orbis

orbis m (genitive orbis); third declension

orbis (genitive)
orbis (nominative singular)
orbēs (nominative plural)
orbis (genitive singular)
orbium (genitive plural)
orbī (dative singular)
orbibus (dative plural)
orbem (accusative singular)
orbēs (accusative plural)
orbīs (accusative plural)
orbe (ablative singular)
orbī (ablative singular)
orbibus (ablative plural)
orbis (singular vocative)
orbēs (plural vocative)

→ English: orb

French: orbe

Italian: orbe

Portuguese: orbe

Spanish: orbe

Of uncertain origin. May stem from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰis (“circle, orb”), from the root *h₃erbʰ- (“to turn”).

der

of things that return at a certain period of time, a rotation, round, circuit

totus orbis terrarum

cuius consensui ne orbis quidem terrarum possit obsistere

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.29

the union of which not even the whole world could withstand

Ante mare et terrās et quod tegit omnia caelum
ūnus erat tōtō nātūrae vultus in orbe,
quem dīxēre chaos: […]

Before the sea and the lands and the sky that covers over all things,
there was one face of nature in the whole world,
which they called chaos: […]

the Earth, the world, the globe [often written as orbis terrarum]


falx

la-noun

falx f (genitive falcis); third declension

falcis (genitive)
falx (nominative singular)
falcēs (nominative plural)
falcis (genitive singular)
falcium (genitive plural)
falcī (dative singular)
falcibus (dative plural)
falcem (accusative singular)
falcēs (accusative plural)
falcīs (accusative plural)
falce (ablative singular)
falcibus (ablative plural)
falx (singular vocative)
falcēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: falz

Aromanian: falcã, falche

Old Leonese: foce, fouce

Asturian: foz, fouz, foiz, ḥoce, ḥoz

Leonese: fouz

Mirandese: fouce

Catalan: falç

Emilian: fèlz

→ English: falx

Fala: foici

Franco-Provençal: folx

Friulian: fals

Italian: falce

Ladin: fauc

Lombard: falc, folcc

Neapolitan: falcè

Old French: fauz

French: faux

Karipúna Creole French: fos

Picard: feuque

Walloon: foque (obsolete)

Old Occitan: fals

Occitan: falç, fauç, haus, fâ

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: fouce
Fala: foici, fueici
Galician: fouce
Portuguese: foice, fouce (dated or dialectal)

Romanian: falcă, falce

Romansch: faulsch

desc

Sardinian: falche, falle, farche, farci, frache, fraci

Sicilian: fauci

Spanish: hoz

Venetian: falẑ

>? Vulgar Latin: falcina

→ Albanian: felqinë

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg- (“to sting; needle”), whence also Proto-Celtic *delgos (“needle; pin”), Proto-Germanic *dalkaz (“pin, brooch; dagger”), Lithuanian dilgùs (“stinging, burning”), dilgėlė̃, dìlgė f (“nettle”), dìlgti, dìlgstu (“to be stung by nettles”), dal̃gis (“scythe”). Both the -a- and the -c- are unexpected, which might suggest a borrowing from a neighbouring Indo-European language of Italy.

cog

(military) a hook used to pull down walls


-es

-ēs (canonical feminine)
-is (genitive)
-ēs (nominative singular)
-ēs (nominative plural)
-is (genitive singular)
-ium (genitive plural)
-ī (dative singular)
-ibus (dative plural)
-em (accusative singular)
-ēs (accusative plural)
-īs (accusative plural)
-e (ablative singular)
-ibus (ablative plural)
-ēs (singular vocative)
-ēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *-ēi(s), from Proto-Indo-European *-ḗy, a hysterokinetic *-ey-stem suffix only otherwise found in words like Hittite [script needed] (utnē).

caedō (“I kill or cut”) → caedēs (“slaughter”)

sedeō (“I sit”) → sēdēs (“seat”)

third-declension
Appendix:Latin third declension#English

used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form


-es

-itis (genitive)
-es (nominative singular)
-itēs (nominative plural)
-itis (genitive singular)
-itum (genitive plural)
-itī (dative singular)
-itibus (dative plural)
-item (accusative singular)
-itēs (accusative plural)
-ite (ablative singular)
-itibus (ablative plural)
-es (singular vocative)
-itēs (plural vocative)

From *-h₁i-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, the root of eō, īre (“to go”). Because the nominative singular would regularly have developed to *-is, the attested ending *-es has to be explained as an analogical replacement based on the alternation between -ĕ- in the closed final syllable of the nominative singular and -ĭ- in the open medial syllable of oblique forms that developed regularly in other nouns as a result of the sound change of vowel reduction.

equus (“horse”) → eques (“cavalryman; equestrian; knight”)

used to form third-declension nouns, most of which have senses along the lines of 'one who goes (by)'


corbis

la-noun

corbis m or f (genitive corbis); third declension

corbis (genitive)
corbis (nominative singular)
corbēs (nominative plural)
corbis (genitive singular)
corbium (genitive plural)
corbī (dative singular)
corbibus (dative plural)
corbem (accusative singular)
corbim (accusative singular)
corbēs (accusative plural)
corbīs (accusative plural)
corbe (ablative singular)
corbī (ablative singular)
corbibus (ablative plural)
corbis (singular vocative)
corbēs (plural vocative)

English: corbicula

French: corbeille

Italian: corbello

Portuguese: corbelha

→? Proto-West Germanic: *korb (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Some refer it to Latin curvus, others to Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos) or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerbʰ- (“to turn (around), wind”) (cognate with scirpus); it could be also a Semitic borrowing, comparing Ge'ez ከረቦ (käräbo, “basket”), Amharic ከረቦ (käräbo, “basket”), considering the variant Ge'ez ከበሮ (käbäro, “basket”) possibly related to Ge'ez ከፈር (käfär, “basket”), Tigrinya ከፈር (käfär, “basket”), Arabic قَفِير (qafīr, “basket”). Alternatively, possibly borrowed from early Proto-West Germanic *korb, from Proto-Germanic *kurbaz, from earlier *krebô (“basket”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“bundle”).

der

De Tiburtino veniet agro haedulus, qui plus lactis habet quam sanguinis, et montani asparagi. grandia ova adsunt ipsis cum matribus, et uvae servatae parte anni quales fuerant in vitibus, Syriumque pirum, de corbibus et odoris mala recentis.

From my farm at Tiburtinum comes a baby goat, whose veins hold more milk than blood; mountain asparagus, big eggs, and the mothers that laid them, as well as grapes, preserved for six months, but still as fresh as when they were gathered; baskets of Syrian pears and fresh, sweet-smelling apples.


Sophocles

la-proper noun

Sophoclēs m sg (variously declined, genitive Sophoclis or Sophoclī); third declension, first declension

Sophoclēs (canonical masculine singular)
Sophoclis (genitive)
Sophoclī (genitive)
Sophoclēs (nominative singular)
Sophoclis (genitive singular)
Sophoclī (genitive singular)
Sophoclī (dative singular)
Sophoclae (dative singular)
Sophoclem (accusative singular)
Sophoclēa (accusative singular)
Sophocle (ablative singular)
Sophoclē (ablative singular)
Sophoclēs (singular vocative)
Sophoclē (singular vocative)

Asturian: Sófocles

Catalan: Sòfocles

→ Dutch: Sophocles

→ English: Sophocles

French: Sophocle

Galician: Sófocles

Italian: Sofocle

Occitan: Sofòcles

Portuguese: Sófocles

Romanian: Sofocle

Sicilian: Sòfocli, Sofucli

Spanish: Sófocles

[ˈs̠ɔpʰɔkɫ̪eːs̠]

From Ancient Greek Σοφοκλῆς (Sophoklês).

Sophocles of Colonus, a celebrated Greek dramatic poet (ca. 497 BCE – 405 BCE); Sophocles was one of the three greatest Greek tragedians. In the Athenian dramatic competitions of the Festival of Dionysus, he won more first prizes (around 20) than any other playwright, and placed second in all others he participated in. He is best remembered for his Oedipus Cycle of plays.

Σοφοκλῆς
Σοφοκλῆς#Ancient Greek

Σοφοκλής Σοφοκλής#Greek

a male given name from Ancient Greek, equivalent to Ancient Greek Σοφοκλῆς (Sophoklês) or Greek Σοφοκλής (Sofoklís)


moderator

la-noun

moderātor m (genitive moderātōris, feminine moderātrīx); third declension

moderātor (canonical masculine)
moderātōris (genitive)
moderātrīx (feminine)
moderātor (nominative singular)
moderātōrēs (nominative plural)
moderātōris (genitive singular)
moderātōrum (genitive plural)
moderātōrī (dative singular)
moderātōribus (dative plural)
moderātōrem (accusative singular)
moderātōrēs (accusative plural)
moderātōre (ablative singular)
moderātōribus (ablative plural)
moderātor (singular vocative)
moderātōrēs (plural vocative)

[mɔd̪ɛˈräːt̪ɔr]


pollinctor

pollīnctor m (genitive pollīnctōris); third declension

pollīnctor (canonical masculine)
pollīnctōris (genitive)
pollīnctor (nominative singular)
pollīnctōrēs (nominative plural)
pollīnctōris (genitive singular)
pollīnctōrum (genitive plural)
pollīnctōrī (dative singular)
pollīnctōribus (dative plural)
pollīnctōrem (accusative singular)
pollīnctōrēs (accusative plural)
pollīnctōre (ablative singular)
pollīnctōribus (ablative plural)
pollīnctor (singular vocative)
pollīnctōrēs (plural vocative)

From pollingō (“wash a corpse in preparation for a funeral”) + -tor.

af

undertaker; a person who prepared corpses for a funeral.


plumbago

la-noun

plumbāgō f (genitive plumbāginis); third declension

plumbāgō (canonical feminine)
plumbāginis (genitive)
plumbāgō (nominative singular)
plumbāginēs (nominative plural)
plumbāginis (genitive singular)
plumbāginum (genitive plural)
plumbāginī (dative singular)
plumbāginibus (dative plural)
plumbāginem (accusative singular)
plumbāginēs (accusative plural)
plumbāgine (ablative singular)
plumbāginibus (ablative plural)
plumbāgō (singular vocative)
plumbāginēs (plural vocative)

English: plumbago

French: plombagine, plumbago

Italian: piombaggine

Spanish: plumbagina, plumbagíneo

[pɫ̪ʊmˈbäːɡoː]


auscultator

auscultātor m (genitive auscultātōris); third declension

auscultātor (canonical masculine)
auscultātōris (genitive)
auscultātor (nominative singular)
auscultātōrēs (nominative plural)
auscultātōris (genitive singular)
auscultātōrum (genitive plural)
auscultātōrī (dative singular)
auscultātōribus (dative plural)
auscultātōrem (accusative singular)
auscultātōrēs (accusative plural)
auscultātōre (ablative singular)
auscultātōribus (ablative plural)
auscultātor (singular vocative)
auscultātōrēs (plural vocative)

English: auscultator

Portuguese: auscultador

[äu̯s̠kʊɫ̪ˈt̪äːt̪ɔr]


vallis

vallis f (genitive vallis); third declension

vallis (genitive)
vallis (nominative singular)
vallēs (nominative plural)
vallis (genitive singular)
vallium (genitive plural)
vallī (dative singular)
vallibus (dative plural)
vallem (accusative singular)
vallēs (accusative plural)
vallīs (accusative plural)
valle (ablative singular)
vallibus (ablative plural)
vallis (singular vocative)
vallēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: bal, ball, balle

Aromanian: vali, vale

Old French: val, vaul, valee, valey (Anglo-Norman)

French: val, vallée, vallon

→ English: vale, valley

Friulian: val f

Ladin: val

Megleno-Romanian: vali

Norman: valée

desc

Occitan: val, vath (Gascony); vau (Provençal)

Old Galician-Portuguese: vale m

Galician: val m

Portuguese: vale m

Picard: vau

Romanian: vale f

Romansch: val f

Sardinian: badde, vadhe, vadde

Sicilian: vaḍḍi

Venetian: vałe, val

Borrowings:

→ Asturian: valle m

→ Basque: bailara

→ Catalan: vall f

→ Extremaduran: valli

→ Italian: valle f

→ Leonese: valle m

→ Ligurian: valle

→ Spanish: valle m

[ˈu̯älːʲɪs̠]

Uncertain, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, roll”), same source as Latin vāllum (“rampart”), North Frisian wal (“wall”), Dutch wal (“wall, rampart, embankment”), German Wall (“rampart, mound, embankment”), Swedish vall (“mound, wall, bank”).

cog

Cur valle permutem Sabina divitias operosiores? (Hor, Odes 3, I)


germen

la-noun

germen n (genitive germinis); third declension

germinis (genitive)
germen (nominative singular)
germina (nominative plural)
germinis (genitive singular)
germinum (genitive plural)
germinī (dative singular)
germinibus (dative plural)
germen (accusative singular)
germina (accusative plural)
germine (ablative singular)
germinibus (ablative plural)
germen (singular vocative)
germina (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: germen

→ English: germ, germen

→ French: germe

Galician: xerme, xermolo

→ Italian: germe

→ Occitan: gèrme

→ Portuguese: germe

→ Romanian: germen

→ Spanish: germen

From earlier *genmen via dissimilation, from Proto-Italic *genamen, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁mn̥ (“offspring”, “seed”), from the root *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”, “to give birth”). Equivalent to gignō (“I beget”) + -men (noun-forming suffix). Compare with genimen.


viridis

la-adj

viridis (neuter viride, comparative viridior, superlative viridissimus); third-declension two-termination adjective

viride (neuter)
viridior (comparative)
viridissimus (superlative)
viridis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
viride (neuter nominative singular)
viridēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
viridia (neuter nominative plural)
viridis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
viridium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
viridī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
viridibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
viridem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
viride (accusative neuter singular)
viridēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
viridīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
viridia (accusative neuter plural)
viridī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
viridibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
viridis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
viride (neuter singular vocative)
viridēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
viridia (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: virid (learned)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: veardi, vearde, verdi

Istro-Romanian: verde

Megleno-Romanian: veardi, verdi

Romanian: verde

Dalmatian:

viard

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: verde, verdi

Gallurese: veldi

Italian: verde

Neapolitan: verde

Sassarese: verdhi

Sicilian: virdi

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: vèrde

Lombard: verd

Piedmontese: verd

Romagnol: vérd

Friulian: vert, verd

Istriot: virdo

Ladin: vërt

Romansch: verd, veard (Sutsilvan)

Venetian: vérdo

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: verd

Franco-Provençal: vèrd

Old French: vert (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: verd

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: verde, berde

Old Leonese:

Asturian: verde

Leonese: verde

Mirandese: berde

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: verde
Fala: verdi
Galician: verde
Portuguese: verde (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: verde
Ladino: vedre
Spanish: verde (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: birde, vidre, bidre

⇒ Vulgar Latin: (see there for further descendants)

*viridia

*viridizāre

*viriditia

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: verdhë

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨrð (see there for further descendants)

[ˈu̯ɪrɪd̪ɪs̠]


triens

la-noun

triēns m (genitive trientis); third declension

triēns (canonical masculine)
trientis (genitive)
triēns (nominative singular)
trientēs (nominative plural)
trientis (genitive singular)
trientium (genitive plural)
trientī (dative singular)
trientibus (dative plural)
trientem (accusative singular)
trientēs (accusative plural)
trientīs (accusative plural)
triente (ablative singular)
trientibus (ablative plural)
triēns (singular vocative)
trientēs (plural vocative)


castigator

castīgātor m (genitive castīgātōris); third declension

castīgātor (canonical masculine)
castīgātōris (genitive)
castīgātor (nominative singular)
castīgātōrēs (nominative plural)
castīgātōris (genitive singular)
castīgātōrum (genitive plural)
castīgātōrī (dative singular)
castīgātōribus (dative plural)
castīgātōrem (accusative singular)
castīgātōrēs (accusative plural)
castīgātōre (ablative singular)
castīgātōribus (ablative plural)
castīgātor (singular vocative)
castīgātōrēs (plural vocative)

Italian: castigatore

Spanish: castigador

Portuguese: castigador

[käs̠t̪iːˈɡäːt̪ɔr]

a corrector; one who corrects or chastises


vituperator

vituperātor m (genitive vituperātōris, feminine vituperātrix); third declension

vituperātor (canonical masculine)
vituperātōris (genitive)
vituperātrix (feminine)
vituperātor (nominative singular)
vituperātōrēs (nominative plural)
vituperātōris (genitive singular)
vituperātōrum (genitive plural)
vituperātōrī (dative singular)
vituperātōribus (dative plural)
vituperātōrem (accusative singular)
vituperātōrēs (accusative plural)
vituperātōre (ablative singular)
vituperātōribus (ablative plural)
vituperātor (singular vocative)
vituperātōrēs (plural vocative)

English: vituperator

French: vitupérateur

Italian: vituperatore

[u̯ɪt̪ʊpɛˈräːt̪ɔr]


semis

sēmis m (genitive sēmissis); third declension

sēmis (canonical masculine)
sēmissis (genitive)
sēmis (nominative singular)
sēmissēs (nominative plural)
sēmissis (genitive singular)
sēmissum (genitive plural)
sēmissī (dative singular)
sēmissibus (dative plural)
sēmissem (accusative singular)
sēmissēs (accusative plural)
sēmisse (ablative singular)
sēmissibus (ablative plural)
sēmis (singular vocative)
sēmissēs (plural vocative)

Spanish: jeme

From sēmi- (“half”) + as (“a whole, a farthing”).


perdix

perdīx m or f (genitive perdīcis); third declension

perdīx (canonical feminine masculine)
perdīcis (genitive)
perdīx (nominative singular)
perdīcēs (nominative plural)
perdīcis (genitive singular)
perdīcum (genitive plural)
perdīcī (dative singular)
perdīcibus (dative plural)
perdīcem (accusative singular)
perdīcēs (accusative plural)
perdīce (ablative singular)
perdīcibus (ablative plural)
perdīx (singular vocative)
perdīcēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

pernaica

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: perdice, pernice

desctree

Italian: pernice
→ Alemannic German: Parniise

→ Franco-Provençal: pernisse, pernis

→ Old French: pernis

Padanian:

Friulian: pernîs

Piedmontese: perniś

Romagnol: parniz

Romansch: pernisch

Venetian: pernixe, pernixa

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: perdiu

Old French: perdriz (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: pedic, perditz

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: perdiz

Asturian: perdiz

Old Galician-Portuguese: perdiz (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: perdiz

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: perdiche, prediche (Nuorese), perdighe, perdiga (Logudorese), perdixi, padrixi, pardighi (Campidanese)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *peturnīcula (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek πέρδιξ (pérdix, “partridge”).


follis

la-noun

follis m (genitive follis); third declension

follis (genitive)
follis (nominative singular)
follēs (nominative plural)
follis (genitive singular)
follium (genitive plural)
follī (dative singular)
follibus (dative plural)
follem (accusative singular)
follēs (accusative plural)
follīs (accusative plural)
folle (ablative singular)
follibus (ablative plural)
follis (singular vocative)
follēs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: foali

Istro-Romanian: foie

Megleno-Romanian: foali

Romanian: foale

Italo-Romance

Italian: folle

Sicilian: foḍḍi

Old French: fol (see there for further descendants)

French: fou

Norman: fo

Old Occitan: fol
Occitan: hòu, fòl, fòu

Sardinian: fodhe

Venetian: folo, foło, fol

West Iberian

Asturian: fuelle

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: fol

Portuguese: fole

Spanish: follar, hollar, fuelle

→ Alemannic German: Folle

→ Proto-Brythonic: *foll

Middle Welsh: ffoll

→ Ancient Greek: φόλλις (phóllis)

→ Aramaic: ܦܘܠܣܐ / פולסא /ܦܠܣ / פילס (fuləsā, filas)

→ Arabic: فِلْس (fils) (see there for further descendants)

→ English: follis

Probably inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰolǵʰ-n-is, o-grade i-stem derivative of *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”) with an *-n- suffix (though De Vaan is skeptical of any etymology and leaves the origin open). Cognates include Sanskrit बर्हिस् (barhís, “straw, sacrificial straw”), Old English belġ (“bulge, bag, purse”) (English belly) and belġan (“to swell with anger”), Old Prussian balsinis (“cushion”) and Old Irish bolg (“belly; bag; bellows”).
Or simply from Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-n-is, ultimately from the same root, i.e. *bʰel- (“to blow”), from which *bʰelǵʰ- appears to be derived.


scissor

la-noun

scissor m (genitive scissōris); third declension

scissōris (genitive)
scissor (nominative singular)
scissōrēs (nominative plural)
scissōris (genitive singular)
scissōrum (genitive plural)
scissōrī (dative singular)
scissōribus (dative plural)
scissōrem (accusative singular)
scissōrēs (accusative plural)
scissōre (ablative singular)
scissōribus (ablative plural)
scissor (singular vocative)
scissōrēs (plural vocative)

[ˈs̠kɪs̠ːɔr]

From scindō (“I cut, tear”) (supine scissum) + -tor (“-er”, agent noun suffix).

af

supine <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">scissum</i>

Processit statim scissor et ad symphoniam gesticulatus ita laceravit obsonium, ut putares essedarium hydraule cantante pugnare.

c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 36

The trancheur walked forward and signed in so concerted a manner while cutting the food that one believed that a chariot fought with a water-flute player.

trancheur, somebody who in a banquet cuts the foodstuffs

1ˢᵗ century BCE, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum IX 466, which is a list of gladiators of the lanista Gaius Salvius Capito in Venusia
Ret[iarius] C[aius] Clodius
Scisso[r] M[arcus] Caecilius
the net fighter Gaius Clodius


la-proper noun

♃ m sg (genitive ♃vis); third declension

♃vis (genitive)
♃vis (genitive singular)
♃vī (dative singular)
♃vem (accusative singular)
♃ve (ablative singular)

Arte ſivè Chymice parata: ut Vitriolum ♃vis, ☽næ, ♂tis, ☉lis, ♀ris

1701, Johann Christoph Sommerhoff, Lexicon pharmaceutico-chymicum latino-germanicum & germanico-latinum [Pharmaceutico-Chemical Lexicon, Latin-German and German-Latin], page 399

Those prepared by art or chemically: as vitriol of Jupiter, of the Moon, of Mars, of the Sun, of Venus

(alchemy) Alternative spelling of Iuppiter (“Jupiter”)


caupo

la-noun

caupō m (genitive caupōnis, feminine caupōna); third declension

caupō (canonical masculine)
caupōnis (genitive)
caupōna (feminine)
caupō (nominative singular)
caupōnēs (nominative plural)
caupōnis (genitive singular)
caupōnum (genitive plural)
caupōnī (dative singular)
caupōnibus (dative plural)
caupōnem (accusative singular)
caupōnēs (accusative plural)
caupōne (ablative singular)
caupōnibus (ablative plural)
caupō (singular vocative)
caupōnēs (plural vocative)

desc

→ Proto-Germanic: *kaupô (“innkeeper; merchant”) (see there for further descendants)

Cognate with Ancient Greek κᾰ́πηλος (kápēlos), possibly from Pre-Greek, likely borrowed separately. A derivation of either from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂- (“to buy”), whence ἐπρῐάμην (epriámēn) as suppletive aorist of ὠνέομαι (ōnéomai, “to buy”), seems far-fetched. Beekes mentions, Furnee offers Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒉺𒅈 (ḫappar, “purchase, price”) as a comparandum, in which case the IE derivation would be *h₃ep-, whence ops (“power”) and Homeric Ancient Greek ἀφνειός (aphneiós, “rich, wealthy”), although also speculative. Gemoll considers a connection to Ancient Greek κάπτω (káptō, “gulp down, snap”).


Levi

la-proper noun

Lēvī or Lēvīs m sg (variously declined, genitive Lēvī); indeclinable, third declension

Lēvī (canonical)
Lēvīs (canonical masculine singular)
Lēvī (genitive)
Lēvīs (nominative singular)
Lēvī (nominative singular)
Lēvī (genitive singular)
Lēvī (dative singular)
Lēvīn (accusative singular)
Lēvī (accusative singular)
Lēvī (ablative singular)
Lēvī (singular vocative)

a male given name from Hebrew, borne by one of the twelve sons of Jacob


huso

la-noun

hūsō m (genitive hūsōnis); third declension

hūsō (canonical masculine)
hūsōnis (genitive)
hūsō (nominative singular)
hūsōnēs (nominative plural)
hūsōnis (genitive singular)
hūsōnum (genitive plural)
hūsōnī (dative singular)
hūsōnibus (dative plural)
hūsōnem (accusative singular)
hūsōnēs (accusative plural)
hūsōne (ablative singular)
hūsōnibus (ablative plural)
hūsō (singular vocative)
hūsōnēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old High German hūso or its antecedent Proto-West Germanic *hūsō, as no name (of certain meaning) for the fish was transmitted from classical antiquity.


hospes

hospes m or f (genitive hospitis); third declension

hospitis (genitive)
hospes (nominative singular)
hospitēs (nominative plural)
hospitis (genitive singular)
hospitum (genitive plural)
hospitī (dative singular)
hospitibus (dative plural)
hospitem (accusative singular)
hospitēs (accusative plural)
hospite (ablative singular)
hospitibus (ablative plural)
hospes (singular vocative)
hospitēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: oaspi, oaspe, ospi

Catalan: hoste

Old Francoprovençal: oste, hoste

Franco-Provençal: hôpte

Old French: oste

→ English: host

French: hôte

Friulian: ospit

Galician: hóspede

Italian: ospite, oste (through Old French)

Occitan: òste

Piedmontese: òspite

Portuguese: hóspede

Romanian: oaspete

Romansch: hosp

Sicilian: òspiti, òsputi

Spanish: huésped

Walloon: oste, oiste

→ Welsh: osb

From Proto-Italic *hostipotis, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis, a compound of *gʰóstis (whence hostis) and *pótis (whence potis); etymologically equivalent to hostis + potis. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *gospodь.

Atque ita "longa via est, nec tempora longa supersunt,"

And this is what he said: “The road is long, and not long are the hours remaining [in this day]; and our door is open to strangers.”
(Hyrieus unknowingly welcomes Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury; the gods later grant Hyrieus’s wish to become a father. See: Hyrieus; Orion (mythology).)

dīxit "et hospitibus iānua nostra patet."


foris

foris f (genitive foris); third declension

foris (genitive)
foris (nominative singular)
forēs (nominative plural)
foris (genitive singular)
forium (genitive plural)
forī (dative singular)
foribus (dative plural)
forem (accusative singular)
forēs (accusative plural)
forīs (accusative plural)
fore (ablative singular)
foribus (ablative plural)
foris (singular vocative)
forēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *fworis, from earlier *θworis, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwṓr, from *dʰwer- (“door, gate”).
Cognate with forās, forīs, forum, Sanskrit द्वार् (dvā́r), Ancient Greek θύρα (thúra) and Old English duru and dor (English door).


pellis

pellis f (genitive pellis); third declension

pellis (genitive)
pellis (nominative singular)
pellēs (nominative plural)
pellis (genitive singular)
pellium (genitive plural)
pellī (dative singular)
pellibus (dative plural)
pellem (accusative singular)
pellēs (accusative plural)
pellīs (accusative plural)
pelle (ablative singular)
pellibus (ablative plural)
pellis (singular vocative)
pellēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheali

Romanian: piele

Dalmatian:

pial

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pelle

Sicilian: peddi

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pedde, peddi (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Friulian: piel

Romagnol: pël

Romansch: pel

Venetian: pełe

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pél

desctree

Old French: pel
Bourguignon: peâ
Middle French: peau
French: peau

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: pell

Occitan: pèl

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: piel

Old Galician-Portuguese: pele

Portuguese: pele

Spanish: piel

Borrowings:

→ English: pell

→ Old Irish: pell

Irish: peall

Scottish Gaelic: peall

→ Old Norse: pilz

Icelandic: pils

Norwegian Bokmål: pels

Norwegian Nynorsk: pels

From Proto-Italic *pelnis, from Proto-Indo-European *pel-ni-s (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”), from *pel- (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέλμᾰ (pélma, “sole of the foot”), Old English fell (“fell, skin, hide; garment of skin”).

cog

(zootomy) pelt, fell, hide, animal skin; (poetic) human skin

(clothing) a garment, article of clothing made of skin

(military) a tent for soldiers (because it was covered with skins)

(mycology) a thin peelable film covering the outside of a sporocarp


laver

la-noun

laver f (genitive laveris); third declension

laveris (genitive)
laver (nominative singular)
laverēs (nominative plural)
laveris (genitive singular)
laverum (genitive plural)
laverī (dative singular)
laveribus (dative plural)
laverem (accusative singular)
laverēs (accusative plural)
lavere (ablative singular)
laveribus (ablative plural)
laver (singular vocative)
laverēs (plural vocative)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *laberu (see there for further descendants)

Sium latifolium
Sium latifolium#Translingual

a water-plant, possibly water parsnip (Sium latifolium)


fames

famēs f (genitive famis); third declension

famēs (canonical feminine)
famis (genitive)
famēs (nominative singular)
famēs (nominative plural)
famis (genitive singular)
famium (genitive plural)
famī (dative singular)
famibus (dative plural)
famem (accusative singular)
famēs (accusative plural)
famīs (accusative plural)
famē (ablative singular)
famibus (ablative plural)
famēs (singular vocative)
famēs (plural vocative)

> Aromanian: foami (inherited)

> Asturian: fame (inherited)

> Catalan: fam (inherited)

> Dalmatian: fum (inherited)

> Franco-Provençal: fam (inherited)

> Friulian: fan (inherited)

> Gallurese: fami, fammi (inherited)

> Istriot: fan (inherited)

> Istro-Romanian: fome (inherited)

> Italian: fame (inherited)

> Ligurian: fàmme (inherited)

> Lombard: famm (inherited)

> Mirandese: fame (inherited)

> Neapolitan: famme (inherited)

> Old French: fain, faim (inherited)

> French: faim (inherited)

> Louisiana Creole: faim (inherited)

desc

> Old Galician-Portuguese: fame (inherited)

> Galician: fame (inherited)

> Portuguese: fome (inherited)

> Old Occitan: fam (inherited)

> Occitan: fam, (Gascony) hami (inherited)

> Piedmontese: fam (inherited)

> Romagnol: fam (inherited)

> Romanian: foame (inherited)

> Romansch: fom (inherited)

Sardinian:

> Logudorese: fàmene, fàmine (inherited)

> Nuorese: fàmine (inherited)

> Campidanese: fàmini (inherited)

> Sassarese: fammi (inherited)

> Sicilian: fami (inherited)

> Old Spanish: fambre (inherited)

> Ladino: ambre (inherited)

> Spanish: hambre (inherited)

> Venetian: fan (inherited)

⇒ Old French: famine

> Middle French: famine (inherited)

> French: famine (inherited)

→ English: famine

Since Pokorny, traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *dʰH- (“to disappear”), and connected with affatim, fatīscō, fatīgō, fessus, as well as Old Irish ded- (“to vanish”), Old Norse dási (“slow”), and English daze. However, de Vaan rejects this etymology, considering the forms and semantics as too vague, and leaves the origin open.


clangor

la-noun

clangor m (genitive clangōris); third declension

clangōris (genitive)
clangor (nominative singular)
clangōrēs (nominative plural)
clangōris (genitive singular)
clangōrum (genitive plural)
clangōrī (dative singular)
clangōribus (dative plural)
clangōrem (accusative singular)
clangōrēs (accusative plural)
clangōre (ablative singular)
clangōribus (ablative plural)
clangor (singular vocative)
clangōrēs (plural vocative)


sitis

sitis f sg (genitive sitis); third declension

sitis (genitive)
sitis (nominative singular)
sitis (genitive singular)
sitī (dative singular)
sitim (accusative singular)
sitī (ablative singular)
sitis (singular vocative)

Aromanian: seati

Aragonese: set, sete

Asturian: sede

Catalan: set

Dalmatian: sait

Franco-Provençal: sêf

French: soif

Friulian: sêt

Galician: sede

Italian: sete

Leonese: sede

Occitan: set

Piedmontese: sej, sèj

Portuguese: sede

Romanian: sete

Romansch: said, set

Sardinian: sidi(s), sidi(g)u

Sicilian: siti

Spanish: sed

Venetian: sée, sef

Walloon: soe

From Proto-Italic *(k)sitis, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰítis (“perishing, destruction, decrease”), from *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”), with the Proto-Indo-European cluster *dʰgʷʰ- metathesizing into pre-Italic *gʷʰdʰ-, yielding *kts- and finally Latin s-. Cognates include Sanskrit क्षिति (kṣíti, “perishing, downfall”) and Ancient Greek φθίσις (phthísis, “decrease, emaciation”).


vilis

la-adj

vīlis (neuter vīle, comparative vīlior, superlative vīlissimus); third-declension two-termination adjective

vīlis (canonical)
vīle (neuter)
vīlior (comparative)
vīlissimus (superlative)
vīlis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
vīle (neuter nominative singular)
vīlēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
vīlia (neuter nominative plural)
vīlis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
vīlium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
vīlī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
vīlibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
vīlem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
vīle (accusative neuter singular)
vīlēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
vīlīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
vīlia (accusative neuter plural)
vīlī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
vīlibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
vīlis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
vīle (neuter singular vocative)
vīlēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
vīlia (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: vil

→ English: vile

French: vil, vile

Friulian: vîl

Italian: vile

Piedmontese: vil

Portuguese: vil

Romanian: vil

Sicilian: vili

Spanish: vil

[ˈu̯iːlʲɪs̠]

From Proto-Italic *weslis, from Proto-Indo-European *weslis, a deverbal adjective with passive meaning ("which can be bought"), from the root of venus (“sale”).

base, vile, mean, worthless, cheap, paltry


mollis

mollis (neuter molle, comparative mollior, superlative mollissimus, adverb molliter); third-declension two-termination adjective

molle (neuter)
mollior (comparative)
mollissimus (superlative)
molliter (adverb)
mollis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
molle (neuter nominative singular)
mollēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
mollia (neuter nominative plural)
mollis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
mollium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
mollī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
mollibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mollem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
molle (accusative neuter singular)
mollēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
mollīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
mollia (accusative neuter plural)
mollī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
mollibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mollis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
molle (neuter singular vocative)
mollēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
mollia (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: moali, moli

Istro-Romanian: mole

Romanian: moale

Italo-Romance:

Italian: molle

Neapolitan: muollo

Sicilian: moddu

North Italian:

Friulian: mol

Icelandic: moll

Venetian: mol, molo, moło

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: moll

Occitan: mòl

Old French: mol

Middle French: mol

French: mou

→ Middle English: moll

English: mull

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: mole

Galician: mol

Portuguese: mole

Spanish: muelle

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: modde, moddi, moddu

Vulgar Latin: *molliāre (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ German: Moll

→ Norwegian Bokmål: moll

From earlier *molduis, from Proto-Italic *molduis, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥dus (“soft, weak”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to soften, melt”).
Cognates include Latin mola, blandus, mortārium, Old Prussian maldai (“boys”), Welsh blydd (“soft”), Old Church Slavonic младъ (mladŭ, “young”), Sanskrit मृदु (mṛdú, “soft, mild, weak”), Old Armenian մեղկ (mełk, “soft, weak”), Ancient Greek βλαδύς (bladús, “weak”) and ἀμαλδύνω (amaldúnō, “to weaken, destroy”). More at mild.
An alternative hypothesis derives it from the Proto-Indo-European root *melh₂- (“to grind, crush, pulverize, mill”) via *mol-n-is; more at malleus.

cog

Sed quid existis videre hominem mollibus vestitum ecce qui mollibus vestiuntur in domibus regum sunt.

But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment? behold, they that wear soft clothing are in kings' houses.

Diligentior cura mollia panis fermentati colat aqua fervente.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 23.26

Those who take the most care boil the soft part of leavened bread then strain off the water;

Responsio mollis frangit iram sermo durus suscitat furorem.

A soft answer turneth away wrath: but grievous words stir up anger.


statio

la-noun

statiō f (genitive statiōnis); third declension

statiō (canonical feminine)
statiōnis (genitive)
statiō (nominative singular)
statiōnēs (nominative plural)
statiōnis (genitive singular)
statiōnum (genitive plural)
statiōnī (dative singular)
statiōnibus (dative plural)
statiōnem (accusative singular)
statiōnēs (accusative plural)
statiōne (ablative singular)
statiōnibus (ablative plural)
statiō (singular vocative)
statiōnēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

stasaun (“store, shop”)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: staghjone

desc

Italian: stazzo, stazzone, stazione, stagione

→ Cimbrian: stadjónge

→ Maltese: stazzjon

Neapolitan: staggione

Sicilian: staggiuni

→ Maltese: staġun

Padanian:

Friulian: stagjon

Ligurian: stagion

Romansch: stagiun, stizun

Venetian: stagion

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: Estaon (toponym)

Old Occitan: estazó

Sardinian:

istajone (“season”)

Borrowings:

→ Asturian: estación

→ Catalan: estació

→ Danish: station

→ Esperanto: stacio

→ Galician: estación

→ German: Station

→ Italian: stazione, stazio ⇒ staziografo

→ Sardinian: istatzione

→ Sicilian: stazzioni

→ Ligurian: staçion

→ Neapolitan: stazzione

→ Norwegian:

Bokmål: stasjon

Nynorsk: stasjon

→ Occitan: estacion

→ Old French: estation (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Old Polish: stacyja (learned)
Masurian: stacyjá
Polish: stacja, stacyja (Middle Polish); stacya (pre-reform orthography (1816))
→ Kashubian: stacjô
Silesian: stacyjŏ
→ Old Ruthenian: ста́цїꙗ (stácija), ста́цыꙗ (stácyja), ста́цеꙗ (stáceja)
Belarusian: (dialectal) ста́цыя (stácyja)
Carpathian Rusyn: ста́ція (stácija), шта́ція (štácija)
Ukrainian: ста́ція (stácija)
(Please either change this template to or insert a ====Descendants==== section in стацыꙗ)(Please either change this template to or insert a ====Descendants==== section in стацеꙗ)
⇒ Old Ruthenian: ста́нцїꙗ (stáncija), ста́нцыꙗ (stáncyja)
Belarusian: ста́нцыя (stáncyja); (dialectal) ста́нцая (stáncaja), ста́нца (stánca), ста́нця (stáncja)
Ukrainian: ста́нція (stáncija)
→? Russian: ста́нция (stáncija) (or from Middle Polish) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Polish: stacyja (learned)
Masurian: stacyjá
Polish: stacja, stacyja (Middle Polish); stacya (pre-reform orthography (1816))
→ Kashubian: stacjô
Silesian: stacyjŏ
→ Old Ruthenian: ста́цїꙗ (stácija), ста́цыꙗ (stácyja), ста́цеꙗ (stáceja)
Belarusian: (dialectal) ста́цыя (stácyja)
Carpathian Rusyn: ста́ція (stácija), шта́ція (štácija)
Ukrainian: ста́ція (stácija)
(Please either change this template to {{desc}} or insert a ====Descendants==== section in стацыꙗ)(Please either change this template to {{desc}} or insert a ====Descendants==== section in стацеꙗ)
⇒ Old Ruthenian: ста́нцїꙗ (stáncija), ста́нцыꙗ (stáncyja)
Belarusian: ста́нцыя (stáncyja); (dialectal) ста́нцая (stáncaja), ста́нца (stánca), ста́нця (stáncja)
Ukrainian: ста́нція (stáncija)
→? Russian: ста́нция (stáncija) (or from Middle Polish) (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: estação

→ Romanian: stație

→ Spanish: estación

→ Swedish: station

→ Venetian: stasion, stassion, stassiòn


sinapis

la-noun

sināpis f (genitive sināpis); third declension

sināpis (canonical feminine)
sināpis (genitive)
sināpis (nominative singular)
sināpēs (nominative plural)
sināpis (genitive singular)
sināpium (genitive plural)
sināpī (dative singular)
sināpibus (dative plural)
sināpim (accusative singular)
sināpem (accusative singular)
sināpēs (accusative plural)
sināpīs (accusative plural)
sināpe (ablative singular)
sināpī (ablative singular)
sināpibus (ablative plural)
sināpis (singular vocative)
sināpēs (plural vocative)

[s̠ɪˈnäːpɪs̠]

[s̠ɪˈnäːpiːs̠]


olor

olor m (genitive olōris); third declension

olōris (genitive)
olor (nominative singular)
olōrēs (nominative plural)
olōris (genitive singular)
olōrum (genitive plural)
olōrī (dative singular)
olōribus (dative plural)
olōrem (accusative singular)
olōrēs (accusative plural)
olōre (ablative singular)
olōribus (ablative plural)
olor (singular vocative)
olōrēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁el- (a type of bird, waterfowl). Cognate with Welsh alarch (“swan”), Old Norse álka (“auk”). More at auk.


olor

Asturian: golor

Catalan: olor

Friulian: nulôr

Old French: olor

Middle French: oleur

Occitan: olor

Portuguese: olor

Spanish: olor

Pre- and post-Classical counterpart to odor, likely influenced by, or formed anew from, oleō (“smell”).


nubes

la-noun

nūbēs f (genitive nūbis); third declension

nūbēs (canonical feminine)
nūbis (genitive)
nūbēs (nominative singular)
nūbēs (nominative plural)
nūbis (genitive singular)
nūbium (genitive plural)
nūbī (dative singular)
nūbibus (dative plural)
nūbem (accusative singular)
nūbēs (accusative plural)
nūbīs (accusative plural)
nūbe (ablative singular)
nūbibus (ablative plural)
nūbēs (singular vocative)
nūbēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: nor

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: nube

Italian: nube

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: niu

Gallo-Romance:

French: nue, nuage ⇒ nuage

Occitan: niu, nieu

Old Catalan: nuu

⇒ Walloon: nûlêye

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: ñube

Extremaduran: ñubi

Old Galician-Portuguese: nuve

Galician: nube

Portuguese: nuvem

Guinea-Bissau Creole: nuven

Kabuverdianu: nuven

Mirandese: nubre

Spanish: nube

Papiamentu: nubia

Sardinian: nue, nube, nuve, nui

From Proto-Italic *nouðetis, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s, from *(s)newdʰ- (“to cover”). Cognate with Welsh nudd (“haze”), Avestan 𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (snaoδa, “clouds”), Baluchi [script needed] (nod, “raincloud”). Note that despite similar pronunciation and semantics, not related to nebula (“mist, fog”).

cog

(figuratively) storm-cloud, the appearance of a coming danger


gravis

la-adj

gravis (neuter grave, comparative gravior, superlative gravissimus, adverb graviter); third-declension two-termination adjective

grave (neuter)
gravior (comparative)
gravissimus (superlative)
graviter (adverb)
gravis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
grave (neuter nominative singular)
gravēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
gravia (neuter nominative plural)
gravis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
gravium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
gravī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
gravibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
gravem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
grave (accusative neuter singular)
gravēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
gravīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
gravia (accusative neuter plural)
gravī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
gravibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
gravis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
grave (neuter singular vocative)
gravēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
gravia (neuter plural vocative)

Italian: grave

Old Galician-Portuguese: grave

Portuguese: grave

Old Spanish: grave

Spanish: grave

Sicilian: gravi

Borrowings:

→ Middle French: grave (learned)

→ English: grave

French: grave

→ Romanian: grav (also from French)

→ Swedish: grav

From Proto-Italic *gʷraus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us, an u-stem adjective regularly enlarged into the i-stem, compare brevis, dulcis, mollis, tenuis, etc. Cognate with Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus, “heavy”), Persian گران (gerân) and Sanskrit गुरु (gurú). See also Latin brūtus.


pecten

la-noun

pecten m (genitive pectinis); third declension

pectinis (genitive)
pecten (nominative singular)
pectinēs (nominative plural)
pectinis (genitive singular)
pectinum (genitive plural)
pectinī (dative singular)
pectinibus (dative plural)
pectinem (accusative singular)
pectinēs (accusative plural)
pectine (ablative singular)
pectinibus (ablative plural)
pecten (singular vocative)
pectinēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheaptini, chiaptini

Megleno-Romanian: chiaptini

Romanian: pieptene, pieptăn

Dalmatian:

piacno

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: pèttine

Italian: pettine

Neapolitan: pèttene, pèttine

Sicilian: pèttini

Calabria: pèttinu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: petene, petini, petiri

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: pèten, pätne

Ligurian: péteno

Lombard: péten, pécen

Piedmontese: pento, pecio, peci, pécen

Romagnol: pètan, pètne

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: pietin

Ladin: péten

Romansch: petgen, pettan

Venetian: petene, peten

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pé(g)no

French: peigne

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: pinte, ⇒ pinta

desc

Gascon: piente, pentie, piento, pinti, pende, pentge, pinto, pienti, piendi

Occitan: penche (all dialects)

Limousin: pinte, pinti

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: piente, peine, pine

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: peñe, peine, peiñe, pene

Leonese: pende, peñe, peine

Mirandese: peine

Old Galician-Portuguese: *peitẽe

Galician: empeña, peite, pente, pieite

Portuguese: pente

Old Spanish: peyne

Spanish: empeine, peine

Borrowings:

→ English: pecten

From Proto-Italic *pekten, from Proto-Indo-European *peḱten-s, from Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“pluck”) (whence pecto). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτείς (kteís).

Naidēs effusīs aliae sine pectinis ūsū,

The Naiad nymphs were there, some with locks dishevelled without the application of the comb,
others with their hair arranged both with taste and labour.
1851. The Fasti &c of Ovid. Trans. & notes by H. T. Riley. London: H. G. Bohn. pg. 27.


alcyon

la-noun

alcyōn f (genitive alcyonis); third declension

alcyōn (canonical feminine)
alcyonis (genitive)
alcyōn (nominative singular)
alcyonēs (nominative plural)
alcyonis (genitive singular)
alcyonum (genitive plural)
alcyonī (dative singular)
alcyonibus (dative plural)
alcyonem (accusative singular)
alcyonēs (accusative plural)
alcyone (ablative singular)
alcyonibus (ablative plural)
alcyōn (singular vocative)
alcyonēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: alció

→ English: halcyon

French: halcyon

Romanian: alcion

Spanish: alción

Italian: alcione

From Ancient Greek ἀλκυών (alkuṓn, “kingfisher”).


sapor

la-noun

sapor m (genitive sapōris); third declension

sapōris (genitive)
sapor (nominative singular)
sapōrēs (nominative plural)
sapōris (genitive singular)
sapōrum (genitive plural)
sapōrī (dative singular)
sapōribus (dative plural)
sapōrem (accusative singular)
sapōrēs (accusative plural)
sapōre (ablative singular)
sapōribus (ablative plural)
sapor (singular vocative)
sapōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: sabor

Friulian: savôr

Italian: sapore

Lombard: savor

Occitan: sabor

desctree

Old French: savour, savor
French: saveur
→ Romanian: savoare
→ Middle English: savour
English: savour, savor

Piedmontese: savor

Portuguese: sabor

desc

Sardinian: sabore, sabori, sapore, saore

Sicilian: sapuri

Spanish: sabor

Venetian: saore, saor

→ Ido: saporo

desctree

→ Middle English: sapour, sapoure
English: sapor, sapour

From sapiō (“taste of, have a flavor of”) + -or.

af

proderit et tunsum gallae admiscere saporem […]
It is good too to blend a taste of pounded oak-apples […]

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 4.267

(usually in the plural) That which tastes good; a delicacy, dainty.

(figuratively) An elegance of style or character.


rudis

la-adj

rudis (neuter rude); third-declension two-termination adjective

rude (neuter)
rudis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
rude (neuter nominative singular)
rudēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
rudia (neuter nominative plural)
rudis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
rudium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
rudī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
rudibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rudem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
rude (accusative neuter singular)
rudēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
rudīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
rudia (accusative neuter plural)
rudī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
rudibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rudis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
rude (neuter singular vocative)
rudēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
rudia (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: rude

→ Old French: rude

→ English: rude

French: rude

→ German: rüde

→ Galician: rudo

→ Italian: rude

→ Norman: rude

→ Piedmontese: rudi

→ Portuguese: rude, rudo

→ Spanish: rudo

→ Swedish: rudis

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rudius

Italian: rozzo

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrew- (“to tear up, dig up”). Related to rudus.


rudis

la-noun

rudis f (genitive rudis); third declension

rudis (genitive)
rudis (nominative singular)
rudēs (nominative plural)
rudis (genitive singular)
rudium (genitive plural)
rudī (dative singular)
rudibus (dative plural)
rudem (accusative singular)
rudēs (accusative plural)
rudīs (accusative plural)
rude (ablative singular)
rudī (ablative singular)
rudibus (ablative plural)
rudis (singular vocative)
rudēs (plural vocative)

foil (given to a gladiator upon his discharge)


dulcis

la-adj

dulcis (neuter dulce, comparative dulcior, superlative dulcissimus, adverb dulcē or dulciter); third-declension two-termination adjective

dulce (neuter)
dulcior (comparative)
dulcissimus (superlative)
dulcē (adverb)
dulciter (adverb)
dulcis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
dulce (neuter nominative singular)
dulcēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
dulcia (neuter nominative plural)
dulcis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
dulcium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
dulcī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
dulcibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
dulcem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
dulce (accusative neuter singular)
dulcēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
dulcīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
dulcia (accusative neuter plural)
dulcī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
dulcibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
dulcis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
dulce (neuter singular vocative)
dulcēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
dulcia (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: dultsi

Istro-Romanian: duľțe

Megleno-Romanian: dulți

Romanian: dulce

Dalmatian:

dolc

Italo-Romance:

Italian: dolce

Neapolitan: doce

Sicilian: duci, aruci

Tuscan: dorce

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: durche

North Italian:

Friulian: dolç

Ligurian: dôçe

Lombard: dolz

Piedmontese: doss

Romansch: dultsch

Venetian: dólso, dolse

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: dolç

Franco-Provençal: dox

Old French: douz (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: doç

Vulgar Latin:

*indulcīre (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: dulce, duze

Asturian: dulce

Mozarabic: دَلجِ (dalji)

Old Galician-Portuguese: doce (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Spanish: duz, duce, dulce (Latin influence?)

Spanish: dulce

[ˈd̪ʊɫ̪kɪs̠]

From Proto-Italic *dulkwis (“sweet”), most likely akin to Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”), both traditionally derived from a tentative Proto-Indo-European *dl̥kús (“sweet”), although the fall of -u- in the Latin form would be left unexplained, and the Greek form is problematic as well. Given that Latin and Greek are linguistically quite distant while being very close geographically, it is likely the word does not go back to PIE as it may have been borrowed from a common unknown source, possibly related to lac (“milk”).

ref

The expected outcome would have been **dulquis, with the u-stem regularly extended into an i- one, as in brevis, tenuis, etc.<ref name=deVaan/>

omnia ad salutem temperat conmutatque sese semper cum calore arida simul et umida et dulcis et amara et acris

234 BCE – 149 BCE, Cato the Elder, De Agri Cultura 157.1

It has all the virtues necessary for health, and constantly changes its nature along with the heat, being moist and dry, sweet, bitter, and acid.

cāna prius gelidō dēsint absinthia Pontō
et careat dulcī Trīnacris Hybla thymō

Sooner would pale wormwood be missing from icy Pontus or Sicilian Hybla lack its sweet-scented thyme

dicit plorare etiam Demosthenes istum quem saepe dicat voce dulci et clara fuisse

Demosthenes, however, says most upon this head, and often speaks of his accuser as having a sweet-sounding and clear pronunciation.

sweet-sounding, melodic, melodious, tuneful

Dulce et decōrum est prō patriā morī.

Sweet and fitting it is to die for one's fatherland.

tum pinguēs agnī et tum mollissima vīna

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 1.342

Then lambs are fat, and wines are mellowest then; then sleep is sweet, and dark the shadows fall upon the mountains.

tum somnī dulcēs dēnsaeque in montibus umbrae

Quam dulcis sit lībertās breviter prōloquar.

c. 15 BCE – c. 50 CE, Phaedrus, Fabulae 7.1

Let me declare briefly how sweet freedom is.

(figuratively) agreeable, delightful, pleasant, soft, sweet

tē, dulcis coniūnx, tē sōlō in lītore secum […]

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 4.465

You, his dear wife, on the lone shore alone, […]

(figuratively, of persons) friendly, charming, kind, dear, pleasant, agreeable


brevis

la-adj

brevis (neuter breve, comparative brevior, superlative brevissimus, adverb breviter); third-declension two-termination adjective

breve (neuter)
brevior (comparative)
brevissimus (superlative)
breviter (adverb)
brevis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
breve (neuter nominative singular)
brevēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
brevia (neuter nominative plural)
brevis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
brevium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
brevī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
brevibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
brevem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
breve (accusative neuter singular)
brevēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
brevīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
brevia (accusative neuter plural)
brevī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
brevibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
brevis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
breve (neuter singular vocative)
brevēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
brevia (neuter plural vocative)

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: brêve

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: breve

→ Romanian: brevă

desctree

Old French: brief, bref
Middle French: brief
French: bref
→ Middle English: bref, breef, breve, brefe, breefe
English: brief, breve
Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

Old Occitan: breu
Occitan: brèu

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: brev, breav (Sutsilvan)

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: breve

Portuguese: breve

Old Spanish:

Spanish: breve

→ Dutch: breve

→ German: Breve

→ Proto-West Germanic: *brēf (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *breɣʷis, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Cognates include Ancient Greek βραχύς (brakhús), English merry, Sanskrit मुहु (muhu).

(of distance) short, small, little, narrow

(of height or depth) short, low, shallow


brevis

la-noun

brevis m (genitive brevis); third declension

brevis (genitive)
brevis (nominative singular)
brevēs (nominative plural)
brevis (genitive singular)
brevium (genitive plural)
brevī (dative singular)
brevibus (dative plural)
brevem (accusative singular)
brevēs (accusative plural)
brevīs (accusative plural)
breve (ablative singular)
brevibus (ablative plural)
brevis (singular vocative)
brevēs (plural vocative)


brevis

brevis f (genitive brevis); third declension


brevis

English: breve

Italian: breve

que quidem notule alique vocantur longe et alique breves

d. 1369 CE, Simon Tunsted (attributed), Quattuor principalia musicae 256b, (as cited in "brevis", Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources)

Among these notes, some are called "longae" and others "breves".

(music) breve (British), whole note (US)


Procyon

la-proper noun

Procyōn m sg (genitive Procyōnis); third declension

Procyōn (canonical masculine singular)
Procyōnis (genitive)
Procyōn (nominative singular)
Procyōnis (genitive singular)
Procyōnī (dative singular)
Procyōnem (accusative singular)
Procyōne (ablative singular)
Procyōn (singular vocative)

From Ancient Greek Προκύων (Prokúōn), from πρό (pró, “before”) + κύων (kúōn, “dog”), in reference to it preceding the "Dog Star" Sirius.


moles

la-noun

mōlēs f (genitive mōlis); third declension

mōlēs (canonical feminine)
mōlis (genitive)
mōlēs (nominative singular)
mōlēs (nominative plural)
mōlis (genitive singular)
mōlium (genitive plural)
mōlī (dative singular)
mōlibus (dative plural)
mōlem (accusative singular)
mōlēs (accusative plural)
mōlīs (accusative plural)
mōle (ablative singular)
mōlibus (ablative plural)
mōlēs (singular vocative)
mōlēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: mola, moll (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: μόλος (mólos)

desctree

→ Italian: molo
→ Danish: mole
→ English: mole
→ French: môle
→ German: Mole
→ Hungarian: móló
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: molo
→ Polish: molo
→ Russian: мол (mol)

Italian: mole

Portuguese: mó

Spanish: mole

Borrowings:

→ English: mole

→ Portuguese: mole

[ˈmoːɫ̪eːs̠]

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₃- (“to exert”) (though de Vaan reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European root as *melos (“trouble, obstacle”) instead). Cognate with Ancient Greek μῶλος (môlos, “turmoil”) and German mühen (“to labor, toil”). See also Latin mōs.

est mōlēs nātīva locō rēs nōmina fēcit:
appellant Saxum; pars bona montis eā est.
huic Remus īnstiterat frūstrā, quō tempore frātrī

There is a ridge, that which gave natural names to the place: they call it the Rock; it forms a good part of the [Aventine] Hill. To this [place] Remus had uselessly embarked, at which time you, birds of the Palatine, gave foremost omens to his brother, [Romulus].
(See Aventine Hill.)

rock, boulder, cliff, ridge, outcrop, knoll

quanta mole gesserat bella

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.38

with such efforts he had managed the wars


levis

la-adj

levis (neuter leve, comparative levior, superlative levissimus, adverb leviter); third-declension two-termination adjective

leve (neuter)
levior (comparative)
levissimus (superlative)
leviter (adverb)
levis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
leve (neuter nominative singular)
levēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
levia (neuter nominative plural)
levis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
levium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
levī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
levibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
levem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
leve (accusative neuter singular)
levēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
levīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
levia (accusative neuter plural)
levī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
levibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
levis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
leve (neuter singular vocative)
levēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
levia (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Proto-Romanian: *lieu

⇒ Aromanian: lishor

⇒ Romanian: ușor

Italo-Romance:

Italian: lieve

North Italian:

Istriot: levo

desc

Romansch: lev, leav (Sutsilvan); leiv (Vallader)

Gallo-Romance:

⇒ Franco-Provençal: levet, levi

>? Old French: lief

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: lleu

Gascon: lhèu

Old Occitan: leu

Occitan: lèu

→ Portuguese: léu

Ibero-Romance:

Old Spanish: lieve, lief (apocopic variant)

Spanish: leve (possibly influenced by Latin)

Portuguese: leve

From Proto-Italic *leɣʷis (with possible contamination from *breɣʷis), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʰwih₂-, from *h₁léngʰus, from *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”). Cognates include Sanskrit लघु (laghú), Ancient Greek ἐλᾰφρός, ἐλᾰχῠ́ς (elaphrós, elakhús) and Old English lēoht (English light).

cog

ἐλᾰφρός, ἐλᾰχῠ́ς

levis armaturae Numidas

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.10

(transferred sense)
(usually poetic) easy to digest

(transferred sense)
quick, swift, fleet, nimble, rapid

levis tactus

(usually poetic) slight, trifling, small

Curae leues locuntur, ingentes stupent.

c. 54 CE, Seneca the Younger, Phaedra 607

Trivial concerns talk, great ones are speechless.

(Classical Latin) light, trivial, trifling, unimportant, inconsiderable, slight, little, petty, easy, dispensable

light, light-minded, capricious, fickle, inconstant, unreliable, false

dum sedet, umbrōsae salicēs volucrēsque canōrae

While she sits, the shady willows, the songs of birds,
and the gentle murmur of the water invite slumber.

(figuratively)
(rare) mild, gentle, pleasant


levis

la-adj

lēvis (neuter lēve); third-declension two-termination adjective

lēvis (canonical)
lēve (neuter)
lēvis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
lēve (neuter nominative singular)
lēvēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
lēvia (neuter nominative plural)
lēvis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
lēvium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
lēvī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
lēvibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lēvem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
lēve (accusative neuter singular)
lēvēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
lēvīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
lēvia (accusative neuter plural)
lēvī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
lēvibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lēvis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
lēve (neuter singular vocative)
lēvēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
lēvia (neuter plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪eːu̯ɪs̠]

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Italic *lēiwis, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁y-u- (“smooth”) and cognate to Ancient Greek λεῖος (leîos, “smooth, plain, level, hairless, soft”), Ancient Greek λίς (lís, “smooth”). Or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“to smear”) and cognate to Latin līmus (“mud, slime, muck”), English slime, Ancient Greek λίμνη (límnē, “marsh”).
Likely cognate to Latin oblīvīscor (“forget”).

der

levi cum sanguine Nisus labitur infelix

(literally, Classical Latin) smooth, not rough, smoothed, shining, rubbed

(poetic) youthful, delicate, beautiful; finely dressed, spruce, effeminate

(transferred sense, rare) rubbed smooth, ground down, softened, soft

(Classical Latin, rare) (of speech) smooth, flowing


securitas

la-noun

sēcūritās f (genitive sēcūritātis); third declension

sēcūritās (canonical feminine)
sēcūritātis (genitive)
sēcūritās (nominative singular)
sēcūritātēs (nominative plural)
sēcūritātis (genitive singular)
sēcūritātum (genitive plural)
sēcūritātī (dative singular)
sēcūritātibus (dative plural)
sēcūritātem (accusative singular)
sēcūritātēs (accusative plural)
sēcūritāte (ablative singular)
sēcūritātibus (ablative plural)
sēcūritās (singular vocative)
sēcūritātēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: seguridá

Catalan: seguretat

English: security, surety

French: sécurité, sûreté

Italian: sicurtà

Occitan: seguretat

Old French: seurté

Portuguese: seguridade

Romanian: securitate

Spanish: seguridad

[s̠eːˈkuːrɪt̪äːs̠]

Nihil tam alte insederat eius animo, quam securitas rei publicae

He desired nothing so much, as the safety of the commonwealth.


celer

la-adj

celer (feminine celeris, neuter celere, comparative celerior, superlative celerrimus, adverb celeriter); third-declension three-termination adjective

celeris (feminine)
celere (neuter)
celerior (comparative)
celerrimus (superlative)
celeriter (adverb)
celer (masculine nominative singular)
celeris (feminine nominative singular)
celere (neuter nominative singular)
celerēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
celeria (neuter nominative plural)
celeris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
celerium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
celerī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
celeribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
celerem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
celere (accusative neuter singular)
celerēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
celerīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
celeria (accusative neuter plural)
celerī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
celeribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
celer (masculine singular vocative)
celeris (feminine singular vocative)
celere (neuter singular vocative)
celerēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
celeria (neuter plural vocative)

Portuguese: célere

Spanish: célere

Italian: celere

English: celerity

From Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”). Probably cognate with Ancient Greek κέλλω (kéllō), Ancient Greek κέλης (kélēs).


pulex

la-noun

pūlex m (genitive pūlicis); third declension

pūlex (canonical masculine)
pūlicis (genitive)
pūlex (nominative singular)
pūlicēs (nominative plural)
pūlicis (genitive singular)
pūlicum (genitive plural)
pūlicī (dative singular)
pūlicibus (dative plural)
pūlicem (accusative singular)
pūlicēs (accusative plural)
pūlice (ablative singular)
pūlicibus (ablative plural)
pūlex (singular vocative)
pūlicēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: puric

Romanian: purice

Dalmatian:

pulco

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pulce

Central Italian: pulce, purge, purce ⇒ purgia

Tuscan: puce, pulce, puice

⇒ Neapolitan: pócia, polàcia

Sicilian: pùlici, puci, purci

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: prûxa, purxa

Lombard: pùles, pùres

→ Franco-Provençal: pulas (Valdôtain)

→ Piedmontese: pùles, pùres

Piedmontese: purs, puls, prus

⇒ Romagnol: pólxa

Friulian: pulç, pulč

desc

Romansch: pilesch, pelisch, pelesch, pülesch, pülsch

Venetian: pulç, pulxo, polxe, pulexe

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: puge

Dauphinois: pusi

Forézien: piusi, pusi ⇒ piòsa

Lyonnais: pusi

Valdôtain: pôise, puougi, piugi ⇒ puja, puija

Old French: puce, puche

French: puce

→ English: puce

→ Welsh: piws

Norman: puche

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: pulç ⇒ pulça

Catalan: puça, pulça

Gascon: puç, piutz, puse

Occitan:

Languedocien: piuse

Limousin: piòse

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: pulz, pulce

Ribagorçan: ⇒ pulça

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: puighi, puliche, pulige, pulighe, pulixi

Borrowings:

⇒ Esperanto: pulo

⇒ Translingual: Pulex

[ˈpuːɫ̪ɛks̠]

From Proto-Indo-European *plúsis (“flea”), with metathesis plus → pusl → pūl, with a suffix -ex, -icis also found in cīmex (“bug”) and culex (“gnat”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ψύλλα (psúlla), Sanskrit प्लुषि (plúṣi), Old Armenian լու (lu) and Old English flēah, flēa (English flea).


sculptor

la-noun

sculptor m (genitive sculptōris); third declension

sculptōris (genitive)
sculptor (nominative singular)
sculptōrēs (nominative plural)
sculptōris (genitive singular)
sculptōrum (genitive plural)
sculptōrī (dative singular)
sculptōribus (dative plural)
sculptōrem (accusative singular)
sculptōrēs (accusative plural)
sculptōre (ablative singular)
sculptōribus (ablative plural)
sculptor (singular vocative)
sculptōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: escultor

French: sculpteur

Friulian: scultôr

Galician: escultor

Italian: scultore

Lombard: scultor

Occitan: esculptor

Piedmontese: scultor

Portuguese: escultor

Romanian: sculptor

Russian: ску́льптор (skúlʹptor)

Spanish: escultor

[ˈs̠kʊɫ̪pt̪ɔr]


solen

sōlēn m (genitive sōlēnis); third declension

sōlēn (canonical masculine)
sōlēnis (genitive)
sōlēn (nominative singular)
sōlēnēs (nominative plural)
sōlēnis (genitive singular)
sōlēnum (genitive plural)
sōlēnī (dative singular)
sōlēnibus (dative plural)
sōlēnem (accusative singular)
sōlēnēs (accusative plural)
sōlēne (ablative singular)
sōlēnibus (ablative plural)
sōlēn (singular vocative)
sōlēnēs (plural vocative)

[ˈs̠oːɫ̪eːn]


instructor

īnstrūctor m (genitive īnstrūctōris); third declension

īnstrūctor (canonical masculine)
īnstrūctōris (genitive)
īnstrūctor (nominative singular)
īnstrūctōrēs (nominative plural)
īnstrūctōris (genitive singular)
īnstrūctōrum (genitive plural)
īnstrūctōrī (dative singular)
īnstrūctōribus (dative plural)
īnstrūctōrem (accusative singular)
īnstrūctōrēs (accusative plural)
īnstrūctōre (ablative singular)
īnstrūctōribus (ablative plural)
īnstrūctor (singular vocative)
īnstrūctōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: instructor

English: instructor

French: instructeur

Galician: instrutor

→ German: Instruktor

Italian: istruttore

Portuguese: instrutor

Russian: инстру́ктор (instrúktor)

Spanish: instructor

From īnstruō (“build, construct; arrange”) + -tor.

af

Someone who arranges something; preparer.


pulmo

la-noun

pulmō m (genitive pulmōnis); third declension

pulmō (canonical masculine)
pulmōnis (genitive)
pulmō (nominative singular)
pulmōnēs (nominative plural)
pulmōnis (genitive singular)
pulmōnum (genitive plural)
pulmōnī (dative singular)
pulmōnibus (dative plural)
pulmōnem (accusative singular)
pulmōnēs (accusative plural)
pulmōne (ablative singular)
pulmōnibus (ablative plural)
pulmō (singular vocative)
pulmōnēs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: pãlmunã, plimunã

Romanian: plămân, pulmon

Western Romance:

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pulmó

Old French: poumon

French: poumon

Friulian: palmon

Occitan: palmon

Piedmontese: polmon

Romansch: lom, lomm

Venetian: polmon

Walloon: peumon

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: polmón

Galician: pulmón, polmón

Portuguese: pulmão

Old Spanish: pulmon

Spanish: pulmón

Italo-Dalmatian:

desc

Neapolitan: permóne, pirmùni, premmone, prummune, purmune

Sicilian: purmuni, primuni

Italo-Romance:

Italian: polmone

Sardinian: pimone, piumone, piumoni, primone, prummone

From Proto-Italic *plumō with metathesis, from Proto-Indo-European *pléwmō.
Cognates include Sanskrit क्लोमन् (klóman), Ancient Greek πλεύμων (pleúmōn) and Old Church Slavonic плюща (pljušta).

(with marinus) A lunglike marine animal; a sea-lung, jellyfish.


colos

la-noun

colōs m (genitive colōris); third declension

colōs (canonical masculine)
colōris (genitive)
colōs (nominative singular)
colōrēs (nominative plural)
colōris (genitive singular)
colōrum (genitive plural)
colōrī (dative singular)
colōribus (dative plural)
colōrem (accusative singular)
colōrēs (accusative plural)
colōre (ablative singular)
colōribus (ablative plural)
colōs (singular vocative)
colōrēs (plural vocative)


horae pars sexagesima

hōrae pars sexāgēsima f (genitive hōrae partis sexāgēsimae); third declension

hōrae pars sexāgēsima (canonical feminine)
hōrae partis sexāgēsimae (genitive)
hōrae pars sexāgēsima (nominative singular)
hōrae partēs sexāgēsimae (nominative plural)
hōrae partis sexāgēsimae (genitive singular)
hōrae partium sexāgēsimārum (genitive plural)
hōrae partī sexāgēsimae (dative singular)
hōrae partibus sexāgēsimīs (dative plural)
hōrae partem sexāgēsimam (accusative singular)
hōrae partēs sexāgēsimās (accusative plural)
hōrae partīs sexāgēsimās (accusative plural)
hōrae parte sexāgēsimā (ablative singular)
hōrae partī sexāgēsimā (ablative singular)
hōrae partibus sexāgēsimīs (ablative plural)
hōrae pars sexāgēsima (singular vocative)
hōrae partēs sexāgēsimae (plural vocative)

[ˈhoːräe̯ pärs̠ s̠ɛks̠äːˈɡeːs̠ɪmä]

From hōra (“hour”) + pars (“part”) + sexāgēsimus (“sixtieth”); literally "sixtieth part of an hour".


hebdomas

hebdomas f (genitive hebdomadis); third declension

hebdomadis (genitive)
hebdomas (nominative singular)
hebdomadēs (nominative plural)
hebdomadis (genitive singular)
hebdomadum (genitive plural)
hebdomadī (dative singular)
hebdomadibus (dative plural)
hebdomadem (accusative singular)
hebdomadēs (accusative plural)
hebdomade (ablative singular)
hebdomadibus (ablative plural)
hebdomas (singular vocative)
hebdomadēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

jedma

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: edima

Corsican: èdima

North Italian:

Emilian: edema (obsolete)

Ladin: ena

Lombard: dema

desc

Romansch: emna, jamna, eanda, eamda, emda, eivna

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: doma

⇒ Ecclesiastical Latin: media hebdomas (“middle of the week”)

Dalmatian: misedma

Italian: mezzèdima (Tuscan, 'Wednesday')

Romansch: mesemna

→ Old High German: mittawehha (calque) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: hebdomad

From Ancient Greek ἑβδομάς (hebdomás, “seven (noun), a week, a period of seven years”) (genitive ἑβδομάδος (hebdomádos)), from ἕβδομος (hébdomos).


urinator

la-noun

ūrīnātor m (genitive ūrīnātōris, feminine ūrīnātrīx); third declension

ūrīnātor (canonical masculine)
ūrīnātōris (genitive)
ūrīnātrīx (feminine)
ūrīnātor (nominative singular)
ūrīnātōrēs (nominative plural)
ūrīnātōris (genitive singular)
ūrīnātōrum (genitive plural)
ūrīnātōrī (dative singular)
ūrīnātōribus (dative plural)
ūrīnātōrem (accusative singular)
ūrīnātōrēs (accusative plural)
ūrīnātōre (ablative singular)
ūrīnātōribus (ablative plural)
ūrīnātor (singular vocative)
ūrīnātōrēs (plural vocative)


udo

ūdō m (genitive ūdōnis); third declension

ūdō (canonical masculine)
ūdōnis (genitive)
ūdō (nominative singular)
ūdōnēs (nominative plural)
ūdōnis (genitive singular)
ūdōnum (genitive plural)
ūdōnī (dative singular)
ūdōnibus (dative plural)
ūdōnem (accusative singular)
ūdōnēs (accusative plural)
ūdōne (ablative singular)
ūdōnibus (ablative plural)
ūdō (singular vocative)
ūdōnēs (plural vocative)


cognitio

cognitiō f (genitive cognitiōnis); third declension

cognitiō (canonical feminine)
cognitiōnis (genitive)
cognitiō (nominative singular)
cognitiōnēs (nominative plural)
cognitiōnis (genitive singular)
cognitiōnum (genitive plural)
cognitiōnī (dative singular)
cognitiōnibus (dative plural)
cognitiōnem (accusative singular)
cognitiōnēs (accusative plural)
cognitiōne (ablative singular)
cognitiōnibus (ablative plural)
cognitiō (singular vocative)
cognitiōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: cognició

→ English: cognition

→ French: cognition

→ Galician: cognición

→ Italian: cognizione

→ Occitan: cognicion

→ Portuguese: cognição

→ Spanish: cognición

From cognōscō (“to get to know”) + -tiō (“resultative noun suffix”).

af

learning, study (acquisition of knowledge)

(law) investigation, judicial examination, inquiry, cognizance, trial


ponto

la-noun

pontō m (genitive pontōnis); third declension

pontō (canonical masculine)
pontōnis (genitive)
pontō (nominative singular)
pontōnēs (nominative plural)
pontōnis (genitive singular)
pontōnium (genitive plural)
pontōnī (dative singular)
pontōnibus (dative plural)
pontōnem (accusative singular)
pontōnēs (accusative plural)
pontōnīs (accusative plural)
pontōne (ablative singular)
pontōnibus (ablative plural)
pontō (singular vocative)
pontōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: pontó

English: pontoon

Esperanto: pontono

French: ponton

Galician: pontón

German: Ponton

Irish: pontún

Italian: pontone

Portuguese: pontão

Spanish: pontón


Arabs

Arabs m or f (genitive Arabis); third declension

Arabis (genitive)
Arabs (nominative singular)
Arabēs (nominative plural)
Arabes (nominative plural)
Arabis (genitive singular)
Arabum (genitive plural)
Arabī (dative singular)
Arabibus (dative plural)
Arabem (accusative singular)
Araba (accusative singular)
Arabēs (accusative plural)
Arabas (accusative plural)
Arabe (ablative singular)
Arabibus (ablative plural)
Arabs (singular vocative)
Arabes (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek Ἄραψ (Áraps, “Arab”), from Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab).


Arabs

la-adj

Arabs (genitive Arabis); third-declension one-termination adjective


negotiator

la-noun

negōtiātor m (genitive negōtiātōris); third declension

negōtiātor (canonical masculine)
negōtiātōris (genitive)
negōtiātor (nominative singular)
negōtiātōrēs (nominative plural)
negōtiātōris (genitive singular)
negōtiātōrum (genitive plural)
negōtiātōrī (dative singular)
negōtiātōribus (dative plural)
negōtiātōrem (accusative singular)
negōtiātōrēs (accusative plural)
negōtiātōre (ablative singular)
negōtiātōribus (ablative plural)
negōtiātor (singular vocative)
negōtiātōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: negociador

English: negotiator

French: négociateur

→ Romanian: negociator

Galician: negociador

Italian: negoziatore

Portuguese: negociador

Old Romanian: neguțător

Romanian: negustor

Spanish: negociador

[nɛɡoːt̪iˈäːt̪ɔr]

merchant, businessman, dealer, trader, wholesaler


epigramma

epigramma n (genitive epigrammatis); third declension

epigrammatis (genitive)
epigramma (nominative singular)
epigrammata (nominative plural)
epigrammatis (genitive singular)
epigrammatum (genitive plural)
epigrammatī (dative singular)
epigrammatibus (dative plural)
epigramma (accusative singular)
epigrammata (accusative plural)
epigrammate (ablative singular)
epigrammatibus (ablative plural)
epigramma (singular vocative)
epigrammata (plural vocative)

German: Epigramm

Middle French: épigramme

English: epigram

French: épigramme

Hungarian: epigramma

Italian: epigramma

[ɛpɪˈɡrämːä]

From the Ancient Greek ἐπίγραμμα (epígramma).


manis

la-adj

mānis (neuter māne); third-declension two-termination adjective

mānis (canonical)
māne (neuter)
mānis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
māne (neuter nominative singular)
mānēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
mānia (neuter nominative plural)
mānis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
mānium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
mānī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
mānibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mānem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
māne (accusative neuter singular)
mānēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
mānīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
mānia (accusative neuter plural)
mānī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
mānibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mānis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
māne (neuter singular vocative)
mānēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
mānia (neuter plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂- (“to ripen, to mature”); related to mānus (“good”), mātūrus (“mature”), Mātūta (“goddess Dawn”).

der

(Old Latin) Alternative form of mānus (“good”)


cardo

la-noun

cardō m (genitive cardinis); third declension

cardō (canonical masculine)
cardinis (genitive)
cardō (nominative singular)
cardinēs (nominative plural)
cardinis (genitive singular)
cardinum (genitive plural)
cardinī (dative singular)
cardinibus (dative plural)
cardinem (accusative singular)
cardinēs (accusative plural)
cardine (ablative singular)
cardinibus (ablative plural)
cardō (singular vocative)
cardinēs (plural vocative)

French: carne, charnière

Italian: cardine, cardo

Spanish: cárdine

English: cardinal

Uncertain. Traditionally related to Ancient Greek κράδη (krádē, “twig, spray; swing, crane in the drama”), but unlikely as the concordant sense of swing is metaphorical and likely too recent. Or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd- (“to move, sway, swing, jump”) and so cognate with Proto-Germanic *herzô (“bar, pivot, hinge”) (whence English har (“hinge”)). Compare in any case Old High German scerdo (“hinge”).

cog

hinge (of a door or gate), usually a pivot and socket in Roman times.

(by extension) a tenon, mortice, or socket

A street, that ran north-south, in a Roman town or military camp

(figuratively) turning point, critical moment or action

Prīma diēs tibi, Carnā, datur. dea cardinis haec est:
nūmine clausa aperit, claudit aperta suō.
The first day [of June] is being given to you, Carna. This is the goddess of the hinge: by her divine power she opens the closed, [and] closes the opened.
(Ovid conflates the June festival of the goddess Carna with the mythology of Cardea; see also Janus and Hinge.)

(figuratively) the symbolism of the hinge in ancient Roman religion and myth


cardo

la-noun

cardō m (genitive cardōnis or cardinis); third declension

cardō (canonical masculine)
cardōnis (genitive)
cardinis (genitive)
cardō (nominative singular)
cardinēs (nominative plural)
cardōnēs (nominative plural)
cardinis (genitive singular)
cardōnis (genitive singular)
cardinum (genitive plural)
cardōnum (genitive plural)
cardinī (dative singular)
cardōnī (dative singular)
cardinibus (dative plural)
cardōnibus (dative plural)
cardinem (accusative singular)
cardōnem (accusative singular)
cardinēs (accusative plural)
cardōnēs (accusative plural)
cardine (ablative singular)
cardōne (ablative singular)
cardinibus (ablative plural)
cardōnibus (ablative plural)
cardō (singular vocative)
cardinēs (plural vocative)
cardōnēs (plural vocative)

Old French:

French: chardon

Old Occitan: cardon

→ Italian: cardone

→ Middle French: cardon

French: cardon

→ English: cardoon

Sicilian: carduni

Variant form of carduus (“wild thistle, artichoke”); see also cardus, cardunculus.
Attested in the eighth-century Reichenau Glossary.


catechesis

catēchēsis f (genitive catēchēsis or catēchēseōs or catēchēsios); third declension

catēchēsis (canonical feminine)
catēchēsis (genitive)
catēchēseōs (genitive)
catēchēsios (genitive)
catēchēsis (nominative singular)
catēchēsēs (nominative plural)
catēchēseis (nominative plural)
catēchēsis (genitive singular)
catēchēseōs (genitive singular)
catēchēsios (genitive singular)
catēchēsium (genitive plural)
catēchēsī (dative singular)
catēchēsibus (dative plural)
catēchēsim (accusative singular)
catēchēsin (accusative singular)
catēchēsem (accusative singular)
catēchēsēs (accusative plural)
catēchēsīs (accusative plural)
catēchēsī (ablative singular)
catēchēse (ablative singular)
catēchēsibus (ablative plural)
catēchēsis (singular vocative)
catēchēsi (singular vocative)
catēchēsēs (plural vocative)
catēchēseis (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: catequesi (learned)

→ English: catechesis (learned)

→ Esperanto: katekismo, kateĥismo

desctree

→ French: catéchèse (learned)
Romanian: cateheză

→ Galician: catequese (learned)

→ German: Katechese
→ Polish: katecheza

→ Italian: catechesi (learned)

→ Portuguese: catequese (learned)

→ Spanish: catequesis (learned)

→ Swedish: katekes

[kät̪eːˈkʰeːs̠ɪs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κατήχησις (katḗkhēsis), from Ancient Greek κατηχέω (katēkhéō, “sound through, instruct orally, catechise”).


pepo

la-noun

pepō m (genitive peponis); third declension

pepō (canonical masculine)
peponis (genitive)
pepō (nominative singular)
peponēs (nominative plural)
peponis (genitive singular)
peponum (genitive plural)
peponī (dative singular)
peponibus (dative plural)
peponem (accusative singular)
peponēs (accusative plural)
pepone (ablative singular)
peponibus (ablative plural)
pepō (singular vocative)
peponēs (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: pjepër, pjep

Aromanian: peapini, peapine, piponj

→ English: pepo

→ French: péponide

desctree

Middle French: pompon
→ Dutch: pompoen
Afrikaans: pampoen
Berbice Creole Dutch: pampuna
Negerhollands: pampuen, pampon
→ Virgin Islands Creole: pum pum (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: pampun
→ Papiamentu: pampuna, pampoena
→ Sranan Tongo: pampun
→ Saramaccan: pampú
→ West Frisian: pompoen
→ English: pompion, pumpkin
→ Welsh: pwmpen

Italian: popone

Portuguese: pepino

Romanian: pepene

Spanish: pepino, pepón

→ Translingual: Pepo

→⇒ Scottish Gaelic: peapag

From Ancient Greek πέπων (pépōn, “ripe”), from πέσσω (péssō, “ripen”).


clemens

la-adj

clēmēns (genitive clēmentis, comparative clēmentior, superlative clēmentissimus, adverb clēmenter); third-declension one-termination adjective

clēmēns (canonical)
clēmentis (genitive)
clēmentior (comparative)
clēmentissimus (superlative)
clēmenter (adverb)
clēmēns (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
clēmentēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
clēmentia (neuter nominative plural)
clēmentis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
clēmentium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
clēmentī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
clēmentibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
clēmentem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
clēmēns (accusative neuter singular)
clēmentēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
clēmentia (accusative neuter plural)
clēmentī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
clēmentibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
clēmēns (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
clēmentēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
clēmentia (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: clement

French: clément

Galician: clemente

Italian: clemente

Portuguese: clemente

Romanian: clement

Spanish: clemente

[ˈkɫ̪eːmẽːs̠]

mild, gentle, quiet, peaceful, easy, moderate


inundatio

la-noun

inundātiō f (genitive inundātiōnis); third declension

inundātiō (canonical feminine)
inundātiōnis (genitive)
inundātiō (nominative singular)
inundātiōnēs (nominative plural)
inundātiōnis (genitive singular)
inundātiōnum (genitive plural)
inundātiōnī (dative singular)
inundātiōnibus (dative plural)
inundātiōnem (accusative singular)
inundātiōnēs (accusative plural)
inundātiōne (ablative singular)
inundātiōnibus (ablative plural)
inundātiō (singular vocative)
inundātiōnēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: inundación

Catalan: inundació

English: inundation

French: inondation

Friulian: inondazion

Galician: inundación

Italian: inondazione

Occitan: inondacion

Piedmontese: inondassion

Portuguese: inundação

Romanian: inundație

Spanish: inundación

[ɪnʊn̪ˈd̪äːt̪ioː]

From inundō (“overflow, inundate”) + -tiō.


vituperatio

vituperātiō f (genitive vituperātiōnis); third declension

vituperātiō (canonical feminine)
vituperātiōnis (genitive)
vituperātiō (nominative singular)
vituperātiōnēs (nominative plural)
vituperātiōnis (genitive singular)
vituperātiōnum (genitive plural)
vituperātiōnī (dative singular)
vituperātiōnibus (dative plural)
vituperātiōnem (accusative singular)
vituperātiōnēs (accusative plural)
vituperātiōne (ablative singular)
vituperātiōnibus (ablative plural)
vituperātiō (singular vocative)
vituperātiōnēs (plural vocative)

English: vituperation

French: vitupération

Italian: vituperazione

Portuguese: vituperação

Spanish: vituperación

[u̯ɪt̪ʊpɛˈräːt̪ioː]


baro

bārō m (genitive bārōnis); third declension

bārō (canonical masculine)
bārōnis (genitive)
bārō (nominative singular)
bārōnēs (nominative plural)
bārōnis (genitive singular)
bārōnum (genitive plural)
bārōnī (dative singular)
bārōnibus (dative plural)
bārōnem (accusative singular)
bārōnēs (accusative plural)
bārōne (ablative singular)
bārōnibus (ablative plural)
bārō (singular vocative)
bārōnēs (plural vocative)

Italian: barone

table
Unknown, likely a loanword. Cf. bardus (“stupid”).

(derogatory) simpleton, dunce, lout (a boorish and uneducated person)


baro

barō m (genitive barōnis); third declension

barō (canonical masculine)
barōnis (genitive)
barō (nominative singular)
barōnēs (nominative plural)
barōnis (genitive singular)
barōnum (genitive plural)
barōnī (dative singular)
barōnibus (dative plural)
barōnem (accusative singular)
barōnēs (accusative plural)
barōne (ablative singular)
barōnibus (ablative plural)
barō (singular vocative)
barōnēs (plural vocative)

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: baró

Occitan: baron

Old French: baron (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: baron, varon
Galician: varón
Portuguese: varão

Old Spanish: baron, varon
Spanish: varón, barón

Borrowings:

→ Hungarian: báró (directly?)

table
From Proto-West Germanic *barō, although a Celtic origin has also been proposed. See baron for more. Possibly attested as early as AD 97–105.

ut ei qui mihi fraudem fecerit sanitatem ei non permittas nec iacere nec sedere nec bibere nec manducare si baro si mulier si puer si puella si servus si liber

AD 150–275, Curse-tablet from Britain Brit. 23.5

...[I ask] that you not allow the one who has committed a crime against me to have good health, nor to lie, sit, drink, or eat, whether [they be] a man or woman, boy or girl, slave or freeman...

si quis baronem ingenuum de via sua ostaverit aut inpinxerit … dc dinarios qui faciunt solidos xv culpabilis iudicetur si quis mulierem ingenuam de via ostaveritaut inpinxerit mdccc dinarios qui faciunt solidos xlv culpabilis iudicetur

Should anyone shove a freeborn man out of their way … they shall be fined 600 denarii, which amounts to 15 solidi. Should anyone shove a freeborn woman out of their way, they shall be fined 1800 denarii, which amounts to 45 solidi.

mercennarii sunt qui serviunt accepta mercede idem et barones graeco nomine quod sint fortes in laboribus βαρύς enim dicitur gravis quod est fortis cui contrarius est levis id est infirmus

AD 600–625, Isidore's Etymologiae 9.4.31

Mercenaries are those who serve for money. They are also known by the Greek name barones since they are powerful in their exertions. After all, βαρύς means 'heavy' i.e. 'strong', the opposite of which is 'light' i.e. 'weak'.

lingua gallorum barones vel varones dicuntur servi militum

Probably 4th–9th c. AD, Commentum Cornuti 5.138

In the parlance of the Gauls, the servants of soldiers are called barones or varones.

(Late Latin, Early Medieval Latin) soldier's servant

si quis ex baronibus nostris ad nos voluerit venire securus veniat

Should any of our barones[?] wish to come to us, let him do so safely...

et in insola ipsa mancipios tres et parones quattuor ista omnia ad ipsum monasterium superius nominatum tradimus

...as well as three slaves and four serfs on the island. We donate all this to the aforementioned monastery...

(Medieval Latin, in the plural) the notables (of a kingdom, country, or city)


Alcides

la-proper noun

Alcīdēs m sg (genitive Alcīdis); third declension

Alcīdēs (canonical masculine singular)
Alcīdis (genitive)
Alcīdēs (nominative singular)
Alcīdis (genitive singular)
Alcīdī (dative singular)
Alcīdem (accusative singular)
Alcīde (ablative singular)
Alcīdēs (singular vocative)

[äɫ̪ˈkiːd̪eːs̠]

[äl̠ʲˈt͡ʃiːd̪es]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀλκείδης (Alkeídēs)


exceptio

la-noun

exceptiō f (genitive exceptiōnis); third declension

exceptiō (canonical feminine)
exceptiōnis (genitive)
exceptiō (nominative singular)
exceptiōnēs (nominative plural)
exceptiōnis (genitive singular)
exceptiōnum (genitive plural)
exceptiōnī (dative singular)
exceptiōnibus (dative plural)
exceptiōnem (accusative singular)
exceptiōnēs (accusative plural)
exceptiōne (ablative singular)
exceptiōnibus (ablative plural)
exceptiō (singular vocative)
exceptiōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: excepció

English: exception

French: exception

Italian: eccezione

Maltese: eċċezzjoni

→ Old French: excepcion

Anglo-Norman: excepcioun

→ Dutch: exceptie

Portuguese: excepção, exceção

Romanian: excepție

Sicilian: accizziuni

Spanish: excepción

From excipiō (“take out, withdraw; make an exception, except”) + -tiō.

affix

1659, “Vel denique introduceretur nova lege exceptio aut liberatio quaedam; E nam et tunc in praeteritis quoquo negotiis, quorum obligatio hactenus duravit, habere locum, aequum est; non ad id, ut in praeteritum, sed ut in futurum obligatio exceptione recenter inducta resolvatur”, in Novella decis. Ultrajectina 14 Aprilis 1659 art. 21, Paulus Voet de statutis sect. 8 cap. 1 numero 3 except. 6 pag. 292.:

(by extension) An exception, restriction, limitation.


uter

la-noun

uter m (genitive utris); third declension

utris (genitive)
uter (nominative singular)
utrēs (nominative plural)
utria (nominative plural)
utris (genitive singular)
utrium (genitive plural)
utrī (dative singular)
utribus (dative plural)
utrem (accusative singular)
utrīs (accusative plural)
utrēs (accusative plural)
utria (accusative plural)
utre (ablative singular)
utribus (ablative plural)
uter (singular vocative)
utrēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: utri

Catalan: odre

→ French: outre

Galician: odre

Italian: otre

Piedmontese: oiro

Portuguese: odre

Sicilian: utri

Spanish: odre

table
For *udris, from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“water”). Compare with Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría, “water-pot, pitcher”). Related to vitrum.

cog

bag made of hide (inflated for flotation)


Doris

la-proper noun

Dōris f sg (genitive Dōridis); third declension

Dōris (canonical feminine singular)
Dōridis (genitive)
Dōris (nominative singular)
Dōridis (genitive singular)
Dōridī (dative singular)
Dōridem (accusative singular)
Dōride (ablative singular)
Dōris (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Δωρίς (Dōrís).

Doris (an ancient region in Asia Minor, modern Turkey, inhabited by the ancient Dorians)

Doris (an ancient mountainous region in Greece, the traditional homeland of the Dorians)

Nihilo lenior in conuictores Graeculos, quibus uel maxime adquiescebat, Xenonem quendam exquisitius sermocinantem cum interrogasset, quaenam illa tam molesta dialectos esset, et ille respondisset Doridem, relegauit Cinariam, existimans exprobratum sibi ueterem secessum, quod Dorice Rhodii loquantur.

1889 translation by Alexander Thomson
He treated with no greater leniency the Greeks in his family, even those with whom he was most pleased. Having asked one Zeno, upon his using some far-fetched phrases, “What uncouth dialect is that?” he replied, “The Doric.” For this answer he banished him to Cinara, suspecting that he taunted him with his former residence at Rhodes, where the Doric dialect is spoken.

Quinque sunt linguae Graecorum, Ias Doris Atthis Aeolis coene.

late AD 4th century, Diomedes Grammaticus, Artis Grammaticae libri III 440.5

Doris in singulis partibus orationis nunc adiectioni nunc brevitati studens barbarismos facit [qui barbarismi metaplasmi appellantur], quos cum sibi vindicaverint docti, metaplasmos appellant, ut
T e u c r u m m i r a n t u r i n e r t i a c o r d a
pro Teucrorum, et
a g g e r e m o e r o r u m
et

late AD 4th century, Diomedes Grammaticus, Artis Grammaticae libri III 440.8–15

Doric Greek (dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in northwestern Greece, southern Italy, and Sicily)


diacon

la-noun

diācōn m (genitive diāconis); third declension

diācōn (canonical masculine)
diāconis (genitive)
diācōn (nominative singular)
diāconēs (nominative plural)
diāconis (genitive singular)
diāconum (genitive plural)
diāconī (dative singular)
diāconibus (dative plural)
diāconem (accusative singular)
diāconēs (accusative plural)
diācone (ablative singular)
diāconibus (ablative plural)
diācōn (singular vocative)
diāconēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek διᾱ́κων (diā́kōn), third-declension alternative form of the second-declension noun διᾱ́κονος (diā́konos, “servant”) (the source of Latin diāconus).


sapo

sāpō m (genitive sāpōnis); third declension

sāpō (canonical masculine)
sāpōnis (genitive)
sāpō (nominative singular)
sāpōnēs (nominative plural)
sāpōnis (genitive singular)
sāpōnum (genitive plural)
sāpōnī (dative singular)
sāpōnibus (dative plural)
sāpōnem (accusative singular)
sāpōnēs (accusative plural)
sāpōne (ablative singular)
sāpōnibus (ablative plural)
sāpō (singular vocative)
sāpōnēs (plural vocative)

Balkan-Romance:

Aromanian: sãpuni, sãpune

Romanian: săpun

Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: sapaun

Italo-Romance:

desc

Corsican: savone, sapone, savonu, saponu

Italian: sapone
→ Hungarian: szappan

Gallurese: savoni, saoni

desctree

Sicilian: sapuni
→ Maltese: sapun (partly)

Padanian:

Emilian: savon

Friulian: savon

Ligurian: savon, saon, san, son

Lombard: saon, savon

Piedmontese: savon, saon

Romagnol: savon

Romansch: savun, savung, savùn

Venetian: saon, savon

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: savon

Old French: sapon, sabon, savon

Middle French: savon

French: savon (see there for further descendants)

→ Breton: saon, soavon

Norman: savon

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: sabón, xabon

Old Catalan: sabon

Catalan: sabó

Old Occitan: sabon

Occitan: sabon (all dialects)

Gascon, Auvergnat, Limousin: sablon

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese:

Asturian: xabón, xaón

Extremaduran: jabón

Leonese: xabón

Mirandese: xabon

Old Galician-Portuguese: sabon, sabõ

Galician: xabón, xabrón

Portuguese: sabão (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: xabon
Ladino:
Hebrew script: שאבון
Latin script: shavón
Spanish: jabón (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: sabone, saboni, saoni

Sassarese: saboni

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: sapun

→ Ancient Greek: σᾱ́πων (sā́pōn) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Celtic:

Cornish: seban

Manx: sheeabin

Scottish Gaelic: siabann

Welsh: sebon

→ Macedonian: сапун (sapun)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сапун

Latin script: sapun

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ. Documented since the first century CE (see quote).

Prodest et sapo, Galliarum hoc inventum rutilandis capillis. Fit ex sebo et cinere, optimus fagino et caprino, duobus modis, spissus ac liquidus, uterque apud Germanos maiore in usu viris quam feminis.

late first century CE, Pliny, Natural History, 28.12.51

The Gaulish invention sapo is also useful for dying one's hair red. It is made of animal fat and ash; the kind is made of ash from beech trees and fat from goats. It comes in two types, a viscous one and a more runny one, both of which are more commonly used by men than women amongst the Germanic peoples.


impar

la-adj

impār (genitive imparis, adverb impariter); third-declension one-termination adjective

impār (canonical)
imparis (genitive)
impariter (adverb)
impār (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
imparēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
imparia (neuter nominative plural)
imparis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
imparium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
imparī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
imparibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
imparem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
impār (accusative neuter singular)
imparēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
imparia (accusative neuter plural)
imparī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
imparibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
impār (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
imparēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
imparia (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: impar

→ French: impair

→ Portuguese: ímpar

→ Romanian: impar

→ Spanish: impar


optio

la-noun

optiō f (genitive optiōnis); third declension

optiō (canonical feminine)
optiōnis (genitive)
optiō (nominative singular)
optiōnēs (nominative plural)
optiōnis (genitive singular)
optiōnum (genitive plural)
optiōnī (dative singular)
optiōnibus (dative plural)
optiōnem (accusative singular)
optiōnēs (accusative plural)
optiōne (ablative singular)
optiōnibus (ablative plural)
optiō (singular vocative)
optiōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: opció

→ English: option

→ Finnish: optio

→ French: option

→ Galician: opción

→ Italian: opzione

→ Piedmontese: opsion

→ Portuguese: opção

→ Romanian: opțiune

→ Spanish: opción


optio

optiō m (genitive optiōnis); third declension

optiō (canonical masculine)
optiōnis (genitive)
optiō (nominative singular)
optiōnēs (nominative plural)
optiōnis (genitive singular)
optiōnum (genitive plural)
optiōnī (dative singular)
optiōnibus (dative plural)
optiōnem (accusative singular)
optiōnēs (accusative plural)
optiōne (ablative singular)
optiōnibus (ablative plural)
optiō (singular vocative)
optiōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Ancient Greek: ὀπτίων (optíōn)

desc

→ Aramaic: אבטיונא

→ Aramaic: אבטיונא


stenosis

la-noun

stenōsis f (genitive stenōsis); third declension

stenōsis (canonical feminine)
stenōsis (genitive)
stenōsis (nominative singular)
stenōsēs (nominative plural)
stenōsis (genitive singular)
stenōsium (genitive plural)
stenōsī (dative singular)
stenōsibus (dative plural)
stenōsem (accusative singular)
stenōsēs (accusative plural)
stenōsīs (accusative plural)
stenōse (ablative singular)
stenōsibus (ablative plural)
stenōsis (singular vocative)
stenōsēs (plural vocative)

→ English: stenosis

From Ancient Greek στένωσις (sténōsis, “narrowing”), from στενόω (stenóō, “to confine, to contract”) + -σις (-sis, nominal suffix).