sol

la-noun

sōl m (genitive sōlis); third declension

sōl (canonical masculine)
sōlis (genitive)
sōl (nominative singular)
sōlēs (nominative plural)
sōlis (genitive singular)
sōlum (genitive plural)
sōlī (dative singular)
sōlibus (dative plural)
sōlem (accusative singular)
sōlēs (accusative plural)
sōle (ablative singular)
sōlibus (ablative plural)
sōl (singular vocative)
sōlēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: soari

Istro-Romanian: sore

Megleno-Romanian: soari

Romanian: soare

Dalmatian: Dalmatian: saul

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: soli

Gallurese: soli

Sassarese: sori

Italian: sole

Neapolitan: sole

Tarantino: sole

Sicilian: suli

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: sole, sobi, soi, soli

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: sôl, soul, saul

Ligurian: sô

Lombard: sol, so

Piedmontese: sol, so

Romagnol: sól

Istriot: sul

Venetian: sołe

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: sol

Franco-Provençal: sol

Old Gascon: só

Old Occitan: sol

Occitan: sol (Florac, Lastic, Creuse)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: sol

Mozarabic: שול (šwl)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: sol

Extremaduran: sol

Leonese: sol

Mirandese: sol

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: sol
Fala: sol
Galician: sol
Portuguese: Sol (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: sol

Vulgar Latin: *sōliculum (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

Proto-Brythonic: [Term?]

Cornish: Sul

Breton: Sul

Welsh: Sul

From Proto-Italic *s(u)wōl, from Proto-Indo-European *suh₂ṓl (*suh₂ól-s) ~ *suh₂l-és m (“the sun”), rebuilt s-stem from *súh₂el ~ *suh₂éns n (whence Sanskrit स्वर् (svar, “the sun”)), leveled from *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *suh₂éns (from *sh₂wéns via laryngeal metathesis). Alternatively from Proto-Italic *saul through an irregular change conditioned by -l, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ul.

inh

Soles occidere et redire possunt / nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux / nox est perpetua una dormienda

c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 5.4–6

Suns can set and rise again / but once this brief light ends / there is endless night for us to sleep.

Fulsere quondam candidi tibi soles / cum ventitabas quo puella ducebat / amata nobis quantum amabitur nulla.

c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 8.3–5

Once shined for you beautiful suns / when you went where the girl led you / loved by us like no other [girl].

(figurative, in the plural) days, period of one's life


ile

īle (canonical neuter)
īlis (genitive)
īle (nominative singular)
īlia (nominative plural)
īlis (genitive singular)
īlium (genitive plural)
īlī (dative singular)
īlibus (dative plural)
īle (accusative singular)
īlia (accusative plural)
īlī (ablative singular)
īlibus (ablative plural)
īle (singular vocative)
īlia (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: ijë

French: iles

Romanian: ie

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *iliaris

Galician: illar

Old Spanish: ixar

Spanish: ijar, ijal

Portuguese: ilhal

Sardinian: iğğáre, illári

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *iliarica

Galician: illarga

Portuguese: ilharga

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *iliata

Catalan: illada

Spanish: ijada

desctree

→ French: jade
→ Catalan: jade
→ English: jade
→ German: Jade
→ Italian: giada
→ Portuguese: jade
→ Romanian: jad
→ Spanish: jade

Most likely from Ancient Greek εἰλεός (eileós, “colic”), from εἰλέω (eiléō, “throng, press”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“turn, wind, round”), same source as with Old Armenian գելում (gelum).

der

(chiefly in the plural, anatomy) the part of the abdomen extending from the lowest ribs to the pubes; the groin, flank

(chiefly in the plural, anatomy, zootomy) intestines, guts, entrails

(chiefly in the plural) the belly or body of a vessel


minor

la-noun

minor m (genitive minōris); third declension

minōris (genitive)
minor (nominative singular)
minōrēs (nominative plural)
minōris (genitive singular)
minōrum (genitive plural)
minōrī (dative singular)
minōribus (dative plural)
minōrem (accusative singular)
minōrēs (accusative plural)
minōre (ablative singular)
minōribus (ablative plural)
minor (singular vocative)
minōrēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *minōs, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small, little”). Related to minuō (“to make smaller, to lessen; to grow less”).

der

… nunc fama minores / Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.532–533

now there is a rumor that a later people called the land Italy from the name of their leader.

person under age (e.g. 25 years old), minor

(poetic, in the plural) children; descendants, posterity


syllaba

la-noun

syllaba f (genitive syllabae); first declension

syllabae (genitive)
syllaba (nominative singular)
syllabae (nominative plural)
syllabae (genitive singular)
syllabārum (genitive plural)
syllabae (dative singular)
syllabīs (dative plural)
syllabam (accusative singular)
syllabās (accusative plural)
syllabā (ablative singular)
syllabīs (ablative plural)
syllaba (singular vocative)
syllabae (plural vocative)

Asturian: sílaba

→ Catalan: síl·laba

→ English: syllaba anceps

desctree

Old French: sillable
→ Middle English: sillable, syllable
English: syllable
French: syllabe

Galician: sílaba

→ Old High German: sillaba

Middle High German: silbe, sillabe

German: Silbe

→ Latvian: zilbe

→ Romansch: silba

→ Old Irish: sillab

Irish: siolla

Italian: sillaba

Portuguese: sílaba

Romanian: silabă

Spanish: sílaba

→ Welsh: syllaf, sill

[ˈs̠ʏlːʲäbä]

From Ancient Greek συλλαβή (sullabḗ), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).

(figuratively, in the plural) poems, verses


verbum

la-noun

verbum n (genitive verbī); second declension

verbī (genitive)
verbum (nominative singular)
verba (nominative plural)
verbī (genitive singular)
verbōrum (genitive plural)
verbō (dative singular)
verbīs (dative plural)
verbum (accusative singular)
verba (accusative plural)
verbō (ablative singular)
verbīs (ablative plural)
verbum (singular vocative)
verba (plural vocative)

French: verve

Old Galician-Portuguese: vervo, verva

Galician: verbo, verba

Portuguese: verbo, verba

Romanian: vorbă (possibly)

Sardinian: belvu, berbu

→ Aragonese: berbo

→ Asturian: verbu

→ Basque: berba

→ Catalan: verb

→ Corsican: verbu

→ Czech: verbum

→ English: verb

→ French: verbe

→ German: Verb, Verbum

→ Italian: verbo

→ Lombard: verb

→ Norwegian Bokmål: verb, verbo

→ Occitan: vèrb

→ Piedmontese: verb

→ Romanian: verb

→ Sicilian: verbu

Old Spanish: vierbo

Ladino: byervo

Spanish: verbo

→ Swedish: verb

→ Welsh: berf

From Proto-Italic *werβom, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om (“word”). Cognate with Umbrian 𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄 (uerfale), English word.
In the grammatical sense of “verb”, it is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ῥῆμᾰ (rhêma).

sl

verba dō

to trick, deceive (literally, “to give a discourse”)

(in the plural) language, discourse, expressions


maior

la-noun

maior m (genitive maiōris); third declension

maiōris (genitive)
maior (nominative singular)
maiōrēs (nominative plural)
maiōris (genitive singular)
maiōrum (genitive plural)
maiōrī (dative singular)
maiōribus (dative plural)
maiōrem (accusative singular)
maiōrēs (accusative plural)
maiōre (ablative singular)
maiōribus (ablative plural)
maior (singular vocative)
maiōrēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *magjōs, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂yōs, from *meǵh₂- (“great”) + *-yōs (comparative suffix).

af

Ergo illum, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt.

106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Pro Archia Poeta Oratio line 284

Therefore Ennius, who composed these poems, although a man from Rudiae, our ancestors granted him citizenship.

‘hinc sua maiōrēs tribuisse vocābula Maiō
tangor et aetātī cōnsuluisse suae.’
‘‘Because of this, the ancestors granted their name to May,
I have come to grasp, and in regard to their own old age.’’
(The muse Urania claims that the month of May honors the ‘‘maiōrēs’’ – ‘‘ancestors’’ or ‘‘elders’’.)

(in the plural) ancestors, forefathers; advanced in years, the aged; the elders


ren

la-noun

rēn m (genitive rēnis); third declension

rēn (canonical masculine)
rēnis (genitive)
rēn (nominative singular)
rēnēs (nominative plural)
rēnis (genitive singular)
rēnum (genitive plural)
rēnī (dative singular)
rēnibus (dative plural)
rēnem (accusative singular)
rēnēs (accusative plural)
rēne (ablative singular)
rēnibus (ablative plural)
rēn (singular vocative)
rēnēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: rână

Italo-Romance:

Italian: rene

Sicilian: rini

North-Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: ren

Venetian: reno

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: ren

desctree

Old French: rein, rain
Middle French: rein
French: rein
Norman: rein
Walloon: rino, rno, rin
→ English: rein

Occitano-Romance:

Occitan: ren

Ibero-Romance:

⇒ Aragonese: renera

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: rẽes f pl (“hips”) (from the plural)

Galician: rens, res

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: rin

Portuguese: rim

Spanish: rene (dated)

Sardinian:

rene

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēna

Gascon: rea, arrea, arreia, arria, arriá, arrenha

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēnile

Old Galician-Portuguese: *rẽil

Galician: ril, rinle

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēniō (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Gheg Albanian: rrâni

→ English: ren (learned)

→ Interlingua: ren

Uncertain. Several etymologies proposed:
* From Proto-Italic *hrēn, cognate with Ancient Greek φρήν (phrḗn, “heart, midriff, mind”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrḗn (“an internal part of the body”).
* Earlier *srēn, cognate with Old Prussian straunay, Lithuanian strė́nos, srė́nos f pl (“loins”), Latvian striena (“loins”) and Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬥𐬀- (rāna-, “thigh”), from Proto-Indo-European *srḗn (“hip, loins”). Further disputed connection with Ancient Greek ῥάχις (rhákhis, “spine, chine”).
* Cognate with Tocharian A āriñc, Tocharian B arañce (“heart”) and Hittite 𒄩𒄩𒊑 (ḫa-ḫa-ri- /ḫaḫri-/, “lungs ~ midriff ?”) (exact meaning uncertain), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂-ri-, *h₂eh₂-r-en- (“an internal organ”). Compare also Old Irish áru and Welsh aren (“kidney”).


filius

la-noun

fīlius m (genitive fīliī or fīlī, feminine fīlia); second declension

fīlius (canonical masculine)
fīliī (genitive)
fīlī (genitive)
fīlia (feminine)
fīlius (nominative singular)
fīliī (nominative plural)
fīliī (genitive singular)
fīlī (genitive singular)
fīliōrum (genitive plural)
fīliō (dative singular)
fīliīs (dative plural)
fīlium (accusative singular)
fīliōs (accusative plural)
fīliō (ablative singular)
fīliīs (ablative plural)
fīlī (singular vocative)
fīliī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: hilj, hiljiu, hilju

Istro-Romanian: fiľ

Megleno-Romanian: il'u

Romanian: fiu

Dalmatian:

felj

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: figliu

Italian: figlio

Judeo-Italian: פִילְייוֹ (figlio)

Sicilian: figghiu

Padanian:

Friulian: fi

Istriot: feîo, fèio

Ligurian: fìggio

Piedmontese: fieul, fij

Romansch: figl, fegl

Venetian: fio

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fill

Franco-Provençal: fely, fily

desctree

Old French: fil
Bourguignon: fi
Walloon: fi

⇒ Old French: filz, fils, fis, fitz, fiz (nominative singular)
Middle French: filz
French: fils
Norman: fils, fis (Jersey)
→ English: Fitz- (via Anglo-Norman fitz)

Old Occitan: filh
Occitan: filh, fiu, hilh

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: fillo

Mozarabic: פליו (flyw)

Old Leonese: fiyo, fijo (Salamanca); fillo (Asturias)
Asturian: fíu, ḥiyu, fiyu
Leonese: fiyu
Extremaduran: iju
Mirandese: filho

Old Galician-Portuguese: filho, fi' (apocopic form), fillo
Fala: fillu
Galician: fillo
Portuguese: filho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: fijo
Ladino: ijo, fijo
Spanish: hijo (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: fillu

Logudorese: fizu, figiu

From Proto-Italic *fīlios, *feilios (the Latin can reflect either one, but Faliscan 𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏 (fīleo, hīleo), if original and not modeled on Latin fīlius, would point to *fīl-), from earlier *θeilios, from *dʰeh₁i-l-yo-s (“sucker”), a derivation from the verbal root *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”).
Related to fellō, fēmina, fētus, Old English delu (“nipple, teat”), dēon (“to suck, suckle”), Old Armenian դալ (dal). More at doe.


novenus

novēnus (canonical)
novēna (feminine)
novēnum (neuter)
novēnus (masculine nominative singular)
novēna (feminine nominative singular)
novēnum (neuter nominative singular)
novēnī (masculine nominative plural)
novēnae (feminine nominative plural)
novēna (neuter nominative plural)
novēnī (genitive masculine singular)
novēnae (feminine genitive singular)
novēnī (genitive neuter singular)
novēnum (genitive masculine plural)
novēnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
novēnum (feminine genitive plural)
novēnārum (feminine genitive plural)
novēnum (genitive neuter plural)
novēnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
novēnō (dative masculine singular)
novēnae (dative feminine singular)
novēnō (dative neuter singular)
novēnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
novēnum (accusative masculine singular)
novēnam (accusative feminine singular)
novēnum (accusative neuter singular)
novēnōs (accusative masculine plural)
novēnās (accusative feminine plural)
novēna (accusative neuter plural)
novēnō (ablative masculine singular)
novēnā (ablative feminine singular)
novēnō (ablative neuter singular)
novēnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
novēne (masculine singular vocative)
novēna (feminine singular vocative)
novēnum (neuter singular vocative)
novēnī (masculine plural vocative)
novēnae (feminine plural vocative)
novēna (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: novenu

Catalan: novè, nové

Portuguese: noveno

Sicilian: nuvenu, nuvena

Spanish: noveno

Old Piedmontese: noven

Probably from earlier *nowensnos, equivalent to novem + -nus.

Sed veteres maximae quaeque gallinae vernaculi generis eligantur, eaeque novem diebus a primo lunae incremento novenis ovis incubent

4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Re Rustica 8.11.11.4

But the oldest and largest hens of the common type should be chosen, and should incubate nine eggs each nine days after the moon first starts to wax


palpebra

la-noun

palpebra f (genitive palpebrae); first declension

palpebrae (genitive)
palpebra (nominative singular)
palpebrae (nominative plural)
palpebrae (genitive singular)
palpebrārum (genitive plural)
palpebrae (dative singular)
palpebrīs (dative plural)
palpebram (accusative singular)
palpebrās (accusative plural)
palpebrā (ablative singular)
palpebrīs (ablative plural)
palpebra (singular vocative)
palpebrae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: pàrpitra

North-Italian:

Friulian: palpiere

desc

Piedmontese: parpèira, parpèira, parpèra, palpèra, parpèla, parpaivre, parpaj

Venetian: palpiera, palpera

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: parpiello

Catalan: palpa, palpebra, pàlpet, pàrpet, parpell, parpall, parpalla, pàrpol, parpre, pipella

French: paupière

Gascon: parpèra, perpèra

Occitan: parpèla

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: párpagu, párpadu

Galician: perfeba, perceba, prefreba

Spanish: párpado

Borrowings:

→ English: palpebra

→ Esperanto: palpebro

→ Galician: pálpebra

→ Ido: palpebro

→ Interlingua: palpebra

→ Italian: palpebra

→ Middle English: palpebre

→ Portuguese: pálpebra

→ Spanish: pálpebra

From palpō (“to touch softly; to caress, flatter”) + -bra (instrumental noun suffix).

suffix

[ˈpäɫ̪pɛbrä]

(transferred sense, in the plural)
eyelashes

(transferred sense, in the plural)
(Ecclesiastical Latin) the eyes


eques

la-noun

eques m (genitive equitis); third declension

equitis (genitive)
eques (nominative singular)
equitēs (nominative plural)
equitis (genitive singular)
equitum (genitive plural)
equitī (dative singular)
equitibus (dative plural)
equitem (accusative singular)
equitēs (accusative plural)
equite (ablative singular)
equitibus (ablative plural)
eques (singular vocative)
equitēs (plural vocative)

From equus (“horse”) + -es (“-faring”). Compare pedes, mīles for similar formations.


munus

mūnus n (genitive mūneris); third declension

mūnus (canonical neuter)
mūneris (genitive)
mūnus (nominative singular)
mūnera (nominative plural)
mūneris (genitive singular)
mūnerum (genitive plural)
mūnerī (dative singular)
mūneribus (dative plural)
mūnus (accusative singular)
mūnera (accusative plural)
mūnere (ablative singular)
mūneribus (ablative plural)
mūnus (singular vocative)
mūnera (plural vocative)

Italian: muno

Portuguese: múnus

From Proto-Italic *moinos.
Like mūnia (“duties”), it is derived from Proto-Indo-European *moy-nós, from *mey- (“change, swap”). As is the case with such derivatives as "municipality", and "immunity", the concept of trading goods and services in a way that conforms to a society's laws is quite pertinent to this term. From the addition of the "com-" prefix came commūnis (“common, public”), which is cognate to Proto-Germanic *gamainiz (“shared, communal, public”).
The semantic shift to 'gift' is explained by Sextus Pompeius Festus thus:
*

cog

Tū modo Pompeiā lentus spatiāre sub umbrā,
cum sōl Herculeī terga leōnis adit:
aut ubi mūneribus nātī sua mūnera māter

Just slowly take a walk under the shadow,
when the sun goes towards the back of the Herculean lion;
or where the mother to her son's buildings her own buildings
has added, a work rich by its exterior marble.

Hīc ubi mīrāmur vēlōcia mūnera thermās,

c.''' 81 CE, Martial, Dē Spectāculīs 2.7–8

Here where we wonder at the speedy public building of a bath,
a vain tract of land had taken the houses away from the poor.

(in the plural) a public building made at the expense of an individual


tempus

la-noun

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension

temporis (genitive)
tempus (nominative singular)
tempora (nominative plural)
temporis (genitive singular)
temporum (genitive plural)
temporī (dative singular)
temporibus (dative plural)
tempus (accusative singular)
tempora (accusative plural)
tempore (ablative singular)
temporibus (ablative plural)
tempus (singular vocative)
tempora (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: timp

Romanian: timp

Dalmatian:

tiamp

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: tempu

Italian: tempo (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: tiempo

Sicilian: tempu

North Italian:

Istriot: tenpo

Venetian: tenpo, tènp

Gallo-Italian:

Ligurian: tempo

Lombard: temp

Piedmontese: temp

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: timp

Ladin: tëmp

Romansch: temp, taimp, tains

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: temps

Oïl:

desctree

Old French: temps, tans, tens
Anglo-Norman: tens
Middle English: tens
English: tense
Bourguignon: tamps
Middle French: temps
French: temps
Norman: temps
Walloon: tins
, tans, tens

Oc:

Old Catalan: temps

Catalan: temps

Old Occitan: tems
Occitan: tèms, tems, temps

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: tiempu

Galician: tempo

Portuguese: tempo

Spanish: tiempo

→ Basque: denbora

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tempus

→ Russian: темп (temp)

→ Sardinian: tempus

→ Swedish: tempus

→ Welsh: tymor

Asturian: tenllera

Catalan: templa

Esperanto: tempio

Old French: temple
French: tempe
→ Middle English: temple
English: temple

Galician: tempas

Italian: tempia

→ Portuguese: têmpora

Romanian: tâmplă

→ Sardinian: tempus

Sicilian: sintimentu

Spanish: tiempo

Catalan: temps

→ Galician: tempo

→ Italian: tempo

Neapolitan: tiempo

→ Portuguese: tempo

Romanian: timp

Sicilian: tempu

Spanish: tiempo

Two roots have been proposed: (1) from Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion"; (2) from Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō); compare the etymology of English time. Templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots.
Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaíria, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. See Old English þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).
As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

cog

(in the plural) The temples of the head.


coleus

la-noun

cōleus m (genitive cōleī); second declension

cōleus (canonical masculine)
cōleī (genitive)
cōleus (nominative singular)
cōleī (nominative plural)
cōleī (genitive singular)
cōleōrum (genitive plural)
cōleō (dative singular)
cōleīs (dative plural)
cōleum (accusative singular)
cōleōs (accusative plural)
cōleō (ablative singular)
cōleīs (ablative plural)
cōlee (singular vocative)
cōleī (plural vocative)

[ˈkoːɫ̪eʊs̠]

Uncertain. Possibly akin to cūleus, culleus (“sack”); caulis, cōlis (“stalk”); or cōlum (“sieve”).

(vulgar, in the plural) sack (scrotum or testicles)


salina

salīna f (genitive salīnae); first declension

salīna (canonical feminine)
salīnae (genitive)
salīna (nominative singular)
salīnae (nominative plural)
salīnae (genitive singular)
salīnārum (genitive plural)
salīnae (dative singular)
salīnīs (dative plural)
salīnam (accusative singular)
salīnās (accusative plural)
salīnā (ablative singular)
salīnīs (ablative plural)
salīna (singular vocative)
salīnae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: sãrinji

Galician: Saíñas (place name)

Italian: salina

Megleno-Romanian: sărin'

→ Polish: salina

Portuguese: salina

Romanian: sănină

Spanish: salina

[s̠äˈlʲiːnä]

(chiefly in the plural) salt pan, salt works


vis

vīs f (irregular, genitive *vīs); third declension

vīs (canonical feminine)
*vīs (genitive)
vīs (nominative singular)
vīrēs (nominative plural)
vīs (genitive singular)
vīrium (genitive plural)
vī (dative singular)
vīribus (dative plural)
vim (accusative singular)
vīrēs (accusative plural)
vīrīs (accusative plural)
vī (ablative singular)
vīribus (ablative plural)
vīs (singular vocative)
vīrēs (plural vocative)

→ English: vis, vim

From Proto-Italic *wīs, from Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁s (“force, vehemence”), from *weyh₁- (“to rush”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἴς (ís, “strength”), Sanskrit वयस् (vayas, “enjoyment, vigor, youth, age”). See also via, invītus, invītō, Ancient Greek οἶμος (oîmos).

cog

omnibus vīribus

with all his strength; with all her might; with all their force

(in the plural) strength, might (physical)


exsilium

la-noun

exsilium n (genitive exsiliī or exsilī); second declension

exsiliī (genitive)
exsilī (genitive)
exsilium (nominative singular)
exsilia (nominative plural)
exsiliī (genitive singular)
exsilī (genitive singular)
exsiliōrum (genitive plural)
exsiliō (dative singular)
exsiliīs (dative plural)
exsilium (accusative singular)
exsilia (accusative plural)
exsiliō (ablative singular)
exsiliīs (ablative plural)
exsilium (singular vocative)
exsilia (plural vocative)

Asturian: exiliu

Aromanian: shilji

Catalan: exili

English: exile

French: exil

Galician: exilio

German: Exil

Italian: esilio

Occitan: exili

Old French: essil

Old Galician-Portuguese: eixillo

Piedmontese: esili

Portuguese: exílio

Romanian: exil

Spanish: exilio

[ɛkˈs̠ɪlʲiʊ̃ˑ]

(figuratively, in the plural) exiles; exiled people


omnis

la-adj

omnis (neuter omne); third-declension two-termination adjective

omne (neuter)
omnis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
omne (neuter nominative singular)
omnēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
omnia (neuter nominative plural)
omnis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
omnium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
omnī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
omnibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
omnem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
omne (accusative neuter singular)
omnēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
omnīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
omnia (accusative neuter plural)
omnī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
omnibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
omnis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
omne (neuter singular vocative)
omnēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
omnia (neuter plural vocative)

Interlingua: omne

Italian: ogne, ogni

Neapolitan: ogne

Ligurian: ògni

Sicilian: ogni, ognin (as in the phrase ognin cosa, dialects vary)

Old French: oni, onni, omni

French: à l’onni (chiefly dialectal)

→ English: omnibus

From Proto-Italic *opnis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep-ni-s (“working”), from the verbal root *h₃ep- (“to work”, and hence “to possess”). Related to ops and opus. It could also reflect the base Proto-Indo-European *h₁op- (“to work, to take”) (compare optō), to which De Vaan gives a slight preference for semantic reasons.

der

Omnia vincit amor.

Attributed to Ennius by Augustinus in De Trinitate; Book XIII, Chapter III
Omnēs mortālēs sēsē laudārier optant.


posterior

la-noun

posterior m (genitive posteriōris); third declension

posteriōris (genitive)
posterior (nominative singular)
posteriōrēs (nominative plural)
posteriōris (genitive singular)
posteriōrum (genitive plural)
posteriōrī (dative singular)
posteriōribus (dative plural)
posteriōrem (accusative singular)
posteriōrēs (accusative plural)
posteriōre (ablative singular)
posteriōribus (ablative plural)
posterior (singular vocative)
posteriōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: posterior

→ English: posterior

→ French: postérieur

→ Galician: posterior

→ Italian: posteriore

desc

→ Norwegian Bokmål: posterior, posteriori

→ Portuguese: posterior

→ Romanian: posterior

→ Spanish: posterior

Comparative degree of posterus, from post.

(chiefly in the plural) later generations


logos

la-noun

logos m (genitive logī); second declension

logī (genitive)
logos (nominative singular)
logī (nominative plural)
logī (genitive singular)
logōrum (genitive plural)
logō (dative singular)
logīs (dative plural)
logon (accusative singular)
logōs (accusative plural)
logō (ablative singular)
logīs (ablative plural)
loge (singular vocative)
logī (plural vocative)

(in the plural) idle talk, empty chatter


animus

animus m (genitive animī); second declension

animī (genitive)
animus (nominative singular)
animī (nominative plural)
animī (genitive singular)
animōrum (genitive plural)
animō (dative singular)
animīs (dative plural)
animum (accusative singular)
animōs (accusative plural)
animō (ablative singular)
animīs (ablative plural)
anime (singular vocative)
animī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: ànim

→ English: animus

→ Italian: animo

→ Dutch: animo

→ Portuguese: animus, ânimo

→ Sicilian: ànimu

→ Spanish: ánimo

From Proto-Italic *anamos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, a nominal derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- + *-mos, in which the root means "to breathe".
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Old Armenian հողմ (hołm, “wind”), Old Frisian omma (“breath”), English onde (“breath”) (dialectal), Norwegian ånde (“breath”), and possibly Sanskrit अनिल (ánila, “air, wind”); compare also Tocharian B āñme (“self; soul”) and Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “person”).

cog

adicere/facere animos alicui

(in the plural) bravado, elation, high spirits


copia

la-noun

cōpia f (genitive cōpiae); first declension

cōpia (canonical feminine)
cōpiae (genitive)
cōpia (nominative singular)
cōpiae (nominative plural)
cōpiae (genitive singular)
cōpiārum (genitive plural)
cōpiae (dative singular)
cōpiīs (dative plural)
cōpiam (accusative singular)
cōpiās (accusative plural)
cōpiā (ablative singular)
cōpiīs (ablative plural)
cōpia (singular vocative)
cōpiae (plural vocative)

Catalan: còpia

→ English: copy

→ German: Kopie

French: copie

→ Romanian: copie

Italian: cópia

→ Turkish: kopya

Portuguese: cópia

Spanish: copia

Caesar partitis copiis cum Gaio Fabio legato et Marco Crasso quaestore celeriterque effectis pontibus adit tripertito, aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero potitur.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6.6

Caesar, having divided his forces with C. Fabius, his lieutenant, and M. Crassus his quaestor, and having hastily constructed some bridges, enters their country in three divisions, burns their houses and villages, and gets possession of a large number of cattle and men.

(in the plural) troops, forces, resources


vigil

vigil m (genitive vigilis); third declension

vigilis (genitive)
vigil (nominative singular)
vigilēs (nominative plural)
vigilis (genitive singular)
vigilum (genitive plural)
vigilī (dative singular)
vigilibus (dative plural)
vigilem (accusative singular)
vigilēs (accusative plural)
vigile (ablative singular)
vigilibus (ablative plural)
vigil (singular vocative)
vigilēs (plural vocative)

French: vigile

Irish: feighil

Italian: vigile

Piedmontese: vìgil

Portuguese: vígil

Romanian: vigil, veghe

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, lively, awake”), whence vigeō.

der

(in the plural) the watch, police, constabulary


furcula

la-noun

furcula f (genitive furculae); first declension

furculae (genitive)
furcula (nominative singular)
furculae (nominative plural)
furculae (genitive singular)
furculārum (genitive plural)
furculae (dative singular)
furculīs (dative plural)
furculam (accusative singular)
furculās (accusative plural)
furculā (ablative singular)
furculīs (ablative plural)
furcula (singular vocative)
furculae (plural vocative)


castrum

castrum n (genitive castrī); second declension

castrī (genitive)
castrum (nominative singular)
castra (nominative plural)
castrī (genitive singular)
castrōrum (genitive plural)
castrō (dative singular)
castrīs (dative plural)
castrum (accusative singular)
castra (accusative plural)
castrō (ablative singular)
castrīs (ablative plural)
castrum (singular vocative)
castra (plural vocative)

Old Galician-Portuguese: castro, Castro

Galician: castro, Castro

desc

Portuguese: castro, crasto, Castro, Crasto

Old Spanish: castro

Spanish: castro, Castro

→ Albanian: -kastër

→ Aramaic: קַצְרָא (qaṣrā) / ܩܰܨܪܳܐ (qaṣrā)

desctree

→ Arabic: قَصْر (qaṣr)
Hijazi Arabic: قصر (gaṣur)
Moroccan Arabic: قصر (qṣar)
→ English: ksar
→ French: ksar
→ Italian: cassero, cassaro
→ Old Catalan: alcacer
Catalan: alcàsser
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: alcaçar, alcaçer
Galician: alcácer
Portuguese: alcácer
→ Old Spanish: alcaçar, alcacer
Spanish: alcázar (see there for further descendants)
→ Persian: قصر (qasr)
Tajik: қаср (qasr)
→ Ottoman Turkish: قصر
Turkish: kasır
→ Uzbek: qasr
→ Sicilian: càssaru
→ Swahili: kasri
→ Uyghur: قەسىر (qesir)

→ Berber [languages?]: aɣasru, ɣasru

→ Byzantine Greek: κάστρον (kástron)

Greek: κάστρο n (kástro)
→ Coptic: ⲕⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟⲩ (kastrou), → Coptic: ⲕⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟⲛ (kastron)
→ Aromanian: castru

→ English: castrum

desc

→ Hebrew: קְצָרָה (qəṣārā)

→ Hebrew: קְצָרָה (qəṣārā)

→ Old English: ceaster

Middle English: Chestre

English: -caster, -cester, -chester, Chester

→ Romanian: castru

[ˈkäs̠t̪rʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *kastrom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut, cut off, separate”) + Proto-Indo-European *-trom (Latin -trum) (Watkins, 1969). Cognate with Sanskrit शस्त्र (śastrá, “cutting tool, sword”). See also castrō, careō.

cog

Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto […]

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5.9

Caesar, having disembarked his army and chosen a convenient place for the camp […]

(chiefly in the plural) several soldiers' tents situated together; hence, a military camp, an encampment


vas

la-noun

vās n (genitive vāsis); third declension

vās (canonical neuter)
vāsis (genitive)
vās (nominative singular)
vāsa (nominative plural)
vāsis (genitive singular)
vāsōrum (genitive plural)
vāsī (dative singular)
vāsīs (dative plural)
vās (accusative singular)
vāsa (accusative plural)
vāse (ablative singular)
vāsīs (ablative plural)
vās (singular vocative)
vāsa (plural vocative)

⇒ Spanish: vasija (from a diminutive form)

Borrowings

→ English: vas

→ Old French:

Middle French: vase

French: vase (see there for further descendants)

Norman: vase

desctree

→ Dutch: vaas
Afrikaans: vaas
→ Indonesian: vas

→ Irish: vása

→ Albanian: vazo

→ Czech: váza

→ Faroese: vasi

→ Icelandic: vasi

→ Northern Kurdish: vazo

→ Latvian: vāze

→ Lithuanian: vaza

→ Plautdietsch: Wos

→ Polish: waza

→ Slovak: váza

→ Slovene: vaza

→ Uzbek: vaza

→ Yiddish: וואַזע (vaze)

Classical collateral form of pre-Classical vāsum, from Proto-Italic *wāss, cognate with Umbrian vasus (“container”), but further origin uncertain, with no known cognates outside of Italic.


fortuna

la-noun

fortūna f (genitive fortūnae); first declension

fortūna (canonical feminine)
fortūnae (genitive)
fortūna (nominative singular)
fortūnae (nominative plural)
fortūnae (genitive singular)
fortūnārum (genitive plural)
fortūnae (dative singular)
fortūnīs (dative plural)
fortūnam (accusative singular)
fortūnās (accusative plural)
fortūnā (ablative singular)
fortūnīs (ablative plural)
fortūna (singular vocative)
fortūnae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: furtunã

Italian: fortuna

→ Byzantine Greek: φορτούνα (phortoúna)

Greek: φουρτούνα (fourtoúna)

Piedmontese: fortun-a

Romanian: furtună

Sicilian: furtuna

→ Albanian: furtunë

→ Catalan: fortuna

→ Occitan: fortuna

→ Old French: fortune

desctree

Middle French: fortune
→ Dutch: fortuin
French: fortune

→ Middle English: fortune
English: fortune
→ Welsh: ffortiwn
Scots: fortuin

→ Middle Irish: fortún

Irish: fortún

Scottish Gaelic: fortan

→ Polish: fortuna

→ Portuguese: fortuna

→ Romansch: fortuna

→ Russian: фортуна (fortuna)

→ Spanish: fortuna

From Proto-Italic *fortūnā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥-tew-n-éh₂. Substantivized feminine form of an unattested adjective *fortūnus, from the -tus-derivation *fortus to ferō, + -nus. Ultimately from *bʰer- (“bear, carry”).

Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non expectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.11

Caesar, induced by these circumstances, decides that he ought not to wait until the Helvetii, after destroying all the property of his allies, should arrive among the Santones.


finis

la-noun

fīnis m or f (genitive fīnis); third declension

fīnis (canonical feminine masculine)
fīnis (genitive)
fīnis (nominative singular)
fīnēs (nominative plural)
fīnis (genitive singular)
fīnium (genitive plural)
fīnī (dative singular)
fīnibus (dative plural)
fīnem (accusative singular)
fīnēs (accusative plural)
fīnīs (accusative plural)
fīne (ablative singular)
fīnī (ablative singular)
fīnibus (ablative plural)
fīnis (singular vocative)
fīnēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: fin

Catalan: fi

Corsican: fine

Dalmatian: fain

Esperanto: fino

Franco-Provençal: fin

French: fin

Friulian: fin

Galician: fin

Istriot: feîn

Italian: fine

Ladin: fin

Leonese: fin

Occitan: fin

Portuguese: fim

Romanian: fine

Romansch: fin, fegn

Sardinian: fine, fini

Sicilian: fini, finu

Spanish: fin

Venetian: fin

Walloon: fén

→ Proto-Brythonic: *fin (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Irish: fín (see there for further descendants)

Disputed. Perhaps for *fignis, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, set up”), whence figō, or for *fidnis, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”), whence findō.
For the meaning “region”, compare pāgus again from a root meaning “to fix”.

der

(in the plural) boundaries, bounds; by extension, territory, region, lands


pars

la-noun

pars f (genitive partis); third declension

partis (genitive)
pars (nominative singular)
partēs (nominative plural)
partis (genitive singular)
partium (genitive plural)
partī (dative singular)
partibus (dative plural)
partem (accusative singular)
partim (accusative singular)
partēs (accusative plural)
partīs (accusative plural)
parte (ablative singular)
partī (ablative singular)
partibus (ablative plural)
pars (singular vocative)
partēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: parti, parte

Catalan: part

Dalmatian: puart

Old French: part

French: part

→ English: part (partly; also from Old English)

i

from the Old French plural <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">pars</i>

→ English: parse (from the Old French plural pars)

Friulian: part

Galician: parte

Irish: páirt

Italian: parte

Ladin: part, pert

Megleno-Romanian: parti

Occitan: part

Portuguese: parte

Romanian: parte

Romansch: part

Sardinian: parti, parte, palte

Sicilian: parti

Spanish: parte

Swedish: part

Venetian: part, parte

→ Dutch: part

→⇒ English: pars recta

→ Old English: part

English: part (partly; also from Old French)

→ Welsh: parth

From Proto-Italic *partis > parts > pars.
Probably from the same root as pār and portiō. This could be the Proto-Indo-European root *perH- or *per- (“sell, exchange”), which also gave the Ancient Greek πόρνη (pórnē, “prostitute”), and πέρνημι (pérnēmi, “sell”).
Others refer to (the perhaps identical) Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to pass through”), whence Latin porta, portus, parō, pariō, perīculum, experior, Ancient Greek πέρα (péra), πείρω (peírō), πόρος (póros), Proto-Germanic *faraną (“to go, to travel”) and *fērō (“danger”), whence English fare and fear, German fahren and Gefahr.
While keeping the separate root Proto-Indo-European *sperH-, that could also explain Latin parcus, parcō, Ancient Greek σπαρνός (sparnós), English spare.

cog

(theater, in the plural) a part, character

a part, character
a part, function, office, duty


philtrum

la-noun

philtrum n (genitive philtrī); second declension

philtrī (genitive)
philtrum (nominative singular)
philtra (nominative plural)
philtrī (genitive singular)
philtrōrum (genitive plural)
philtrō (dative singular)
philtrīs (dative plural)
philtrum (accusative singular)
philtra (accusative plural)
philtrō (ablative singular)
philtrīs (ablative plural)
philtrum (singular vocative)
philtra (plural vocative)

→ English: philter, philtrum

French: feutre

→ Italian: filtro

Sicilian: firtru

→ French: philtre (learned)

[ˈpʰɪɫ̪t̪rʊ̃ˑ]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek φῐ́λτρον (phíltron, “a love charm”), derived from φῐλέω (philéō, “to love; to kiss”) + -τρον (-tron, instrument noun suffix).

af

(poetic, in the plural) love potion, philter


nenia

la-noun

nēnia f (genitive nēniae); first declension

nēnia (canonical feminine)
nēniae (genitive)
nēnia (nominative singular)
nēniae (nominative plural)
nēniae (genitive singular)
nēniārum (genitive plural)
nēniae (dative singular)
nēniīs (dative plural)
nēniam (accusative singular)
nēniās (accusative plural)
nēniā (ablative singular)
nēniīs (ablative plural)
nēnia (singular vocative)
nēniae (plural vocative)

→ English: nenia

→ French: nénie

→ German: Nänie

→ Italian: nenia

→ Portuguese: nénia, nênia (Brazil)

→ Romanian: nenie

→ Spanish: nenia

Perhaps from Ancient Greek νηνία (nēnía).

POĒTA / Ioculāre tibi vidētur et sānē levī, / Dum nihil habēmus maius, calamō lūdimus, / Sed dīligenter intuēre hās nēniās / Quantam sub titulīs ūtilitātem reperiēs!

Poet. / It may seem to you that it's just jests and trifles when I don't have anything better to do and play with the pen: but look at these trifles diligently; you will find so much usefulness under this pretext!

(in the plural) talk of little consequence, trifles, nonsense


bonum

bonum n (genitive bonī); second declension

bonī (genitive)
bonum (nominative singular)
bona (nominative plural)
bonī (genitive singular)
bonōrum (genitive plural)
bonō (dative singular)
bonīs (dative plural)
bonum (accusative singular)
bona (accusative plural)
bonō (ablative singular)
bonīs (ablative plural)
bonum (singular vocative)
bona (plural vocative)


fides

fidēs f (genitive fidis); third declension

fidēs (canonical feminine)
fidis (genitive)
fidēs (nominative singular)
fidēs (nominative plural)
fidis (genitive singular)
fidium (genitive plural)
fidī (dative singular)
fidibus (dative plural)
fidem (accusative singular)
fidēs (accusative plural)
fidīs (accusative plural)
fide (ablative singular)
fidibus (ablative plural)
fidēs (singular vocative)
fidēs (plural vocative)

(in the plural) lyre, lute, harp (by extension) (any of a number of ancient stringed musical instruments)


menstruum

mēnstruum n (genitive mēnstruī); second declension

mēnstruum (canonical neuter)
mēnstruī (genitive)
mēnstruum (nominative singular)
mēnstrua (nominative plural)
mēnstruī (genitive singular)
mēnstruōrum (genitive plural)
mēnstruō (dative singular)
mēnstruīs (dative plural)
mēnstruum (accusative singular)
mēnstrua (accusative plural)
mēnstruō (ablative singular)
mēnstruīs (ablative plural)
mēnstruum (singular vocative)
mēnstrua (plural vocative)

Substantive of mēnstruus (“of or pertaining to a month, monthly”), from mēnsis (“month”).

[ˈmẽːs̠t̪ruʊ̃ˑ]


multus

la-adj

multus (feminine multa, neuter multum, comparative plūs, superlative plūrimus, adverb multō); first/second-declension adjective

multa (feminine)
multum (neuter)
plūs (comparative)
plūrimus (superlative)
multō (adverb)
multus (masculine nominative singular)
multa (feminine nominative singular)
multum (neuter nominative singular)
multī (masculine nominative plural)
multae (feminine nominative plural)
multa (neuter nominative plural)
multī (genitive masculine singular)
multae (feminine genitive singular)
multī (genitive neuter singular)
multōrum (genitive masculine plural)
multārum (feminine genitive plural)
multōrum (genitive neuter plural)
multō (dative masculine singular)
multae (dative feminine singular)
multō (dative neuter singular)
multīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
multum (accusative masculine singular)
multam (accusative feminine singular)
multum (accusative neuter singular)
multōs (accusative masculine plural)
multās (accusative feminine plural)
multa (accusative neuter plural)
multō (ablative masculine singular)
multā (ablative feminine singular)
multō (ablative neuter singular)
multīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
multe (masculine singular vocative)
multa (feminine singular vocative)
multum (neuter singular vocative)
multī (masculine plural vocative)
multae (feminine plural vocative)
multa (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: munchu

Aromanian: multu

Catalan: molt

Dalmatian: mult, muolt

Emilian: móllt, môlt

Extremaduran: munchu

Friulian: molt

Interlingua: multe, multo

Italian: molto

Leonese: mueitu

Neapolitan: muto

Old French: molt, mult, mout

French: moult

Megleno-Romanian: mult

Old Galician-Portuguese: muito, mui

Galician: moito, moi

Portuguese: muito

Romagnol: molt

Romanian: mult

Old Spanish: mucho, muy

Spanish: mucho, muy

Sicilian: mutu

Venetian: móndo

Walloon: molt

[ˈmʊɫ̪t̪ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *moltos, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥tós (“crumbled, crumpled”, past passive participle), from *mel-. Cognate with melior, Ancient Greek μάλα (mála), and Latvian milns (“very many”).


initium

la-noun

initium n (genitive initiī or initī); second declension

initiī (genitive)
initī (genitive)
initium (nominative singular)
initia (nominative plural)
initiī (genitive singular)
initī (genitive singular)
initiōrum (genitive plural)
initiō (dative singular)
initiīs (dative plural)
initium (accusative singular)
initia (accusative plural)
initiō (ablative singular)
initiīs (ablative plural)
initium (singular vocative)
initia (plural vocative)

→ Old Breton: enet

Breton: Ened

→ Catalan: inici

Galician: inzo

→ Galician: inicio

→ Italian: inizio

→ Portuguese: início

→ Spanish: inicio

desctree

→ Old Irish: init
Middle Irish: init
Irish: Inid
Manx: Ynnyd
Scottish Gaelic: Inid

→ Welsh: Ynyd

[ɪˈnɪt̪iʊ̃ˑ]

From ineō (“go in, make a start”) + -ium, the former from in (“in, into”) + eō (“go”).


malum

la-noun

malum n (genitive malī); second declension

malī (genitive)
malum (nominative singular)
mala (nominative plural)
malī (genitive singular)
malōrum (genitive plural)
malō (dative singular)
malīs (dative plural)
malum (accusative singular)
mala (accusative plural)
malō (ablative singular)
malīs (ablative plural)
malum (singular vocative)
mala (plural vocative)

French: mal

→ English: malum

Spanish: malo


ops

opis (genitive)
ops (nominative singular)
opēs (nominative plural)
opis (genitive singular)
opum (genitive plural)
opī (dative singular)
opibus (dative plural)
opem (accusative singular)
opēs (accusative plural)
ope (ablative singular)
opibus (ablative plural)
ops (singular vocative)
opēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *opis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep-(i)-, *h₃op-(i)- (“force, ability”), from *h₃ep- base, whence also Sanskrit अप्नस् (ápnas, “property, possession”) and possibly Ancient Greek ὄμπνη (ómpnē, “food”). Related to omnis, optimus and opus.

(in the plural) resources, wealth, riches


tenebra

tenebra f (genitive tenebrae); first declension

tenebrae (genitive)
tenebra (nominative singular)
tenebrae (nominative plural)
tenebrae (genitive singular)
tenebrārum (genitive plural)
tenebrae (dative singular)
tenebrīs (dative plural)
tenebram (accusative singular)
tenebrās (accusative plural)
tenebrā (ablative singular)
tenebrīs (ablative plural)
tenebra (singular vocative)
tenebrae (plural vocative)

Galician: tebras

Portuguese: treva

Spanish: tiniebla

→ Catalan: tenebra

→ French: ténèbres

→ Romanian: tenebră

→ English: tenebrose, tenebrous

→ Italian: tenebra

→ Portuguese: tênebra

Arose by dissimilation from earlier *temebrai, arisen from Proto-Italic *temasro, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-s-ro (“dark”), a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *temH- (“dark”); cognate with Sanskrit तमिस्र (tamisra), Avestan 𐬙𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀 (tąθra), Middle Persian [script needed] (tʾr /tār/, “darkness”), Ossetian тар (tar), and Old Church Slavonic тьмьнъ (tĭmĭnŭ).

cog

Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebrae erant super faciem abyssī: et spīritus Deī ferēbātur super aquās.

And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

(in the plural) darkness, shadow, gloom, obscurity


decuria

la-noun

decuria f (genitive decuriae); first declension

decuriae (genitive)
decuria (nominative singular)
decuriae (nominative plural)
decuriae (genitive singular)
decuriārum (genitive plural)
decuriae (dative singular)
decuriīs (dative plural)
decuriam (accusative singular)
decuriās (accusative plural)
decuriā (ablative singular)
decuriīs (ablative plural)
decuria (singular vocative)
decuriae (plural vocative)

*decu-viria, from decem (“ten”) + vir (“man”).


aedis

aedis f (genitive aedis); third declension

aedis (genitive)
aedis (nominative singular)
aedēs (nominative plural)
aedis (genitive singular)
aedium (genitive plural)
aedī (dative singular)
aedibus (dative plural)
aedem (accusative singular)
aedēs (accusative plural)
aedīs (accusative plural)
aede (ablative singular)
aedibus (ablative plural)
aedis (singular vocative)
aedēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *aiðes, genitive of *aits, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-s, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite; fire”).

(in the plural) house, abode (for people)


futurum

futūrum n (genitive futūrī); second declension

futūrum (canonical neuter)
futūrī (genitive)
futūrum (nominative singular)
futūra (nominative plural)
futūrī (genitive singular)
futūrōrum (genitive plural)
futūrō (dative singular)
futūrīs (dative plural)
futūrum (accusative singular)
futūra (accusative plural)
futūrō (ablative singular)
futūrīs (ablative plural)
futūrum (singular vocative)
futūra (plural vocative)

[fʊˈt̪uːrʊ̃ˑ]


latex

latex m (genitive laticis); third declension

laticis (genitive)
latex (nominative singular)
laticēs (nominative plural)
laticis (genitive singular)
laticum (genitive plural)
laticī (dative singular)
laticibus (dative plural)
laticem (accusative singular)
laticēs (accusative plural)
latice (ablative singular)
laticibus (ablative plural)
latex (singular vocative)
laticēs (plural vocative)

→ English: latex

→ Armenian: լատեքս (latekʻs)

→ Catalan: làtex

→ Danish: latex

→ Dutch: latex

→ Esperanto: laktosuko

→ Finnish: lateksi

→ French: latex

→ Galician: látex

→ German: Latex

→ Ido: latexo

→ Italian: latice, lattice

→ Japanese: ラテックス (ratekkusu)

→ Polish: lateks

→ Portuguese: látice, látex

→ Romanian: latex

→ Russian: ла́текс (láteks)

→ Spanish: látex

→ Swedish: latex

[ˈɫ̪ät̪ɛks̠]

Potentially a borrowing from Ancient Greek λᾰ́τᾰξ (látax, “drop of wine”), reformed by analogy to other nouns in -ex. The semantic shift, however, from drop of wine to water is difficult to explain and may indicate that both words originated from a separate language. Perhaps from the same root as Proto-Celtic *lati- (Old Irish laith (“liquid, beer”), Welsh llad (“beer”)) or Proto-Germanic *ladjō- (Old High German letto (“clay, loam”), Old Norse leðja (“mud, dregs”)) or from a Pre-Greek language.

cog

(Classical Latin, chiefly poetic, in the plural) springs


gratia

la-noun

grātia f (genitive grātiae); first declension

grātia (canonical feminine)
grātiae (genitive)
grātia (nominative singular)
grātiae (nominative plural)
grātiae (genitive singular)
grātiārum (genitive plural)
grātiae (dative singular)
grātiīs (dative plural)
grātiam (accusative singular)
grātiās (accusative plural)
grātiā (ablative singular)
grātiīs (ablative plural)
grātia (singular vocative)
grātiae (plural vocative)

Aragonese: gracia

Asturian: gracia

Catalan: gràcia

Corsican: grazia

→ Dutch: gratie

Esperanto: graco

Extremaduran: gracia

Old Francoprovençal: graci

Franco-Provençal: graci

desctree

Old French: grace
French: grâce
→ Middle English: grace, graz, crace, gras, grase
English: grace
Scots: grace
Yola: greash, graace
→ Welsh: gras
→ Cornish: gras

Italian: grazia

Maltese: grazzja

Piedmontese: grassia

Old Galician-Portuguese: graça

Galician: graza, grazas, grazas a

Portuguese: graça

Romanian: grație

Sicilian: grazzia

Spanish: gracia

[ˈɡrät̪ː͡s̪iä]

From grātus (“pleasing”). Related to Sanskrit गूर्ति (gūrtí, “praise, welcome, benediction”).

cog

alicui grātiās agere

Deō grātiam habeāmus

Let us be grateful to God (motto of Kentucky)

apud Lentulum pōnam tē in grātiam

Et tibi nunc, proinde ut merēre, summās habeō grātiās.

And now, since you deserve it, I give you my greatest thanks.

Iam hinc tibi, mī Frontō cārissime, grātiās agō habeōque

2nd c. CE, Fronto, Ad Marcum Caesarem et invicem 3.5, (said by Emperor Marcus Aurelius to Fronto)

Sī alicuius indiciō vocātī, huic habendam grātiam

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.20

If [the Romans] invited by the information of some one, they should feel grateful to him

(in the plural) thanks (see grātiās agō, grātiās habeō)


cassis

la-noun

cassis m (genitive cassis); third declension

cassis (genitive)
cassis (nominative singular)
cassēs (nominative plural)
cassis (genitive singular)
cassium (genitive plural)
cassī (dative singular)
cassibus (dative plural)
cassem (accusative singular)
cassēs (accusative plural)
cassīs (accusative plural)
casse (ablative singular)
cassibus (ablative plural)
cassis (singular vocative)
cassēs (plural vocative)

The origin is uncertain. Probably connected with catēna (“chain”).
Pokorny derives from Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together”).
Martirosyan connects cassis and catēna with Old Armenian ցանց (cʻancʻ, “casting-net”) and derives all from a Mediterranean substrate.


mala

la-noun

māla f (genitive mālae); first declension

māla (canonical feminine)
mālae (genitive)
māla (nominative singular)
mālae (nominative plural)
mālae (genitive singular)
mālārum (genitive plural)
mālae (dative singular)
mālīs (dative plural)
mālam (accusative singular)
mālās (accusative plural)
mālā (ablative singular)
mālīs (ablative plural)
māla (singular vocative)
mālae (plural vocative)

→ English: mala

→ English: malar

From Proto-Italic *smakslā, from Proto-Indo-European *smeḱ- (“beard”) as *smḱ- (“beard”) + *-sleh₂-; cognate with Sanskrit श्मश्रु (śmaśru, “beard”)).

Tam consimile'st atque ego: sūra, pēs, statūra, tōnsus, oculī, nāsus, vel labra, mālae, mentum, barba, collum - tōtus!

c. 190 BCE – 185 BCE, Plautus, Amphitryon 1.1

He's so similar to me: his calves, feet, height, haircut, eyes, nose, lips, cheeks, chin, beard, neck - all of it!

(transferred sense, chiefly in the plural) a cheek


fatum

fātum n (genitive fātī); second declension

fātum (canonical neuter)
fātī (genitive)
fātum (nominative singular)
fāta (nominative plural)
fātī (genitive singular)
fātōrum (genitive plural)
fātō (dative singular)
fātīs (dative plural)
fātum (accusative singular)
fāta (accusative plural)
fātō (ablative singular)
fātīs (ablative plural)
fātum (singular vocative)
fāta (plural vocative)

Catalan: fat

→ English: fate

Italian: fato

Old French: feie

Portuguese: fado

Spanish: hado

→ Proto-Brythonic: *fọd

Middle Welsh: ffawt

Welsh: ffawd

From fātus, perfect active participle of for (“speak”).


biga

bīga f (genitive bīgae); first declension

bīga (canonical feminine)
bīgae (genitive)
bīga (nominative singular)
bīgae (nominative plural)
bīgae (genitive singular)
bīgārum (genitive plural)
bīgae (dative singular)
bīgīs (dative plural)
bīgam (accusative singular)
bīgās (accusative plural)
bīgā (ablative singular)
bīgīs (ablative plural)
bīga (singular vocative)
bīgae (plural vocative)

Albanian: bigë

Aromanian: bigã

Catalan: biga

→ English: biga

Italian: biga

Occitan: biga

→ Polish: biga

Portuguese: biga

Romanian: bigă

Spanish: viga


natus

nātus m (genitive nātī, feminine nāta); second declension

nātus (canonical masculine)
nātī (genitive)
nāta (feminine)
nātus (nominative singular)
nātī (nominative plural)
nātī (genitive singular)
nātōrum (genitive plural)
nātō (dative singular)
nātīs (dative plural)
nātum (accusative singular)
nātōs (accusative plural)
nātō (ablative singular)
nātīs (ablative plural)
nāte (singular vocative)
nātī (plural vocative)

Romanian: nat

Perfect active participle of nāscor (“I am born”). From older gnātus, from Proto-Italic *gnātos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós (“produced, given birth”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, give birth, beget”). The form genitus (used as the perfect passive participle of gignō) is a later creation, and forms a doublet.

etymon

nātus


cippus

la-noun

cippus m (genitive cippī); second declension

cippī (genitive)
cippus (nominative singular)
cippī (nominative plural)
cippī (genitive singular)
cippōrum (genitive plural)
cippō (dative singular)
cippīs (dative plural)
cippum (accusative singular)
cippōs (accusative plural)
cippō (ablative singular)
cippīs (ablative plural)
cippe (singular vocative)
cippī (plural vocative)

Catalan: cep

French: cippe, cep, cèpe, sep

→ English: cepe, cep

Galician: cepo, cepa

Italian: cippo, ceppo

Occitan: cep

Portuguese: cipo, cepo

Romanian: cep

Sicilian: cippu

Spanish: cipo, cepo

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kɨf

Middle Breton: queff

Middle Welsh: kyff

→ Welsh: cyff

→ Middle Irish: cepp

Irish: ceap

→ Old High German: kipfa, chipf

German: Kipfl

→ English: kipfel

→ German: Kippe

Seemingly from a Proto-Italic *keipos (where Latin cīpus would be the older form), likely related to scīpiō, of unclear further origin. Some offer connection with Ancient Greek σκήπτω (skḗptō), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₂p- (“rod, shaft, staff, club”), whence also Latin scāpus and English shaft, but this is problematic and certainly cannot account for the form with long ī. Others, such as de Vaan, prefer to derive the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱéypos (“pole, stick”), connecting it to Sanskrit शेप (śepa, “penis, tail”). Furthermore, the irregular alternation between the form with short ĭ and geminate pp versus that with long ī with singular p could indicate contamination from another Italic dialect or borrowing from a substrate language; however, this may be a normal Latin sound law seen also in littera from lītera.

inh

(military, in the plural) bulwark of sharpened stakes


manica

la-noun

manica f (genitive manicae); first declension

manicae (genitive)
manica (nominative singular)
manicae (nominative plural)
manicae (genitive singular)
manicārum (genitive plural)
manicae (dative singular)
manicīs (dative plural)
manicam (accusative singular)
manicās (accusative plural)
manicā (ablative singular)
manicīs (ablative plural)
manica (singular vocative)
manicae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: mãnicã, menãche

Megleno-Romanian: mǫnică

Romanian: mânecă, mânică — regional

Italo-Romance:

Italian: manica

Neapolitan: maneca

Sicilian: mànica

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: manga

Ligurian: mànega

Lombard: mànega, manga

Piedmontese: mania

Friulian: manie

Romansch: mongia, mangia

Venetian: mànega

Gallo-Romance

Franco-Provençal: mange

Valdôtain: manja

desctree

Old French: manche
Middle French: manche
French: manche
Walloon: mantche
→ English: manche
→ Italian: mancia
→ English: mancia
→ French: manche
→ Middle English: maunche
English: maunch

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: màniga, mànega

Gascon: manga, manja

Occitan: marga

Northern dialects: manja, mancha

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: manga

Asturian: manga

Galician: manga

Mirandese: manga

Portuguese: manga

Spanish: manga

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: mànica, màniga, màinga

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian: [Term?]

Albanian: mëngë

→ Proto-Brythonic: *maneg

Breton: maneg

Cornish: manek

Welsh: maneg

(in the plural, figuratively, nautical) a grappling-iron, used to hook enemy ships


spina

la-noun

spīna f (genitive spīnae); first declension

spīna (canonical feminine)
spīnae (genitive)
spīna (nominative singular)
spīnae (nominative plural)
spīnae (genitive singular)
spīnārum (genitive plural)
spīnae (dative singular)
spīnīs (dative plural)
spīnam (accusative singular)
spīnās (accusative plural)
spīnā (ablative singular)
spīnīs (ablative plural)
spīna (singular vocative)
spīnae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

spaina

Italo-Romance:

Italian: spina

Neapolitan: spina

Sicilian: spina

Padanian:

Friulian: spine

Romansch: spina, spegna

Venetian: spina

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: èpena

Old French: espine

French: épine

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: espina

Occitan: espina

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: espina

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: espinha
Galician: espiña
Portuguese: espinha

Spanish: espina

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: spina

Logudorese: ispina

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: shpinë

→ Middle Irish: spín

Irish: spíon

Scottish Gaelic: spìon

Learned borrowings:

→ English: spine

→ Polish: spina (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

der

Iter pigrōrum quasi sēpēs spīnārum; via iūstōrum absque offendiculō.
The way of the slothful is as a hedge of thorns; the way of the just is without offence.
(Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.: 1752 CE)

(Classical Latin, Medieval Latin) thorns, difficulties, subtleties, perplexities in speaking and debating


baro

la-noun

barō m (genitive barōnis); third declension

barō (canonical masculine)
barōnis (genitive)
barō (nominative singular)
barōnēs (nominative plural)
barōnis (genitive singular)
barōnum (genitive plural)
barōnī (dative singular)
barōnibus (dative plural)
barōnem (accusative singular)
barōnēs (accusative plural)
barōne (ablative singular)
barōnibus (ablative plural)
barō (singular vocative)
barōnēs (plural vocative)

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: baró

Occitan: baron

Old French: baron (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: baron, varon
Galician: varón
Portuguese: varão

Old Spanish: baron, varon
Spanish: varón, barón

Borrowings:

→ Hungarian: báró (directly?)

table
From Proto-West Germanic *barō, although a Celtic origin has also been proposed. See baron for more. Possibly attested as early as AD 97–105.

(Medieval Latin, in the plural) the notables (of a kingdom, country, or city)


braca

la-noun

brāca f (genitive brācae); first declension

brāca (canonical feminine)
brācae (genitive)
brāca (nominative singular)
brācae (nominative plural)
brācae (genitive singular)
brācārum (genitive plural)
brācae (dative singular)
brācīs (dative plural)
brācam (accusative singular)
brācās (accusative plural)
brācā (ablative singular)
brācīs (ablative plural)
brāca (singular vocative)
brācae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: brace

Italo-Romance:

Italian: braca

Sicilian: braca

Padanian:

Emilian: brèga

Friulian: braghis

Ladin: brea

Ligurian: brâga

Lombard: braga

Piedmontese: braja

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: braya

Old French: braie, braiel

French: braie

desctree

→ Middle English: brayle, brayell, braille, braell, brael, brayl, brail
English: brail

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: braga

Occitan: braga (several dialects)

Auvergnat: braja, esbraja

Limousin: braja, braia

Provençal: braia

Vivaro-Alpine: braia

→ Old French: brague ⇒ braguette

Middle French: braguette

→ English: bragget, bracket

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: bragas

Galician: braga

Portuguese: braga

Spanish: braga

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: brekë

→ Basque: praka, fraka

desc

→ Koine Greek: βράκες (brákes), βράκαι (brákai) (plurals)

> Byzantine Greek: βράκα (bráka) (inherited) (singular)

> Greek: βράκα (vráka) (inherited)

→ Old English: bræċċe, braccas

→ Swedish: bracka

Probably from Transalpine Gaulish *brāca, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *brāks, *brōks (“rump, hindquarters, crotch; leggings, trousers”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrāg- (“rump, hock, hindquarters”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break, crack, split”). Cognate with Latin suffrāgō (“hindquarters, hock, rump”).

cog

(chiefly in the plural) trousers, breeches (not worn by the Romans)


decus

la-noun

decus n (genitive decoris); third declension

decoris (genitive)
decus (nominative singular)
decora (nominative plural)
decoris (genitive singular)
decorum (genitive plural)
decorī (dative singular)
decoribus (dative plural)
decus (accusative singular)
decora (accusative plural)
decore (ablative singular)
decoribus (ablative plural)
decus (singular vocative)
decora (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *dekos (“dignity”), from Proto-Indo-European *déḱos (“that which is proper”), from *deḱ- (“take, perceive”). Compare with decor.

inh

(in the plural) deeds of honor, honorable achievements


nodus

la-noun

nōdus m (genitive nōdī); second declension

nōdus (canonical masculine)
nōdī (genitive)
nōdus (nominative singular)
nōdī (nominative plural)
nōdī (genitive singular)
nōdōrum (genitive plural)
nōdō (dative singular)
nōdīs (dative plural)
nōdum (accusative singular)
nōdōs (accusative plural)
nōdō (ablative singular)
nōdīs (ablative plural)
nōde (singular vocative)
nōdī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: nod, nodu

Romanian: nod

Italo-Romance:

Italian: nodo

Padanian:

Piedmontese: neu

Romansch: nuf, nuv, nouv

Northern Gallo Romance:

desctree

Old French: neu
French: nœud
Norman: noeud

Old Occitan: nou

⇒ Old Occitan: nous, nos pl

Occitan: nos

→ Middle English: nose

English: noose

Gascon: nod, nòd, nòi

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: nou, noyu

Old Galician-Portuguese: noo

Galician: nó

Portuguese: nó

Sardinian:

nodu, nudu

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *nūdus

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: nugo, ñudo

Gascon: nud, nus, nuth

Old Catalan: nuu

Catalan: nuu, nu, nuc

⇒ Catalan: nus

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: nudu, nuedu (perhaps influenced by Spanish)

Old Spanish:

Spanish: nudo

Borrowings:

→ Irish: nód

→ Middle English: node
English: node
→ Irish: nód

→ Old Albanian: nye, neu

Albanian: nyjë, nyje, neje, nye — Gheg

→ Portuguese: nodo

→ Spanish: nodo

Uncertain. Per De Vaan, potentially a loanword; it is possibly related to nassa (“fish-trap made of wickerwork”) and necto (“I bind”).
One theory derives it from Proto-Indo-European *gned-, *gnod- (“to bind”) and makes it cognate to Proto-Germanic *knuttô (“knot”) (whence Modern English knot).
Another theory derives it from Proto-Indo-European *ned- (“to turn, twist, knot”), whence English net and possibly nettle, Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬐𐬀- (naska-, “bundle”), Old Irish nascim (“to bind”).

nōdum in scirpō querō

to look for knots in a bulrush which contains none; to find difficulties where there are none

nōdus tollens

the feeling that the plot of one's own life no longer makes sense (neologism)


angustia

la-noun

angustia f (genitive angustiae); first declension

angustiae (genitive)
angustia (nominative singular)
angustiae (nominative plural)
angustiae (genitive singular)
angustiārum (genitive plural)
angustiae (dative singular)
angustiīs (dative plural)
angustiam (accusative singular)
angustiās (accusative plural)
angustiā (ablative singular)
angustiīs (ablative plural)
angustia (singular vocative)
angustiae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: angoscia

Padanian

Piedmontese: angóssia

Romansch: anguoscha

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: angoisse, anguisse, anguise
French: angoisse
→ Middle English: angwissh (see there for further descendants)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: angoissa (most dialects)

Gascon: angoisha, engüeish

Old Catalan: angoxa

Catalan: angoixa

→ Old Spanish: angoxa

Spanish: angoja

Borrowings:

→ Galician: angustia

→ Italian: angustia

→ Portuguese: angústia

→ Sicilian: angùstia

→ Spanish: angustia

[äŋˈɡʊs̠t̪iä]

[äŋˈɡust̪iä]

From angustus (“narrow, strait, constricted”) + -ia.

af

(in the plural, figurative) defile, straight, gorge

(in the plural) tribulations, trials, difficulties, necessities


facultas

la-noun

facultās f (genitive facultātis); third declension

facultās (canonical feminine)
facultātis (genitive)
facultās (nominative singular)
facultātēs (nominative plural)
facultātis (genitive singular)
facultātum (genitive plural)
facultātī (dative singular)
facultātibus (dative plural)
facultātem (accusative singular)
facultātēs (accusative plural)
facultāte (ablative singular)
facultātibus (ablative plural)
facultās (singular vocative)
facultātēs (plural vocative)

English: faculty

French: faculté

Galician: facultade

Indonesian: fakultas

Italian: facoltà

Piedmontese: facoltà

Portuguese: faculdade

Romanian: facultate

Sicilian: facurtati, facurtà

Spanish: facultad

Albanian: fakulltet

[fäˈkʊɫ̪t̪äːs̠]

From Proto-Italic *fakelitāts, related to facilis. Doublet of facilitās.


marmor

marmor n (genitive marmoris); third declension

marmoris (genitive)
marmor (nominative singular)
marmora (nominative plural)
marmoris (genitive singular)
marmorum (genitive plural)
marmorī (dative singular)
marmoribus (dative plural)
marmor (accusative singular)
marmora (accusative plural)
marmore (ablative singular)
marmoribus (ablative plural)
marmor (singular vocative)
marmora (plural vocative)

Lombard: marmor

→ Albanian: marmur

Aragonese: marbre

Aromanian: marmurã, marmuri

Asturian: mármole, mármol

Catalan: marbre

→ English: marble (via Old French)

→ Finnish: marmori

→ Norwegian: marmor

French: marbre

Friulian: marmul

Galician: mármore

German: Marmor

→ Irish: marmar

Italian: marmo

Occitan: marbre, marme

→ Polish: marmur

Portuguese: mármore

Romanian: marmură

Romansch: marmel

→ Russian: мрамор (mramor)

Sardinian: màrmuri, màrmuru

Sicilian: màrmuru, màrmura

Spanish: mármol

→ Swedish: marmor

Venetian: marmo, màrmaro, màlmaro

→ Welsh: marmor

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μάρμαρος (mármaros, “marble, crystalline rock”).


mola

la-noun

mola f (genitive molae); first declension

molae (genitive)
mola (nominative singular)
molae (nominative plural)
molae (genitive singular)
molārum (genitive plural)
molae (dative singular)
molīs (dative plural)
molam (accusative singular)
molās (accusative plural)
molā (ablative singular)
molīs (ablative plural)
mola (singular vocative)
molae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: moarã

Megleno-Romanian: moară

Romanian: moară

Italo-Romance:

Italian: mola

Neapolitan: mola

Sicilian: mola

Venetian: moła

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: moa, mola, mora

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: muele

Ladin: mola

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: mola

French: meule

Occitan: mòla

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: muela

Galician: moa

Portuguese: mó

Spanish: muela

From Proto-Italic *molā, from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”). Cognate with Latin mollis, Ancient Greek μύλη (múlē), English meal. See also English maelstrom.

mola asināria

Roman stone hand mill, worked by a donkey or mule


glossa

la-noun

glōssa f (genitive glōssae); first declension

glōssa (canonical feminine)
glōssae (genitive)
glōssa (nominative singular)
glōssae (nominative plural)
glōssae (genitive singular)
glōssārum (genitive plural)
glōssae (dative singular)
glōssīs (dative plural)
glōssam (accusative singular)
glōssās (accusative plural)
glōssā (ablative singular)
glōssīs (ablative plural)
glōssa (singular vocative)
glōssae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: glossa

→ Middle English: glosse

English: gloss

→ Middle High German: glōse

German: Glosse

Italian: chiosa, → glossa

→ Old French: glose

Middle French: glose

French: glose

→ Czech: glosa

→ Old Irish: glúas

Middle Irish: glúais

Irish: gluais

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: glosa

Portuguese: glosa

→ Old Spanish: glosa

Spanish: glosa

→ Polish: glosa

→ Romanian: glosă

[ˈɡɫ̪oːs̠ːä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssa).

(in the plural, as glossae) a term applied to collections of such words with explanations, a glossary

(Medieval Latin) a series of glosses assembled into a commentary


princeps

prī̆nceps m or f (genitive prī̆ncipis); third declension

prī̆nceps (canonical feminine masculine)
prī̆ncipis (genitive)
prī̆nceps (nominative singular)
prī̆ncipēs (nominative plural)
prī̆ncipis (genitive singular)
prī̆ncipum (genitive plural)
prī̆ncipī (dative singular)
prī̆ncipibus (dative plural)
prī̆ncipem (accusative singular)
prī̆ncipēs (accusative plural)
prī̆ncipe (ablative singular)
prī̆ncipibus (ablative plural)
prī̆nceps (singular vocative)
prī̆ncipēs (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: pringj

→ Ancient Greek: πρῖγκιψ (prînkips)

Byzantine Greek: πρῖγκιψ (prînkips)

→ Greek: πρίγκιπας (prígkipas)

→ Basque: printze

Catalan: príncep

desctree

French: prince
→ English: prince, princess
→ Manx: prinse
→ Japanese: プリンス (purinsu), プリンセス (purinsesu)
→ Dutch: prins, prinses
→ Danish: prins, prinsesse
→ Swedish: prins, prinsessa
→ Finnish: prinssi, prinsessa
→ German: Prinz, Prinzessin
→ Russian: принц (princ), принцесса (princessa)
→ Serbo-Croatian: princ
→ Esperanto: princo
→ Icelandic: prins
→ Faroese: prinsur
→ Irish: prionsa
→ Luxembourgish: Prënz
→ Ottoman Turkish: پرَنْس (prens)
Turkish: prens
→ Persian: پرَنس (perans)
→ Romanian: prinț, prințesă
→ Latvian: princis, princese

Italian: principe

Old Occitan: prince

→ Portuguese: príncipe

Sicilian: prìncipi

→ Spanish: príncipe
→ Cebuano: prinsipe
→ Tagalog: prinsipe

→ German: Fürst (calque)
→ Danish: fyrste
→ Estonian: vürst
→ Icelandic: fursti
→ Latvian: firsts
→ Swedish: furste

→ Dutch: vorst (calque)

→ English: princeps

From Proto-Italic *priisemokaps by syncope. By surface analysis, prīmus (“first”) + -ceps (“catcher”). Compare Old English fruma (“chief, prince, ruler”).

cog

(military, in the plural) company or division of the second line of soldiers


ludus

la-noun

lūdus m (genitive lūdī); second declension

lūdus (canonical masculine)
lūdī (genitive)
lūdus (nominative singular)
lūdī (nominative plural)
lūdī (genitive singular)
lūdōrum (genitive plural)
lūdō (dative singular)
lūdīs (dative plural)
lūdum (accusative singular)
lūdōs (accusative plural)
lūdō (ablative singular)
lūdīs (ablative plural)
lūde (singular vocative)
lūdī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪uːd̪ʊs̠]

By surface analysis, deverbal from lūdō (“to play”).

surf

(in the plural) public spectacle, games, stage plays/productions


hibernaculum

la-noun

hībernāculum n (genitive hībernāculī); second declension

hībernāculum (canonical neuter)
hībernāculī (genitive)
hībernāculum (nominative singular)
hībernācula (nominative plural)
hībernāculī (genitive singular)
hībernāculōrum (genitive plural)
hībernāculō (dative singular)
hībernāculīs (dative plural)
hībernāculum (accusative singular)
hībernācula (accusative plural)
hībernāculō (ablative singular)
hībernāculīs (ablative plural)
hībernāculum (singular vocative)
hībernācula (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: hivernacle

→ English: hibernacle, hibernaculum

French: hivernail

[hiːbɛrˈnäːkʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From hībernō (“spend the winter”) + -culum.


elix

ēlix f (genitive ēlicis); third declension

ēlix (canonical feminine)
ēlicis (genitive)
ēlix (nominative singular)
ēlicēs (nominative plural)
ēlicis (genitive singular)
ēlicum (genitive plural)
ēlicī (dative singular)
ēlicibus (dative plural)
ēlicem (accusative singular)
ēlicēs (accusative plural)
ēlice (ablative singular)
ēlicibus (ablative plural)
ēlix (singular vocative)
ēlicēs (plural vocative)

From ēliciō (“elicit, draw out”) + -s, from ē- + laciō; alternatively suggested to be a derivative of liqueō.


navale

nāvāle n (genitive nāvālis); third declension

nāvāle (canonical neuter)
nāvālis (genitive)
nāvāle (nominative singular)
nāvālia (nominative plural)
nāvālis (genitive singular)
nāvālium (genitive plural)
nāvālī (dative singular)
nāvālibus (dative plural)
nāvāle (accusative singular)
nāvālia (accusative plural)
nāvālī (ablative singular)
nāvālibus (ablative plural)
nāvāle (singular vocative)
nāvālia (plural vocative)

[näːˈu̯äːɫ̪ɛ]

(in the plural) dock, wharf, shipyard, dockyard


musa

mūsa f (genitive mūsae); first declension

mūsa (canonical feminine)
mūsae (genitive)
mūsa (nominative singular)
mūsae (nominative plural)
mūsae (genitive singular)
mūsārum (genitive plural)
mūsae (dative singular)
mūsīs (dative plural)
mūsam (accusative singular)
mūsās (accusative plural)
mūsā (ablative singular)
mūsīs (ablative plural)
mūsa (singular vocative)
mūsae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek μοῦσα (moûsa). Akin to mēns (“mind, reason”).


bucca

bucca f (genitive buccae); first declension

buccae (genitive)
bucca (nominative singular)
buccae (nominative plural)
buccae (genitive singular)
buccārum (genitive plural)
buccae (dative singular)
buccīs (dative plural)
buccam (accusative singular)
buccās (accusative plural)
buccā (ablative singular)
buccīs (ablative plural)
bucca (singular vocative)
buccae (plural vocative)

→? Albanian: bukë (disputed)

→? Egyptian Arabic: بق (disputed)

→ Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic: *box

Breton: boc'h

Cornish: bogh

Welsh: boch

Irish: bus

Scottish Gaelic: bòc

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: bucã

Romanian: bucă

→ English: bucca, ⇒ buccal

→⇒ Finnish: bukkaalinen

Franco-Provençal: boche

⇒ French: buccal

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: bócca

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: bocca

Dalmatian: buca

Istriot: buca

Italian: bocca

Neapolitan: vocca

Sassarese: bocca

Sicilian: vucca, 'ucca; ucca

Old Occitan: bocha

Occitan: boca

Oïl:

Old French: boche

Bourguignon: bôche

Middle French: bouche

French: bouche

Norman: bouoche

Walloon: boutche

Rhaeto-Romance:

desc

Friulian: bocje, bočhe (alternative orthography)

Romansch: bucca

Sardinian: buca

Gallurese: bucca

Venetian: boca

Western Iberian:

Extremaduran: boca

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: boca

Old Leonese:

Asturian: boca

Leonese: bouca

Mirandese: boca

Old Galician-Portuguese: boca

Galician: boca

Portuguese: boca

Old Spanish: boca

Spanish: boca

Uncertain. Celtic origin is suspected due to similarity with beccus (“beak”), names like Gaulish Buccus, Buccō, Bucciō as well as the appearance of words bocca and boca (of unknown meaning) on the Larzac tablet. IEW compares it with Proto-Germanic *pukkô (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew, *bʰew- (“to swell, puff”), whose initial b- would point to a substrate or imitative origin. Compare also English puke, German fauchen.

onomatopoeic

imitative


lapsus

la-noun

lāpsus m (genitive lāpsūs); fourth declension

lāpsus (canonical masculine)
lāpsūs (genitive)
lāpsus (nominative singular)
lāpsūs (nominative plural)
lāpsūs (genitive singular)
lāpsuum (genitive plural)
lāpsuī (dative singular)
lāpsibus (dative plural)
lāpsum (accusative singular)
lāpsūs (accusative plural)
lāpsū (ablative singular)
lāpsibus (ablative plural)
lāpsus (singular vocative)
lāpsūs (plural vocative)

→ Bulgarian: ла́псус (lápsus)

→ Catalan: lapsus

→ Czech: lapsus

→ English: lapsus

→ Finnish: lapsus

→ French: laps, lapsus

→ Icelandic: lapsus

→ Italian: lapsus

→ Macedonian: лапсус (lapsus)

→ Middle French: laps

→ English: lapse

→ Portuguese: lapso

→ Russian: ля́псус (ljápsus)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̀псус

Latin script: làpsus

→ Spanish: lapsus

→ Swedish: lapsus

[ˈɫ̪äːps̠ʊs̠]

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 22.43

(transferred sense, in the plural) of the effects of a fall


clientela

clientēla f (genitive clientēlae); first declension

clientēla (canonical feminine)
clientēlae (genitive)
clientēla (nominative singular)
clientēlae (nominative plural)
clientēlae (genitive singular)
clientēlārum (genitive plural)
clientēlae (dative singular)
clientēlīs (dative plural)
clientēlam (accusative singular)
clientēlās (accusative plural)
clientēlā (ablative singular)
clientēlīs (ablative plural)
clientēla (singular vocative)
clientēlae (plural vocative)

French: clientèle

→ English: clientele

Galician: clientela

Italian: clientela

Portuguese: clientela

Romanian: clientelă

Spanish: clientela

→ German: Klientel

→ Russian: клиентела (klijentela)

[klʲiɛn̪ˈt̪eːɫ̪ä]


procer

procer m (genitive proceris); third declension

proceris (genitive)
procer (nominative singular)
procerēs (nominative plural)
proceris (genitive singular)
procerum (genitive plural)
procerī (dative singular)
proceribus (dative plural)
procerem (accusative singular)
procerēs (accusative plural)
procere (ablative singular)
proceribus (ablative plural)
procer (singular vocative)
procerēs (plural vocative)

From procus (“standing in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front of”), similar to prope (“nearby, close”).

der

(chiefly in the plural) noble(s), prince(s), chief(s)


principium

la-noun

prī̆ncipium n (genitive prī̆ncipiī or prī̆ncipī); second declension

prī̆ncipium (canonical neuter)
prī̆ncipiī (genitive)
prī̆ncipī (genitive)
prī̆ncipium (nominative singular)
prī̆ncipia (nominative plural)
prī̆ncipiī (genitive singular)
prī̆ncipī (genitive singular)
prī̆ncipiōrum (genitive plural)
prī̆ncipiō (dative singular)
prī̆ncipiīs (dative plural)
prī̆ncipium (accusative singular)
prī̆ncipia (accusative plural)
prī̆ncipiō (ablative singular)
prī̆ncipiīs (ablative plural)
prī̆ncipium (singular vocative)
prī̆ncipia (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: principiu

→ Catalan: principi

→ Galician: principio

→ Italian: principio

→ Old French: principe

desctree

French: principe
→ Danish: princip
→ Dutch: principe
Afrikaans: prinsipe
→ Indonesian: prinsip
→ West Frisian: prinsipe
→ Norwegian Bokmål: prinsipp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: prinsipp
→ Turkish: prensip

→ Middle English: principle

English: principle

→ Portuguese: princípio

→ Romanian: principiu

→ Spanish: principio

[prɪŋˈkɪpiʊ̃ˑ]

From prī̆nceps (“first, foremost”) + -ium (“suffix forming abstract nouns”).

suffix

(in the plural) the elements, the first principles

(military, in the plural) the front ranks, camp headquarters


sarcina

la-noun

sarcina f (genitive sarcinae); first declension

sarcinae (genitive)
sarcina (nominative singular)
sarcinae (nominative plural)
sarcinae (genitive singular)
sarcinārum (genitive plural)
sarcinae (dative singular)
sarcinīs (dative plural)
sarcinam (accusative singular)
sarcinās (accusative plural)
sarcinā (ablative singular)
sarcinīs (ablative plural)
sarcina (singular vocative)
sarcinae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: sartsinã

Barese: sarcene

Istro-Romanian: sårcirĕ

Italian: sarcina

Neapolitan: sarcina

Romanian: sarcină

Spanish: sarcina

From Proto-Indo-European *serḱ- (“to mend”), whence also sarciō (“I patch, mend”).


nans

nāns f (genitive nantis); third declension

nāns (canonical feminine)
nantis (genitive)
nāns (nominative singular)
nantēs (nominative plural)
nantis (genitive singular)
nantium (genitive plural)
nantī (dative singular)
nantibus (dative plural)
nantem (accusative singular)
nantēs (accusative plural)
nantīs (accusative plural)
nante (ablative singular)
nantibus (ablative plural)
nāns (singular vocative)
nantēs (plural vocative)

Present active participle of nō (“swim”).

greges nantium

(in the plural, scil. avēs) swimming fowl; geese, ducks


vultus

vultus m (genitive vultūs); fourth declension

vultūs (genitive)
vultus (nominative singular)
vultūs (nominative plural)
vultūs (genitive singular)
vultuum (genitive plural)
vultuī (dative singular)
vultibus (dative plural)
vultum (accusative singular)
vultūs (accusative plural)
vultū (ablative singular)
vultibus (ablative plural)
vultus (singular vocative)
vultūs (plural vocative)
vulta (nominative plural)
vultōrum (genitive plural)
vultīs (dative plural)
vulta (accusative plural)
vultīs (ablative plural)
vulta (plural vocative)

Galician: vulto

Italian: volto

Old French: volt

Old Occitan: volt

Occitan: vòlt

Portuguese: vulto

Spanish: bulto

[ˈu̯ʊɫ̪t̪ʊs̠]

From earlier voltus (the standard spelling into the 1st century CE) with regular /ol → ul/ before consonants, from Proto-Italic *woltus, from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”), probably e-grade with regular /el → ol/.
Cognate to Welsh gweld, Tocharian B yel- (“to examine”) and Gothic 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃 (wulþus, “glory”) (from zero-grade).

(anatomy, often in the plural) the front of the head, face


optumas

optumās m (genitive optumātis); third declension

optumās (canonical masculine)
optumātis (genitive)
optumās (nominative singular)
optumātēs (nominative plural)
optumātis (genitive singular)
optumātum (genitive plural)
optumātī (dative singular)
optumātibus (dative plural)
optumātem (accusative singular)
optumātēs (accusative plural)
optumāte (ablative singular)
optumātibus (ablative plural)
optumās (singular vocative)
optumātēs (plural vocative)

[ˈɔpt̪ʊmäːs̠]

From optimus (“very good, the best”), superlative of bonus (“good”).

(in the plural) the adherents of the best men


optimas

optimās m (genitive optimātis); third declension

optimās (canonical masculine)
optimātis (genitive)
optimās (nominative singular)
optimātēs (nominative plural)
optimātis (genitive singular)
optimātium (genitive plural)
optimātī (dative singular)
optimātibus (dative plural)
optimātem (accusative singular)
optimātēs (accusative plural)
optimātīs (accusative plural)
optimāte (ablative singular)
optimātibus (ablative plural)
optimās (singular vocative)
optimātēs (plural vocative)

[ˈɔpt̪ɪmäːs̠]

From optimus (“very good, the best”) + mās (“man”). optimus is related to optō (“I select”), and is the superlative of bonus (“good”)


epulum

epulum n (genitive epulī); second declension

epulī (genitive)
epulum (nominative singular)
epulae (nominative plural)
epulī (genitive singular)
epulārum (genitive plural)
epulō (dative singular)
epulīs (dative plural)
epulum (accusative singular)
epulās (accusative plural)
epulō (ablative singular)
epulīs (ablative plural)
epulum (singular vocative)
epulae (plural vocative)
epulum (nominative singular)
epula (nominative plural)
epulī (genitive singular)
epulōrum (genitive plural)
epulō (dative singular)
epulīs (dative plural)
epulum (accusative singular)
epula (accusative plural)
epulō (ablative singular)
epulīs (ablative plural)
epulum (singular vocative)
epula (plural vocative)

Possibly contracted from *edipulum, from edō.


hibernum

hībernum n (genitive hībernī); second declension

hībernum (canonical neuter)
hībernī (genitive)
hībernum (nominative singular)
hīberna (nominative plural)
hībernī (genitive singular)
hībernōrum (genitive plural)
hībernō (dative singular)
hībernīs (dative plural)
hībernum (accusative singular)
hīberna (accusative plural)
hībernō (ablative singular)
hībernīs (ablative plural)
hībernum (singular vocative)
hīberna (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: earnã

Romanian: iarnă

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: vierno

Sicilian: vernu, viernu

North Italian:

Old Ligurian: iverno, uverno

Romansch: /iˈviə̯rn/

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: hivern

Franco-Provençal: hivèrn

Old French: hyvier, yver, iver

Middle French: hyver

French: hiver

Norman: hivé

Walloon: ivier

Old Occitan: ivern

Occitan: ivèrn

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: ibierno

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: iviernu

Leonese: hibiernu

Extremaduran: ivierno

Mirandese: ambierno

Old Galician-Portuguese: iverno

Galician: iverno

Old Spanish: yvierno

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: ierru

Logudorese: jerru, ierru

Nuorese: iberru, ivverru

Dalmatian:

inviarno

Italo-Romance:

Italian: inverno

Sassarese: inverru

desc

Sicilian: mmernu, invernu, mmiernu, nvernu, nvèrnu

North Italian:

Emilian: imvèran

Friulian: unviêr

Piedmontese: invern, amvern

Romansch: enviern, umviarn

Venetian: inverno

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: invern

Franco-Provençal: /œ̃vɛr/ (Pays-d'Enhaut), /invɛr/ (Valprato Soana)

Lorrain: invié, enviè

Old Occitan: invern

Vivaro-Alpine: umvèrn (Pietraporzio)

Ibero-Romance:

Mirandese: ambierno

Old Galician-Portuguese: inverno

Fala: invernu, invelnu, envernu

Galician: inverno

Portuguese: inverno

Old Spanish: ynvierno

Spanish: invierno

Ellipsis of hībernum tempus (“winter-time”). Came to replace hiems (“winter”) in the development from Latin to Romance.


monile

la-noun

monīle n (genitive monīlis); third declension

monīle (canonical neuter)
monīlis (genitive)
monīle (nominative singular)
monīlia (nominative plural)
monīlis (genitive singular)
monīlium (genitive plural)
monīlī (dative singular)
monīlibus (dative plural)
monīle (accusative singular)
monīlia (accusative plural)
monīlī (ablative singular)
monīlibus (ablative plural)
monīle (singular vocative)
monīlia (plural vocative)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mony- (“crest, mane”). Compare Proto-Germanic *manją (“necklace”).


asperum

la-noun

asperum n (genitive asperī); second declension

asperī (genitive)
asperum (nominative singular)
aspera (nominative plural)
asperī (genitive singular)
asperōrum (genitive plural)
asperō (dative singular)
asperīs (dative plural)
asperum (accusative singular)
aspera (accusative plural)
asperō (ablative singular)
asperīs (ablative plural)
asperum (singular vocative)
aspera (plural vocative)

Galician: áspero

Italian: aspro

Portuguese: áspero

Spanish: áspero

[ˈäs̠pɛrʊ̃ˑ]

Per aspera ad astra.

(especially in the plural) adversity, difficulties


saeptum

saeptum n (genitive saeptī); second declension

saeptī (genitive)
saeptum (nominative singular)
saepta (nominative plural)
saeptī (genitive singular)
saeptōrum (genitive plural)
saeptō (dative singular)
saeptīs (dative plural)
saeptum (accusative singular)
saepta (accusative plural)
saeptō (ablative singular)
saeptīs (ablative plural)
saeptum (singular vocative)
saepta (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: septe (learned)

Italian: setto

Portuguese: seto, septo

Spanish: seto

From saeptus, perfect passive participle of saepiō (“to surround, to enclose”).

[ˈs̠äe̯pt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

(in the plural) An enclosed place in the Campus Martius, where the people assembled to vote.


rudens

rū̆dēns m (genitive rū̆dentis); third declension

rū̆dēns (canonical masculine)
rū̆dentis (genitive)
rū̆dēns (nominative singular)
rū̆dentēs (nominative plural)
rū̆dentis (genitive singular)
rū̆dentum (genitive plural)
rū̆dentī (dative singular)
rū̆dentibus (dative plural)
rū̆dentem (accusative singular)
rū̆dentēs (accusative plural)
rū̆dente (ablative singular)
rū̆dentibus (ablative plural)
rū̆dēns (singular vocative)
rū̆dentēs (plural vocative)

Italian: rudente

[ˈruːd̪ẽːs̠]

Uncertain; proposed derivations include:
* From a Proto-Indo-European root related to German Riemen (“belt, strap”) and Old English rēoma (“membrane”).
* From a root common to Ancient Greek ἐρύω (erúō, “to drag, draw”), ῥυμός (rhumós, “pole”).

cog

Īnsequitur clāmorque virum strīdorque rudentum.

Next came both the shout[s] of men and the shriek[s] of cordage.
(The storm at sea engulfs the Trojan fleet. Note: Read “virorum” for “virum.”)


veru

la-noun

verū n (genitive verūs); fourth declension

verū (canonical neuter)
verūs (genitive)
verū (nominative singular)
verua (nominative plural)
verūs (genitive singular)
veruum (genitive plural)
verū (dative singular)
veribus (dative plural)
verū (accusative singular)
verua (accusative plural)
verū (ablative singular)
veribus (ablative plural)
verū (singular vocative)
verua (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *gʷeru (“spit”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru.

(in the plural) paling or railing around an altar or tomb


nuntius

nūntius m (genitive nūntiī or nūntī, feminine nūntia); second declension

nūntius (canonical masculine)
nūntiī (genitive)
nūntī (genitive)
nūntia (feminine)
nūntius (nominative singular)
nūntiī (nominative plural)
nūntiī (genitive singular)
nūntī (genitive singular)
nūntiōrum (genitive plural)
nūntiō (dative singular)
nūntiīs (dative plural)
nūntium (accusative singular)
nūntiōs (accusative plural)
nūntiō (ablative singular)
nūntiīs (ablative plural)
nūntie (singular vocative)
nūntiī (plural vocative)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *nuntiolus (diminutive)

Venetian: nonzolo (“sacristan”)

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: nunci

→ English: nuncio

→ Galician: nuncio

→ Italian: nunzio

→ French: nonce

→ Portuguese: núncio

→ Romanian: nunțiu

→ Russian: нунций (nuncij)

→ Serbo-Croatian: nùncīj, ну̀нцӣј

Sicilian: nunziu, Nunziu

→ Spanish: nuncio

Uncertain; competing hypotheses include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *newH- (“to cry”), whence Sanskrit नु (nu, “to sound out, praise”), नवते (navate, “to cry”), Old Irish núall (“a loud noise”), Tocharian B nu- (“to roar”). This is tentatively favored by de Vaan.
* Contracted from noventius, from an obsolete noveō, from novus, though this is rejected by de Vaan due to the hypothetical proto-form *no(wo)wentio- not making sense morphologically.
* From Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to nod”), same source as Latin *nuō, Ancient Greek νεύω (neúō, “to beckon, nod”) and Old Irish noid (“make known”). This derivation may be a relic of an era when laryngeal theory was not as widely accepted and *newH- (“to cry”) was considered the same root as *new- (“to nod”), in which case the *new- derivation should be discarded.
* From Etruscan [script needed] (nunth, “to bring”).

der

(in the plural) news, tidings, information


luminare

la-noun

lūmināre n (genitive lūmināris); third declension

lūmināre (canonical neuter)
lūmināris (genitive)
lūmināre (nominative singular)
lūmināria (nominative plural)
lūmināris (genitive singular)
lūminārium (genitive plural)
lūminārī (dative singular)
lūmināribus (dative plural)
lūmināre (accusative singular)
lūmināria (accusative plural)
lūminārī (ablative singular)
lūmināribus (ablative plural)
lūmināre (singular vocative)
lūmināria (plural vocative)

Aromanian: luminari, lunjinari

Catalan: llumener, llumenera

French: lumière

Galician: lumieira

Italian: luminare

Occitan: lumniera

Portuguese: lumieira, lumeeira

Romanian: lumânare

Romansch: glimera, glümera

Spanish: lumbrera

→ English: luminaria

→ French: luminaire

→ Italian: luminaria

→ Occitan: lumenaria

→ Old French: luminarie

→ English: luminary

→ Portuguese: luminária

→ Spanish: luminar, luminaria

[ɫ̪uːmɪˈnäːrɛ]

(Late Latin, in the plural) light, lamp (such as those lighted in churches in honor of martyrs)

(Late Latin, in the plural) A luminary; especially a heavenly body.


desiderium

dēsīderium n (genitive dēsīderiī or dēsīderī); second declension

dēsīderium (canonical neuter)
dēsīderiī (genitive)
dēsīderī (genitive)
dēsīderium (nominative singular)
dēsīderia (nominative plural)
dēsīderiī (genitive singular)
dēsīderī (genitive singular)
dēsīderiōrum (genitive plural)
dēsīderiō (dative singular)
dēsīderiīs (dative plural)
dēsīderium (accusative singular)
dēsīderia (accusative plural)
dēsīderiō (ablative singular)
dēsīderiīs (ablative plural)
dēsīderium (singular vocative)
dēsīderia (plural vocative)

desc

Italian: desiderio, desidero, disiderio, disidero (archaic)

→ Albanian: dëshirë

⇒ Latin: Desiderius (given name)

French: Didier, Dizier, Disdier, Désiré

Italian: Desidero

⇒ Italian: Disdero (surname)

Norman: Désiré

⇒ Latin: Desideria (feminine)

desctree

French: Désirée
English: Désirée, Desiree, Desirée
German: Désirée, Desirée
Swedish: Desirée, Desiré

[d̪eːs̠iːˈd̪ɛriʊ̃ˑ]

From dēsīderō (“want, desire, wish for; miss, lack, need”) + -ium.


necessitudo

la-noun

necessitūdō f (genitive necessitūdinis); third declension

necessitūdō (canonical feminine)
necessitūdinis (genitive)
necessitūdō (nominative singular)
necessitūdinēs (nominative plural)
necessitūdinis (genitive singular)
necessitūdinum (genitive plural)
necessitūdinī (dative singular)
necessitūdinibus (dative plural)
necessitūdinem (accusative singular)
necessitūdinēs (accusative plural)
necessitūdine (ablative singular)
necessitūdinibus (ablative plural)
necessitūdō (singular vocative)
necessitūdinēs (plural vocative)

Spanish: necesitud

[nɛkɛs̠ːɪˈt̪uːd̪oː]

Derived from necesse (“necessary”) + -tūdō (“nominalizing suffix”).

suffix

(in the plural) relatives, friends, family, kindred, connections


gutta

la-noun

gutta f (genitive guttae); first declension

guttae (genitive)
gutta (nominative singular)
guttae (nominative plural)
guttae (genitive singular)
guttārum (genitive plural)
guttae (dative singular)
guttīs (dative plural)
guttam (accusative singular)
guttās (accusative plural)
guttā (ablative singular)
guttīs (ablative plural)
gutta (singular vocative)
guttae (plural vocative)

Albanian: gutë

Catalan: gota

English: gout, goutte, gutta, gutter

French: goutte

Friulian: gote

Galician: gota

Italian: goccia, gota

Lombard: gota

Portuguese: gota

Romanian: gută

Sardinian: guta

Spanish: gota

Unknown origin. May be related to Old Armenian կաթն (katʻn, “milk”), or may have some connection to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).

(in the plural) spots or specks (of an animal or stone)


fragmen

fragmen n (genitive fragminis); third declension

fragminis (genitive)
fragmen (nominative singular)
fragmina (nominative plural)
fragminis (genitive singular)
fragminum (genitive plural)
fragminī (dative singular)
fragminibus (dative plural)
fragmen (accusative singular)
fragmina (accusative plural)
fragmine (ablative singular)
fragminibus (ablative plural)
fragmen (singular vocative)
fragmina (plural vocative)

From frangō (“break”) + -men (noun-forming suffix).

suffix

(chiefly in the plural) fragments; ruins, wreck; chips


segmentum

la-noun

segmentum n (genitive segmentī); second declension

segmentī (genitive)
segmentum (nominative singular)
segmenta (nominative plural)
segmentī (genitive singular)
segmentōrum (genitive plural)
segmentō (dative singular)
segmentīs (dative plural)
segmentum (accusative singular)
segmenta (accusative plural)
segmentō (ablative singular)
segmentīs (ablative plural)
segmentum (singular vocative)
segmenta (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: segment

→ Crimean Tatar: segment

→ English: segment

desctree

→ French: segment
→ Dutch: segment
Afrikaans: segment
→ West Frisian: segmint
→ Romanian: segment
→ Turkish: segment

→ Galician: segmento

→ Italian: segmento

→ Portuguese: segmento

→ Russian: сегмент (segment)

→ Spanish: segmento

[s̠ɛɡˈmɛn̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From secō (“cut”) and the ending -mentum (“instrument, medium, or result of”).

(in the plural) trimmings, bands, flounces


quisquilia

la-noun

quisquilia f (genitive quisquiliae); first declension

quisquiliae (genitive)
quisquilia (nominative singular)
quisquiliae (nominative plural)
quisquiliae (genitive singular)
quisquiliārum (genitive plural)
quisquiliae (dative singular)
quisquiliīs (dative plural)
quisquiliam (accusative singular)
quisquiliās (accusative plural)
quisquiliā (ablative singular)
quisquiliīs (ablative plural)
quisquilia (singular vocative)
quisquiliae (plural vocative)

Sardinian: chischiza, chiscuza, cuscuza

[kʷɪs̠ˈkʷɪlʲiä]


ninguis

ninguis f (genitive ninguis); third declension

ninguis (genitive)
ninguis (nominative singular)
ninguēs (nominative plural)
ninguis (genitive singular)
ninguium (genitive plural)
ninguī (dative singular)
ninguibus (dative plural)
ninguem (accusative singular)
ninguēs (accusative plural)
ninguīs (accusative plural)
ningue (ablative singular)
ninguibus (ablative plural)
ninguis (singular vocative)
ninguēs (plural vocative)


caeles

caeles m or f (genitive caelitis); third declension

caelitis (genitive)
caeles (nominative singular)
caelitēs (nominative plural)
caelitis (genitive singular)
caelitum (genitive plural)
caelitī (dative singular)
caelitibus (dative plural)
caelitem (accusative singular)
caelitēs (accusative plural)
caelite (ablative singular)
caelitibus (ablative plural)
caeles (singular vocative)
caelitēs (plural vocative)

[ˈkäe̯ɫ̪ɛs̠]

From caelum (“heaven, sky”) + -es (“-faring”), from eō (“I fare, go”). Compare pedes, eques, āles.

suffix

(chiefly in the plural) deity, god, goddess


iucunditas

la-noun

iūcunditās f (genitive iūcunditātis); third declension

iūcunditās (canonical feminine)
iūcunditātis (genitive)
iūcunditās (nominative singular)
iūcunditātēs (nominative plural)
iūcunditātis (genitive singular)
iūcunditātum (genitive plural)
iūcunditātī (dative singular)
iūcunditātibus (dative plural)
iūcunditātem (accusative singular)
iūcunditātēs (accusative plural)
iūcunditāte (ablative singular)
iūcunditātibus (ablative plural)
iūcunditās (singular vocative)
iūcunditātēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: jocunditat

→ English: jucundity

Italian: giocondità

Middle French: jocundité, jocondité

→ Middle English: jocundite

English: jocundity

Portuguese: jucundidade

Spanish: jocundidad

[i̯uːˈkʊn̪d̪ɪt̪äːs̠]

From iūcundus (“pleasant, agreeable, delightful, pleasing”) + -tās.

af

(in the plural) instances of pleasantness, good offices, favors


necessitas

la-noun

necessitās f (genitive necessitātis); third declension

necessitās (canonical feminine)
necessitātis (genitive)
necessitās (nominative singular)
necessitātēs (nominative plural)
necessitātis (genitive singular)
necessitātum (genitive plural)
necessitātī (dative singular)
necessitātibus (dative plural)
necessitātem (accusative singular)
necessitātēs (accusative plural)
necessitāte (ablative singular)
necessitātibus (ablative plural)
necessitās (singular vocative)
necessitātēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: necesidá

Catalan: necessitat

Italian: necessità

Old French: necessite

→ English: necessity

French: nécessité

Friulian: necessitât

Galician: necesidade

Italian: necessità

Piedmontese: necessità

Portuguese: necessidade

Romanian: necesitate

Old Spanish: necessidad

Spanish: necesidad

Sicilian: nicissità

[nɛˈkɛs̠ːɪt̪äːs̠]

(in the plural) necessities, necessary things or expenses