

Omnis ars nātūrae imitātiō est.

63 CE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae Mōrālēs ad Lūcīlium 65.3


pater

la-noun

pater m (genitive patris); third declension

patris (genitive)
pater (nominative singular)
patrēs (nominative plural)
patris (genitive singular)
patrum (genitive plural)
patrī (dative singular)
patribus (dative plural)
patrem (accusative singular)
patrēs (accusative plural)
patre (ablative singular)
patribus (ablative plural)
pater (singular vocative)
patrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: pate

Old Italian: patre

Italian: padre
→ English: padre

Sicilian: patri

Western Romance:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: pèder, pär

Ligurian: paire, poæ

Old Lombard: patre

Lombard: pader, pare

desc

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: patr′, paddö, pà, pätri

Piedmontese: pare, peri

Venetian: pare

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pâre

desctree

Old French: pere, pedre
Bourguignon: peire
Middle French: pere
French: père
→ Dutch: pere
→ English: père
Norman: père, pére, péthe
Walloon: pere

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese:

Asturian: pá, pai, padre

Extremaduran: pairi

Leonese: pai

Mirandese: pai

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: pai

Old Galician-Portuguese: padre
Galician: padre
Portuguese: padre (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old Galician-Portuguese: pay
Galician: pai
Portuguese: pai (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: padre

Ladino:

Hebrew script: פאדרי

Latin script: padre

Spanish: padre
→ Classical Nahuatl: padre
→ English: padre
→ Mecayapan Nahuatl: pa̱lej
→ Tagalog: pari

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: paire
Occitan: paire

Catalan: pare

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: pari

Romansch: pader

→ Dutch: pater

→ English: pater
Tok Pisin: pater

→ Romanian: pater

→ Welsh: pader

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr?
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Proto-Italic *patēr
Latin pater
From Proto-Italic *patēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. As a titular suffix, shares cognate roots with Old Latin Diēspiter (“Father Jove”), Latin Iuppiter (“Jupiter”).


frater

la-noun

frāter m (genitive frātris); third declension

frāter (canonical masculine)
frātris (genitive)
frāter (nominative singular)
frātrēs (nominative plural)
frātris (genitive singular)
frātrum (genitive plural)
frātrī (dative singular)
frātribus (dative plural)
frātrem (accusative singular)
frātrēs (accusative plural)
frātre (ablative singular)
frātribus (ablative plural)
frāter (singular vocative)
frātrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: frati, frate

Istro-Romanian: fråte

Romanian: frate

Dalmatian:

frutro

Italo-Romance:

Italian: frate
→ English: fra

Neapolitan: frate

Sicilian: frati

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: frade

North Italian:

Friulian: fradi

Istriot: fra

Old Piedmontese: frère, frer

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: frær

Old Ligurian: frae

Ligurian: fræ, frai

Lombard: frar

Romansch: frar

desc

Venetian: frade, brade (influenced by germanic)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: frâre

Old French: frere (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: frare

Old Occitan: fraire (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: frade

Galician: frade

Portuguese: frade

Old Spanish: fradre, frade (early)

Borrowings:

→? Albanian: frat

→ Dutch: frater (learned)

→ Indonesian: frater

→ English: frater (learned)

→ German: Frater (learned)

From Proto-Italic *frātēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.

(Ecclesiastical Latin) brother, brethren; member of a religious community


curio

la-noun

cūriō m (genitive cūriōnis); third declension

cūriō (canonical masculine)
cūriōnis (genitive)
cūriō (nominative singular)
cūriōnēs (nominative plural)
cūriōnis (genitive singular)
cūriōnum (genitive plural)
cūriōnī (dative singular)
cūriōnibus (dative plural)
cūriōnem (accusative singular)
cūriōnēs (accusative plural)
cūriōne (ablative singular)
cūriōnibus (ablative plural)
cūriō (singular vocative)
cūriōnēs (plural vocative)

From cūria (“curia”) + -ō (suffix forming masculine nouns).


minor

minus (neuter)
parvus (positive)
minor (feminine masculine nominative singular)
minus (neuter nominative singular)
minōrēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
minōra (neuter nominative plural)
minōris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
minōrum (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
minōrī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
minōribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
minōrem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
minus (accusative neuter singular)
minōrēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
minōra (accusative neuter plural)
minōre (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
minōribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
minor (feminine masculine singular vocative)
minus (neuter singular vocative)
minōrēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
minōra (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: menor, menys

English: minor, minus

French: mineur, moindre, moins

Friulian: minôr

Galician: menor

Italian: minore, meno

Ladin: mendr, mender

Occitan: menor, mendre, mens

Portuguese: menor, menos

Romanian: minor, minus

Romansch: mender

Sardinian: minore

Sicilian: minuri

Spanish: menor, menos

From Proto-Italic *minōs, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small, little”). Related to minuō (“to make smaller, to lessen; to grow less”).

der

Vercingetorix minoribus Caesarem itineribus subsequitur

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.16

Vercingetorix follows Caesar by shorter marches

comparative degree of parvus:
less, lesser, inferior, smaller


minor

la-noun

minor m (genitive minōris); third declension

minōris (genitive)
minor (nominative singular)
minōrēs (nominative plural)
minōris (genitive singular)
minōrum (genitive plural)
minōrī (dative singular)
minōribus (dative plural)
minōrem (accusative singular)
minōrēs (accusative plural)
minōre (ablative singular)
minōribus (ablative plural)
minor (singular vocative)
minōrēs (plural vocative)

person under age (e.g. 25 years old), minor

… nunc fama minores / Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.532–533

now there is a rumor that a later people called the land Italy from the name of their leader.

(poetic, in the plural) children; descendants, posterity


drama

drāma n (genitive drāmatis); third declension

drāma (canonical neuter)
drāmatis (genitive)
drāma (nominative singular)
drāmata (nominative plural)
drāmatis (genitive singular)
drāmatum (genitive plural)
drāmatī (dative singular)
drāmatibus (dative plural)
drāma (accusative singular)
drāmata (accusative plural)
drāmate (ablative singular)
drāmatibus (ablative plural)
drāma (singular vocative)
drāmata (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: дра́ма (dráma)

→ Catalan: drama

→ Czech: drama

→ Dutch: drama
→ Indonesian: drama

desctree

→ English: drama
→ Arabic: دْرَامَا (drāmā)
Gulf Arabic: دْراما (drāma)
→ Cebuano: drama
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: ड्रामा (ḍrāmā)
Urdu: ڈراما (ḍrāmā)
→ Japanese: ドラマ (dorama)
→ Korean: 드라마 (deurama)
→ Malay: drama
→ Punjabi: ਡ੍ਰਾਮਾ (ḍrāmā)

→ Finnish: draama

→ French: drame

→ German: Drama

→ Hungarian: dráma

→ Icelandic: drama

→ Irish: dráma

→ Macedonian: драма (drama)

→ Norwegian: drama

→ Polish: dramat

→ Portuguese: drama

→ Romanian: dramă

→ Russian: дра́ма (dráma)

→ Serbo-Croatian: дра̏ма / drȁma

→ Spanish: drama

→ Swedish: drama

→ Ukrainian: дра́ма (dráma)

→ Welsh: drama

→ Yiddish: דראַמע (drame) (through some Romance language)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δρᾶμα (drâma, “an act, a theatrical act, a play”).


bes

la-noun

bes m (genitive bessis); third declension

bessis (genitive)
bes (nominative singular)
bessēs (nominative plural)
bessis (genitive singular)
bessium (genitive plural)
bessī (dative singular)
bessibus (dative plural)
bessem (accusative singular)
bessēs (accusative plural)
bessīs (accusative plural)
besse (ablative singular)
bessibus (ablative plural)
bes (singular vocative)
bessēs (plural vocative)

From a derivative of *duō (“two”) (compare bis) + as.

two-thirds, or a two-thirds part of any unit


urbs

urbs f (genitive urbis); third declension

urbis (genitive)
urbs (nominative singular)
urbēs (nominative plural)
urbīs (nominative plural)
urbis (genitive singular)
urbium (genitive plural)
urbī (dative singular)
urbibus (dative plural)
urbem (accusative singular)
urbīs (accusative plural)
urbēs (accusative plural)
urbe (ablative singular)
urbibus (ablative plural)
urbs (singular vocative)
urbēs (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Old Lombard: orba (“Rome”)

Borrowed:

→ Esperanto: urbo

→ Ido: urbo

→ Italian: urbe, Urbe

→ Portuguese: urbe

→ Romanian: urbe

→ Spanish: urbe

Uncertain.
* From Proto-Italic *worβis, from Proto-Indo-European *werbʰ- (“to enclose”) (compare Umbrian 𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄 (uerfale, “area for taking auspices”), Hittite [script needed] (warpa-, “enclosure”), Tocharian A warpi (“garden”), Tocharian B werwiye (“garden”)).
* Derivation from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos (“city”) (from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”), whence e.g. Hittite [script needed] (gurtas, “citadel”) Sanskrit गृह (gṛhá, “house”), English yard) has been proposed, but suffers from irregularities; *horbus would be rather expected.

cog

Urbi ferro flammāque minatus est.

He threatened the city with fire and sword.

O di immortales, ubinam gentium sumus? Quam rem publicam habemus? In qua urbe vivimus?

O immortal gods, where on earth are we? What government do we have? In what city do we live?

Ab urbe condita.

Urbi et orbi.

Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.7

When it was reported to Caesar that they were attempting to march through our province he hastened to set out from the City, and, by as great marches as he could, proceeded to Further Gaul, and arrived at Geneva.


avis

la-noun

avis f (genitive avis); third declension

avis (genitive)
avis (nominative singular)
avēs (nominative plural)
avis (genitive singular)
avium (genitive plural)
avī (dative singular)
avibus (dative plural)
avem (accusative singular)
avēs (accusative plural)
avīs (accusative plural)
ave (ablative singular)
avī (ablative singular)
avibus (ablative plural)
avis (singular vocative)
avēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: au

Catalan: au

Old Galician-Portuguese: ave

Galician: ave

Portuguese: ave

desc

Sardinian: ave (Nuorese), ae (Logudorese)

Old Spanish: ave

Spanish: ave

From Proto-Italic *awis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwis. Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀετός (aetós), and Sanskrit वि (ví), and Albanian vito (“woodpidgeon”).

ca. 833 — Nennius, Historia Brittonum, III, 54

and came to him countless birds of many colors

et vēnērunt ad eum avēs multī colōris innumerābilēs


uxor

la-noun

uxor f (genitive uxōris); third declension

uxōris (genitive)
uxor (nominative singular)
uxōrēs (nominative plural)
uxōris (genitive singular)
uxōrum (genitive plural)
uxōrī (dative singular)
uxōribus (dative plural)
uxōrem (accusative singular)
uxōrēs (accusative plural)
uxōre (ablative singular)
uxōribus (ablative plural)
uxor (singular vocative)
uxōrēs (plural vocative)

desctree

Old French: oissor, oissour, uissor, usor
Middle French: oisour (early)

⇒ Aromanian: ãnsor

⇒ Romanian: însura

→ Interlingua: uxor

desc

→⇒ English: uxoricide, uxorious, uxorial

From Proto-Italic *uksōr which is of unknown origin. Possibly cognate with Old Armenian ամուսին (amusin). Alternatively a cognate to Latvian uõsis (“father-in-law”), Lithuanian uošvė (“mother-in-law”) and Ossetian ус (us, “woman”).


pollex

la-noun

pollex m (genitive pollicis); third declension

pollicis (genitive)
pollex (nominative singular)
pollicēs (nominative plural)
pollicis (genitive singular)
pollicum (genitive plural)
pollicī (dative singular)
pollicibus (dative plural)
pollicem (accusative singular)
pollicēs (accusative plural)
pollice (ablative singular)
pollicibus (ablative plural)
pollex (singular vocative)
pollicēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: polze

French: pouce ⇒ poucier

→ Sicilian: puseri

Italian: pollice

Occitan: poce

Piedmontese: pòle

Romansch: polesch, polisch, polsch

desc

Sardinian: póddiche, póddighe (“finger”)

→ Czech: pólech

→ English: pollex ⇒ pollical

→ Esperanto: polekso

→ Greek: πόλεξ (pólex)

→ Portuguese: pólex, pólice

→ Romanian: police

→ Spanish: pólice

[ˈpɔlːʲɛks̠]

Of uncertain origin.
Traditionally connected to Proto-Slavic *palьcь (“thumb”), with contamination from Latin polleō (“to be strong”) (hence pollex, not *pōlex). However, de Vaan is unconvinced, and instead prefers Meier-Brügger's derivation from a Proto-Italic *por-likʰ-s (“which is licked over”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“through”) + *leyǵʰ- (“to lick”), with the second syllable in the nominative singular becoming -lex based on the model of other body parts, such as vortex (“whirl; top of the head”) inflecting with -ex.

inh

a unit of distance, equivalent to approximately 24.6 mm; one uncia (see also: Ancient Roman units of measurement)


nux

la-noun

nux f (genitive nucis); third declension

nucis (genitive)
nux (nominative singular)
nucēs (nominative plural)
nucis (genitive singular)
nucum (genitive plural)
nucī (dative singular)
nucibus (dative plural)
nucem (accusative singular)
nucēs (accusative plural)
nuce (ablative singular)
nucibus (ablative plural)
nux (singular vocative)
nucēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: nuc m, nucã f

Istro-Romanian: nuc m

Megleno-Romanian: nucă f

Romanian: nuc m, nucă f

Dalmatian:

nauc

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: noce

Italian: noce m or f

Neapolitan: noce

Sicilian: nuci

Padanian:

Ligurian: nôxe

Romagnol: nôș m, nôșa f

Romansch: nusch m

Venetian: nóxa

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: noués

French: noix

Occitan: notz, nose, noga

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: nuche, nughe, nuge, nugi

Vulgar Latin:

desctree

*nocem
Gallo-Romance:
Catalan: nou, anou (Alicante)
Gascon: nòde, nòtz
Occitan: nòse (all southern dialects)
Ibero-Romance:
Aragonese: nuez
Ribagorçan: nou, anou; nuesa (Benasqués)
Asturian: nuaz, nuoz, anuez, nuez, ñuez
Old Galician-Portuguese: [Term?]
Galician: noz, anoz, noce
Portuguese: noz, nuace (Rio de Onor)
Old Spanish: [Term?]
Ladino: muez
Spanish: nuez

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: nukso

→ Ido: nuco

From Proto-Italic *knuks, from a root *knu- also found in Proto-Celtic *knūs (source of Irish cnó) and Proto-Germanic *hnuts (source of English nut). Based on the form of the nouns and the restriction of the root to Germanic, Celtic and Italic, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European origin. De Vaan suggests that it is related to nūgae (“trifles”).

Inter primas germinant ulmus, salix, nuces.

Among the first to sprout are the elm, the willow, and the nut tree.

nux amara

castaneae nuces

nux pinea

Nōn ego tuam empsim vītam vitiosā nuce.

c. 206 BCE, Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 2.3.45

I should not have bought your life with a vicious worthless thing.


servitudo

la-noun

servitūdō f (genitive servitūdinis); third declension

servitūdō (canonical feminine)
servitūdinis (genitive)
servitūdō (nominative singular)
servitūdinēs (nominative plural)
servitūdinis (genitive singular)
servitūdinum (genitive plural)
servitūdinī (dative singular)
servitūdinibus (dative plural)
servitūdinem (accusative singular)
servitūdinēs (accusative plural)
servitūdine (ablative singular)
servitūdinibus (ablative plural)
servitūdō (singular vocative)
servitūdinēs (plural vocative)

→ English: servitude

→ French: servitude

Italian: servitù

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: servidũe, servidõe

Galician: servidume

Portuguese: servidão

→ Romanian: servitudine

Spanish: servidumbre

[s̠ɛru̯ɪˈt̪uːd̪oː]


servitus

la-noun

servitūs f (genitive servitūtis); third declension

servitūs (canonical feminine)
servitūtis (genitive)
servitūs (nominative singular)
servitūtēs (nominative plural)
servitūtis (genitive singular)
servitūtum (genitive plural)
servitūtī (dative singular)
servitūtibus (dative plural)
servitūtem (accusative singular)
servitūtēs (accusative plural)
servitūte (ablative singular)
servitūtibus (ablative plural)
servitūs (singular vocative)
servitūtēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: servitud

Italian: servitù

Portuguese: servitude

Spanish: servitud

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ɪt̪uːs̠]

Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi te de terra Aegypti, de domo servitutis.

I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.

(Medieval Latin) worship, religious ministry


navis

nāvis f (genitive nāvis); third declension

nāvis (canonical feminine)
i-stem (canonical)
nāvis (genitive)
nāvis (nominative singular)
nāvēs (nominative plural)
nāvis (genitive singular)
nāvium (genitive plural)
nāvī (dative singular)
nāvibus (dative plural)
nāvem (accusative singular)
nāvim (accusative singular)
nāvēs (accusative plural)
nāvīs (accusative plural)
nāve (ablative singular)
nāvī (ablative singular)
nāvibus (ablative plural)
nāvis (singular vocative)
nāvēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: nai

Asturian: nave

Friulian: nâf, nâv

Galician: nave

Italian: nave
→ Slavomolisano: nava

desctree

Old French: nef, naf, nau
Middle French: nef, nau (Parisian dialect)
French: nef (obsolete or poetic)
→ Breton: nev
→ English: nef
Norman: nef
Poitevin-Saintongeais: nau

Old Occitan: nau

Catalan: nau
→ Portuguese: nau, nao (obsolete)
→ English: nau
→ Spanish: nao

Occitan: nau

Piedmontese: nav

Portuguese: nave

Romanian: naie, navă

Romansch: nav, nev

Sardinian: nae, nai, nave, navi

Sicilian: navi

Spanish: nave

Venetian: nave

→ English: nave

→ Ido: navo

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us, cognate with Ancient Greek ναῦς (naûs, “ship”), Armenian նավ (nav, “ship or boat”), Persian ناو (nâv), and Sanskrit नौ (nau, “ship”).

Iam validam Īlioneī nāvem, iam fortis Achātī,
et quā vectus Abās, et quā grandaevus Alētēs,

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.120–122

Now the sturdy ship of Ilioneus, now [the ship] of brave Achates, and [that ship] by which Abas has been carried, and [that ship] by which old Aletes [has been carried]: the storm defeats [them all].
(The storm at sea destroys the Trojan fleet; the passage exemplifies ellipsis, since it refers to four different ships, yet uses the word “navem” only once.)

Nāvis, quae in flūmine magna est, in marī parvula est.

c. 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 5.43.2

A ship, which is big in a river, is tiny in a sea.

ship, boat, vessel; a fleet in the plural


vulnus

la-noun

vulnus n (genitive vulneris); third declension

vulneris (genitive)
vulnus (nominative singular)
vulnera (nominative plural)
vulneris (genitive singular)
vulnerum (genitive plural)
vulnerī (dative singular)
vulneribus (dative plural)
vulnus (accusative singular)
vulnera (accusative plural)
vulnere (ablative singular)
vulneribus (ablative plural)
vulnus (singular vocative)
vulnera (plural vocative)

[ˈu̯ʊɫ̪nʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *welanos, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit”). Cognate with Latin vellō.


mater

māter f (genitive mātris); third declension

māter (canonical feminine)
mātris (genitive)
māter (nominative singular)
mātrēs (nominative plural)
mātris (genitive singular)
mātrum (genitive plural)
mātrī (dative singular)
mātribus (dative plural)
mātrem (accusative singular)
mātrēs (accusative plural)
mātre (ablative singular)
mātribus (ablative plural)
māter (singular vocative)
mātrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: madre

Sicilian: matri

North Italian:

Friulian: mari

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: mare, mèr, mèdar, madra

Ligurian: moæ, mâre, mâje

Lombard: mader, madar, madra

Piedmontese: mare, mari, mèri

Istriot: mare

Ladin: mère

Venetian: mare

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: mâre

desctree

Old French: mere, medre
Bourguignon: meire
Middle French: mere
French: mère
Haitian Creole: mè
Norman: mère, méthe
Walloon: mere

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: mare

Gascon: mair

Occitan: maire

Limousin: mair

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: mai

Old Leonese::

Asturian: madre, ma

Extremaduran: mairi

Leonese: mai

Mirandese: mai, madre

Old Galician-Portuguese: madre
Galician: madre
Portuguese: madre

Fala: mairi

Old Galician-Portuguese: mãy
Fala: má
Galician: mai, nai
Portuguese: mãe (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: madre

Ladino:

Hebrew script: מאדרי

Latin script: madre

Spanish: madre
→ Tagalog: madre

Borrowings:

→ English: mater

→ Ido: matro
→ Esperanto: matro

→ Interlingua: matre

→ Middle English: matere

English: mater

From Proto-Italic *mātēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Cognate with Old English mōdor (English mother).

Nē, māter; suam.


appendix

la-noun

appendix f (genitive appendicis); third declension

appendicis (genitive)
appendix (nominative singular)
appendicēs (nominative plural)
appendicis (genitive singular)
appendicum (genitive plural)
appendicī (dative singular)
appendicibus (dative plural)
appendicem (accusative singular)
appendicēs (accusative plural)
appendice (ablative singular)
appendicibus (ablative plural)
appendix (singular vocative)
appendicēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: apèndix

English: appendix

French: appendice

Galician: apéndice

German: Appendix

Irish: aipindic

Italian: appendice

Portuguese: apêndice

Romanian: apendice

Russian: аппе́ндикс (appéndiks)

Scottish Gaelic: aipeandaig

Spanish: apéndice


veteres

veterēs m pl (genitive veterum); third declension

veterēs (canonical masculine plural)
veterum (genitive)
veterēs (nominative plural)
veterum (genitive plural)
veteribus (dative plural)
veterēs (accusative plural)
veteribus (ablative plural)
veterēs (plural vocative)

[ˈu̯ɛt̪ɛreːs̠]


anaphysema

anaphysema n (genitive anaphysematis); third declension

anaphysematis (genitive)
anaphysema (nominative singular)
anaphysemata (nominative plural)
anaphysematis (genitive singular)
anaphysematum (genitive plural)
anaphysematī (dative singular)
anaphysematibus (dative plural)
anaphysema (accusative singular)
anaphysemata (accusative plural)
anaphysemate (ablative singular)
anaphysematibus (ablative plural)
anaphysema (singular vocative)
anaphysemata (plural vocative)

[änäˈpʰʏs̠ɛmä]


vetera

vetera n pl (genitive veterum); third declension

veterum (genitive)
vetera (nominative plural)
veterum (genitive plural)
veteribus (dative plural)
vetera (accusative plural)
veteribus (ablative plural)
vetera (plural vocative)

the old; old times, ancient times, antiquity


arx

arx f (genitive arcis); third declension

arcis (genitive)
arx (nominative singular)
arcēs (nominative plural)
arcis (genitive singular)
arcium (genitive plural)
arcī (dative singular)
arcibus (dative plural)
arcem (accusative singular)
arcēs (accusative plural)
arcīs (accusative plural)
arce (ablative singular)
arcibus (ablative plural)
arx (singular vocative)
arcēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erk- (“to protect, guard, hold, lock”). Cognates include Latin arca (“chest, box”), arceō (“I defend”), arcānus (“hidden, secret”), arcera (“covered carriage for sick people”), Old Armenian արգել (argel, “obstacle”) and Ancient Greek ἀρκέω (arkéō).

der

stronghold, castle, citadel, fortress, acropolis

(figuratively) defence, protection, refuge, bulwark

tyranny (with arx as the abode of tyrants)

... Trōiaque, nunc stārēs, Priamīque arx alta, manērēs.

... and Troy, you would now be standing, and Priam's mighty citadel still endure.

venit in hōc illa fulmen ab arce caput.

It fell on this head [of mine], a thunderbolt from that height.
(Jupiter (mythology) hurled thunderbolts from heaven, whereas the Emperor Augustus, living atop the Palatine Hill, had sentenced Ovid to exile.)

(metonymically) height, summit, pinnacle, top, peak (since castles were often built on heights)


corpus

la-noun

corpus n (genitive corporis); third declension

corporis (genitive)
corpus (nominative singular)
corpora (nominative plural)
corporis (genitive singular)
corporum (genitive plural)
corporī (dative singular)
corporibus (dative plural)
corpus (accusative singular)
corpora (accusative plural)
corpore (ablative singular)
corporibus (ablative plural)
corpus (singular vocative)
corpora (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: corp

Franco-Provençal: corps

desctree

Old French: cors
Middle French: cors
French: corps
Karipúna Creole French: kó
→ Danish: korps
→ English: corps
→ Dutch: corps, korps
→ German: Korps
→ Norwegian Bokmål: korps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: korps
→ Romanian: corp (in part)
→ Swedish: kår
Walloon: coirps, corps
→ Middle English: corse
English: corpse
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: cos
Galician: cós
Portuguese: cós

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: côrp

Ligurian: còrpo

Lombard: còrp

Piedmontese: còrp

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: corpu

Gallurese: colpu

Dalmatian: cuarp, kuarp

Istriot: cuorpo

Italian: corpo

Neapolitan: cuorpo

Sassarese: coìpu

Sicilian: corpu

Old Occitan: cors

Catalan: cos

Occitan: còrs

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cuarp

Ladin: corp

Romansch: corp

Sardinian: cólpus, corpus, cropus

Venetian: corpo, corp

→ Cimbrian: khòrp

West Iberian:

Extremaduran: cuerpu

Old Leonese:

desc

Asturian: cuerpu, cuörpu, cuorpu, cuirpu, cuerpo

Leonese: cuerpu

Mirandese: cuorpo

Navarro-Aragonese: cuerpo

Aragonese: cuerpo

Old Galician-Portuguese: corpo

Fala: corpo

Galician: corpo

Portuguese: corpo

Guinea-Bissau Creole: kurpu

Kristang: korpu

Macanese: corpo

Old Spanish: cuerpo

Spanish: cuerpo

Borrowings:

→ Basque: gorputz

→ Proto-Brythonic: *korf

Breton: korv

Middle Welsh: corff

Welsh: corff

→ Catalan: corpus

→ English: corpus

→ Esperanto: korpo

Ido: korpo

→ German: Korpus

→ Romanian: corp

→ Middle High German: korper, körper, körpel

German: Körper

desctree

→ Old Irish: corp
Irish: corp
Manx: corp
Scottish Gaelic: corp

→ Portuguese: corpus

→ Russian: ко́рпус (kórpus)

→ Spanish: corpus

From Proto-Italic *korpos, from Proto-Indo-European *krépos (“body”), from the root *krep-. Equivalent to the Proto-Germanic neuter noun *hrefaz (“body, torso”), whence e.g. Old High German href, Old Dutch ref, Old English hrif (> English riff).

c. 65 AD, Seneca Minor, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium, Epistula XCII

No one is free who is a slave to the body.

(anatomy) body, person (person when used to mean "human body", e.g., "on one's person")

substance, material (physical, perceptible to the senses)

(figuratively) the wood under the bark of a tree

(Medieval Latin) a corpus (collection of writings by a single author or addressing a certain topic)

qui liberum corpus in servitutem addixisset

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 3.56

who as a free person might have been sentenced to slavery

(metonymically) a frame, body, system, structure, community, corporation


obses

la-noun

obses m or f (genitive obsidis); third declension

obsidis (genitive)
obses (nominative singular)
obsidēs (nominative plural)
obsidis (genitive singular)
obsidum (genitive plural)
obsidī (dative singular)
obsidibus (dative plural)
obsidem (accusative singular)
obsidēs (accusative plural)
obside (ablative singular)
obsidibus (ablative plural)
obses (singular vocative)
obsidēs (plural vocative)

→ Old Polish: obsiadły (calque)

From ob (“in front of”) + sedeō (“sit”) + -s.


clitoris

clītoris f (genitive clītoridis); third declension

clītoris (canonical feminine)
clītoridis (genitive)
clītoris (nominative singular)
clītoridēs (nominative plural)
clītoridis (genitive singular)
clītoridum (genitive plural)
clītoridī (dative singular)
clītoridibus (dative plural)
clītoridem (accusative singular)
clītoridēs (accusative plural)
clītoride (ablative singular)
clītoridibus (ablative plural)
clītoris (singular vocative)
clītoridēs (plural vocative)


lactatio

lactātiō f (genitive lactātiōnis); third declension

lactātiō (canonical feminine)
lactātiōnis (genitive)
lactātiō (nominative singular)
lactātiōnēs (nominative plural)
lactātiōnis (genitive singular)
lactātiōnum (genitive plural)
lactātiōnī (dative singular)
lactātiōnibus (dative plural)
lactātiōnem (accusative singular)
lactātiōnēs (accusative plural)
lactātiōne (ablative singular)
lactātiōnibus (ablative plural)
lactātiō (singular vocative)
lactātiōnēs (plural vocative)

English: lactation

Italian: lattazione

Portuguese: lactação

[ɫ̪äkˈt̪äːt̪ioː]


virgo

virgō f (genitive virginis); third declension

virgō (canonical feminine)
virginis (genitive)
virgō (nominative singular)
virginēs (nominative plural)
virginis (genitive singular)
virginum (genitive plural)
virginī (dative singular)
virginibus (dative plural)
virginem (accusative singular)
virginēs (accusative plural)
virgine (ablative singular)
virginibus (ablative plural)
virgō (singular vocative)
virginēs (plural vocative)

Albanian: virgjër

Aromanian: virghirã

Asturian: virxe

Catalan: verge

English: virgin

Piedmontese: verzo, vergio

Ligurian: verzo

French: vierge

Friulian: virgin

Galician: virxe

Italian: vergine

Lithuanian: mergelė (calque)

Occitan: verge

Papiamentu: vírgen

Portuguese: virgem

Romanian: virgin, vergură

Sicilian: vìrgini

Spanish: virgen, virgo

Walloon: viêdge

Mater virginis in medio est.

160 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Adelphoe

[…] cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam propter unius ex illis X viris intemperiem in foro sua manu interemisset

54 BCE – 51 BCE, Cicero, De re publica 2.37.63

[…] that a certain Decimus Virginius was obliged, on account of the libidinous violence of one of these decemvirs, to stab his virgin daughter in the midst of the forum

quid mīrum, virgō sī virgine laeta ministrā
admittit castās ad sua sacra manūs?
What wonder [is there] if a virgin, [who] delights in [having] a virgin attendant, admits [only] chaste hands to her sacred rites?
(See Vesta (mythology); Vestalia.)

(by extension, Ecclesiastical Latin, of the Church Fathers) a male virgin

[…] terram virginem […]

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 33.15

(by extension, of things) an adjectival appellative for unwedded, pure, unused


pons

pōns m (genitive pontis); third declension

pōns (canonical masculine)
pontis (genitive)
pōns (nominative singular)
pontēs (nominative plural)
pontis (genitive singular)
pontium (genitive plural)
pontī (dative singular)
pontibus (dative plural)
pontem (accusative singular)
pontēs (accusative plural)
pontīs (accusative plural)
ponte (ablative singular)
pontibus (ablative plural)
pōns (singular vocative)
pontēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: punti f

Asturian: ponte f, puente m

Neapolitan: puonti

Catalan: pont m

Dalmatian: puant m

French: pont m

Friulian: puint m

Istriot: ponto m

Italian: ponte m

Ladin: puent

Mirandese: puonte f

Occitan: pònt m

Old Occitan: Ponce (now a place name and surname)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: ponte f
Galician: ponte f
Portuguese: ponte f

Romanian: punte f

Romansch: punt f, pùnt f

Sardinian: ponte, ponti

Sicilian: ponti

Spanish: puente m

Venetian: pónte m, pónt

Walloon: pont

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pont (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *ponts, from Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s (“path, road”), from *pent- (“path”). Cognate with Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā-), Ancient Greek πόντος (póntos), Old Armenian հուն (hun, “riverbed”), Old English findan (English find), and Old Church Slavonic пѫть (pǫtĭ, “road”). Doublet of Pontus.

pōns Varoliī

of Cōnstantius Varolius / Costanzo Varolio

Caesar partitis copiis cum Gaio Fabio legato et Marco Crasso quaestore celeriterque effectis pontibus adit tripertito, aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero potitur.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6.6

Caesar, having divided his forces with C. Fabius, his lieutenant, and M. Crassus his questor, and having hastily constructed some bridges, enters their country in three divisions, burns their houses and villages, and gets possession of a large number of cattle and men.

A bridge, a construction or natural feature that spans a divide.

Multae pontibus stratae, super quas tormenta veherentur.

Many (ships) were covered with decks, on which engines for missiles might be conveyed.


legislatio

la-noun

lēgislātiō f (genitive lēgislātiōnis); third declension

lēgislātiō (canonical feminine)
lēgislātiōnis (genitive)
lēgislātiō (nominative singular)
lēgislātiōnēs (nominative plural)
lēgislātiōnis (genitive singular)
lēgislātiōnum (genitive plural)
lēgislātiōnī (dative singular)
lēgislātiōnibus (dative plural)
lēgislātiōnem (accusative singular)
lēgislātiōnēs (accusative plural)
lēgislātiōne (ablative singular)
lēgislātiōnibus (ablative plural)
lēgislātiō (singular vocative)
lēgislātiōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: legislació

→ English: legislation

→ French: législation

→ Galician: lexislación

→ Italian: legislazione

→ Norman: législâtion

→ Piedmontese: legislassion

→ Portuguese: legislação

→ Romanian: legislație

→ Spanish: legislación

[ɫ̪eːɡɪs̠ˈɫ̪äːt̪ioː]

Univerbation of lēgis (“of the law”) + lātiō (“carrying”), abstract noun of ferō (“to bear, to carry”).


vermis

la-noun

vermis m (genitive vermis); third declension

vermis (genitive)
vermis (nominative singular)
vermēs (nominative plural)
vermis (genitive singular)
vermium (genitive plural)
vermī (dative singular)
vermibus (dative plural)
vermem (accusative singular)
vermēs (accusative plural)
vermīs (accusative plural)
verme (ablative singular)
vermibus (ablative plural)
vermis (singular vocative)
vermēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: yermu, ierm, iermu

desc

Asturian: viérbene, vierbe, viermo, berbene

Corsican: vermu, varmu, varme, gialmu

Esperanto: vermo

Franco-Provençal: vèrm

Friulian: vier

Galician: verme

Gascon: bermi (Béarnese)

Istro-Romanian: l'erm, gl'erm

Italian: verme, vermine (Tuscan)

Megleno-Romanian: ghermi, ghiarmi, varmi

Lombard: vermen

Neapolitan: vermene

Occitan: vèrm, vèrme

Old Catalan: verme

Catalan: verm

Old French: verm

French: ver

Old Galician-Portuguese: vermem

Portuguese: verme

Old Spanish: vierme, viermen, vierven

Piedmontese: verm

Romagnol: virman

Romanian: vierme

Romansch: verm, vierm

Sardinian: berme, merme, gremi, brèmmini

Sicilian: vemmu, vermu, vermi

Venetian: vermo, verme

Walloon: varme

→ English: vermin, vermis

→ Spanish: verme

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *wurmiz (“worm; snake”).


vetus

la-adj

vetus (genitive veteris, comparative vetustior or veterior, superlative vetustissimus or veterrimus); third-declension one-termination adjective (non-i-stem)

veteris (genitive)
vetustior (comparative)
veterior (comparative)
vetustissimus (superlative)
veterrimus (superlative)
vetus (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
veterēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
vetera (neuter nominative plural)
veteris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
veterum (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
veterī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
veteribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
veterem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
vetus (accusative neuter singular)
veterēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
vetera (accusative neuter plural)
vetere (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
veteribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
vetus (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
veterēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
vetera (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: biet

Italo-Romance:

Italian: vieto

Padanian:

Friulian: vieri

Old Lombard: uedre

Lombard: eder, veger

Romansch: veider, vedar

Venetian: vegro, viegro

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: viero

Lorrain: vyös

Occitan: vèire, vèira

Old French: viez

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: vedro

Galician: vedro ⇒ Galician: Pontevedra

Old Spanish: viedro

From Proto-Italic *wetos (“year”) (The Latin term for year is annus.), from Proto-Indo-European *wétos (“year”).
Cognates include Sanskrit वत्स (vatsá, “year; calf”), Ancient Greek ἔτος (étos), Albanian vjet, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃 (wiþrus, “one-year-old lamb”), Old Church Slavonic ветъхъ (vetŭxŭ, “old, aged, ancient”), Russian ве́тхий (vétxij, “old, aged”), Lithuanian vẽtušas and Proto-Celtic *wetsi- (Middle Irish feis, Cornish guis, both “sow that has already given birth” < “from last year”), Etruscan 𐌅𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌔 (vetus).

cog

Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam civitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos videbatur ad veteris imperii respectum.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1

This concern in particular troubled the mindful Romans at the time, not so much because of anger, which has never been more justified against any other city, rather because a city so noble and powerful, in the same way that it had attracted the support of a number of communities by its revolt, was thought would again turn attention back towards respect for the previous government once recaptured.


synthesis

la-noun

synthesis f (genitive synthesis or syntheseōs or synthesios); third declension

synthesis (genitive)
syntheseōs (genitive)
synthesios (genitive)
synthesis (nominative singular)
synthesēs (nominative plural)
syntheseis (nominative plural)
synthesis (genitive singular)
syntheseōs (genitive singular)
synthesios (genitive singular)
synthesium (genitive plural)
synthesī (dative singular)
synthesibus (dative plural)
synthesim (accusative singular)
synthesin (accusative singular)
synthesem (accusative singular)
synthesēs (accusative plural)
synthesīs (accusative plural)
synthesī (ablative singular)
synthese (ablative singular)
synthesibus (ablative plural)
synthesis (singular vocative)
synthesi (singular vocative)
synthesēs (plural vocative)
syntheseis (plural vocative)

Catalan: síntesi

French: synthèse

Romanian: sinteză

Friulian: sintesi

Galician: síntese

Italian: sintesi

Piedmontese: sìntesi, sunt

Portuguese: síntese

Spanish: síntesis

[ˈs̠ʏn̪t̪ʰɛs̠ɪs̠]

From Ancient Greek σύνθεσις (súnthesis, “a putting together; composition”), from συντίθημι (suntíthēmi, “put together, combine”), from σύν (sún, “together”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “set, place”).

der

A collection or reunion of many objects of analogous nature.


liberatio

la-noun

līberātiō f (genitive līberātiōnis); third declension

līberātiō (canonical feminine)
līberātiōnis (genitive)
līberātiō (nominative singular)
līberātiōnēs (nominative plural)
līberātiōnis (genitive singular)
līberātiōnum (genitive plural)
līberātiōnī (dative singular)
līberātiōnibus (dative plural)
līberātiōnem (accusative singular)
līberātiōnēs (accusative plural)
līberātiōne (ablative singular)
līberātiōnibus (ablative plural)
līberātiō (singular vocative)
līberātiōnēs (plural vocative)

Inherited:

French: livraison

Portuguese: livração

Borrowed:

→ English: liberation

→ French: libération

→ Italian: liberazione

→ Piedmontese: liberassion

→ Portuguese: liberação

→ Romanian: liberație

→ Sicilian: libbirazziuni

→ Spanish: liberación


nix

nix f (genitive nivis); third declension

nivis (genitive)
nix (nominative singular)
nivēs (nominative plural)
nivis (genitive singular)
nivium (genitive plural)
nivī (dative singular)
nivibus (dative plural)
nivem (accusative singular)
nivēs (accusative plural)
nivīs (accusative plural)
nive (ablative singular)
nivibus (ablative plural)
nix (singular vocative)
nivēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: neauã, aneauã, neao, niau

Istro-Romanian: ne

Megleno-Romanian: neauă

Romanian: nea

Dalmatian:

nai

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: nibe, nive (Nuorese); nie (Logudorese); ni, nii, nia (Campidanese)

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: neve

Spanish: nieve

Italo-Romance:

Italian: neve

Neapolitan: neve, neva

Sicilian: nivi

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: neiv, neva, neiva, nev

Lombard: nef, nif, nöu, neif, nev

Old Ligurian: neive

Ligurian: neie

Piedmontese: neu, nef

Romagnol: neiva, nev

Friulian: nêf, nêv, gnu (Dignano)

Istriot: nìo

Ladin: nëif, nei (Belluno)

Romansch: naiv, nev, neif

Venetian: neve

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: nê, neu, nei, neif (Valdôtain)

Old French: neif, noif, noi

Norman: nê, noif

Vulgar Latin:

*nĕvem

*nivāre, *nevāre, *nivicāre

Borrowings:

French: nihil-gris, nihil-blanc

From Proto-Italic *sniks (with oblique stem *sniɣʷ- > niv-), from Proto-Indo-European *snéygʷʰs (“snow”), root noun derived from *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”) (whence also Latin nivit, ningit, ninguit). Direct cognates include Ancient Greek νίφα (nípha) and Old Irish snechtae and indirectly also Sanskrit स्नेह (sneha), Old Church Slavonic снѣгъ (sněgŭ) and Old English snāw and snīwan (English snow and snew).

Fontis habēs īnstar pluviamque nivēsque solūtās,

For a source you have the rain and the melting snows,
riches which lazy winter administers to you.

quās tibi dīvitiās pigra ministrat hiemps.

Importūnus enim trānsvolat āridās
quercūs et refugit tē, quia lūridī
dentēs tē, quia rūgae

For he flies, importune, past the dry
oaks and avoids you, because the yellowed
teeth, because the wrinkes
and the white hair make you ugly.


Kaeso

la-noun

Kaesō m sg (genitive Kaesōnis); third declension

Kaesō (canonical masculine singular)
Kaesōnis (genitive)
Kaesō (nominative singular)
Kaesōnis (genitive singular)
Kaesōnī (dative singular)
Kaesōnem (accusative singular)
Kaesōne (ablative singular)
Kaesō (singular vocative)

Roman writers described the name as either coming from caesius (“blue-grey”), describing eyes, or from caedere (“to cut”). More at Kaeso.


pugio

pūgiō m (genitive pūgiōnis); third declension

pūgiō (canonical masculine)
pūgiōnis (genitive)
pūgiō (nominative singular)
pūgiōnēs (nominative plural)
pūgiōnis (genitive singular)
pūgiōnum (genitive plural)
pūgiōnī (dative singular)
pūgiōnibus (dative plural)
pūgiōnem (accusative singular)
pūgiōnēs (accusative plural)
pūgiōne (ablative singular)
pūgiōnibus (ablative plural)
pūgiō (singular vocative)
pūgiōnēs (plural vocative)

→ English: pugio (learned)

desc

→ Italian: pugio, pugione (rare, archaic) (learned)

→ Hebrew: פגיון (pigyón) (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ-, same source as Ancient Greek πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist”).

multōs in moenia ēgressōs pūgiōnibus fodere.

c. 100 CE – 110 CE, Tacitus, Histories 4.29

Many, who had struggled on to the walls, with their daggers they stabbed.

Pūgio, quem curvā signat brevis orbita vēnā,

86 CE – 103 CE, Martial, Epigrammata 14.33

strīdentem gelidīs hunc Salo tīnxit aquīs.


kadamitas

la-noun

kadamitās f (genitive kadamitātis); third declension

kadamitās (canonical feminine)
kadamitātis (genitive)
kadamitās (nominative singular)
kadamitātēs (nominative plural)
kadamitātis (genitive singular)
kadamitātum (genitive plural)
kadamitātī (dative singular)
kadamitātibus (dative plural)
kadamitātem (accusative singular)
kadamitātēs (accusative plural)
kadamitāte (ablative singular)
kadamitātibus (ablative plural)
kadamitās (singular vocative)
kadamitātēs (plural vocative)

Latin: calamitās

[käˈd̪ämɪt̪äːs̠]

From Proto-Italic *kalamos (“damaged”), from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂m-, from *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”); see also Proto-Celtic *kladiwos, Proto-Celtic *klamitos, Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos), Proto-Balto-Slavic *kálˀtei (“to beat”).

Cn. Pompeius Magnus et scribebat et dicebat kadamitatem pro calamitatem

Gaius Marius Victorinus, Ars grammatica VI.8.15K

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus wrote and spoke kadamitas for calamitas


ellipsis

ellīpsis f (genitive ellīpsis); third declension

ellīpsis (canonical feminine)
ellīpsis (genitive)
ellīpsis (nominative singular)
ellīpsēs (nominative plural)
ellīpsis (genitive singular)
ellīpsium (genitive plural)
ellīpsī (dative singular)
ellīpsibus (dative plural)
ellīpsin (accusative singular)
ellīpsim (accusative singular)
ellīpsēs (accusative plural)
ellīpsīs (accusative plural)
ellīpsī (ablative singular)
ellīpsibus (ablative plural)
ellīpsis (singular vocative)
ellīpsēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: el·lipse, el·lipsi

→ English: ellipsis

→ French: ellipse

→ Italian: ellissi, ellisse

From Ancient Greek ἔλλειψις (élleipsis, “omission”).

bor

Unde sequitur ambitum ABCD non esse circulum perfectum, sed magis ad ellipsis figuram accedere

1644, René Descartes, Principia philosophiae

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


synopsis

la-noun

synopsis f (genitive synopsis or synopseōs or synopsios); third declension

synopsis (genitive)
synopseōs (genitive)
synopsios (genitive)
synopsis (nominative singular)
synopsēs (nominative plural)
synopseis (nominative plural)
synopsis (genitive singular)
synopseōs (genitive singular)
synopsios (genitive singular)
synopsium (genitive plural)
synopsī (dative singular)
synopsibus (dative plural)
synopsim (accusative singular)
synopsin (accusative singular)
synopsem (accusative singular)
synopsēs (accusative plural)
synopsīs (accusative plural)
synopsī (ablative singular)
synopse (ablative singular)
synopsibus (ablative plural)
synopsis (singular vocative)
synopsi (singular vocative)
synopsēs (plural vocative)
synopseis (plural vocative)

Catalan: sinopsi

English: synopsis

French: synopsis

Italian: sinossi

Spanish: sinopsis

Portuguese: sinopse

[s̠ʏˈnɔps̠ɪs̠]

From Ancient Greek σῠ́νοψῐς (súnopsis, “shared view; estimate”).


lex

la-noun

lēx f (genitive lēgis); third declension

lēx (canonical feminine)
lēgis (genitive)
lēx (nominative singular)
lēgēs (nominative plural)
lēgis (genitive singular)
lēgum (genitive plural)
lēgī (dative singular)
lēgibus (dative plural)
lēgem (accusative singular)
lēgēs (accusative plural)
lēge (ablative singular)
lēgibus (ablative plural)
lēx (singular vocative)
lēgēs (plural vocative)

→? Albanian: ligj

Aromanian: leadzi

Basque: lege

Friulian: leç

Galician: lei

→ German: lege artis

Italian: legge
→ Esperanto: leĝo

Ladin: lege

Old Leonese: lee, llei

Asturian: llei

Lombard: leg

Piedmontese: lèj

Old Occitan: ley

Occitan: lei

Catalan: llei

desctree

Old French: lei
Middle French: loy
French: loi
⇒ Haitian Creole: lalwa
→ Moore: laloa
Norman: louai

Piedmontese: lege

Portuguese: lei

Romanian: lege

Sicilian: liggi

Old Spanish: ley

Spanish: ley

Venetian: lexe

Walloon: lwè

From Proto-Italic *lēks. The usual etymology derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *lēǵ-s, a root nomen actionis from *leǵ- (“to gather”), whence also legō.
Palmer (1906) proposes an alternative origin in Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-s, root nomen actionis from *legʰ- (“to lie, to be in resting position”). Compare with the semantics of English law from this root. This alternative etymology is endorsed by Fortson.

a proposition or motion for a law made to the people by a magistrate, a bill

Lex universa est quae iubet nasci et mori.

a. 43 BC, Publilius Syrus, Sententiae (printed in translation Benham's Book of Quotations 1948)

The universal law is that which ordains that we are to be born and to die.
dura lex, sed lex.
The law is tough but it is the law.

(figurative) a bill which has become a law, a law, a statute

(figurative) a precept, regulation, principle, rule, mode, manner

(figurative) a contract, agreement, covenant


animalis

la-adj

animālis (neuter animāle); third-declension two-termination adjective

animālis (canonical)
animāle (neuter)
animālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
animāle (neuter nominative singular)
animālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
animālia (neuter nominative plural)
animālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
animālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
animālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
animālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
animālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
animāle (accusative neuter singular)
animālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
animālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
animālia (accusative neuter plural)
animālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
animālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
animālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
animāle (neuter singular vocative)
animālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
animālia (neuter plural vocative)

[änɪˈmäːlʲɪs̠]