mel

mel n (genitive mellis); third declension

mellis (genitive)
mel (nominative singular)
mella (nominative plural)
mellis (genitive singular)
mellium (genitive plural)
mellum (genitive plural)
mellī (dative singular)
mellibus (dative plural)
mel (accusative singular)
mella (accusative plural)
melle (ablative singular)
mellī (ablative singular)
mellibus (ablative plural)
mel (singular vocative)
mella (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *melem m or f (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *meli, from Proto-Indo-European *mel-it (“honey”), with the athematic suffix *-it that indicates comestible substances (compare Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰ-it (“barley”) or Proto-Indo-European *sép-it (“wheat”))) Cognate with Ancient Greek μέλι (méli), Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 (miliþ), Old Armenian մեղր (mełr), Hittite [script needed] (milit), Luwian [script needed] (mallit-).

colligit errantēs et in arbore claudit inānī
Liber et inventī praemia mellis habet.
Liber gathers the wandering [bees] and confines them in a hollow tree,
and he has the rewards of discovering honey.
(See Liber – the Greek Dionysus or Roman Bacchus – and The Discovery of Honey by Bacchus.)

… esca autem eius erat lucustae et mel silvestre.

And his food was locusts and wild honey.

Heia, hoc est melle dulci dulcius.

c. 189 BCE, Plautus, Truculentus 371, (ed. by Friedric Leo, Plauti Comoediae vol. 2, 1896, Berlin: Weidmann)

Sed nos veremur ne parum hic liber mellis et absinthii multum habere videatur

c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 3.1.5

But I fear that this book will have too little sweetness and too much wormwood.

cor meum, spes mea / mel meum, suavitudo, cibus, gaudium

My heart, my hope, my honey, sweetness, food, delight.

(figuratively, term of endearment) darling, sweet, honey


ioculator

la-noun

ioculātor m (genitive ioculātōris); third declension

ioculātor (canonical masculine)
ioculātōris (genitive)
ioculātor (nominative singular)
ioculātōrēs (nominative plural)
ioculātōris (genitive singular)
ioculātōrum (genitive plural)
ioculātōrī (dative singular)
ioculātōribus (dative plural)
ioculātōrem (accusative singular)
ioculātōrēs (accusative plural)
ioculātōre (ablative singular)
ioculātōribus (ablative plural)
ioculātor (singular vocative)
ioculātōrēs (plural vocative)

[i̯ɔkʊˈɫ̪äːt̪ɔr]

From ioculor (“I jest, joke”) + -tor, from ioculus, diminutive of iocus (“a joke, jest”).


Babylon

la-proper noun

Babylōn f (genitive Babylōnis); third declension

Babylōn (canonical feminine)
Babylōnis (genitive)
Babylōn (nominative singular)
Babylōnēs (nominative plural)
Babylōnis (genitive singular)
Babylōnum (genitive plural)
Babylōnī (dative singular)
Babylōnibus (dative plural)
Babylōnem (accusative singular)
Babylōnēs (accusative plural)
Babylōne (ablative singular)
Babylōnibus (ablative plural)
Babylōn (singular vocative)
Babylōnēs (plural vocative)

[ˈbäbʏɫ̪oːn]

From Ancient Greek Βαβυλών (Babulṓn), from Akkadian 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 (Bābilim, literally “Gate of God”), the name of the ancient Chaldean capital and Biblical city of the Apocalypse.

der

(historical) Babylon (an ancient city in Mesopotamia, built on the banks of the Euphrates, which was the capital of Babylonia)


versipellis

la-adj

versipellis (neuter versipelle); third-declension two-termination adjective

versipelle (neuter)
versipellis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
versipelle (neuter nominative singular)
versipellēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
versipellia (neuter nominative plural)
versipellis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
versipellium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
versipellī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
versipellibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
versipellem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
versipelle (accusative neuter singular)
versipellēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
versipellīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
versipellia (accusative neuter plural)
versipellī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
versipellibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
versipellis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
versipelle (neuter singular vocative)
versipellēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
versipellia (neuter plural vocative)

→ Italian: versipelle (learned)

[u̯ɛrs̠ɪˈpɛlːʲɪs̠]

From vertō (“turn”) + pellis (“skin, hide”).

shape-shifting, capable of transforming itself or altering its appearance


versipellis

la-noun

versipellis m (genitive versipellis); third declension

versipellis (genitive)
versipellis (nominative singular)
versipellēs (nominative plural)
versipellis (genitive singular)
versipellium (genitive plural)
versipellī (dative singular)
versipellibus (dative plural)
versipellem (accusative singular)
versipellēs (accusative plural)
versipellīs (accusative plural)
versipelle (ablative singular)
versipellibus (ablative plural)
versipellis (singular vocative)
versipellēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: versipelle (learned)

[u̯ɛrs̠ɪˈpɛlːʲɪs̠]

(fantasy, mythology) a werewolf, lycanthrope


eques

eques m (genitive equitis); third declension

equitis (genitive)
eques (nominative singular)
equitēs (nominative plural)
equitis (genitive singular)
equitum (genitive plural)
equitī (dative singular)
equitibus (dative plural)
equitem (accusative singular)
equitēs (accusative plural)
equite (ablative singular)
equitibus (ablative plural)
eques (singular vocative)
equitēs (plural vocative)

From equus (“horse”) + -es (“-faring”). Compare pedes, mīles for similar formations.


cauma

cauma n (genitive caumatis); third declension

caumatis (genitive)
cauma (nominative singular)
caumata (nominative plural)
caumatis (genitive singular)
caumatum (genitive plural)
caumatī (dative singular)
caumatibus (dative plural)
cauma (accusative singular)
caumata (accusative plural)
caumate (ablative singular)
caumatibus (ablative plural)
cauma (singular vocative)
caumata (plural vocative)

English: cauma, calm

Spanish: calma

Italian: calma

Portuguese: calma

From Ancient Greek καῦμα (kaûma, “heat, especially of the sun”).


diaeresis

la-noun

diaeresis f (genitive diaeresis or diaereseōs or diaeresios); third declension

diaeresis (genitive)
diaereseōs (genitive)
diaeresios (genitive)
diaeresis (nominative singular)
diaeresēs (nominative plural)
diaereseis (nominative plural)
diaeresis (genitive singular)
diaereseōs (genitive singular)
diaeresios (genitive singular)
diaeresium (genitive plural)
diaeresī (dative singular)
diaeresibus (dative plural)
diaeresim (accusative singular)
diaeresin (accusative singular)
diaeresem (accusative singular)
diaeresēs (accusative plural)
diaeresīs (accusative plural)
diaeresī (ablative singular)
diaerese (ablative singular)
diaeresibus (ablative plural)
diaeresis (singular vocative)
diaeresi (singular vocative)
diaeresēs (plural vocative)
diaereseis (plural vocative)

[d̪iˈäe̯rɛs̠ɪs̠]

From the Ancient Greek δῐαίρεσῐς (diaíresis).

AD 98–138, Velius Longus (aut.), T.H.G. Keil (ed.), Liber de orthographia in Grammatici Latini VII (1880), p. 57, ll. 21–28

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

sed et quidam in hac quoque scriptione voluerunt esse differentiam, ut pluralis quidem numeri nominativus casus per a et e scriberetur, genetivus vero singularis per a et i, hoc quoque argumentantes, quod diaeresis, sive dialysis illa dicetur, a nominativo plurali non fit, sed ex singulari obliquo, cum dicitur ‘ a u l a i i n m e d i o ’ et // d i v e s e q u u m , d i v e s p i c t a i v e s t i s e t a u r i , // item rei nostrai, faciendai, magnai.

Fvrit intvs aqvai fvmidvs id est aquae amnis: nec inmerito; nam potest esse et alterius rei amnis, “ut fluvios videt ille cruoris”. Hanc autem diaeresin Tucca et Varius fecerunt: nam Vergilius sic reliquerat “furit intus aquae amnis” et “exuberat amnis”: quod satis asperum fuit. Notandum quod in toto Vergilio non reperiuntur nisi quattuor diaereses, hoc loco, et in tertio ⟨354⟩, ut “aulai medio libabant pocula Bacchi”, et in VI. ⟨747⟩ ut “aurai simplicis ignem”, et in IX. ⟨26⟩ “dives pictai vestis et auri”.

circa''' AD 384, Ser. Honoratus (aut.), G. Thilo & H. Hagen (eds.), In Vergilii Aeneidos commentarii in Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii II (1884), bk vii, l. 464 (p. 160, ll. 1–9)

(grammar) diaeresis (division of a diphthong into two vowels in consecutive syllables)


fax

fax f (genitive facis); third declension

facis (genitive)
fax (nominative singular)
facēs (nominative plural)
facis (genitive singular)
facum (genitive plural)
facī (dative singular)
facibus (dative plural)
facem (accusative singular)
facēs (accusative plural)
face (ablative singular)
facibus (ablative plural)
fax (singular vocative)
facēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰweh₂k- (“to shine”). Cognate with facētus, Lithuanian žvakė (“candle”). Compare also Etruscan 𐌚𐌀𐌂𐌄 (face, “torch (?)”).


caulis

la-noun

caulis m (genitive caulis); third declension

caulis (genitive)
caulis (nominative singular)
caulēs (nominative plural)
caulis (genitive singular)
caulium (genitive plural)
caulī (dative singular)
caulibus (dative plural)
caulem (accusative singular)
caulēs (accusative plural)
caulīs (accusative plural)
caule (ablative singular)
caulibus (ablative plural)
caulis (singular vocative)
caulēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

caul

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cavolo

Sicilian: càvulu, cavulu, caulu, càulu

Padanian:

Emilian: chèvol, cavol, caul

Ligurian: cöo, cô, cúaro

Lombard: caul, cavol

Piedmontese: còl, caure

Romagnol: chèvol, chevle

Venetian: càvol, càorlo, càoło

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: chous

French: chou

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: col

Old Occitan: caul

desc

Auvergnat: chaul, chaur, chare, choul, chol, chal

Gascon: caul ⇒ caulet

Languedocien: caul ⇒ caulet

Limousin: chaul, chol

Provençal: còure, coule, cole

Vivaro-Alpine: chaul, chaule

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician / Old Galician-Portuguese: col

Galician: col

Old Galician-Portuguese: couve

Galician: couve, couva (regional, south Galicia)

desctree

Portuguese: couve
→ Hindi: गोभी (gobhī), गोबी (gobī)
→ Burmese: ဂေါ်ဖီ (gauhpi)
→ English: gobi, gobhi
→ Pashto: ګوبي

Old Spanish:

Spanish: col

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: càule

Borrowings

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kawl (see there for further descendants)

→ English: caulis (learned)

→ Catalan: caule (semi-learned)

→ Italian: caule (semi-learned)

→ Macedonian: кељ (kelj)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kauli (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: caule (semi-learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂ulis. Cognate with Sanskrit कुल्या (kulyā), Ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós, “stem”), Latvian kauls (“bone”), Old Irish cúal (“bundle of sticks”), and perhaps Old Armenian ցօղուն (cʻōłun, “stalk; straw”).

cog

[ˈkäu̯lʲɪs̠]


-aris

-āris (canonical)
-āre (neuter)
-āris (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-āre (neuter nominative singular)
-ārēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-āria (neuter nominative plural)
-āris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ārium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-ārī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-āribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ārem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-āre (accusative neuter singular)
-ārēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ārīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-āria (accusative neuter plural)
-ārī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-āribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-āris (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-āre (neuter singular vocative)
-ārēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-āria (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: -ar

English: -ar, -ary

French: -aire

Galician: -ar

Italian: -are

Occitan: -ar

Portuguese: -ar

Spanish: -ar

Etymology tree
Latin -ālis
Latin -āris
Form of -ālis with dissimilation of -l- to -r- after roots containing an l.

etymon

-āris

Used to form an adjective, usually from a noun, indicating a relationship or a pertaining to.


agger

la-noun

agger m (genitive aggeris); third declension

aggeris (genitive)
agger (nominative singular)
aggerēs (nominative plural)
aggeris (genitive singular)
aggerum (genitive plural)
aggerī (dative singular)
aggeribus (dative plural)
aggerem (accusative singular)
aggerēs (accusative plural)
aggere (ablative singular)
aggeribus (ablative plural)
agger (singular vocative)
aggerēs (plural vocative)

French: ari (dialectal, Normandy)

Italian: argine

Piedmontese: àrgin

Spanish: arce, arcén

Venetian: àrzare, àrxen

If not directly from aggerō (“carry towards”), from its root.

earthwork, particularly defensive ramparts or bulwarks, dykes, dams, causeways, and piers

rubble or earth used or intended for such earthwork

Eruptionibus … aggeri ignem inferebant

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22

By sorties they set fire to the ramparts

(figurative) any rampart or defensive wall


tumor

tumor m (genitive tumōris); third declension

tumōris (genitive)
tumor (nominative singular)
tumōrēs (nominative plural)
tumōris (genitive singular)
tumōrum (genitive plural)
tumōrī (dative singular)
tumōribus (dative plural)
tumōrem (accusative singular)
tumōrēs (accusative plural)
tumōre (ablative singular)
tumōribus (ablative plural)
tumor (singular vocative)
tumōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: tumor

English: tumor, tumour

French: tumeur

Italian: tumore

Portuguese: tumor

Spanish: tumor

Romanian: tumoare

(figuratively) A commotion, fermentation, excitement; arrogance.

(rhetoric) An inflated or pompous style, bombast.


jus

jūs n (genitive jūris); third declension

jūs (canonical neuter)
jūris (genitive)
jūs (nominative singular)
jūra (nominative plural)
jūris (genitive singular)
jūrum (genitive plural)
jūrī (dative singular)
jūribus (dative plural)
jūs (accusative singular)
jūra (accusative plural)
jūre (ablative singular)
jūribus (ablative plural)
jūs (singular vocative)
jūra (plural vocative)


avens

la-part

avēns (genitive aventis, adverb aventer); third-declension one-termination participle

avēns (canonical)
aventis (genitive)
aventer (adverb)
avēns (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
aventēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
aventia (neuter nominative plural)
aventis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
aventium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
aventī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
aventibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
aventem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
avēns (accusative neuter singular)
aventēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
aventīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
aventia (accusative neuter plural)
avente (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
aventī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
aventibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
avēns (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
aventēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
aventia (neuter plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *awents, present participle of aveō.


odor

la-noun

odor m (genitive odōris); third declension

odōris (genitive)
odor (nominative singular)
odōrēs (nominative plural)
odōris (genitive singular)
odōrum (genitive plural)
odōrī (dative singular)
odōribus (dative plural)
odōrem (accusative singular)
odōrēs (accusative plural)
odōre (ablative singular)
odōribus (ablative plural)
odor (singular vocative)
odōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: golor

Catalan: olor

→ Czech: odér

→ Esperanto: odoro

→ Ido: odoro

Friulian: odôr, nulôr

Italian: odore

Occitan: odor, olor

Old French: odor

Anglo-Norman: odour

→ Middle English: odour

English: odor, odour

French: odeur

→ Swedish: odör

Portuguese: odor

Romanian: odor, odoare, urdoare

Romansch: odur, udur, odour

→ Sicilian: uduri

Spanish: olor

Venetian: odor, udor

Via rhotacism from Old Latin odōs (plural: odōses), from Proto-Italic *odōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éd-os, from *h₃ed- (“to smell”).


lis

līs f (genitive lītis); third declension

līs (canonical feminine)
lītis (genitive)
līs (nominative singular)
lītēs (nominative plural)
lītis (genitive singular)
lītium (genitive plural)
lītī (dative singular)
lītibus (dative plural)
lītem (accusative singular)
lītēs (accusative plural)
lītīs (accusative plural)
līte (ablative singular)
lītibus (ablative plural)
līs (singular vocative)
lītēs (plural vocative)

Galician: lide

Italian: lite

Portuguese: lide

Sicilian: liti

Spanish: lid

From Old Latin stlīs, from Proto-Italic *slītis (“accusation, dispute”), likely from Proto-Indo-European *sliH-ti-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)leyH-, related to Old Irish liid (“accuse, charge”).

inh

līte vacent aurēs, īnsānaque prōtinus absint

1851 translation by Henry T. Riley
Let our ears be relieved from strife, and forthwith let maddening discords he far away; and thou envious tongue, postpone thy occupation.

iūrgia; differ opus, līvida lingua, tuum!


carnifex

la-noun

carnifex m (genitive carnificis); third declension

carnificis (genitive)
carnifex (nominative singular)
carnificēs (nominative plural)
carnificis (genitive singular)
carnificum (genitive plural)
carnificī (dative singular)
carnificibus (dative plural)
carnificem (accusative singular)
carnificēs (accusative plural)
carnifice (ablative singular)
carnificibus (ablative plural)
carnifex (singular vocative)
carnificēs (plural vocative)

→ English: carnifex

→ Italian: carnefice

→ Portuguese: carnífice

→ Spanish: carnífice

butcher, knacker (one who slaughters and renders worn-out livestock)


character

charactēr m (genitive charactēris); third declension

charactēr (canonical masculine)
charactēris (genitive)
charactēr (nominative singular)
charactērēs (nominative plural)
charactēris (genitive singular)
charactērum (genitive plural)
charactērī (dative singular)
charactēribus (dative plural)
charactērem (accusative singular)
charactērēs (accusative plural)
charactēre (ablative singular)
charactēribus (ablative plural)
charactēr (singular vocative)
charactērēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: caráuter

Hungarian: karakter

Galician: caritel; → carácter

desctree

→ Old Irish: carachtar, caractar, cáractar, cárachtar
Irish: carachtar

Italian: carattere

→ Old Czech: charakter (learned)
Czech: charakter

Old French: caractere
→ English: character
→ Scottish Gaelic: caractar
French: caractère

→ Old Slovak: charakter (learned)
Slovak: charakter

→ Polish: charakter, harakter, karakter (Middle Polish) (learned)
→ Kashubian: charakter
→ Russian: хара́ктер (xarákter)
→ Silesian: karakter (through Middle Polish "karakter")

Portuguese: caractere, carácter

Romanian: caracter

Sicilian: caràttiri

Spanish: carácter

From the Ancient Greek χαρακτήρ (kharaktḗr).


professor

la-noun

professor m (genitive professōris, feminine profestrīx); third declension

professōris (genitive)
profestrīx (feminine)
professor (nominative singular)
professōrēs (nominative plural)
professōris (genitive singular)
professōrum (genitive plural)
professōrī (dative singular)
professōribus (dative plural)
professōrem (accusative singular)
professōrēs (accusative plural)
professōre (ablative singular)
professōribus (ablative plural)
professor (singular vocative)
professōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: profesor

Catalan: professor

Dalmatian: professáur

French: professeur
→ Turkish: profesör

Galician: profesor

Italian: professore

Occitan: professor

desctree

Portuguese: professor
Kabuverdianu: profesor
Macanese: (from professora) sora

Romanian: profesor

Sicilian: prufissuri

Spanish: profesor
→ Bikol Central: propesor
→ Tagalog: propesor

Venetian: profesor

→ Azerbaijani: professor

→ Belarusian: прафе́сар (prafjésar)

→ Bulgarian: профе́сор (profésor)

→ Czech: profesor

→ Danish: professor
→ Icelandic: prófessor

→ Dutch: professor

→ Egyptian Arabic: بروفيسور (brūfisūr)

→ English: professor, professour (archaic)
→ Chickasaw: pofessa'
→ Fijian: parofesa
→ Hawaiian: polopeka
→ Hindi: प्रोफ़ेसर (profesar)
→ Malay: profesor
→ Niuean: palōfesa
→ Samoan: polofesa
→ Swahili: profesa
→ Tok Pisin: profesa
→ Tongan: palofesa
→ Urdu: پروفیسر (profesar)

→ Esperanto: profesoro

→ Finnish: professori

→ Georgian: პროფესორი (ṗropesori)

→ German: Professor

desc

פְּרוֹפֶסוֹר

→ Hebrew: פְּרוֹפֶסוֹר (profésor)

→ Hungarian: professzor

→ Indonesian: profesor

→ Javanese: profesor

→ Latgalian: profesors

→ Latvian: profesors

→ Lithuanian: profesorius

→ Macedonian: про́фесор (prófesor)

→ Maltese: professur

→ Persian: پروفسور (profesor)

desctree

→ Polish: profesor
→ Kashubian: profesór
→ Masurian: profesor, profesór

→ Russian: профе́ссор (proféssor), профе́ссоръ (proféssor) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: պրոֆեսոր (profesor)
→ Kazakh: профессор (professor)
→ Uyghur: پروفېسسور (profëssor)
→ Uzbek: professor
→ Yakut: бэрэпиэссэр (berepiesser)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: про̀фесор

Latin script: pròfesor

→ Slovak: profesor

→ Slovene: profesor

→ Sundanese: profesor

→ Swedish: professor, professur

→ Ukrainian: профе́сор (profésor)

→ Vilamovian: profesor

desc

פּראָפֿעסאָר

→ Yiddish: פּראָפֿעסאָר (profesor)


piper

la-noun

piper n (genitive piperis); third declension

piperis (genitive)
piper (nominative singular)
pipera (nominative plural)
piperis (genitive singular)
piperum (genitive plural)
piperī (dative singular)
piperibus (dative plural)
piper (accusative singular)
pipera (accusative plural)
pipere (ablative singular)
piperibus (ablative plural)
piper (singular vocative)
pipera (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

pepro

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pepe

Sicilian: pipi

Calabrian: pipi, pipe

Padanian:

Emilian: péivar, pévar, peuvre

Friulian: pevar

Ladin: peiver

Ligurian: pèivie, pèivre, pèive, pêve

desc

Lombard: pever, pévar, péer, pìer, per, péivar

Alpine: péuro

Ossolano: péuro, pòvar

Piedmontese: péiver, paivre, péure, paire, pèvre, pèive, pèivre, pòiver

Romagnol: pévre, pévar, péivar, puéivar

Romansch: paiver, peiver, pever

Venetian: pévaro, pévar, pévare

→ Italian: pevere

→ Mòcheno: pever

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pêvro, pèivro

desctree

Old French: poivre, peivre, peivere
French: poivre
Norman: paîvre, pêvre (Jersey) (Guernsey), pevr (Sark)
Walloon: poevrî

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: pebre

Catalan: pebre

→ Galician: prebe (“sauce, pepper”)

→ Spanish: pebre

Occitan: pebre

Gascon: péber, púber

Vivaro-Alpine: peure

Valadas: pióre, piòure

Insular Romance

Sardinian: pibere, pibiri, pipere

→ Basque: piperra

→ Proto-West Germanic: *pipar (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Irish: pipur (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *pьpьrь (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Piper

→ Welsh: pupur

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πέπερι (péperi, “pepper”), via Middle Persian from an Indo-Aryan source, ultimately from Sanskrit पिप्पलि (pippali, “long pepper”), itself of unknown origin (perhaps a Dravidian or other substrate language of the Indian subcontinent). The declension was changed to a rhotic-stem.

der

...Et, cum siccaverint, super aspargis piper tritum et inferes. Ad mensam nemo agnoscet quid manducet.

compiled by 5th century CE, Apicius, De Re Coquinaria 4.12

...And, when they get dry, sprinkle mashed pepper on them, and serve. At the table, no one will know what they're eating.

pebron

also pebròt, peberòt, cf. Catalan pebrot

→ Vivaro-Alpine: povron

Piedmontese: povron, puvron, pevron, pouron


irrumator

la-noun

irrumātor m (genitive irrumātōris); third declension

irrumātor (canonical masculine)
irrumātōris (genitive)
irrumātor (nominative singular)
irrumātōrēs (nominative plural)
irrumātōris (genitive singular)
irrumātōrum (genitive plural)
irrumātōrī (dative singular)
irrumātōribus (dative plural)
irrumātōrem (accusative singular)
irrumātōrēs (accusative plural)
irrumātōre (ablative singular)
irrumātōribus (ablative plural)
irrumātor (singular vocative)
irrumātōrēs (plural vocative)

[ɪrːʊˈmäːt̪ɔr]

From irrumō (“to force receptive male oral sex”) + -tor.

affix

(vulgar, slang, derogatory) bastard, asshole, cocksucker


Druides

la-proper noun

Druidēs m pl (genitive Druidum); third declension

Druidēs (canonical masculine plural)
Druidum (genitive)
Druidēs (nominative plural)
Druidum (genitive plural)
Druidibus (dative plural)
Druidēs (accusative plural)
Druidibus (ablative plural)
Druidēs (plural vocative)

→ Old French: druide

Middle French: druide, droyde

French: druide

→ Occitan: druide

→ English: druid

→ German: Druide

→ Italian: druida

→ Spanish: druida


elephas

la-noun

elephās m (genitive elephantis); third declension

elephās (canonical masculine)
elephantis (genitive)
elephās (nominative singular)
elephantēs (nominative plural)
elephantis (genitive singular)
elephantum (genitive plural)
elephantī (dative singular)
elephantibus (dative plural)
elephantem (accusative singular)
elephantēs (accusative plural)
elephante (ablative singular)
elephantibus (ablative plural)
elephās (singular vocative)
elephantēs (plural vocative)

Corsican: elefante

desctree

Italian: elefante
→ Sicilian: lifanti (or inherited from Latin)

Ladin: elefant

Ligurian: liofante

Lombard: elefant

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: elefant, alifant

Neapolitan: liufante, alifante

Old Leonese:

Asturian: elefante

Mirandese: eilefante

Old Occitan: elephant

Catalan: elefant

Occitan: elefant

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: helefante, elefante, elifante

Galician: elefante

desctree

Portuguese: elefante, elephante, elephãte (obsolete)
Papiamentu: elefante

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: elefant

Romansch: elefant

Piedmontese: elefant

Sardinian: elefante, elefanti

Sicilian: lifanti (or via Italian)

Vulgar Latin: *olifantus

Old French: olifan, elefant, olifant, oliphant
Middle French: olifant
French: olifant
→ Catalan: olifant
→ Finnish: olifantti
→ Norwegian: olifant
→ Portuguese: olifante
Walloon: elefant
→ Breton: olifant
→ Middle Dutch: olifant
Dutch: olifant
Afrikaans: olifant
→ Papiamentu: olefante, olifant
→ Middle English: olifant, olifaunt, oliphant, olyphant (from olifan, olifant form)
English: oliphant, olifant, olyfaunte, olyphant, oliphaunt
→ Cornish: olifans
→ Middle English: elefant, elefaunt (from elefan, elefant form)
English: elephant
→ Hawaiian: ʻelepani
→ Maori: arewhana
→ Tokelauan: elefane
→ Tongan: ʻelefanite
→ Welsh: eliffant
Scots: elephant
→ Manx: elefant
→ Middle Irish: elifaint
Irish: eilifint
Scottish Gaelic: ailbhean
→ Old Spanish: elifant, alefant, eleofant
Ladino: איליפ׳אנטי (elefante)
Spanish: elefante
→ Basque: elefante
→ Chol: elefanti
→ Cebuano: elepante
→ Hiligaynon: elepante
→ Quechua: ilijanti
→ Tagalog: elepante
→ Waray-Waray: elepante

→ Gothic: 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (ulbandus) (uncertain; one of several theories)

→ Proto-Slavic: *velьb(l)ǫdъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: elefant

→ Proto-Germanic: *ulbanduz (“camel”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Proto-West Germanic: *elpand (“elephant; ivory”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Middle French: elephant
French: éléphant
Haitian Creole: elefan
→ Romanian: elefant
→ Irish: eilifint
→ Norman: êléphant, éléphant

→ Chukchi: эʼԓыпын (ėʼḷypyn)

→ Danish: elefant

→ Estonian: elevant

→ Finnish: elefantti

→ Hungarian: elefánt

→ Malagasy: elefanta

→ Mezquital Otomi: elefante

→ Mukulu: 'elbi ?

→ Northern Sami: elefánta

→ Norwegian: elefant

→ Samoan: 'elefane

→ Scottish Gaelic: ailbhean

→ Upper Sorbian: elefant

→ Swedish: elefant

→ Tagalog: elepante

→ Võro: elevant'

→ West Frisian: oaljefant

→ Latvian: elefants

→ Faroese: elefantur

→ Low German: Elefant

→ Chamorro: elifante

→ Inuktitut: alipa

→ Limburgish: Olifante

→ Tuvaluan: elefane

→ Quechua: eliphanti

→ Latgalian: elefants

→ Silesian: elefant

[ˈɛɫ̪ɛpʰäːs̠]

From Ancient Greek ἐλέφᾱς (eléphās), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀩𐀞 (e-re-pa) from a compound of Berber *eḷu and either Egyptian ꜣbw, Ab-b-w-E26 or Sanskrit इभ (íbha).


amethystizon

la-adj

amethystizōn (genitive amethystizontis); third-declension one-termination adjective

amethystizōn (canonical)
amethystizontis (genitive)

[ämɛt̪ʰʏs̠ˈt̪ɪz̪d̪͡z̪oːn]

From Ancient Greek ἀμεθυστίζων (amethustízōn).

bor

in masculis quoque observant liquidiores aut flammae nigriores et quosdam ex alto lucidos ac magis ceteris in sole flagrantes, optimos vero amethystizontas, hoc est quorum extremus igniculus in amethysti violam exeat, proximos illis, quos vocant syrtitas, pinnato fulgore radiantes.

AD 77–79, Gaius Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historia, book XXXVII, chapter xxv, § 93


struix

la-noun

struīx f (genitive struīcis); third declension

struīx (canonical feminine)
struīcis (genitive)
struīx (nominative singular)
struicēs (nominative plural)
struicis (genitive singular)
struicum (genitive plural)
struicī (dative singular)
struicibus (dative plural)
struicem (accusative singular)
struicēs (accusative plural)
struice (ablative singular)
struicibus (ablative plural)
struīx (singular vocative)
struicēs (plural vocative)


hexas

hexas f (genitive hexadis); third declension

hexadis (genitive)
hexas (nominative singular)
hexadēs (nominative plural)
hexadis (genitive singular)
hexadum (genitive plural)
hexadī (dative singular)
hexadibus (dative plural)
hexadem (accusative singular)
hexadēs (accusative plural)
hexade (ablative singular)
hexadibus (ablative plural)
hexas (singular vocative)
hexadēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐξάς (exás).


Iuppiter

la-proper noun

Iuppiter m (genitive Iovis); third declension

Iovis (genitive)
Iuppiter (nominative singular)
Iovēs (nominative plural)
Iovis (genitive singular)
Iovum (genitive plural)
Iovī (dative singular)
Iovibus (dative plural)
Iovem (accusative singular)
Iovēs (accusative plural)
Iove (ablative singular)
Iovibus (ablative plural)
Iuppiter (singular vocative)
Iovēs (plural vocative)

→ Afrikaans: Jupiter

→ Arabic: جُوبِيتَر (jūbītar)

→ Armenian: Յուպիտեր (Yupiter)

Asturian: Xúpiter

→ Azerbaijani: Yupiter

→ Bashkir: Юпитер (Yupiter)

→ Basque: Jupiter

→ Bulgarian: Юпи́тер (Jupíter)

Catalan: Júpiter

→ Chinese:

Mandarin: 朱庇特 (Zhūbìtè)

Cantonese: 朱庇特 (zyu1 bei3 dak6)

→ Cornish: Jubyter, Yow

→ Czech: Jupiter

→ Dutch: Jupiter

→ English: Jupiter, Jove

→ Esperanto: Jupitero

→ Estonian: Jupiter

→ Finnish: Juppiter, Jupiter

Franco-Provençal: Jupitèr

French: Jupiter

Galician: Xúpiter

→ German: Jupiter

→ Hungarian: Jupiter

→ Icelandic: Júpíter

→ Indonesian: Yupiter

→ Irish: Iúpatar

Italian: Giove

→ Latvian: Jupiters

→ Lithuanian: Jupiteris

→ Macedonian: Јупитер (Jupiter)

→ Maltese: Ġovè

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: Юпи́теръ (Jupíter), Упи́теръ (Upíter)
Belarusian: Юпі́тэр (Jupíter)
Carpathian Rusyn: Юпі́тер (Jupíter)
Ukrainian: Юпі́тер (Jupíter); юпі́тер (jupíter)

→ Persian: ژوپیتر (župiter)

→ Polish: Jowisz, Jupiter

Portuguese: Júpiter

→ Romanian: Jupiter

→ Russian: Юпи́тер (Jupíter)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Jùpiter/Ју̀питер

→ Slovak: Jupiter

→ Slovene: Júpiter

Spanish: Júpiter

→ Swedish: Jupiter

→ Tagalog: Hupiter

→ Turkish: Jüpiter

→ Tuvan: Юпитер (Yupiter)

→ Wolof: Yupiter

→ Yoruba: Júpítérì

→ Zulu: uJupitheri

[ˈi̯ʊpːɪt̪ɛr]

The nominative Iuppiter, for Iūpiter (with shift of the length from vowel to consonant per the "littera" rule), comes from the vocative combined with pater, and essentially meant "father Jove"; from Proto-Italic *djous patēr, from *djous (“day, sky”) + *patēr (“father”), from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws (literally “the bright one”), root nomen agentis from *dyew- (“to be bright, day sky”), and *ph₂tḗr (“father”). Cognate with Umbrian 𐌉𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓 (iupater), and in other branches of Indo-European Sanskrit द्यौष्पितृ (dyáuṣ-pitṛ́), Ancient Greek Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter, “o father Zeus”). Equivalent to diēs (cf. Iovis) + pater.
The oblique cases Iov-, Iovis continue the inflection of Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws. Cognates are Latin diēs (originating from the accusative case of *djous) and Ancient Greek Ζεύς (Zeús).

cog

(Roman mythology) Jupiter (god of the sky and ruler of the Roman pantheon)


lapis

la-noun

lapis m (genitive lapidis); third declension

lapidis (genitive)
lapis (nominative singular)
lapidēs (nominative plural)
lapidis (genitive singular)
lapidum (genitive plural)
lapidī (dative singular)
lapidibus (dative plural)
lapidem (accusative singular)
lapidēs (accusative plural)
lapide (ablative singular)
lapidibus (ablative plural)
lapis (singular vocative)
lapidēs (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Romanian: lespede (possibly)

Spanish: laude

Borrowed:

→ Albanian: laps

→ Catalan: llapis, làpida

→ Galician: lapis

→ Romagnol: àbiș

→ Italian: lapis, lapide

→ Maltese: lapes

→ Piedmontese: làpis

→ Portuguese: lápide, lápis

→ Russian: ляпис (ljapis)

→ Spanish: lápida, lápiz

→ Venetian: łàpis

From Proto-Italic *lapets. May be connected with Ancient Greek λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), either from Proto-Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”) (compare secō – saxum; rumpō – rupēs) or, more likely, a Mediterranean substrate language.

cog

lapis manalis ("stone of manes"), which covers the gate of Hades or underworld


exos

la-adj

exos (genitive exossis); third-declension one-termination adjective

exossis (genitive)
exos (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
exossēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
exossia (neuter nominative plural)
exossis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
exossium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
exossī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
exossibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
exossem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
exos (accusative neuter singular)
exossēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
exossia (accusative neuter plural)
exossī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
exossibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
exos (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
exossēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
exossia (neuter plural vocative)


Dialis

Diālis (neuter Diāle); third-declension two-termination adjective

Diālis (canonical)
Diāle (neuter)
Diālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
Diāle (neuter nominative singular)
Diālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
Diālia (neuter nominative plural)
Diālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
Diālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
Diālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
Diālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
Diālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
Diāle (accusative neuter singular)
Diālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
Diālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
Diālia (accusative neuter plural)
Diālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
Diālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
Diālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
Diāle (neuter singular vocative)
Diālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
Diālia (neuter plural vocative)

[d̪iˈäːlʲɪs̠]


fidelitas

la-noun

fidēlitās f (genitive fidēlitātis); third declension

fidēlitās (canonical feminine)
fidēlitātis (genitive)
fidēlitās (nominative singular)
fidēlitātēs (nominative plural)
fidēlitātis (genitive singular)
fidēlitātum (genitive plural)
fidēlitātī (dative singular)
fidēlitātibus (dative plural)
fidēlitātem (accusative singular)
fidēlitātēs (accusative plural)
fidēlitāte (ablative singular)
fidēlitātibus (ablative plural)
fidēlitās (singular vocative)
fidēlitātēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance;

Italian: fedeltà

Gallo-Romance:

desc

early <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">fedieltad</i>

Old French: fealté, feelté (early fedieltad)

Middle French: féauté

French: féauté (archaic)

Old Lorrain: fauteit

Norman: fiauté

desctree

→ Middle English: feaute, fealtye, feawte, feute, feutee, fewte, fewtee, fewtee, ffeute, foialte
English: fealty (/l/ restored due to learned influence)
Middle Scots: fewte
⇒ Scots: feauto

→ Middle Dutch: fealteit

→ Old Spanish: fealdad

Spanish: fealdad

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: feheltat

Old Occitan: fedaltat, fezeltat

Occitan: feséltat

Provençal: feséutat

West Iberian:

desc

Old Spanish: fieldad (either semi-learned or dialectal)

Spanish: fieldad

Old Galician-Portuguese: fialdade, fieldade

Galician: fieldade

Portuguese: fieldade

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: fidelitat

desctree

→ Middle English: fidelite
English: fidelity

→ Middle French: fidélité

French: fidélité

→ Romanian: fidelitate

→ Portuguese: fidelidade

→ Spanish: fidelidad

[fɪˈd̪eːlʲɪt̪äːs̠]

From fidēlis (“faithful”) + -tās, from fidēs (“faith”).

(Medieval Latin) homage, fealty (as distinct from fidēs, religious faith)


sidus

la-noun

sīdus n (genitive sīderis); third declension

sīdus (canonical neuter)
sīderis (genitive)
sīdus (nominative singular)
sīdera (nominative plural)
sīderis (genitive singular)
sīderum (genitive plural)
sīderī (dative singular)
sīderibus (dative plural)
sīdus (accusative singular)
sīdera (accusative plural)
sīdere (ablative singular)
sīderibus (ablative plural)
sīdus (singular vocative)
sīdera (plural vocative)

[ˈs̠iːd̪ʊs̠]

Tentatively thought to derive from a Proto-Italic *sīþos (“mark, target”), with a putative semantic shift (from hunters' jargon) from "target" > "star". Further origin unclear, with multiple theories proposed:
* Some derive this from Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“sweat”), whence Latin sūdor, Ancient Greek ἱδρώς (hidrṓs), English sweat; however there are phonetic problems, most notably the initial /s/ in Greek instead of expected */h/.
* Rix, connecting the word to Ancient Greek ῑ̓θῠ́ς (īthús, “straight, just”) and Sanskrit साध् (sādh, “to go straight to a goal”), derives the terms from a Proto-Indo-European *seHdʰ- (“to achieve a goal”), and the Latin from a reduplicative form *si-sHdʰ-u- > *sisdʰu- > *sizdu- > *sīdu-. This is semantically tenuous.
* Compare Ancient Greek σίδηρος (sídēros, “iron”). This is semantically unconvincing.
* Possibly borrowed from a substrate.
* Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *sh₂i-dʰh₁-o- (“binding”), from *sh₂ey- (“to bind, tie, fasten”), whence saeculum (“age, race, generation”). De Vaan tentatively prefers this derivation.

der

Intereā Delphīn clārum super aequora sīdus tollitur

Meanwhile the Dolphin, a bright constellation, is being risen over the surface of the sea


monitor

la-noun

monitor m (genitive monitōris); third declension

monitōris (genitive)
monitor (nominative singular)
monitōrēs (nominative plural)
monitōris (genitive singular)
monitōrum (genitive plural)
monitōrī (dative singular)
monitōribus (dative plural)
monitōrem (accusative singular)
monitōrēs (accusative plural)
monitōre (ablative singular)
monitōribus (ablative plural)
monitor (singular vocative)
monitōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: monitor

English: monitor

German: Monitor

Portuguese: monitor

Russian: монито́р (monitór)

Spanish: monitor

Translingual: Monitor

From moneō + -tor. Compare Ancient Greek Μέντωρ (Méntōr, “Mentor”) and Sanskrit मन्तृ (mantṛ, “advisor, counselor”).


inops

la-adj

inops (genitive inopis); third-declension one-termination adjective

inopis (genitive)
inops (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
inopēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
inopia (neuter nominative plural)
inopis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
inopium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
inopī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
inopibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
inopem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
inops (accusative neuter singular)
inopēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
inopia (accusative neuter plural)
inopī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
inopibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
inops (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
inopēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
inopia (neuter plural vocative)

From in + ops (“power, ability, wealth”).

civitas inops consilii

an irresolute city/ a city incapable to take an initiative

manum suam aperuit inopī et palmās suās extendit ad pauperem

She hath opened her hand to the needy, and stretched out her hands to the poor. (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.; 1752 CE)

deprived, lacking, needy (+ genitive or ab + ablative)

(of inanimate things) mean, wretched, contemptible


sacerdos

la-noun

sacerdōs m or f (genitive sacerdōtis); third declension

sacerdōs (canonical feminine masculine)
sacerdōtis (genitive)
sacerdōs (nominative singular)
sacerdōtēs (nominative plural)
sacerdōtis (genitive singular)
sacerdōtum (genitive plural)
sacerdōtī (dative singular)
sacerdōtibus (dative plural)
sacerdōtem (accusative singular)
sacerdōtēs (accusative plural)
sacerdōte (ablative singular)
sacerdōtibus (ablative plural)
sacerdōs (singular vocative)
sacerdōtēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: sacerdote

Catalan: sacerdot

→ Chinese: 司鐸／司铎 (sīduó) (phono-semantic loan)

Galician: sacerdote

Italian: sacerdote

→ Sardinian: satzerdote, sacerdote

Portuguese: sacerdote

Old English: sacerd

Romanian: sacerdot

Sicilian: sacirduti

Spanish: sacerdote

desctree

→ Old Irish: sacart
Irish: sagart
Manx: saggyrt
Scottish Gaelic: sagart
⇒ Middle Irish: sacartacht

From Proto-Italic *sakrodōts. Equivalent to sacer (“sacred, holy”) plus an affix derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁- (“to do”).


munus

la-noun

mūnus n (genitive mūneris); third declension

mūnus (canonical neuter)
mūneris (genitive)
mūnus (nominative singular)
mūnera (nominative plural)
mūneris (genitive singular)
mūnerum (genitive plural)
mūnerī (dative singular)
mūneribus (dative plural)
mūnus (accusative singular)
mūnera (accusative plural)
mūnere (ablative singular)
mūneribus (ablative plural)
mūnus (singular vocative)
mūnera (plural vocative)

Italian: muno

Portuguese: múnus

From Proto-Italic *moinos.
Like mūnia (“duties”), it is derived from Proto-Indo-European *moy-nós, from *mey- (“change, swap”). As is the case with such derivatives as "municipality", and "immunity", the concept of trading goods and services in a way that conforms to a society's laws is quite pertinent to this term. From the addition of the "com-" prefix came commūnis (“common, public”), which is cognate to Proto-Germanic *gamainiz (“shared, communal, public”).
The semantic shift to 'gift' is explained by Sextus Pompeius Festus thus:
*

cog

[…] ut lubentius, audiēns
sē citārier ad suum
mūnus, hūc aditum ferat
dux bonae Veneris, bonī

c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 61.41–45

[…] so that with more pleasure, hearing
himself being hurried to his
office, towards here might come
the herald of the good Venus, of the good
love uniter.

Tū modo Pompeiā lentus spatiāre sub umbrā,
cum sōl Herculeī terga leōnis adit:
aut ubi mūneribus nātī sua mūnera māter

Just slowly take a walk under the shadow,
when the sun goes towards the back of the Herculean lion;
or where the mother to her son's buildings her own buildings
has added, a work rich by its exterior marble.

Hīc ubi mīrāmur vēlōcia mūnera thermās,

c.''' 81 CE, Martial, Dē Spectāculīs 2.7–8

Here where we wonder at the speedy public building of a bath,
a vain tract of land had taken the houses away from the poor.

(in the plural) a public building made at the expense of an individual

in stipulā placidī capiēbat mūnera somnī

On stubble he was enjoying the gifts of peaceful sleep


Serapis

la-proper noun

Serāpis m sg (genitive Serāpidis or Serāpis); third declension

Serāpis (canonical masculine singular)
Serāpidis (genitive)
Serāpis (genitive)
Serāpis (nominative singular)
Serāpidis (genitive singular)
Serāpis (genitive singular)
Serāpidī (dative singular)
Serāpī (dative singular)
Serāpidem (accusative singular)
Serāpem (accusative singular)
Serāpide (ablative singular)
Serāpe (ablative singular)
Serāpis (singular vocative)

[s̠ɛˈräːpɪs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Σάρᾱπις (Sárāpis) (later Σέρᾱπις (Sérāpis)), from Egyptian wsjr-ḥp.


fur

la-noun

fūr m or f (genitive fūris); third declension

fūr (canonical feminine masculine)
fūris (genitive)
fūr (nominative singular)
fūrēs (nominative plural)
fūris (genitive singular)
fūrum (genitive plural)
fūrī (dative singular)
fūribus (dative plural)
fūrem (accusative singular)
fūrēs (accusative plural)
fūre (ablative singular)
fūribus (ablative plural)
fūr (singular vocative)
fūrēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: fur

Italian: furo

Old Occitan:

Catalan: fura, furó

Occitan: fura

Romanian: fur

⇒ Late Latin: fūrō, fūrōnis (“thief”)

Old French: fuiron (< *fūriō)

Old Galician-Portuguese: foron

Fala: furón

Galician: furón

Portuguese: furão

Old Spanish:

Spanish: hurón

→⇒ Central Franconian: Fürner (< *fūriō)

desc

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *furittum (“petty thief”)

Italian: furetto

Occitan: furet, huret, fura

desctree

Old French: furet, firet, furret
French: furet
→ Middle English: furet, ferret
Scots: ferret
English: ferret

Romansch: furet

Sicilian: furittu

From Proto-Italic *fōr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰṓr, from the root *bʰer- (“to carry”) (see ferō). Cognate with Ancient Greek φώρ (phṓr).


halcyon

la-noun

halcyōn f (genitive halcyonis); third declension

halcyōn (canonical feminine)
halcyonis (genitive)
halcyōn (nominative singular)
halcyonēs (nominative plural)
halcyonis (genitive singular)
halcyonum (genitive plural)
halcyonī (dative singular)
halcyonibus (dative plural)
halcyonem (accusative singular)
halcyonēs (accusative plural)
halcyone (ablative singular)
halcyonibus (ablative plural)
halcyōn (singular vocative)
halcyonēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἀλκυών (alkuṓn, “kingfisher”).


par

la-adj

pār (genitive paris, comparative parior, superlative parissimus, adverb pariter); third-declension one-termination adjective

pār (canonical)
paris (genitive)
parior (comparative)
parissimus (superlative)
pariter (adverb)
pār (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
parēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
paria (neuter nominative plural)
paris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
parium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
parī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
paribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
parem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
pār (accusative neuter singular)
parēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
paria (accusative neuter plural)
parī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
paribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
pār (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
parēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
paria (neuter plural vocative)

Unclear. A traditional reconstruction is Proto-Indo-European *per(h₂)- (“to exchange”), comparing Ancient Greek πέρνημι (pérnēmi) etc. and Lithuanian pirkti; but this accounts badly for the /a(ː)/. De Vaan suggests *peh₂s- (“to watch (over), see?”), linking Latin pāreō. All possibilities nonetheless suffer semantic problems. Others refrain from assigning an Indo-European root.

der

Hīc prīmum paribus nītēns Cyllēnius ālīs / cōnstitit; ….

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.252–253

Here first [at Mount Atlas, Mercury] the Cyllenian, alighting on equal wings, halted; ….


par

la-noun

pār m or f (genitive paris); third declension

pār (canonical feminine masculine)
paris (genitive)
pār (nominative singular)
parēs (nominative plural)
paris (genitive singular)
parium (genitive plural)
parī (dative singular)
paribus (dative plural)
parem (accusative singular)
parēs (accusative plural)
parīs (accusative plural)
pare (ablative singular)
paribus (ablative plural)
pār (singular vocative)
parēs (plural vocative)


par

pār n (genitive paris); third declension

pār (canonical neuter)
paris (genitive)
pār (nominative singular)
paria (nominative plural)
paris (genitive singular)
parium (genitive plural)
parī (dative singular)
paribus (dative plural)
pār (accusative singular)
paria (accusative plural)
parī (ablative singular)
paribus (ablative plural)
pār (singular vocative)
paria (plural vocative)

Anglo-Norman: peir, paire, peire

→ Middle English: pere

English: peer

Catalan: par

→ Middle Dutch: paer

Dutch: paar

→ English: par

Old French: pair, paire

French: pair, paire

→ English: pair

→ Irish: péire

→ Welsh: pâr

Galician: par

Italian: paio, pari

→ Middle High German: par

German: Paar

→ Polish: para

→ Russian: пара (para)

→ Middle Low German: par

→ Old Norse: par

Norwegian Bokmål: par

→ Old Swedish: par

Swedish: par

→ Finnish: pari

Portuguese: par

Romanian: par

Sicilian: paru

Spanish: par

Venetian: par


Sappho

la-proper noun

Sapphō f sg (variously declined, genitive Sapphūs or Sapphōnis); fourth declension, third declension

Sapphō (canonical feminine singular)
Sapphūs (genitive)
Sapphōnis (genitive)
Sapphō (nominative singular)
Sapphūs (genitive singular)
Sapphō (accusative singular)
Sapphō (ablative singular)
Sapphō (singular vocative)
Sapphō (nominative singular)
Sapphōnis (genitive singular)
Sapphōnī (dative singular)
Sapphōnem (accusative singular)
Sapphōne (ablative singular)
Sapphō (singular vocative)

, Plinius, Naturalis Historia, lib. XXII, cap. IX, num. 20; in: Pliny Natural History with an English translation in ten volumes Volume VI Libri XX-XXIII By W. H. S. Jones, 1951, page 308f.

This, it is said, is how Phaon of Lesbos too won the love of Sappho, there being much idle trifling on this subject not only among the Magi but also among the Pythagoreans.ᵈ
ᵈ As is suggested by the punctuation of Detlefsen and Mayhoff, this sentence is taken to be part of the indirect speech, with multa ablative. With a full stop at Sappho, it could be taken as a comment of Pliny, with multa neuter plural.

ob hoc et Phaonem Lesbium dilectum a Sappho, multa circa hoc non Magorum solum vanitate, sed etiam Pythagoricorum.

, Guntherus Cisterciensis, De oratione jejunio et eleemosyna libri tredecim, lib. III, cap. V; in: Patrologiae cursus completus sive bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, omnium SS. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiaticorum. Series secunda. Patrologiae tomus CCXII, edited by J.-P. Migne, 1855, col. 131

Curiose afficiunt, quae ipso auditu libidinem incitant, ut lyrica Sapphonis, elegiae Nasonis, comoediae Menandri, Plauti vel Terentii.


nepos

la-noun

nepōs m or f (genitive nepōtis); third declension

nepōs (canonical feminine masculine)
nepōtis (genitive)
nepōs (nominative singular)
nepōtēs (nominative plural)
nepōtis (genitive singular)
nepōtum (genitive plural)
nepōtī (dative singular)
nepōtibus (dative plural)
nepōtem (accusative singular)
nepōtēs (accusative plural)
nepōte (ablative singular)
nepōtibus (ablative plural)
nepōs (singular vocative)
nepōtēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: nipot, nipoatã

Romanian: nepot, nepoată

Dalmatian:

nepaut

Italo-Romance:

Italian: nipote

Sicilian: niputi

North Italian:

desc

Emilian: anvod, nvod, nod, nevod, anvaud

Friulian: nevôt

Ligurian: nêvo, nêu

Lombard: nèud, nèu, nevod

Piedmontese: anvod, noud, nvod, nod, nòud, novó

Romagnol: anvoud, nvoud, anvod

Romansch: nev, neiv, neav, nevs

Venetian: neodo, neoda, nevódo

Gallo-Romance:

Old French:

Early: nevod

Late: neveu (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: neveu

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: nebot

Occitan: nebot

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: nabodi, nebode, nebodi, nepode, nepote

Ancient borrowings:

→? Albanian: nip, nipë, nep (plural nipat)

→ Etruscan: nefts

Later borrowings:

→ Danish: nevø

→ Maltese: neputi

→ Portuguese: nepote

From Proto-Italic *nepōts, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts.

Et Tyriī comitēs passim et Troiāna iuventūs
Dardaniusque nepōs Veneris dīversa per agrōs
tēcta metū petiēre ….
And the Tyrian attendants [rush] here and there, and the youth of Troy – and Venus’s Dardan grandson – [they all] in fear seek separate shelters across the fields.
(Venus’s grandson is Ascanius.)

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.162-164


cruor

la-noun

cruor m (genitive cruōris); third declension

cruōris (genitive)
cruor (nominative singular)
cruōrēs (nominative plural)
cruōris (genitive singular)
cruōrum (genitive plural)
cruōrī (dative singular)
cruōribus (dative plural)
cruōrem (accusative singular)
cruōrēs (accusative plural)
cruōre (ablative singular)
cruōribus (ablative plural)
cruor (singular vocative)
cruōrēs (plural vocative)

English: cruor

French: cruor

Italian: cruore

Portuguese: cruor

Spanish: crúor

From Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-. Cognates include Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas), Sanskrit क्रविस् (kravís), क्रूर (krūra), Proto-Slavic *kry, Old English hrǣw (English raw).

… pecudumque cruōre / pingue solum ….

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.201–202

[The kingdom of Iarbas had 100 altars:] and with the blood [of sacrificial] beasts the soil [was] rich ….
(See: Iarbas.)


pronuntiatio

prōnūntiātiō f (genitive prōnūntiātiōnis); third declension

prōnūntiātiō (canonical feminine)
prōnūntiātiōnis (genitive)
prōnūntiātiō (nominative singular)
prōnūntiātiōnēs (nominative plural)
prōnūntiātiōnis (genitive singular)
prōnūntiātiōnum (genitive plural)
prōnūntiātiōnī (dative singular)
prōnūntiātiōnibus (dative plural)
prōnūntiātiōnem (accusative singular)
prōnūntiātiōnēs (accusative plural)
prōnūntiātiōne (ablative singular)
prōnūntiātiōnibus (ablative plural)
prōnūntiātiō (singular vocative)
prōnūntiātiōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: pronunciació

Italian: pronunciazione

desctree

Middle French: pronunciation, prononciation
French: prononciation
→ Middle English: pronunciacioun, pronunciacion
English: pronunciation
Scots: pronunciacione

Spanish: pronunciación

Portuguese: pronunciação

Romanian: pronunțiație

→ English: pronuntiatio

From prōnūntiō (“proclaim, announce”) + -tiō.


auris

la-noun

auris f (genitive auris); third declension

auris (genitive)
auris (nominative singular)
aurēs (nominative plural)
auris (genitive singular)
aurium (genitive plural)
aurī (dative singular)
auribus (dative plural)
aurem (accusative singular)
aurēs (accusative plural)
aurīs (accusative plural)
aure (ablative singular)
auribus (ablative plural)
auris (singular vocative)
aurēs (plural vocative)

→ English: aur-

From Proto-Italic *auzis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws. Cognate with Old English ēare (English ear), Ancient Greek οὖς (oûs), Old Church Slavonic оухо (uxo) (Russian ухо (uxo), Serbo-Croatian uho), Old Irish au, Lithuanian ausìs, and Albanian vesh.


mater lectionis

māter lēctiōnis f (genitive mātris lēctiōnis); third declension

māter lēctiōnis (canonical feminine)
mātris lēctiōnis (genitive)
māter lēctiōnis (nominative singular)
mātrēs lēctiōnis (nominative plural)
mātris lēctiōnis (genitive singular)
mātrum lēctiōnis (genitive plural)
mātrī lēctiōnis (dative singular)
mātribus lēctiōnis (dative plural)
mātrem lēctiōnis (accusative singular)
mātrēs lēctiōnis (accusative plural)
mātre lēctiōnis (ablative singular)
mātribus lēctiōnis (ablative plural)
māter lēctiōnis (singular vocative)
mātrēs lēctiōnis (plural vocative)

Literally, “mother of reading”. Calque of Medieval Hebrew אֵם קְרִיאָה (ʾēm qərîʾā).

calque

אֵם קְרִיאָה

Si quis hinc concludere vellet, usum Matrum lectionis tunc nondum fuisse, annon exploderetur à Revelatore?

1648, Johannes Buxtorf II, Tractatus de Punctorum, Vocalium, et Accentuum, in Libris Veteris Testamenti Hebraicis […], page 110

If one were to conclude from this that matres lectionis were not yet in use at this time, would this not be exploded by the Revelator?


Saul

la-proper noun

Saūl m sg (variously declined, genitive Saūl or Saūlis); indeclinable, third declension

Saūl (canonical masculine singular)
Saūl (genitive)
Saūlis (genitive)
Saūl (nominative singular)
Saūl (genitive singular)
Saūlis (genitive singular)
Saūl (dative singular)
Saūlī (dative singular)
Saūl (accusative singular)
Saūlem (accusative singular)
Saūl (ablative singular)
Saūle (ablative singular)
Saūl (singular vocative)

From Biblical Hebrew שָׁאוּל (shaúl, “asked for”).


grus

la-noun

grūs f or m (genitive gruis); third declension

grūs (canonical feminine masculine)
gruis (genitive)
grūs (nominative singular)
gruēs (nominative plural)
gruis (genitive singular)
gruum (genitive plural)
gruī (dative singular)
gruibus (dative plural)
gruem (accusative singular)
gruēs (accusative plural)
grue (ablative singular)
gruibus (ablative plural)
grūs (singular vocative)
gruēs (plural vocative)

Albanian: kurrilë

Catalan: grua

English: Grus

Translingual: Grus

French: grue

Galician: grúa

Italian: gru

Piedmontese: gru

Portuguese: grou, grua (possibly via French), grulha (via Spanish)

Romanian: grui

Spanish: grulla, grúa

Translingual: Grues, Grus

From Proto-Italic *grūs, from *gr̥h₂ú-, from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”). Cognate to English crane, but not to grouse, whose etymology is unknown.


senator

la-noun

senātor m (genitive senātōris, feminine senātrīx); third declension

senātor (canonical masculine)
senātōris (genitive)
senātrīx (feminine)
senātor (nominative singular)
senātōrēs (nominative plural)
senātōris (genitive singular)
senātōrum (genitive plural)
senātōrī (dative singular)
senātōribus (dative plural)
senātōrem (accusative singular)
senātōrēs (accusative plural)
senātōre (ablative singular)
senātōribus (ablative plural)
senātor (singular vocative)
senātōrēs (plural vocative)

English: senator

desctree

French: sénateur
→ Romanian: senator
→ Turkish: senatör

Galician: senador

Irish: seanadóir

Italian: senatore

Middle Iranian: (As title of Roman politicians)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭀𐭍𐭕𐭅𐭓 (sʾntwr /sāntūr/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭠𐭭𐭲𐭥𐭥 (sʾntwr /sāntōr/)

Norman: sénateu

Portuguese: senador

Russian: сена́тор (senátor)

Sicilian: sinaturi

Spanish: senador

Welsh: henadur

[s̠ɛˈnäːt̪ɔr]

From senātus (“senate”) + -tor, originally from senex (“old”).

(politics) senator (a member of the Roman Senate)


enigma

la-noun

ēnigma n (genitive ēnigmatis); third declension

ēnigma (canonical neuter)
ēnigmatis (genitive)
ēnigma (nominative singular)
ēnigmata (nominative plural)
ēnigmatis (genitive singular)
ēnigmatum (genitive plural)
ēnigmatī (dative singular)
ēnigmatibus (dative plural)
ēnigma (accusative singular)
ēnigmata (accusative plural)
ēnigmate (ablative singular)
ēnigmatibus (ablative plural)
ēnigma (singular vocative)
ēnigmata (plural vocative)


pedis

pēdis m (genitive pēdis); third declension

pēdis (canonical masculine)
pēdis (genitive)
pēdis (nominative singular)
pēdēs (nominative plural)
pēdis (genitive singular)
pēdium (genitive plural)
pēdī (dative singular)
pēdibus (dative plural)
pēdem (accusative singular)
pēdēs (accusative plural)
pēdīs (accusative plural)
pēde (ablative singular)
pēdibus (ablative plural)
pēdis (singular vocative)
pēdēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *pezdis, from Proto-Indo-European *pesd-i-s. Cognate to Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬎 (pazdu).


liquor

liquor m (genitive liquōris); third declension

liquōris (genitive)
liquor (nominative singular)
liquōrēs (nominative plural)
liquōris (genitive singular)
liquōrum (genitive plural)
liquōrī (dative singular)
liquōribus (dative plural)
liquōrem (accusative singular)
liquōrēs (accusative plural)
liquōre (ablative singular)
liquōribus (ablative plural)
liquor (singular vocative)
liquōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: licor

French: liqueur

→ Romanian: licoare

Italian: liquore

Occitan: liquor

Russian: ликёр (likjór)

Sicilian: licori m

Spanish: licor m

From liqueō (“I am liquid, fluid”) + -or.


pes

pēs m (genitive pedis); third declension

pēs (canonical masculine)
pedis (genitive)
pēs (nominative singular)
pedēs (nominative plural)
pedis (genitive singular)
pedum (genitive plural)
pedī (dative singular)
pedibus (dative plural)
pedem (accusative singular)
pedēs (accusative plural)
pede (ablative singular)
pedibus (ablative plural)
pēs (singular vocative)
pedēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

⇒ Aromanian: pezã

Romanian: piez ⇒ piază

Dalmatian:

pi

Italo-Romance

Corsican: pede

Gallurese: pedi

Italian: piede

→ Esperanto: piedo

→ Ladino: piede (regional)

Neapolitan: pede

Sassarese: pedi

Sicilian: pedi, peri

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: pît

Romansch: pe

Padanian:

Istriot: peîe, pèie

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: pê

Piedmontese: pe

Romagnol: pè, pid (Rimini, San Marino)

Venetian: piè

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pièd

Norman: pid, pyid

desctree

Old French: pié, pé (Anglo-Norman); *pied, *piet
Middle French: pied
French: pied
Walloon: pî

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: peu

Old Occitan: pe
Occitan: pè

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pie

Extremaduran: pie

Leonese: pía

Mirandese: pie

Navarro-Aragonese: pie, pied

Aragonese: piet

Old Galician-Portuguese: pee
Galician: pé
Portuguese: pé

Old Spanish: pie
Ladino: pye
Spanish: pie

Sardinian:

Campidanese: pei

Logudorese: pe

Nuorese: pede

Derived forms:

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pedicāre

Catalan: petjar

Borrowings:

→ English: pes

→ Ido: pedo

→ Interlingua: pede

→⇒ German: stante pede

From Proto-Italic *pets, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (compare Sanskrit पद् (pád), Ancient Greek πούς (poús) and Old English fōt, whence English foot).

… ne manus, nec pedes, nec alia membra …

… not the hands, not the feet, and not the other limbs …

Forte revertēbar fēstīs Vestālibus illa ….
hūc pede mātrōnam vīdī dēscendere nūdō.
It so happened that I was returning from the festival of Vesta …. Here I saw a matron coming down barefoot.
(Literally, in the ablative singular: “pede nūdō” or “with bare foot.” Roman matrons walked barefoot to honor Vesta (mythology) during the Vestalia.)

a foot, in its senses as
(anatomy) a human foot

(zoology) any equivalent body part of an animal, including hooves, paws, etc.

(units of measure) any of various units of length notionally based on the adult human foot, especially (historical) the Roman foot.

(poetry) a metrical foot: the basic unit of metered poetry

a foot, in its senses as
(geography) the base of a mountain

a foot, in its senses as
the base of a mountain

(furniture) the bottom of a leg of a table, chair, stool, etc.

vāde, liber, verbīsque meīs loca grāta salūtā:

Go, [my] book, and greet with my words [those] beloved places: at least I shall reach [them] with the ‘foot’ that is allowed!
(The exiled poet puns that the metrical “feet” of his poem shall go where his own “feet” cannot.)

(figuratively) a place to tread one's foot: territory, ground, soil

(nautical) a rope attached to a sail in order to set

(botany) the pedicel or stalk of a fruit


frater uterinus

la-noun

frāter uterīnus m (genitive frātris uterīnī); third declension

frāter uterīnus (canonical masculine)
frātris uterīnī (genitive)
frāter uterīnus (nominative singular)
frātrēs uterīnī (nominative plural)
frātris uterīnī (genitive singular)
frātrum uterīnōrum (genitive plural)
frātrī uterīnō (dative singular)
frātribus uterīnīs (dative plural)
frātrem uterīnum (accusative singular)
frātrēs uterīnōs (accusative plural)
frātre uterīnō (ablative singular)
frātribus uterīnīs (ablative plural)
frāter uterīne (singular vocative)
frātrēs uterīnī (plural vocative)

[ˈfräːt̪ɛr ʊt̪ɛˈriːnʊs̠]

Coordinate term: frāter cōnsanguineus

the son of someone’s mother who has a different father; maternal half brother


frater consanguineus

frāter cōnsanguineus m (genitive frātris cōnsanguineī); third declension

frāter cōnsanguineus (canonical masculine)
frātris cōnsanguineī (genitive)
frāter cōnsanguineus (nominative singular)
frātrēs cōnsanguineī (nominative plural)
frātris cōnsanguineī (genitive singular)
frātrum cōnsanguineōrum (genitive plural)
frātrī cōnsanguineō (dative singular)
frātribus cōnsanguineīs (dative plural)
frātrem cōnsanguineum (accusative singular)
frātrēs cōnsanguineōs (accusative plural)
frātre cōnsanguineō (ablative singular)
frātribus cōnsanguineīs (ablative plural)
frāter cōnsanguinee (singular vocative)
frātrēs cōnsanguineī (plural vocative)

[ˈfräːt̪ɛr kõːs̠äŋˈɡʷɪneʊs̠]

Coordinate term: frāter uterīnus

the son of someone’s father who has a different mother; paternal half brother


bidental

bidental n (genitive bidentālis); third declension

bidentālis (genitive)
bidental (nominative singular)
bidentālia (nominative plural)
bidentālis (genitive singular)
bidentālium (genitive plural)
bidentālī (dative singular)
bidentālibus (dative plural)
bidental (accusative singular)
bidentālia (accusative plural)
bidentālī (ablative singular)
bidentālibus (ablative plural)
bidental (singular vocative)
bidentālia (plural vocative)

[bɪˈd̪ɛn̪t̪äɫ̪]

From bidēns (“two-pronged, two-toothed”), the name of the offering given by the haruspices with which the lightning was propitiated; perhaps an allusion to the forked form of lightning, + -al. For the form, compare puteal (“enclosure around a well”).

a bidental (place struck by lightning and consecrated by a sacrifice)


cerdo

cerdō m (genitive cerdōnis); third declension

cerdō (canonical masculine)
cerdōnis (genitive)
cerdō (nominative singular)
cerdōnēs (nominative plural)
cerdōnis (genitive singular)
cerdōnum (genitive plural)
cerdōnī (dative singular)
cerdōnibus (dative plural)
cerdōnem (accusative singular)
cerdōnēs (accusative plural)
cerdōne (ablative singular)
cerdōnibus (ablative plural)
cerdō (singular vocative)
cerdōnēs (plural vocative)


favor

favor m (genitive favōris); third declension

favōris (genitive)
favor (nominative singular)
favōrēs (nominative plural)
favōris (genitive singular)
favōrum (genitive plural)
favōrī (dative singular)
favōribus (dative plural)
favōrem (accusative singular)
favōrēs (accusative plural)
favōre (ablative singular)
favōribus (ablative plural)
favor (singular vocative)
favōrēs (plural vocative)

Basque: fabore

Catalan: favor

Danish: favør

English: favor, favour

desctree

→ French: faveur
→ Dutch: faveur
→ Swedish: favör

Galician: favor

Irish: fabhar, foghar

Italian: favore

Manx: foayr

Occitan: favor

Portuguese: favor

Romanian: favoare

Russian: фаво́р (favór)

Sicilian: favuri

Spanish: favor

From faveō (“I am well disposed or inclined toward, favor, countenance, befriend”) + -or.

af

good will, inclination, partiality, favor


Rachel

la-proper noun

Rāchēl f sg (genitive Rāchēlis); third declension

Rāchēl (canonical feminine singular)
Rāchēlis (genitive)
Rāchēl (nominative singular)
Rāchēlis (genitive singular)
Rāchēlī (dative singular)
Rāchēlem (accusative singular)
Rāchēle (ablative singular)
Rāchēl (singular vocative)

[ˈräːkʰeːɫ̪]

From Ancient Greek Ῥαχήλ (Rhakhḗl), from Biblical Hebrew רָחֵל (Rāḥēl)


creator

la-noun

creātor m (genitive creātōris, feminine creātrīx); third declension

creātor (canonical masculine)
creātōris (genitive)
creātrīx (feminine)
creātor (nominative singular)
creātōrēs (nominative plural)
creātōris (genitive singular)
creātōrum (genitive plural)
creātōrī (dative singular)
creātōribus (dative plural)
creātōrem (accusative singular)
creātōrēs (accusative plural)
creātōre (ablative singular)
creātōribus (ablative plural)
creātor (singular vocative)
creātōrēs (plural vocative)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: criador

Asturian: criador

Extremaduran: criaor

Galician: criador

Portuguese: criador

Spanish: criador

Italo-Romance:

Italian: creatore

Sicilian: criaturi

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: criador

Old Franco-Provençal: creares (nominative)

Old French: criere (nominative)

Old Occitan: creador

Borrowed:

>? Albanian: krijues

→ Aragonese: creyador

→ Asturian: creador

→ Catalan: creador

→ Corsican: creatore

→ English: creator

→ French: créateur

→ German: Kreateur

→ Romanian: creator

→ German: Kreator

→ Leonese: creyador

→ Spanish: creador

From creō (“I create, make”) + -tor. Compare Sanskrit कर्तृ (kartṛ).

a person who elects or appoints to an office


David

la-proper noun

Dāvīd m sg (genitive Dāvīdis); third declension

Dāvīd m and Dāvīd (canonical masculine singular)
Dāvīdis (genitive)
Dāvīd (nominative singular)
Dāvīdis (genitive singular)
Dāvīdī (dative singular)
Dāvīda (accusative singular)
Dāvīdem (accusative singular)
Dāvīde (ablative singular)
Dāvīd (singular vocative)

la-ndecl

Normally indeclinable, but third declension forms occasionally occur.

[ˈd̪äːu̯iːd̪]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Δαυίδ (Dauíd), from Biblical Hebrew דָּוִד (Davíd).

bor+

Et iuravit rursum Davidi.

Vulgata Clementina Liber I Regum.Caput 20.3


pondus

la-noun

pondus n (genitive ponderis); third declension

ponderis (genitive)
pondus (nominative singular)
pondera (nominative plural)
ponderis (genitive singular)
ponderum (genitive plural)
ponderī (dative singular)
ponderibus (dative plural)
pondus (accusative singular)
pondera (accusative plural)
pondere (ablative singular)
ponderibus (ablative plural)
pondus (singular vocative)
pondera (plural vocative)

→ Proto-Germanic: *pundą (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: poinn, puinn

→ Russian: пуд (pud)

→ Romanian: pondere

→ Welsh: pwn

[ˈpɔn̪d̪ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *pondos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pénd-os, from *(s)pend-. Related to pendō, pendeō.


acinaces

acīnacēs m (genitive acīnacis); third declension

acīnacēs (canonical masculine)
acīnacis (genitive)
acīnacēs (nominative singular)
acīnacēs (nominative plural)
acīnacis (genitive singular)
acīnacium (genitive plural)
acīnacī (dative singular)
acīnacibus (dative plural)
acīnacem (accusative singular)
acīnacēs (accusative plural)
acīnacīs (accusative plural)
acīnace (ablative singular)
acīnacibus (ablative plural)
acīnacēs (singular vocative)
acīnacēs (plural vocative)

[äˈt͡ʃiːnät͡ʃes]

a sword used by the Persians, a scimitar


potestas

potestās f (genitive potestātis); third declension

potestās (canonical feminine)
potestātis (genitive)
potestās (nominative singular)
potestātēs (nominative plural)
potestātis (genitive singular)
potestātum (genitive plural)
potestātī (dative singular)
potestātibus (dative plural)
potestātem (accusative singular)
potestātēs (accusative plural)
potestāte (ablative singular)
potestātibus (ablative plural)
potestās (singular vocative)
potestātēs (plural vocative)

Italian: potestà

⇒ Italian: podestà
→ English: podesta

desctree

Old French: poesté, podestet, pousté (La Vie de Saint Alexis, 11ᵗʰ century manuscripts, Anglo-Norman, respectively)
→ Middle English: pouste, pousty, powste, poweste, puste, poste, pooste, poostye, pauste
English: poustie
Scots: poustie
Yola: poustee

→ Albanian: pushtet

→ Catalan: postestat

→ Portuguese: potestade, podestade

→ Spanish: potestad

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *potestāre

Italian: podestare

Old French: poëster

desc

→ Albanian: pushtoj, poshtroj, pështroj — dialectal

[pɔˈt̪ɛs̠t̪äːs̠]

From Proto-Italic *potistāts. Equivalent to potis + -tās.


debilis

la-adj

dēbilis (neuter dēbile, comparative dēbilior, superlative dēbilissimus); third-declension two-termination adjective

dēbilis (canonical)
dēbile (neuter)
dēbilior (comparative)
dēbilissimus (superlative)
dēbilis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
dēbile (neuter nominative singular)
dēbilēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
dēbilia (neuter nominative plural)
dēbilis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
dēbilium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
dēbilī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
dēbilibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
dēbilem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
dēbile (accusative neuter singular)
dēbilēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
dēbilīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
dēbilia (accusative neuter plural)
dēbilī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
dēbilibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
dēbilis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
dēbile (neuter singular vocative)
dēbilēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
dēbilia (neuter plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: debuli

Dalmatian: débol

Istriot: dibalo, dibulo

Italian: debole

desc

Sicilian: dèbbuli, dèbuli, dèbbili, dèbili

Eastern Romance

Romanian: debil

Old French: débile

Middle French: débile

desctree

French: débile
→ Russian: деби́л (debíl)
→ Armenian: դեբիլ (debil)
→ Estonian: debiil
→ Georgian: დებილი (debili)
→ Turkish: debil

→ English: debile

Old Occitan:

Catalan: dèbil

Occitan: debil

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: debul

Romansch: debel

Sardinian: débbile, débbili, díbbile

Venetian: debol, debole, debolo, debełe

→ Cimbrian: débel

West Iberian

Asturian: débil

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: débil

Portuguese: débil

→ Albanian: debil

→ Czech: debil

→ Danish: debil

→ Georgian: დებილი (debili)

→ German: debil

→ Italian: debile

→ Macedonian: дебил (debil)

→ Polish: debil

→ Spanish: débil
Chavacano: debil

→ Swedish: debil

[ˈd̪eːbɪlʲɪs̠]

* From dē- + habilis. See the same contraction in dēbeō.
* Others suggest from dē- + Proto-Indo-European *bel- (“power, strength”). Compare Sanskrit बल (bala), Russian большой (bolʹšoj), Ancient Greek βελτίων (beltíōn, “better < stronger”).

cog

Ita est utraque rēs sine alterā dēbilis.

c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 2.13

lame, disabled, crippled, infirm, debilitated


patruelis

la-noun

patruēlis m or f (genitive patruēlis); third declension

patruēlis (canonical feminine masculine)
patruēlis (genitive)
patruēlis (nominative singular)
patruēlēs (nominative plural)
patruēlis (genitive singular)
patruēlium (genitive plural)
patruēlī (dative singular)
patruēlibus (dative plural)
patruēlem (accusative singular)
patruēlēs (accusative plural)
patruēlīs (accusative plural)
patruēle (ablative singular)
patruēlibus (ablative plural)
patruēlis (singular vocative)
patruēlēs (plural vocative)

From patruus (“father's brother”) + -ēlis.

A first cousin on the father's side; the child of one's father's brother (one type of parallel cousin).


patruelis

la-adj

patruēlis (neuter patruēle); third-declension two-termination adjective

patruēlis (canonical)
patruēle (neuter)
patruēlis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
patruēle (neuter nominative singular)
patruēlēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
patruēlia (neuter nominative plural)
patruēlis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
patruēlium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
patruēlī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
patruēlibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
patruēlem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
patruēle (accusative neuter singular)
patruēlēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
patruēlīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
patruēlia (accusative neuter plural)
patruēlī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
patruēlibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
patruēlis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
patruēle (neuter singular vocative)
patruēlēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
patruēlia (neuter plural vocative)

of, belonging to or descending from one's father's brother

quonam modo ille furenti fratri suo [some manuscripts: patrueli] consularis restitisset, qui consul eum incipientem furere atque tonantem sua se manu interfecturum audiente senatu dixerit?

How would that consular [i.e. Q. Metellus Celer] have resisted the madness of his cousin [brother from his father’s sister; i.e. P. Clodius Pulcher]—he, who when he was consul and [his cousin] was beginning his ravings and thundering forth, said before the listening Senate that he would slay him with his own hand?

(rare) of, belonging to or descending from one's father's sister


thus

la-noun

thūs n (genitive thūris); third declension

thūs (canonical neuter)
thūris (genitive)
thūs (nominative singular)
thūra (nominative plural)
thūris (genitive singular)
thūrum (genitive plural)
thūrī (dative singular)
thūribus (dative plural)
thūs (accusative singular)
thūra (accusative plural)
thūre (ablative singular)
thūribus (ablative plural)
thūs (singular vocative)
thūra (plural vocative)

→ Middle Irish: túis

Irish: túis

From Ancient Greek θύος (thúos, “burnt offering, holocaust”), from θύω (thúō).

der

Sērus ut aetheriae Germānicus imperet aulae

86 CE – 103 CE, Martial, Epigrammata 13.4

So that Germanicus might rule the heavenly palaces later
and for a long time the earth, give pious incense to Jupiter.


exegesis

la-noun

exēgēsis f (genitive exēgēsis); third declension

exēgēsis (canonical feminine)
exēgēsis (genitive)
exēgēsis (nominative singular)
exēgēsēs (nominative plural)
exēgēsis (genitive singular)
exēgēsium (genitive plural)
exēgēsī (dative singular)
exēgēsibus (dative plural)
exēgēsem (accusative singular)
exēgēsin (accusative singular)
exēgēsēs (accusative plural)
exēgēsīs (accusative plural)
exēgēse (ablative singular)
exēgēsibus (ablative plural)
exēgēsis (singular vocative)
exēgēsēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐξήγησις (exḗgēsis, “interpretation”).


terror

la-noun

terror m (genitive terrōris); third declension

terrōris (genitive)
terror (nominative singular)
terrōrēs (nominative plural)
terrōris (genitive singular)
terrōrum (genitive plural)
terrōrī (dative singular)
terrōribus (dative plural)
terrōrem (accusative singular)
terrōrēs (accusative plural)
terrōre (ablative singular)
terrōribus (ablative plural)
terror (singular vocative)
terrōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: terror

→ English: terror

→ Finnish: terrori

French: terreur

Galician: terror

→ German: Terror

Italian: terrore

Piedmontese: teror

Portuguese: terror

Romanian: teroare

→ Russian: терро́р (terrór)

Sicilian: tirruri

Spanish: terror

From terreō (“frighten, terrify”) + -or.

a dread, terror, great fear, alarm, panic


autor

autor m (genitive autōris); third declension

autōris (genitive)
autor (nominative singular)
autōrēs (nominative plural)
autōris (genitive singular)
autōrum (genitive plural)
autōrī (dative singular)
autōribus (dative plural)
autōrem (accusative singular)
autōrēs (accusative plural)
autōre (ablative singular)
autōribus (ablative plural)
autor (singular vocative)
autōrēs (plural vocative)

Late variant of auctor under influence of descendants such as Italian autore.

(New Latin, proscribed) Alternative form of auctor: source, creator, vendor, author, artist.


visor

vīsor m (genitive vīsōris); third declension

vīsor (canonical masculine)
vīsōris (genitive)
vīsor (nominative singular)
vīsōrēs (nominative plural)
vīsōris (genitive singular)
vīsōrum (genitive plural)
vīsōrī (dative singular)
vīsōribus (dative plural)
vīsōrem (accusative singular)
vīsōrēs (accusative plural)
vīsōre (ablative singular)
vīsōribus (ablative plural)
vīsor (singular vocative)
vīsōrēs (plural vocative)

From videō (“to see, look; watch, observe”), via the radical of its supine vīsum + -tor, from Proto-Italic *widēō (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”).

one who sees, looks at, watches; a seer, viewer, watcher

one who scouts, explores; one who performs reconnaissance; a scout


-al

-ālis (genitive)
-al (nominative singular)
-ālia (nominative plural)
-ālis (genitive singular)
-ālium (genitive plural)
-ālī (dative singular)
-ālibus (dative plural)
-al (accusative singular)
-ālia (accusative plural)
-ālī (ablative singular)
-ālibus (ablative plural)
-al (singular vocative)
-ālia (plural vocative)

From apocope of final e in -āle, neuter of -ālis.


epiglottis

epiglōttis f (genitive epiglōttidis); third declension

epiglōttis (canonical feminine)
epiglōttidis (genitive)
epiglōttis (nominative singular)
epiglōttidēs (nominative plural)
epiglōttidis (genitive singular)
epiglōttidum (genitive plural)
epiglōttidī (dative singular)
epiglōttidibus (dative plural)
epiglōttidem (accusative singular)
epiglōttidēs (accusative plural)
epiglōttide (ablative singular)
epiglōttidibus (ablative plural)
epiglōttis (singular vocative)
epiglōttidēs (plural vocative)

→ English: epiglottis

→ Irish: eipeaglotas

→ Italian: epiglottide

[ɛpɪˈɡɫ̪oːt̪ːɪs̠]

From Ancient Greek ἐπῐγλωττῐ́ς (epiglōttís, “valve covering the larynx”), from ἐπῐ- (epi-, “upon, over”) + γλωττῐ́ς (glōttís, “glottis, mouth of the windpipe”).


glottis

la-noun

glōttis f (genitive glōttidis); third declension

glōttis (canonical feminine)
glōttidis (genitive)
glōttis (nominative singular)
glōttidēs (nominative plural)
glōttidis (genitive singular)
glōttidum (genitive plural)
glōttidī (dative singular)
glōttidibus (dative plural)
glōttidem (accusative singular)
glōttidēs (accusative plural)
glōttide (ablative singular)
glōttidibus (ablative plural)
glōttis (singular vocative)
glōttidēs (plural vocative)

→ English: glottis

→ French: glotte

→ Italian: glottide

[ˈɡɫ̪oːt̪ːɪs̠]

Borrowing from Ancient Greek γλωττῐ́ς (glōttís, “mouth of the windpipe; corncrake”), from γλῶττᾰ (glôtta, “tongue”) + -ῐς (-is, feminine noun suffix).


umbo

la-noun

umbō m (genitive umbōnis); third declension

umbō (canonical masculine)
umbōnis (genitive)
umbō (nominative singular)
umbōnēs (nominative plural)
umbōnis (genitive singular)
umbōnum (genitive plural)
umbōnī (dative singular)
umbōnibus (dative plural)
umbōnem (accusative singular)
umbōnēs (accusative plural)
umbōne (ablative singular)
umbōnibus (ablative plural)
umbō (singular vocative)
umbōnēs (plural vocative)

⇒ Translingual: Umbonium (genus name)

→ English: umbo

Italian: umbone

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émbʰō ~ *h₃m̥bʰ-n-és, from the root *h₃m̥bʰ- (“navel; nave, hub”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ambô (“belly; paunch”).


vortex

la-noun

vortex m (genitive vorticis); third declension

vorticis (genitive)
vortex (nominative singular)
vorticēs (nominative plural)
vorticis (genitive singular)
vorticum (genitive plural)
vorticī (dative singular)
vorticibus (dative plural)
vorticem (accusative singular)
vorticēs (accusative plural)
vortice (ablative singular)
vorticibus (ablative plural)
vortex (singular vocative)
vorticēs (plural vocative)

→ English: vortex

→ French: vortex

→ Italian: vortice

→ Portuguese: vórtice, vórtex

→ Sicilian: vòrtici

→ Spanish: vórtice


editor

ēditor m (genitive ēditōris); third declension

ēditor (canonical masculine)
ēditōris (genitive)
ēditor (nominative singular)
ēditōrēs (nominative plural)
ēditōris (genitive singular)
ēditōrum (genitive plural)
ēditōrī (dative singular)
ēditōribus (dative plural)
ēditōrem (accusative singular)
ēditōrēs (accusative plural)
ēditōre (ablative singular)
ēditōribus (ablative plural)
ēditor (singular vocative)
ēditōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: editor

Galician: editor

Italian: editore

Portuguese: editor

Spanish: editor


clima

clima n (genitive climatis); third declension

climatis (genitive)
clima (nominative singular)
climata (nominative plural)
climatis (genitive singular)
climatum (genitive plural)
climatī (dative singular)
climatibus (dative plural)
clima (accusative singular)
climata (accusative plural)
climate (ablative singular)
climatibus (ablative plural)
clima (singular vocative)
climata (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek κλῐ́μᾰ (klíma, “region, zone of latitude”, originally “slope”), from κλῐ́νω (klínō, “I slope, incline”).

der

(historical units of measure) A Roman unit of area equivalent to a square with sides of 60 Roman feet.


tmesis

la-noun

tmēsis f (genitive tmēsis); third declension

tmēsis (canonical feminine)
tmēsis (genitive)
tmēsis (nominative singular)
tmēsēs (nominative plural)
tmēsis (genitive singular)
tmēsium (genitive plural)
tmēsī (dative singular)
tmēsibus (dative plural)
tmēsin (accusative singular)
tmēsim (accusative singular)
tmēsēs (accusative plural)
tmēsīs (accusative plural)
tmēsī (ablative singular)
tmēsibus (ablative plural)
tmēsis (singular vocative)
tmēsēs (plural vocative)

English: tmesis

French: tmèse

From Ancient Greek τμῆσις (tmêsis, “a cutting”), from τέμνω (témnō, “I cut”).

der

(grammar) The separation of a word, tmesis.


conversatio

la-noun

conversātiō f (genitive conversātiōnis); third declension

conversātiō (canonical feminine)
conversātiōnis (genitive)
conversātiō (nominative singular)
conversātiōnēs (nominative plural)
conversātiōnis (genitive singular)
conversātiōnum (genitive plural)
conversātiōnī (dative singular)
conversātiōnibus (dative plural)
conversātiōnem (accusative singular)
conversātiōnēs (accusative plural)
conversātiōne (ablative singular)
conversātiōnibus (ablative plural)
conversātiō (singular vocative)
conversātiōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: conversació

Old French: conversacion

→ Dutch: conversatie

→ Middle English: conversacioun

English: conversation

desctree

French: conversation
→ Romanian: conversație

Galician: conversación

Italian: conversazione

→ Middle Irish: coinbersáid

Irish: cumarsáid

Portuguese: conversação

Spanish: conversación

From conversor (“interact with, pass time with”) + -tiō.


artemon

la-noun

artemōn m (genitive artemonis); third declension

artemōn (canonical masculine)
artemonis (genitive)
artemōn (nominative singular)
artemonēs (nominative plural)
artemonis (genitive singular)
artemonum (genitive plural)
artemonī (dative singular)
artemonibus (dative plural)
artemonem (accusative singular)
artemonēs (accusative plural)
artemone (ablative singular)
artemonibus (ablative plural)
artemōn (singular vocative)
artemonēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: artimó

French: artimon

Italian: artimone

Norman: artimon

Portuguese: artimão

Spanish: artemón

→ English: artemon

a. 410, Vulg. Actus Apostolorum 27, 40

And when they had taken up the anchors, they committed themselves unto the sea, and loosed the rudder bands, and hoised up the by-sail to the wind, and made toward shore.

Et cum anchoras sustulissent, committebant se mari, simul laxantes juncturas gubernaculorum: et levato artemone secundum aurae flatum, tendebant ad littus.

a. 533, Dig. 50, 16, 242, pr. Iavolenus libro secundo ex posterioribus Labeonis
Malum navis esse partem, artemonem autem non esse Labeo ait, quia pleraeque naves sine malo inutiles essent, ideoque pars navis habetur: artemo autem magis adiectamento quam pars navis est.

A mast is a part of the ship but not a foresail, says Labeo, because most ships are useless without mast, and therefore it is deemed as a part of the ship: whereas a foresail is more of an add-on than a part of the ship.

Est autem aliud genus machinae satis artificiosum et ad usum celeritatis expeditum, sed in eo dare operam non possunt nisi periti. Est enim tignum, quod erigitur et distenditur retinaculis quadrifariam. Sub retinaculo chelonia duo figuntur, troclea funibus supra chelonia religatur, sub troclea regula longa circiter pedes duos, lata digitos sex, crassa quattuor supponitur. Trocleae ternos ordines orbiculorum in latitudine habentes conlocantur. Ita tres ductarii funes in machina religantur. Deinde referuntur ad imam trocleam et traiciuntur ex interiore parte per eius orbiculos summos. Deinde referuntur ad superiorem trocleam et traiciuntur ab exteriore parte in interiorem per orbiculos imos.
Cum descenderint ad imum, ex interiore parte et per secundos orbiculos traducuntur in extremum et referuntur in summum ad orbiculos secundos; traiecti redeunt ad imum et per imum referuntur ad caput; traiecti per summos redeunt ad machinam imam. In radice autem machinae conlocatur tertia troclea; eam autem Graeci epagonta nostri artemonem appellant. Ea troclea religatur ad trocleae radicem habens orbiculos tres, per quos traiecti funes traduntur hominibus ad ducendum. Ita tres ordines hominum ducentes sine ergata celeriter onus ad summum perducunt.
Hoc genus machinae polyspaston appellatur, quod multis orbiculorum circuitionibus et facilitatem summam praestat et celeritatem. Una autem statutio tigni hanc habet utilitatem, quod ante quantum velit et dextra ac sinistra a latere proclinando onus deponere potest.
Harum machinationum omnium, quae supra sunt scriptae, rationes non modo ad has res, sed etiam ad onerandas et exonerandas naves sunt paratae, aliae erectae, aliae planae in carchesîs versatilibus conlocatae. Non minus sine tignorum erectionibus in plano etiam eadem ratione et temperatis funibus et trocleis subductiones navium efficiuntur.
There is also another kind of machine, ingenious enough and easy to use with speed, but only experts can work with it. It consists of a single timber, which is set up and held in place by stays on four sides. Two cheeks are nailed on below the stays, a block is fastened by ropes above the cheeks, and a straight piece of wood about two feet long, six digits wide, and four digits thick, is put under the block. The blocks used have each three rows of sheaves side by side. Hence three traction ropes are fastened at the top of the machine. Then they are brought to the block at the bottom, and passed from the inside round the sheaves that are nearest the top of it. Then they are brought back to the upper block, and passed inwards from outside round the sheaves nearest the bottom.

c. 15 BCE, Vitruvius, De architectura 10.2.8–10

This kind of machine is called a polyspast, because of the many revolving sheaves to which its dexterity and despatch are due. There is also this advantage in the erection of only a single timber, that by previously inclining it to the right or left as much as one wishes, the load can be set down at one side.
All these kinds of machinery described above are, in their principles, suited not only to the purposes mentioned, but also to the loading and unloading of ships, some kinds being set upright, and others placed horizontally on revolving platforms. On the same principle, ships can be hauled ashore by means of arrangements of ropes and blocks used on the ground, without setting up timbers.

On coming down to the block at the bottom, they are carried round its second row of sheaves from the inside to the outside, and brought back to the second row at the top, passing round it and returning to the bottom; then from the bottom they are carried to the summit, where they pass round the highest row of sheaves, and then return to the bottom of the machine. At the foot of the machine a third block is attached. The Greeks call it ἑπἁγων, but our people “artemon.” This block fastened at the foot of the machine has three sheaves in it, round which the ropes are passed and then delivered to men to pull. Thus, three rows of men, pulling without a capstan, can quickly raise the load to the top.


phlegmon

phlegmōn m (genitive phlegmonis); third declension

phlegmōn (canonical masculine)
phlegmonis (genitive)
phlegmōn (nominative singular)
phlegmonēs (nominative plural)
phlegmonis (genitive singular)
phlegmonum (genitive plural)
phlegmonī (dative singular)
phlegmonibus (dative plural)
phlegmonem (accusative singular)
phlegmonēs (accusative plural)
phlegmone (ablative singular)
phlegmonibus (ablative plural)
phlegmōn (singular vocative)
phlegmonēs (plural vocative)

[ˈpʰɫ̪ɛɡmoːn]

From Ancient Greek φλεγμονή (phlegmonḗ, “inflammation, fiery heat”), from φλέγω (phlégō, “burn”).

uder

phlegmon (a solid mass formed by inflamed connective tissue, such as forms around an appendix in appendicitis).


pus

la-noun

pūs n (genitive pūris); third declension

pūs (canonical neuter)
pūris (genitive)
pūs (nominative singular)
pūra (nominative plural)
pūris (genitive singular)
pūrum (genitive plural)
pūrī (dative singular)
pūribus (dative plural)
pūs (accusative singular)
pūra (accusative plural)
pūre (ablative singular)
pūribus (ablative plural)
pūs (singular vocative)
pūra (plural vocative)

Aromanian: pronjiu, proanji

Catalan: pus

desctree

→ Dutch: pus (learned)
→ Papiamentu: pus

→ English: pus

French: pus

Galician: pus

Italian: pus, purino

Portuguese: pus

Romanian: puroi

Spanish: pus

From Proto-Italic *puos, from Proto-Indo-European *púH-os ~ *púH-es-os, from *puH-. Cognate with Sanskrit पुवस् (púvas), Ancient Greek πύον (púon), πύθω (púthō, “to rot”), Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “foul”), Old English fūl (“foul”), English foul.


later

la-noun

later m (genitive lateris); third declension

lateris (genitive)
later (nominative singular)
laterēs (nominative plural)
lateris (genitive singular)
laterum (genitive plural)
laterī (dative singular)
lateribus (dative plural)
laterem (accusative singular)
laterēs (accusative plural)
latere (ablative singular)
lateribus (ablative plural)
later (singular vocative)
laterēs (plural vocative)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”), or from *stelh₃- (“broad”) (in which case latus (“side, flank”) would be its neuter form).


-ar

-āris (genitive)
-ar (nominative singular)
-āria (nominative plural)
-āris (genitive singular)
-ārium (genitive plural)
-ārī (dative singular)
-āribus (dative plural)
-ar (accusative singular)
-āria (accusative plural)
-ārī (ablative singular)
-āribus (ablative plural)
-ar (singular vocative)
-āria (plural vocative)

From apocope of final e in -āre, neuter of -āris, dissimilated form (after a preceding l) of -ālis.


aster

astēr m (genitive asteris); third declension

astēr (canonical masculine)
asteris (genitive)
astēr (nominative singular)
asterēs (nominative plural)
asteris (genitive singular)
asterum (genitive plural)
asterī (dative singular)
asteribus (dative plural)
astera (accusative singular)
asterem (accusative singular)
asterēs (accusative plural)
astere (ablative singular)
asteribus (ablative plural)
astēr (singular vocative)
asterēs (plural vocative)

desctree

→ English: aster
→ Cebuano: aster
→ Esperanto: astero

→ German: Aster
→ Esperanto: astero
→ Ukrainian: а́йстра (ájstra)

→ Middle French: aster

French: aster
→ Romanian: aster

desc

Translingual: Aster, Thalassianthus aster

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr). See also Latin astrum and the inherited stēlla.

Aster amellus
Aster amellus#Translingual


virago

la-noun

virāgō f (genitive virāginis); third declension

virāgō (canonical feminine)
virāginis (genitive)
virāgō (nominative singular)
virāginēs (nominative plural)
virāginis (genitive singular)
virāginum (genitive plural)
virāginī (dative singular)
virāginibus (dative plural)
virāginem (accusative singular)
virāginēs (accusative plural)
virāgine (ablative singular)
virāginibus (ablative plural)
virāgō (singular vocative)
virāginēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: virago

→ English: virago

→ French: virago

→ German: Virago

→ Portuguese: virago

[u̯ɪˈräːɡoː]


cannabis

cannabis f (genitive cannabis); third declension

cannabis (genitive)
cannabis (nominative singular)
cannabēs (nominative plural)
cannabis (genitive singular)
cannabium (genitive plural)
cannabī (dative singular)
cannabibus (dative plural)
cannabim (accusative singular)
cannabēs (accusative plural)
cannabīs (accusative plural)
cannabe (ablative singular)
cannabī (ablative singular)
cannabibus (ablative plural)
cannabis (singular vocative)
cannabēs (plural vocative)

⇒ Late Latin: cannabum, cannabus

Asturian: cáñamu

Catalan: cànem

Galician: cánabo (“hemp, hemp fiber”)

Occitan: cambe, carbe

Old Galician-Portuguese: cánamo, cánabo

Spanish: cáñamo

→ Portuguese: cânhamo

Sardinian: cànnabu, càgnu

Sicilian: cànnavu, cànnamu

⇒ Vulgar Latin: canapa

→ Albanian: kërp

Aromanian: cãnipã

Friulian: cjanaipe, čhanaipe

Italian: canapa

Megleno-Romanian: cǫnipă

Romanian: cânepă, cânipă

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *canapis, *canapus

⇒ Dalmatian: canapial (“cord”)

⇒ Late Latin: canava

French: chanvre

Norman: cannevi

Portuguese: cânave

Romansch: chanv, chonv, coniv, tgonev

Sicilian: cànnava

Venetian: caneva

→ Catalan: cànnabis

→ Dutch: cannabis

→ English: cannabis

→ Irish: cannabas

→ French: cannabis

→ German: Cannabis

→ Galician: cánnabis

→ Greek: κάνναβη (kánnavi) (or directly from Ancient Greek)

→ Irish: cnáib

→ Italian: cannabis

→ Norman: cannabis

→ Occitan: canabís,

→ Portuguese: canábis, cânabis

→ Romanian: canabis

→ Spanish: cannabis

→ Swedish: cannabis

[ˈkänːäbɪs̠]

From Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis). See there for more.


molto

moltō m (genitive moltōnis); third declension

moltō (canonical masculine)
moltōnis (genitive)
moltō (nominative singular)
moltōnēs (nominative plural)
moltōnis (genitive singular)
moltōnum (genitive plural)
moltōnī (dative singular)
moltōnibus (dative plural)
moltōnem (accusative singular)
moltōnēs (accusative plural)
moltōne (ablative singular)
moltōnibus (ablative plural)
moltō (singular vocative)
moltōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: moltó

desctree

Old French: mouton, moton, multon, multum, mutun, multun
Middle French: mouton
French: mouton
Haitian Creole: mouton
Louisiana Creole: mouton
Seychellois Creole: mouton
→ English: mouton
>? Galician: motóa
Norman: mouton
Walloon: moton
→ Middle English: motoun, moton, motun, moten, mutoun, motone, mutton, motton, motene
English: mutton
Scots: mutton
Yola: muthon, mothoon

Italian: montone

Sicilian: muntuni

→ Maltese: muntun

Borrowed from Gaulish *multon-, from Proto-Celtic *moltos (“wether”).


novus homo

la-noun

novus homō m (genitive novī hominis); third declension

novus homō (canonical masculine)
novī hominis (genitive)
novus homō (nominative singular)
novī hominēs (nominative plural)
novī hominis (genitive singular)
novōrum hominum (genitive plural)
novō hominī (dative singular)
novīs hominibus (dative plural)
novum hominem (accusative singular)
novōs hominēs (accusative plural)
novō homine (ablative singular)
novīs hominibus (ablative plural)
nove homō (singular vocative)
novī hominēs (plural vocative)

(ancient Rome) the first person from a family to serve in the senate, or to be a consul


pastor

pāstor m (genitive pāstōris, feminine pāstrīx); third declension

pāstor (canonical masculine)
pāstōris (genitive)
pāstrīx (feminine)
pāstor (nominative singular)
pāstōrēs (nominative plural)
pāstōris (genitive singular)
pāstōrum (genitive plural)
pāstōrī (dative singular)
pāstōribus (dative plural)
pāstōrem (accusative singular)
pāstōrēs (accusative plural)
pāstōre (ablative singular)
pāstōribus (ablative plural)
pāstor (singular vocative)
pāstōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: pastor

Esperanto: pastro

Friulian: pastôr

→ German: Pastor

→ Romanian: pastor

Italian: pastore

desctree

→ Middle Dutch: pastoor
Dutch: pastoor
Afrikaans: pastoor
→ Lokono: pastoro
→ Papiamentu: pastor
→ West Frisian: pastoar
Limburgish: pestoear
West Flemish: paster

Old French: (from the nominative) pastre
French: pâtre m

Old French: (from the accusative or genitive) pastor
French: pasteur
Norman: pâteu'
→ Middle English: pastour
English: pastor

desc

Old Occitan: (from the accusative) pastor

Catalan: pastor

Occitan: pastor

Old Occitan: (from the nominative)

Occitan: pastre

Portuguese: pastor

Romanian: păstor

Romansch: pastur, pastour

desctree

→ Russian: пастор (pastor)
→ Kazakh: пастор (pastor)

Sicilian: pasturi

Spanish: pastor
→ Cebuano: pastor
→ Northern Puebla Nahuatl: paxtol
→ Tagalog: pastol, pastor

→ Swedish: pastor
→ Finnish: pastori

Venetian: pastor

[ˈpäːs̠t̪ɔr]

From pāscō (“to feed, maintain, pasture, graze”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”).

der

Navita de ventis, de tauris narrat arator,

25 BC, Sextus Propertius, Elegiae; II, i, 43–4

The sailor tells of winds, the ploughman of bulls,
the soldier counts his wounds, the shepherd his sheep.

4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Ephesians 4:11

And he gave some apostles, and some prophets, and other some evangelists, and other some pastors and doctors

et ipse dedit quosdam quidem apostolos quosdam autem prophetas alios vero evangelistas alios autem pastores et doctores

A Christian who takes care of the spiritual needs of other Christians