-i

From the pronominal declension. Displaced -es except in the third declension.

second-declension
Appendix:Latin second declension

nominative/vocative plural of -us for most second-declension nouns.

nominative/vocative masculine plural of -us for first/second-declension adjectives.


-i

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-is

la-suffix-adj

-is (neuter -e); third-declension two-termination suffix

-e (neuter)
-is (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-e (neuter nominative singular)
-ēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-ia (neuter nominative plural)
-is (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-ī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-em (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-e (accusative neuter singular)
-ēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-īs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ia (accusative neuter plural)
-ī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-is (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-e (neuter singular vocative)
-ēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-ia (neuter plural vocative)

desctree

→ Swedish: -is (learned)
→ Finnish: -is
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -is
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -is

tri- + annus + -is → triennis

bi- + penna + -is → bipennis

ē- + norma + -is → ēnormis

in- + somnus + -is → insomnis

pro- + clīvus + -is → proclīvis

brevi- + tarsus + -is → brevitarsis

suffixed to the root of nouns in composition, forms adjectives of the third declension


-is

la-suffix-noun

-is f (genitive -idis); third declension

-idis (genitive)
-is (nominative singular)
-ides (nominative plural)
-idēs (nominative plural)
-idos (genitive singular)
-idis (genitive singular)
-idum (genitive plural)
-idī (dative singular)
-idibus (dative plural)
-ida (accusative singular)
-idem (accusative singular)
-idas (accusative plural)
-idēs (accusative plural)
-ide (ablative singular)
-idibus (ablative plural)
-is (singular vocative)
-i (singular vocative)
-ides (plural vocative)
-idēs (plural vocative)

English: -id

French: -ide

Italian: -ide

found in borrowings from Greek, suffixed to the root of masculine nouns, forms feminine nouns of the third declension

(mythology) -id (female equivalent or descendant)


-is

Declined forms of -us (suffix forming adjectives). Derived from Proto-Italic -ois.

dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of -us


-is

Declined forms of -a (suffix forming masculine agent nouns).


-is

second-person singular present active indicative of -ō (third conjugation)


-is

(archaic) second-person singular sigmatic aorist active subjunctive of -ō (third conjugation)


-ulo

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -ulus


-us

-us (nominative singular)
-a (nominative plural)
-ī (genitive singular)
-ōrum (genitive plural)
-ō (dative singular)
-īs (dative plural)
-us (accusative singular)
-a (accusative plural)
-ō (ablative singular)
-īs (ablative plural)
-us (singular vocative)
-a (plural vocative)
-us (masculine nominative singular)
-a (feminine nominative singular)
-um (neuter nominative singular)
-ī (masculine nominative plural)
-ae (feminine nominative plural)
-a (neuter nominative plural)
-ī (genitive masculine singular)
-ae (feminine genitive singular)
-ī (genitive neuter singular)
-ōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-ārum (feminine genitive plural)
-ōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-ō (dative masculine singular)
-ae (dative feminine singular)
-ō (dative neuter singular)
-īs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-um (accusative masculine singular)
-am (accusative feminine singular)
-um (accusative neuter singular)
-ōs (accusative masculine plural)
-ās (accusative feminine plural)
-a (accusative neuter plural)
-ō (ablative masculine singular)
-ā (ablative feminine singular)
-ō (ablative neuter singular)
-īs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-e (masculine singular vocative)
-a (feminine singular vocative)
-um (neuter singular vocative)
-ī (masculine plural vocative)
-ae (feminine plural vocative)
-a (neuter plural vocative)
-ī (locative masculine singular)
-ae (feminine locative singular)
-ī (locative neuter singular)
-īs (feminine locative masculine neuter plural)

From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.

inh

second declension
Appendix:Latin second declension

suffix of nouns in the second declension.

vīrus (“a poisonous or acrid secretion”); vulgus (“common people”); pelagus (“sea”)

(not productive) nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us for second-declension neuter nouns.

suffix of adjectives in the first/second declension.

(New Latin) suffix used to Latinize names ending in consonants.


-us

-us (nominative singular)
-era (nominative plural)
-eris (genitive singular)
-erum (genitive plural)
-erī (dative singular)
-eribus (dative plural)
-us (accusative singular)
-era (accusative plural)
-ere (ablative singular)
-eribus (ablative plural)
-us (singular vocative)
-era (plural vocative)

desc

Romanian: -uri (final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms)

Sicilian: -ura, -ira, -ara

Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus n from *ǵénh₁os n (“race”). Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.

inh

third declension
Appendix:Latin third declension

ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension.

nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us


-us

-us (nominative singular)
-ūs (nominative plural)
-ūs (genitive singular)
-uum (genitive plural)
-uī (dative singular)
-ubus (dative plural)
-um (accusative singular)
-ūs (accusative plural)
-ū (ablative singular)
-ubus (ablative plural)
-us (singular vocative)
-ūs (plural vocative)

Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

fourth declension
Appendix:Latin fourth declension

nominative/vocative singular of -us for nouns in the fourth declension.


-us

nominative/vocative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.

genitive singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.

accusative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.


-are

From Proto-Italic *-āzi, in which z changed into r due to rhotacism. Formed by analogy with -ere.

present active infinitive of -ō (first conjugation)


-are

-āre (canonical)
-āris (alternative indicative)

second-person singular present passive indicative/imperative of -ō (first conjugation)


-are

nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of -āris


-polis

head

-polis f (genitive -polis, -polēos, -polios)

-polis (genitive)
-polēos (genitive)
-polios (genitive)
-polis (nominative singular)
-polēs (nominative plural)
-polis (genitive singular)
-polēos (genitive singular)
-polios (genitive singular)
-polium (genitive plural)
-polī (dative singular)
-polibus (dative plural)
-polem (accusative singular)
-polim (accusative singular)
-polin (accusative singular)
-polēs (accusative plural)
-polīs (accusative plural)
-pole (ablative singular)
-polibus (ablative plural)
-polis (singular vocative)
-polēs (plural vocative)

→ English: -polis (learned)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *tpelH-
Proto-Hellenic *ptólis
Ancient Greek πόλις (pólis)bor.
Latin -polis
Borrowed from Ancient Greek πόλις (pólis, “city”).


-plex

la-suffix-adj

-plex (genitive -plicis); third-declension one-termination suffix

-plicis (genitive)
-plex (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
-plicēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-plicia (neuter nominative plural)
-plicis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-plicium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-plicī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-plicibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-plicem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-plex (accusative neuter singular)
-plicēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-plicia (accusative neuter plural)
-plicī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-plicibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-plex (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
-plicēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-plicia (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: -plex

Disputed.
*Possibly from Proto-Italic *-pleks, from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to plait, to weave”), making it equivalent to plicō (“to fold”) + -s.
* Possibly from Proto-Italic *-plaks, with regular reduction of Proto-Italic *-a- to Latin -e- in a non-initial closed syllable.
* In either case, it may ultimately derive from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”). Compare -plus.
Potential cognates include Umbrian -𐌐𐌋𐌀𐌊 (-plak), found in 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌀𐌊 (tuplak), and Ancient Greek -πλαξ (-plax), found in δίπλαξ (díplax) and τρίπλαξ (tríplax).
* De Vaan 2008 derives Latin -plex from Proto-Italic *-pleks, from the e-grade of the root *pleḱ-, and Greek -πλαξ (-plax) from Proto-Indo-European *-pl̥ḱ-, the zero-grade ablaut variant of the same root. De Vaan considers the meaning and etymology of the Umbrian form to be unclear. At the same time, De Vaan reconstructs simplex as coming from Proto-Italic *sm̥-plak-s.
* Others accept the Umbrian form as a cognate, which suggests Proto-Italic *-plaks: this complicates the etymology from *pleḱ- (“to plait, to weave”). Flemestad and Olsen 2017 treat all three of duplex, 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌀𐌊 (tuplak), and δίπλαξ (díplax) as cognates, and prefer to derive them from the root *pel- (“fold”) combined with a suffix *-ak-.
* Some argue that Greek -πλαξ (-plax) is not from *pleḱ- (“to plait, to weave”), but from an unrelated root found in πλάξ (pláx, “surface”), which van Beek 2022 identifies as coming from *plek‑ (“to strip, flay”).
* Coleman 1992 suggests duplex and 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌀𐌊 (tuplak) might be derived from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”), the root of plānus, which he considers to be an extension of *pel-.

inh

sem- (“one”) → simplex (“onefold, single, simple”)

tri- (“three”) → triplex (“threefold”)

quadri- (“four”) → quadruplex (“fourfold”)

centum (“hundred”) → centiplex (“hundredfold”)

multus (“many”) → multiplex (“manifold”)

Creates adjectives specifying the number of times, -fold


-ico

la-suffix-verb

-icō (present infinitive -icāre, perfect active -icāvī, supine -icātum); first conjugation

-icō (canonical)
-icāre (infinitive present)
-icāvī (active perfect)
-icātum (supine)
-icō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-icās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-icat (active indicative present singular third-person)
-icāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-icātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-icant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-icābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-icābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-icābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-icābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-icābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-icābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-icābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-icābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-icābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-icābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-icābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-icābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-icāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-icāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-icāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-icāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-icāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-icāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-icāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-icāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-icāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-icāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-icāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-icāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-icāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-icāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-icāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-icāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-icāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-icāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-icāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-icor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-icāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-icāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-icātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-icāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-icāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-icantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-icābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-icābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-icābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-icābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-icābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-icābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-icābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-icābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-icāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-icābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-icābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-icābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-icābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-icābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-icem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-icēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-icet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-icēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-icētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-icent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-icārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-icārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-icāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-icārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-icārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-icārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-icāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-icāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-icāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-icāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-icāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-icāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-icāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-icāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-icāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-icāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-icāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-icāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-icer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-icēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-icēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-icētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-icēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-icēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-icentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-icārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-icārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-icārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-icārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-icārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-icārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-icārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-icā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-icāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-icātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-icātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-icātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-icantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-icāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-icāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-icātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-icātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-icantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-icāre (active infinitive present)
-icārī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-icārier (infinitive passive present third-person)
-icāns (active participle present)
-icātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-icātum īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-icātūrus (active future participle)
-icandus (future participle passive third-person)
-icāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
-icātum esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-icātus (participle passive perfect third-person)
-icātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-icātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-icandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-icandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-icandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-icandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-icātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-icātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Catalan: -egar

Italian: -icare

Sicilian: -icari

From -ō suffixed to words with stems ending in -ic (including -icus), which was reinterpreted as part of the suffix.

fodiō + -icō → fodicō

albus + -icō → albicō

forms regular first-conjugation verbs, sometimes with frequentative meaning


-ico

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -icus


-abile

nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of -ābilis


-algia

From Ancient Greek -αλγία (-algía), from compounds ending in Ancient Greek ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”) + Ancient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā) (e.g. κεφαλαλγίᾱ (kephalalgíā, “headache”)).

Used to form nouns identifying specific kinds or loci of pain


-et

-ꝫ (alternative Medieval-Latin abbreviation)

third-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)


-trix

la-suffix-noun

-trīx f (genitive -trīcis, masculine -tor); third declension

-trīx (canonical feminine)
-trīcis (genitive)
-tor (masculine)
-trīx (nominative singular)
-trīcēs (nominative plural)
-trīcis (genitive singular)
-trīcum (genitive plural)
-trīcī (dative singular)
-trīcibus (dative plural)
-trīcem (accusative singular)
-trīcēs (accusative plural)
-trīce (ablative singular)
-trīcibus (ablative plural)
-trīx (singular vocative)
-trīcēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: -triu

English: -trix, -tress, -ess (partially)

French: -trice

Italian: -trice

Portuguese: -triz

Sicilian: -trici

Spanish: -triz

From Proto-Italic *-trīks, from Proto-Indo-European *-trih₂, from *-tḗr. Cognate with the Sanskrit suffix -त्री (-trī) as in जनित्री (janitrī, “mother”); compare genetrīx.
The origin of the medial -c- is unknown. Compare Proto-Slavic *-ica with the same element, and also with secondary thematicization.

-ess, -ress, -trix; attached to verb stems to form feminine agent nouns

(often poetic or derogatory) Attached to verb stems to form feminine adjectives, often with a poetic quality and/or a negative connotation


-ilis

la-suffix-adj

-ilis (neuter -ile, comparative -ilior, superlative -illimus or -ilissimus); third-declension two-termination suffix

-ile (neuter)
-ilior (comparative)
-illimus (superlative)
-ilissimus (superlative)
-ilis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-ile (neuter nominative singular)
-ilēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-ilia (neuter nominative plural)
-ilis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ilium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-ilī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ilibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ilem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ile (accusative neuter singular)
-ilēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ilīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ilia (accusative neuter plural)
-ilī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ilibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ilis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-ile (neuter singular vocative)
-ilēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-ilia (neuter plural vocative)

Aromanian: -ilji

Catalan: -il

English: -ile

French: -ile

Italian: -ile

Portuguese: -il

Romanian: -il, -ie

Sicilian: -ili

Spanish: -il

From Proto-Italic *-elis, from Proto-Indo-European *-elis, probably from *-lós. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (“-le”, adjective-forming suffix).

cog

agō (“to act”) + -ilis → agilis (“that may be acted”)

frangō (“to break”) + -ilis → fragilis (“that may be broken”)

-ile; used to form an adjective of relation, frequently passive, to the verb or root.

sedeō (“to sit”) + -ilis → sessilis (“of sitting”)

pendeō (“to hang”) + -ilis → pēnsilis (“hanging”)

flectō (“to ply”) + -ilis → flexilis (“pliable”)

often attached to the perf. pass. part. stem:

humus (“ground, earth”) + -ilis → humilis (“lowly, humble”)

pār, par- (“even, equal”) + -ilis → parilis (“equal, like”)

herba (“grass”) + -ilis → herbilis (“fed on grass”)

(rare) used to form an adjective from a noun or adjective stem, sometimes with passive meaning


-ilis

la-suffix-adj

-īlis (neuter -īle); third-declension two-termination suffix

-īlis (canonical)
-īle (neuter)
-īlis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-īle (neuter nominative singular)
-īlēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-īlia (neuter nominative plural)
-īlis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-īlium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-īlī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-īlibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-īlem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-īle (accusative neuter singular)
-īlēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-īlīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-īlia (accusative neuter plural)
-īlī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-īlibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-īlis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-īle (neuter singular vocative)
-īlēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-īlia (neuter plural vocative)

Originally from the above -ilis added to i stems, later used freely.

aedis (“building”) + -ilis → aedīlis (“of buildings”) (attested as substantive)

hostis (“enemy”) + -ilis → hostīlis (“of the enemy, unfriendly, hostile”)

puer (“boy”) + -ilis → puerīlis (“of boys, boyish, immature”)

erus (“master”) + -ilis → erīlis (“of the master”)

-ile; used to form an adjective, usually from a noun, indicating a relationship or a pertaining to.


-ista

la-suffix-noun

-ista m (genitive -istae); first declension

-istae (genitive)
-ista (nominative singular)
-istae (nominative plural)
-istae (genitive singular)
-istārum (genitive plural)
-istae (dative singular)
-istīs (dative plural)
-istam (accusative singular)
-istās (accusative plural)
-istā (ablative singular)
-istīs (ablative plural)
-ista (singular vocative)
-istae (plural vocative)
-istēs (alternative)

→ Asturian: -ista

→ Catalan: -ista

→ French: -iste (see there for further descendants)

→ Galician: -ista

→ German: -ist

→ Italian: -ista

→ Occitan: -ista

→ Polish: -ista

→ Portuguese: -ista

→ Romanian: -ist

→ Sicilian: -ista

→ Spanish: -ista

→ Yiddish: ־יסט (-ist)

From Ancient Greek -ιστής (-istḗs), from the stems of verbs in -ίζω (-ízō) + the masculine agent noun suffix -τής (-tḗs).


-ite

non-lemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-ite

ablative/vocative masculine singular of -ītus


-ite

ablative/vocative masculine singular of -itus


-ate

second-person plural present active imperative of -ō (first conjugation)


-ana

inflection of -ānus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-iana

inflection of -iānus:
nominative/vocative singular feminine


-ei

inflection of -eus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -eus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-idae

inflection of -idus:
nominative/vocative feminine plural

inflection of -idus:
genitive/dative feminine singular


-anae

inflection of -ānus:
nominative/vocative feminine plural

inflection of -ānus:
genitive/dative feminine singular


-ales

nominative/accusative/vocative masculine/feminine plural of -ālis


-aria

la-suffix-noun

-āria f (genitive -āriae); first declension

-āria (canonical feminine)
-āriae (genitive)
-āria (nominative singular)
-āriae (nominative plural)
-āriae (genitive singular)
-āriārum (genitive plural)
-āriae (dative singular)
-āriīs (dative plural)
-āriam (accusative singular)
-āriās (accusative plural)
-āriā (ablative singular)
-āriīs (ablative plural)
-āria (singular vocative)
-āriae (plural vocative)

Nominalization of the feminine forms of -ārius. Some nouns in -āria can be interpreted as adjectival modifiers of an implied feminine noun with a more general meaning, such as ferrāria f (“iron-mine”), a type of fodīna f (“mine”). For plant names, the understood noun may be herba f.

metallāria (“female miner”), feminine counterpart to metallārius (“(male) miner”), from metallum (“metal; mine”)

Used to form feminine counterparts of masculine agent nouns in -ārius.

iūstitiāria (“judgeship; court sessions”), from iūstitia (“justice”)

Used to form abstract nouns, as of offices, from other nouns.

bellonaria (“solanum”); vesicaria (“bladderwort”); moraria (“carline thistle”)


-aria

inflection of -ārius:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-aria

nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural of -āris


-acea

inflection of -āceus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-aceae

New Latin: -aceae

inflection of -āceus:
nominative/vocative feminine plural

inflection of -āceus:
genitive/dative feminine singular


-eae

inflection of -eus:
nominative/vocative feminine plural

inflection of -eus:
genitive/dative feminine singular


-inae

inflection of -īnus:
nominative/vocative feminine plural

inflection of -īnus:
genitive/dative feminine singular


-ini

inflection of -īnus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -īnus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-ina

-īna f (genitive -īnae); first declension

-īna (canonical feminine)
-īnae (genitive)
-īna (nominative singular)
-īnae (nominative plural)
-īnae (genitive singular)
-īnārum (genitive plural)
-īnae (dative singular)
-īnīs (dative plural)
-īnam (accusative singular)
-īnās (accusative plural)
-īnā (ablative singular)
-īnīs (ablative plural)
-īna (singular vocative)
-īnae (plural vocative)

Nominalization of the feminine form of -īnus (“of or pertaining to”). For the nouns naming locations, perhaps compare the feminine gender of taberna (“shop, store”). Nouns in -īna with abstract senses, such as medicīna f (“practice of medicine”), can be interpreted as adjectives in agreement with a noun ars f (“art”) that is omitted by ellipsis.

opifex (“worker, craftsman, artisan”) + -īna → officīna (“workshop, workroom”)

coquus (“cook”) + -īna → coquīna (“kitchen; cookery”)

fodiō (“to dig”) + -īna → fodīna (“mine”)

medicus (“doctor, physician”) + -īna → medicīna (“medicine; cure; practice of medicine”)

Used to form nouns describing places where a certain activity is carried out, or abstract nouns naming activities

gallus (“rooster, cock”) + -īna → gallīna (“hen”)

cloāca (“sewer”) + -īna → Cloācīna (“goddess of the Cloaca Maxima”)

Used to form nouns or names denoting female beings


-ina

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-ant

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: -an
Galician: -an
Portuguese: -am

Spanish: -an

From Proto-Italic *-ānt, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yónti.

third-person plural present active indicative of -ō (first conjugation)


-arium

la-suffix-noun

-ārium n (genitive -āriī or -ārī); second declension

-ārium (canonical neuter)
-āriī (genitive)
-ārī (genitive)
-ārium (nominative singular)
-āria (nominative plural)
-āriī (genitive singular)
-ārī (genitive singular)
-āriōrum (genitive plural)
-āriō (dative singular)
-āriīs (dative plural)
-ārium (accusative singular)
-āria (accusative plural)
-āriō (ablative singular)
-āriīs (ablative plural)
-ārium (singular vocative)
-āria (plural vocative)

English: -arium

arma (“weapons, tools”) + -ārium → armārium (“closet, chest”)

sōl (“sun”) + -ārium → sōlārium (“sundial, house-top”)

columba (“dove”) + -ārium → columbārium (“dovecot”)

glōssa (“definition”) + -ārium → glōssārium (“glossary, collection of glosses”)

Used primarily to form nouns of purpose from other nouns, such as places where things are kept or objects used for a particular end. See usage notes.


-arium

genitive feminine/masculine/neuter plural of -āris

nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural of -ārius


-ator

-ātor (canonical)
-ātor (nominative singular)
-ātōrēs (nominative plural)
-ātōris (genitive singular)
-ātōrum (genitive plural)
-ātōrī (dative singular)
-ātōribus (dative plural)
-ātōrem (accusative singular)
-ātōrēs (accusative plural)
-ātōre (ablative singular)
-ātōribus (ablative plural)
-ātor (singular vocative)
-ātōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Old Irish: -atóir

Irish: -adóir

→ Norwegian: -ator

By rebracketing of words formed from first conjugation verbs, such as cūrātor (cūrāre + -tor), where -ā- is part of the stem.

gladius (“sword”) + -ātor → gladiātor (“gladiator”)

malleus (“hammer”) + -ātor → malleātor (“hammerer”)

Enlarged form of -tor, used to form agent nouns; -ator, -er


-ator

second/third-person singular future passive imperative of -ō (first conjugation)


-met

Probably related to the ablative form of the first person singular personal pronoun, egō, which was mēt/mēd in Old Latin.

ego meaning "I" → egomet meaning "I myself"

mihi the dative of ego → mihimet meaning "to myself"

me the ablative and accusative of ego → memet meaning "me myself" or "myself"

nos meaning "we" → nosmet meaning "ourselves"

nobis the ablative and dative of nos → nobismet meaning "to/in/with ourselves"

tu meaning "you" + te the ablative and accusative of tu → tutemet meaning "you yourself"

tibi the dative of tu → tibimet meaning "to you yourself"

vos meaning "you (people)" or "ye" → vosmet meaning "yourselves"

mea meaning "my" or "mine" → meamet meaning "my very own"

se → semet meaning "himself"

sua → suamet meaning "his very own"

an intensifier of substantive and less frequently adjective personal pronouns, it is usually followed by "ipse"


-tim

Adverbial accusative of Proto-Indo-European *-tis.

currō (“I run, hurry, hasten”) + -tim → cursim (“quickly, swiftly, hastily, speedily”)

ūber (“copious, plentiful”) + -tim → ūbertim (“copiously, abundantly, plentifully”)

tribus (“tribe”) + -tim → tribūtim (“by tribe, tribe by tribe”)


-am

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂m (accusative singular of *-éh₂). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic -ѫ (-ǫ).


-am

A conjugated form of -ō (suffix forming third-conjugation verbs).

first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (third conjugation)


-es

-ēs (canonical feminine)
-is (genitive)
-ēs (nominative singular)
-ēs (nominative plural)
-is (genitive singular)
-ium (genitive plural)
-ī (dative singular)
-ibus (dative plural)
-em (accusative singular)
-ēs (accusative plural)
-īs (accusative plural)
-e (ablative singular)
-ibus (ablative plural)
-ēs (singular vocative)
-ēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *-ēi(s), from Proto-Indo-European *-ḗy, a hysterokinetic *-ey-stem suffix only otherwise found in words like Hittite [script needed] (utnē).

caedō (“I kill or cut”) → caedēs (“slaughter”)

sedeō (“I sit”) → sēdēs (“seat”)

third-declension
Appendix:Latin third declension

used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form


-es

la-suffix-noun

-es m (genitive -itis); third declension

-itis (genitive)
-es (nominative singular)
-itēs (nominative plural)
-itis (genitive singular)
-itum (genitive plural)
-itī (dative singular)
-itibus (dative plural)
-item (accusative singular)
-itēs (accusative plural)
-ite (ablative singular)
-itibus (ablative plural)
-es (singular vocative)
-itēs (plural vocative)

From *-h₁i-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, the root of eō, īre (“to go”). Because the nominative singular would regularly have developed to *-is, the attested ending *-es has to be explained as an analogical replacement based on the alternation between -ĕ- in the closed final syllable of the nominative singular and -ĭ- in the open medial syllable of oblique forms that developed regularly in other nouns as a result of the sound change of vowel reduction.

equus (“horse”) → eques (“cavalryman; equestrian; knight”)

used to form third-declension nouns, most of which have senses along the lines of 'one who goes (by)'


-es

second-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)


-es

nominative/accusative/vocative masculine/feminine plural of -s


-ismus

-ismus m (genitive -ismī); second declension

-ismī (genitive)
-ismus (nominative singular)
-ismī (nominative plural)
-ismī (genitive singular)
-ismōrum (genitive plural)
-ismō (dative singular)
-ismīs (dative plural)
-ismum (accusative singular)
-ismōs (accusative plural)
-ismō (ablative singular)
-ismīs (ablative plural)
-isme (singular vocative)
-ismī (plural vocative)
-isma (alternative)

From Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós), a suffix that forms abstract nouns of practice or teaching (doctrine), which itself is from the stem of verbs in -ίζω (-ízō).

-ism; Suffixed to nouns or verbs to forms masculine abstract nouns of practice (action or incidence), result, teaching (doctrine or philosophy), or status (state or condition) related to the thing or action so suffixed


-issimus

la-suffix-adj

-issimus (feminine -issima, neuter -issimum); first/second-declension suffix

-issima (feminine)
-issimum (neuter)
-issimus (masculine nominative singular)
-issima (feminine nominative singular)
-issimum (neuter nominative singular)
-issimī (masculine nominative plural)
-issimae (feminine nominative plural)
-issima (neuter nominative plural)
-issimī (genitive masculine singular)
-issimae (feminine genitive singular)
-issimī (genitive neuter singular)
-issimōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-issimārum (feminine genitive plural)
-issimōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-issimō (dative masculine singular)
-issimae (dative feminine singular)
-issimō (dative neuter singular)
-issimīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-issimum (accusative masculine singular)
-issimam (accusative feminine singular)
-issimum (accusative neuter singular)
-issimōs (accusative masculine plural)
-issimās (accusative feminine plural)
-issima (accusative neuter plural)
-issimō (ablative masculine singular)
-issimā (ablative feminine singular)
-issimō (ablative neuter singular)
-issimīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-issime (masculine singular vocative)
-issima (feminine singular vocative)
-issimum (neuter singular vocative)
-issimī (masculine plural vocative)
-issimae (feminine plural vocative)
-issima (neuter plural vocative)
-issumus (alternative)

Old French: -isme

→ Catalan: -íssim

→ Franco-Provençal: -issimo

→ French: -issime

→ Galician: -ísimo

Italian: -issimo

→ Portuguese: -íssimo

Sicilian: -ìssimu

→ Spanish: -ísimo

Via Proto-Italic *-isVmos, from Proto-Indo-European *-is- (zero-grade of *-yōs (intensive/comparative suffix)) + *-tm̥mos (absolute superlative suffix). The latter is seen whole in -timus (e.g. intimus – extimus, citimus – ultimus, assimilated pessimus – optimus). The original form seems, however, to be *-m̥mós (cf. super – summus, Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌰 (innuma, “innermost”)), with acquired t from the paradigm -ter- – -timus- (e.g. exter – extimus), and is cognate with Proto-Germanic *-umô (source, via metanalysis, of English -most). By various sound changes (e.g. *-isemos > *-ismos > -īmus) superlative grades in -īmus, -ēmus etc. (e.g. extrēmus, suprēmus) are also found.
The expected alteration of *-(o)ism̥mos to *-erimus is nowhere to be found. The -ss- may be an example of expressive lengthening of the *-s- or influence from specific forms as pessimus and endings in -errimus and -illimus.

altus (“high”) + -issimus → altissimus (“highest”)

fortis (“strong”) + -issimus → fortissimus (“strongest”)

Added to an adjective noun to form its superlative grade:


-ile

la-suffix-noun

-īle n (genitive -īlis); third declension

-īle (canonical neuter)
-īlis (genitive)

Italian: -ile

Neuter of -īlis, originally specifying the purpose of a stabulum (“stall”).

sūs (“pig”) + -ile → suīle (“pigsty”)

fēnum (“hay”) + -ile → fēnīle (“hayloft”)

Forming names of enclosures for animals; more generally, forming names of places where certain goods are stored.


-ile

nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of -īlis


-ent

third-person plural present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)


-aster

la-adj

-aster (feminine -astra, neuter -astrum); first/second-declension suffix (nominative masculine singular in -er)

-astra (feminine)
-astrum (neuter)
in -er (masculine nominative singular)
-aster (masculine nominative singular)
-astra (feminine nominative singular)
-astrum (neuter nominative singular)
-astrī (masculine nominative plural)
-astrae (feminine nominative plural)
-astra (neuter nominative plural)
-astrī (genitive masculine singular)
-astrae (feminine genitive singular)
-astrī (genitive neuter singular)
-astrōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-astrārum (feminine genitive plural)
-astrōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-astrō (dative masculine singular)
-astrae (dative feminine singular)
-astrō (dative neuter singular)
-astrīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-astrum (accusative masculine singular)
-astram (accusative feminine singular)
-astrum (accusative neuter singular)
-astrōs (accusative masculine plural)
-astrās (accusative feminine plural)
-astra (accusative neuter plural)
-astrō (ablative masculine singular)
-astrā (ablative feminine singular)
-astrō (ablative neuter singular)
-astrīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-aster (masculine singular vocative)
-astra (feminine singular vocative)
-astrum (neuter singular vocative)
-astrī (masculine plural vocative)
-astrae (feminine plural vocative)
-astra (neuter plural vocative)
-astrum (alternative)

la-adecl

First/second-declension suffix (nominative masculine singular in -er).

Catalan: -astre

French: -âtre

Italian: -astro

Portuguese: -astro

Romanian: -astru

Sicilian: -astru

Spanish: -astro

From suffix originally forming Ancient Greek nouns from verbs ending in -άζειν (-ázein).

pater (“father”) + -aster → patraster (“father-in-law; stepfather”)

pullus (“chicken”) + -astra → pullastra (“young hen; pullet”)

philosophus (“philosopher”) + -aster → philosophaster (“petty, charlatan philosopher; philosophaster”)

suffix of nouns or adjectives, expressing half, partial, or incomplete resemblance to the root word meaning; hence in some cases may be pejorative


-ine

feminine nominative singular of -ῐνος (-ĭnos), in Latinized Greek


-cula

la-suffix-noun

-cula f (genitive -culae); first declension

-culae (genitive)
-cula (nominative singular)
-culae (nominative plural)
-culae (genitive singular)
-culārum (genitive plural)
-culae (dative singular)
-culīs (dative plural)
-culam (accusative singular)
-culās (accusative plural)
-culā (ablative singular)
-culīs (ablative plural)
-cula (singular vocative)
-culae (plural vocative)


-cula

nominative/accusative/vocative plural of -culum


-cula

inflection of -culus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-ino

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -īnus


-ere

From Proto-Italic *-ezi, from Proto-Indo-European *-esi, locative case of action nouns, which end in *-os in the nominative. Similar to Ancient Greek -ειν (-ein) < *-ehen, which comes from an alternative locative case form, *-esen.
Note adverbial temere.

present active infinitive of -ō (third conjugation)


-ere

From Proto-Italic *-ēzi, in which z changed into r due to rhotacism. Formed by analogy with the short-vowel ending -ere for the Proto-Italic and Latin second conjugation (Etymology 1 above).

present active infinitive of -eō (second conjugation)


-ere

second-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)

second-person singular present passive indicative of -eō (second conjugation)


-ere

From Proto-Italic -ēri, third person plural perfect active ending.

Used for the third person present perfect plural form of any regular verb.


-ire

Inherited from Proto-Italic *-jezi, in which z changed into r due to rhotacism. Formed by analogy with -ere.

present active infinitive of -iō (fourth conjugation)


-esco

la-suffix-verb

-ēscō (present infinitive -ēscere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation

-ēscō (canonical)
-ēscere (infinitive present)
-ī (active perfect)
-um (supine)
-ēscō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-ēscis (active indicative present second-person singular)
-ēscit (active indicative present singular third-person)
-ēscimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-ēscitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-ēscunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
-ēscēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-ēscēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ēscēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-ēscēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-ēscēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-ēscēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-ēscam (active first-person future indicative singular)
-ēscēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
-ēscet (active future indicative singular third-person)
-ēscēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-ēscētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ēscent (active future indicative plural third-person)
-ī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-istī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-it (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-istis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-ērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-eram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-erās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-erat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-erāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-erātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-erant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-erō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-eris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-erit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-erimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-eritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-erint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ēscor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-ēsceris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ēscere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ēscitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-ēscimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-ēsciminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-ēscuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-ēscēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-ēscēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēscēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēscēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-ēscēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-ēscēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-ēscēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-ēscar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-ēscēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēscēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēscētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-ēscēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-ēscēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-ēscentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-us + present active indicative of sum (indicative passive perfect)
-us + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-ēscam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ēscās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēscat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēscāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-ēscātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ēscant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ēscerem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-ēscerēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēsceret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēscerēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-ēscerētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ēscerent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-erim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-erīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-erit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-erīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-erītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-issem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-issēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-isset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-issēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-issētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-issent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-ēscar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-ēscāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēscāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēscātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēscāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-ēscāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ēscantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ēscerer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-ēscerēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēscerēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēscerētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēscerēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-ēscerēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ēscerentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-us + present active subjunctive of sum (passive perfect subjunctive)
-ēsce (active imperative present second-person singular)
-ēscite (active imperative plural present second-person)
-ēscitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-ēscitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-ēscitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-ēscuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-ēscere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-ēsciminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-ēscitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-ēscitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-ēscuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-ēscere (active infinitive present)
-ēscī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-ēscēns (active participle present)
-ūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-um īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-ūrus (active future participle)
-ēscendus (future participle passive third-person)
-ēscundus (future participle passive third-person)
-isse (active infinitive perfect)
-um esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-us (participle passive perfect third-person)
-um fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-ēscendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-ēscendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-ēscendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-ēscendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-um (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Aromanian: -esc- (-escu, -eshti, -eashti, -escu), -ãsc-

Catalan: -eix- (-eixo, -eixes, -eix, -eixen), -isc- (-ixes, -ix, -ixen)

→ English: -esce; -ise, -ish (via Old French)

Franco-Provençal: -éss-: -éss- (-ésso, -és, -ét, -éssens, -ésséds, -éssont)

French: -iss- (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)

Friulian: -is- (-ìs, -issis, -ìs, -issin)

Italian: -isc- (-isco, -isci, -isce, -iscono)

Occitan: -iss- (-issi, -isses, -ís)

Portuguese: -ecer, → -escer

Romanian: -esc- (-esc, -ești, -ește, -esc), -ăsc-

Romansch: -esch- (-eschel, -eschas, -escha)

Spanish: -ecer

Venetan: -is- (-iso, -isi, -ise, -ise)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yetider.
Proto-Italic *-ēō
Latin -eō
Proto-Italic *-skō
Latin -scō
Latin -ēscō
Equivalent to -eō + -scō.

etymon

-ēscō

Attaches to a stem (a noun or adjective) to form a verb meaning “to become [stem]” or similar


-aceo

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -āceus


-ita

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

inflection of -ītus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-ita

inflection of -itus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-ito

la-suffix-verb

-itō (present infinitive -itāre, perfect active -itāvī, supine -itātum); first conjugation

-itō (canonical)
-itāre (infinitive present)
-itāvī (active perfect)
-itātum (supine)
-itō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-itās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-itat (active indicative present singular third-person)
-itāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-itātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-itant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-itābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-itābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-itābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-itābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-itābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-itābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-itābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-itābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-itābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-itābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-itābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-itābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-itāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-itāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-itāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-itāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-itāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-itāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-itāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-itāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-itāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-itāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-itāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-itāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-itāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-itāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-itāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-itāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-itāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-itāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-itāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-itor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-itāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-itāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-itātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-itāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-itāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-itantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-itābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-itābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-itābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-itābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-itābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-itābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-itābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-itābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-itāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-itābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-itābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-itābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-itābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-itābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-item (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-itēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-itet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-itēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-itētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-itent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-itārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-itārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-itāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-itārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-itārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-itārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-itāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-itāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-itāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-itāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-itāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-itāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-itāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-itāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-itāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-itāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-itāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-itāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-iter (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-itēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-itēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-itētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-itēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-itēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-itentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-itārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-itārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-itārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-itārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-itārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-itārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-itārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-itā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-itāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-itātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-itātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-itātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-itantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-itāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-itāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-itātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-itātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-itantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-itāre (active infinitive present)
-itārī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-itārier (infinitive passive present third-person)
-itāns (active participle present)
-itātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-itātum īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-itātūrus (active future participle)
-itandus (future participle passive third-person)
-itāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
-itātum esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-itātus (participle passive perfect third-person)
-itātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-itātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-itandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-itandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-itandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-itandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-itātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-itātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

From -tō, although the appearance of -i- when affixed to first conjugation verbs has not been explained.

Forms frequentative verbs from existing verbs or from certain adjectives (notably adjectives of the third declension in -is, -alis, and -bilis/-ibilis)


-ito

ablative/dative masculine/neuter singular of -ītus


-ito

ablative/dative masculine/neuter singular of -itus


-ido

la-suffix-noun

-īdō f (genitive -īdinis); third declension

-īdō (canonical feminine)
-īdinis (genitive)
-īdō (nominative singular)
-īdinēs (nominative plural)
-īdinis (genitive singular)
-īdinum (genitive plural)
-īdinī (dative singular)
-īdinibus (dative plural)
-īdinem (accusative singular)
-īdinēs (accusative plural)
-īdine (ablative singular)
-īdinibus (ablative plural)
-īdō (singular vocative)
-īdinēs (plural vocative)


-men

-men n (genitive -minis); third declension

-minis (genitive)
-men (nominative singular)
-mina (nominative plural)
-minis (genitive singular)
-minum (genitive plural)
-minī (dative singular)
-minibus (dative plural)
-men (accusative singular)
-mina (accusative plural)
-mine (ablative singular)
-minibus (ablative plural)
-men (singular vocative)
-mina (plural vocative)

Aromanian: -ame, -ami, -imi

Catalan: -am, -im, -um

Galician: -ame, -ime, -ume

Italian: -ame, -ime, -ume

Portuguese: -ame, -ão, -ime, -ume, -um

Romanian: -ime

Sicilian: -ami, -imi, -umi

Spanish: -ambre, -imbre, -umbre

From Proto-Italic *-men, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥.

forms nouns, usually from verbs, generally describing the means, instrument, or result of an action


-osis

-ōsis f (genitive -ōsis); third declension

-ōsis (canonical feminine)
-ōsis (genitive)
-ōsis (nominative singular)
-ōsēs (nominative plural)
-ōseos (genitive singular)
-ōsis (genitive singular)
-ōseōn (genitive plural)
-ōsi (dative singular)
-ōsesin (dative plural)
-ōsibus (dative plural)
-ōsin (accusative singular)
-ōsim (accusative singular)
-ōseis (accusative plural)
-ōsi (ablative singular)
-ōsesin (ablative plural)
-ōsibus (ablative plural)
-ōsis (singular vocative)
-ōsēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek -ωσις (-ōsis, “state, abnormal condition, or action”), from -όω (-óō) stem verbs + -σις (-sis). This suffix was already found in Classical Latin terms borrowed from Ancient Greek (e.g. metamorphōsis, from Ancient Greek μεταμόρφωσις (metamórphōsis), itself from μετᾰμορφόω (metămorphóō) + -σῐς (-sĭs)).

suffix

μετᾰμορφόω (metămorphóō) + -σῐς (-sĭs)

tūberculum (“tubercle”) + -ōsis → tūberculōsis (“tuberculosis”)


-osis

nonlemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of -ōsus


-atim

Originally from the accusative singular ending -tim of nouns descended from PIE nouns using the suffix Proto-Indo-European *-tis like pars; later extended with the first conjugation perfect passive participial suffix -ātus.

nōmen (“name”) → nōminātim (“by name”)

oppidum (“town”) → oppidātim (“in every town”)

Adverbial suffix denoting something being in the form of a noun

gradus (“step”) → gradātim (“step by step”)

littera (“letter”) → litterātim (“letter by letter”)


-va

inflection of -vus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-uus

-uus (masculine nominative singular)
-ua (feminine nominative singular)
-uum (neuter nominative singular)
-uī (masculine nominative plural)
-uae (feminine nominative plural)
-ua (neuter nominative plural)
-uī (genitive masculine singular)
-uae (feminine genitive singular)
-uī (genitive neuter singular)
-uōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-uārum (feminine genitive plural)
-uōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-uō (dative masculine singular)
-uae (dative feminine singular)
-uō (dative neuter singular)
-uīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-uum (accusative masculine singular)
-uam (accusative feminine singular)
-uum (accusative neuter singular)
-uōs (accusative masculine plural)
-uās (accusative feminine plural)
-ua (accusative neuter plural)
-uō (ablative masculine singular)
-uā (ablative feminine singular)
-uō (ablative neuter singular)
-uīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ue (masculine singular vocative)
-ua (feminine singular vocative)
-uum (neuter singular vocative)
-uī (masculine plural vocative)
-uae (feminine plural vocative)
-ua (neuter plural vocative)
-vus (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Italic *-wos, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós‚ from the perfect active participle suffix *-wōs.

contiguus, succiduus, vacuus


-abas

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: -avas
Galician: -abas
Portuguese: -avas

Spanish: -abas

second-person singular imperfect active indicative of -ō (first conjugation)


-ismi

inflection of -ismus:
nominative/vocative plural


-voro

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -vorus


-vora

inflection of -vorus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-tor

la-suffix-noun

-tor m (genitive -tōris); third declension

-tōris (genitive)
-tor (nominative singular)
-tōrēs (nominative plural)
-tōris (genitive singular)
-tōrum (genitive plural)
-tōrī (dative singular)
-tōribus (dative plural)
-tōrem (accusative singular)
-tōrēs (accusative plural)
-tōre (ablative singular)
-tōribus (ablative plural)
-tor (singular vocative)
-tōrēs (plural vocative)
-sor (alternative)

Aromanian: -tor

Asturian: -dor

Catalan: -dor

Franco-Provençal: -or

Friulian: -dôr

Piedmontese: -ào

Ligurian: -àu, òu

Lombard: -or, -dor

Irish: -tóir, -adóir

Italian: -tore, -ore

Occitan: -dor

Old French: -or

Middle French: -eur
French: -eur

desctree

→ Middle English: -our
English: -or (-er)
Scots: -or (-er)

Old Galician-Portuguese: -dor

Galician: -dor

Portuguese: -dor

Old Spanish:

Spanish: -dor

Romanian: -tor

Sardinian: -dore

Sicilian: -turi

Venetan: -dor

From Proto-Italic *-tōr, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr < *-tor-s. The -ō- from the nominative singular form was extended to all other forms by analogy; then word-final -ōr was shortened to -or by regular Latin sound laws, producing the Classical Latin paradigm with short -o- in the nominative singular and long -ō- elsewhere. Cognate to Sanskrit -तृ (-tṛ) (nominative singular -ता m sg (-tā)) and Ancient Greek -τωρ (-tōr), as well as -τήρ (-tḗr) from a separate ablaut *-tḗr. Compare Latin -trum (instrumental suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *-tr-o-m (instrumental suffix).

-er; used to form a masculine agent noun

-trīx

-ess, -trix; used to form a female agent noun


-ia

-iae (genitive)
-ia (nominative singular)
-iae (nominative plural)
-iae (genitive singular)
-iārum (genitive plural)
-iae (dative singular)
-iīs (dative plural)
-iam (accusative singular)
-iās (accusative plural)
-iā (ablative singular)
-iīs (ablative plural)
-ia (singular vocative)
-iae (plural vocative)

Italian: -ia

Old French: -ie

Middle French: -ie

French: -ie

→ Middle High German: -ie

→ Middle English: -ie

English: -y, -ie

Sicilian: -ia

Partially from Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā), -ία (-ía) and -εια (-eia), and so ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. This suffix may also represent a substantivization of the feminine form of -ius.

absēns + -ia → absentia
dēmēns + -ia → dēmentia
valēns + -ia → valentia

audāx + -ia → audācia
angustus + -ia → angustia
fācundus + -ia → fācundia
ignāvus + -ia → ignāvia
opulentus + -ia → opulentia

custōs + -ia → custōdia
mīles + -ia → mīlitia
victor + -ia → victōria
gōgrāvius + -ia → gōgrāvia (Medieval Latin)

present participle
present participle#English

Used to form a first declension feminine abstract noun, usually from an adjective ending in -us, or (rarely in later Latin) one ending in -ius, or from a present participle stem, and occasionally from a root noun.

Graecus + -ia → Graecia

Gallus + -ia → Gallia

Dācus + -ia → Dācia

Thrāx + -ia → Thrācia

Hispānus + -ia → Hispānia

Britannus + -ia → Britannia

Germānus + -ia → Germānia


-ia

nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural of -s


-ca

Declined forms of -cus (adjectival suffix).

inflection of -cus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-ca

Declined forms of -cum (nominal suffix).

nominative/accusative/vocative plural of -cum


-ica

inflection of -icus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-ura

la-noun

-ūra f (genitive -ūrae); first declension

-ūra (canonical feminine)
-ūrae (genitive)
-ūra (nominative singular)
-ūrae (nominative plural)
-ūrae (genitive singular)
-ūrārum (genitive plural)
-ūrae (dative singular)
-ūrīs (dative plural)
-ūram (accusative singular)
-ūrās (accusative plural)
-ūrā (ablative singular)
-ūrīs (ablative plural)
-ūra (singular vocative)
-ūrae (plural vocative)

From Classical Latin -tūra, which typically derived abstract nouns from the supine/perfect past participle stem of verb bases (e.g. coniectūra from the verb coniciō (“to throw; foretell; conjecture”) (supine stem coniect-).

(post-Classical) Suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives.


-ce

From Proto-Italic *ke, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here”).

-c (alternative)
ce- (alternative proclitic)

ce- + -do → cedo

ec- + -ce → ecce

hi- + -c → hic

ille + -c → illic

tum + -c → tunc

affixed, usually to demonstratives, forming deixes

hic + -ce → hice

[…] mando tibi, Mani, uti illace suovitaurilia fundum agrum terramque meam […] uti cures lustrare.

234 BCE – 149 BCE, Cato the Elder, De Agri Cultura 141.1

I offer to you, Manius, this suovetaurilia so that you will care to purify the ground, the field and my land.

(Old Latin) suffixed to demonstratives hic, iste and ille for emphasis.


-ivo

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -īvus


-lo

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -lus


-illo

la-suffix-verb

-illō (present infinitive -illāre, perfect active -illāvī, supine -illātum); first conjugation

-illō (canonical)
-illāre (infinitive present)
-illāvī (active perfect)
-illātum (supine)
-illō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-illās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-illat (active indicative present singular third-person)
-illāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-illātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-illant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-illābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-illābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-illābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-illābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-illābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-illābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-illābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-illābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-illābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-illābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-illābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-illābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-illāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-illāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-illāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-illāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-illāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-illāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-illāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-illāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-illāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-illāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-illāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-illāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-illāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-illāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-illāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-illāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-illāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-illāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-illāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-illor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-illāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-illāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-illātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-illāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-illāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-illantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-illābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-illābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-illābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-illābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-illābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-illābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-illābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-illābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-illāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-illābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-illābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-illābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-illābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-illābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-illem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-illēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-illet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-illēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-illētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-illent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-illārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-illārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-illāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-illārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-illārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-illārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-illāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-illāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-illāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-illāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-illāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-illāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-illāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-illāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-illāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-illāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-illāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-illāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-iller (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-illēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-illēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-illētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-illēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-illēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-illentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-illārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-illārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-illārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-illārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-illārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-illārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-illārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-illā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-illāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-illātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-illātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-illātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-illantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-illāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-illāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-illātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-illātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-illantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-illāre (active infinitive present)
-illārī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-illārier (infinitive passive present third-person)
-illāns (active participle present)
-illātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-illātum īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-illātūrus (active future participle)
-illandus (future participle passive third-person)
-illāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
-illātum esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-illātus (participle passive perfect third-person)
-illātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-illātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-illandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-illandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-illandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-illandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-illātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-illātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

focilō (“I refresh, resuscitate”), less commonly focillō, from the noun focus.

cantillō (“I hum, warble”), from the verb cantō


-illo

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -illus


-illa

inflection of -illus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-asses

-āssēs (canonical)
-āvissēs (alternative)

(poetic, syncopated) second-person singular pluperfect active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation; verbs with the perfect infix -av-)


-asse

(poetic, syncopated) perfect active infinitive of -ō (first conjugation; verbs with the perfect infix -av-)


-assent

-āssent (canonical)
-āvissent (alternative)

(poetic, syncopated) third-person plural pluperfect active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation; verbs with the perfect infix -av-)


-ero

first-person singular future perfect active indicative of -ō


-ano

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -ānus


-ante

ablative singular masculine/feminine/neuter of -āns


-asti

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: -ash, -ashi

Romanian: -ași

Italo-Romance:

Italian: -asti

Neapolitan: -aste

Sicilian: -asti

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: -és

Old French: -as

French: -as

Occitano-Romance:

⇒ Catalan: -ares

Gascon: -ès ⇒ -ères

⇒ Occitan: -ères

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: -es

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: -asti, -esti

Leonese: -esti

Mirandese: -iste

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: -aste, -asche (Old Galician), -asche
Galician: -aches, -ache
Portuguese: -aste
Galician: -aches, -ache

Spanish: -aste

(poetic, syncopated, rare) second-person singular perfect active indicative of -ō (first conjugation; verbs with the perfect infix -av-)


-ata

Italo-Romance:

Italian: -ata

Sicilian: -ata

North Italian:

Venetan: -ada

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: -ada

Franco-Provençal: -â

Old French: -ee

French: -ée

Occitan: -ada

→ French: -ade

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: -ada, -ata (Pyrenean)

Galician: -ada

Portuguese: -ada

Spanish: -ada

Ultimately from the feminine of etymology 2.


-ata

inflection of -ātus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-ati

inflection of -ātus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -ātus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-ato

second/third-person singular future active imperative of -ō (first conjugation)


-ato

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -ātus


-avi

French: -ai

Italian: -ai

Old Galician-Portuguese: -ei
Galician: -ei
Portuguese: -ei

Romanian: -ai

Spanish: -é

first-person singular perfect active indicative of -ō (first conjugation; verbs with the perfect infix -av-)


-ii

inflection of -ius:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -ius:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-isci

inflection of -iscus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -iscus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-isco

la-suffix-verb

-īscō (present infinitive -īscere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation

-īscō (canonical)
-īscere (infinitive present)
-ī (active perfect)
-um (supine)


-isco

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -iscus


-isti

From a probable Proto-Italic -istai, likely formed from merging the Proto-Indo-European second person singular aorist ending th₂e with an aorist stem -s-.

Used for the second person present perfect singular form of any regular verb.


-iti

inflection of -ītus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -ītus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-iti

inflection of -itus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -itus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-ivi

inflection of -īvus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -īvus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-it

third-person singular present/perfect active indicative

third-person singular sigmatic future active indicative


-it

third-person singular sigmatic aorist active subjunctive of -ō


-ci

inflection of -cus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -cus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-ci

A declined form of -cum (nominal suffix).


-fer

la-suffix-adj

-fer (feminine -fera, neuter -ferum); first/second-declension suffix (nominative masculine singular in -er)

-fera (feminine)
-ferum (neuter)
in -er (masculine nominative singular)
-fer (masculine nominative singular)
-fera (feminine nominative singular)
-ferum (neuter nominative singular)
-ferī (masculine nominative plural)
-ferae (feminine nominative plural)
-fera (neuter nominative plural)
-ferī (genitive masculine singular)
-ferae (feminine genitive singular)
-ferī (genitive neuter singular)
-ferōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-ferārum (feminine genitive plural)
-ferōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-ferō (dative masculine singular)
-ferae (dative feminine singular)
-ferō (dative neuter singular)
-ferīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ferum (accusative masculine singular)
-feram (accusative feminine singular)
-ferum (accusative neuter singular)
-ferōs (accusative masculine plural)
-ferās (accusative feminine plural)
-fera (accusative neuter plural)
-ferō (ablative masculine singular)
-ferā (ablative feminine singular)
-ferō (ablative neuter singular)
-ferīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-fer (masculine singular vocative)
-fera (feminine singular vocative)
-ferum (neuter singular vocative)
-ferī (masculine plural vocative)
-ferae (feminine plural vocative)
-fera (neuter plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *-foros, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorós (“carrying”). Related to ferō (“to bear, to carry”). Compare -ger from gerō. Akin to Ancient Greek -φόρος (-phóros) and Sanskrit भार (bhārá).


-la

inflection of -lus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-pte

From some syncopated form of potis still whole in utpote.

ego meaning "I" → mepte

suus → suapte

Suapte manu.

suo → suopte

meo → meopte

Meopte ingenio.

‘[…] with its own sound | the ears are ringing’

‘[…] sonitū suopte | tintinant aurēs’ ― Catul.51

A particle usually affixed to the ablative singular of these adjectives (meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester) most frequently to that of suus in order to express more emphatically that a thing belongs to a person as contrasted with what is not his own


-tas

la-suffix-noun

-tās f (genitive -tātis); third declension

-tās (canonical feminine)
-tātis (genitive)
-tās (nominative singular)
-tātēs (nominative plural)
-tātis (genitive singular)
-tātum (genitive plural)
-tātium (genitive plural)
-tātī (dative singular)
-tātibus (dative plural)
-tātem (accusative singular)
-tātēs (accusative plural)
-tātīs (accusative plural)
-tāte (ablative singular)
-tātibus (ablative plural)
-tās (singular vocative)
-tātēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: -dat

Aromanian: -tati

Asturian: -dá

Basque: -tate

Catalan: -tat

Franco-Provençal: -tât

desctree

Old French: -té f
Middle French: -té
French: -té
→ Dutch: -teit
→ English: -ty
→ Norman: -té

Friulian: -tât

German: -tät

Indonesian: -tas (rarer, -ta)

Italian: -ità

Occitan: -tat (rarer, -ta)

Portuguese: -dade, -tade

Romanian: -tate

Sicilian: -tà, -tati

Old Spanish: -dat, -tat

Spanish: -dad, -tad

Welsh: -dod

From Proto-Italic *-tāts, from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts, whence also Attic Greek -της (-tēs), Doric Greek -τᾱς (-tās), and Sanskrit -ताति (-tāti). See also -tūs.

-ty, -dom, -hood, -ness, -ship; Used to form feminine abstract nouns indicating a state of being.


-tas

From Proto-Italic *-tā, from Proto-Indo-European *-tweh₂.


-ares

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nominative/accusative/vocative masculine/feminine plural of -āris


-ares

second-person singular imperfect active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)


-ies

la-suffix-noun

-iēs f (genitive -iēī); fifth declension

-iēs (canonical feminine)
-iēī (genitive)
-iēs (nominative singular)
-iēs (nominative plural)
-iēī (genitive singular)
-iērum (genitive plural)
-iēī (dative singular)
-iēbus (dative plural)
-iem (accusative singular)
-iēs (accusative plural)
-iē (ablative singular)
-iēbus (ablative plural)
-iēs (singular vocative)
-iēs (plural vocative)
-itiēs (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Italic *-jēs; according to Steinbauer, from hysterokinetic Proto-Indo-European *-yḗh₂s ~ *-ih₂és.

etymon

-iēs

Used to form an abstract noun, usually from an adjective stem.


-ies

Used to form frequency adverbs, usually from a number and having the meaning "N times"


-ula

la-suffix-noun

-ula f (genitive -ulae); first declension

-ulae (genitive)
-ula (nominative singular)
-ulae (nominative plural)
-ulae (genitive singular)
-ulārum (genitive plural)
-ulae (dative singular)
-ulīs (dative plural)
-ulam (accusative singular)
-ulās (accusative plural)
-ulā (ablative singular)
-ulīs (ablative plural)
-ula (singular vocative)
-ulae (plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.
More information
The words rēgula and tēgula are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs regō and tegō. Sihler (1979) reconstructs *-dʰl- in rēgula and tēgula; in contrast, Nielsen (1998) reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's Law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles rēctus and tēctus). As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (*rēcula and *tēcula), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /g/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > strāgulum and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la > trāgula. (Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in neglego, and is argued by Sen 2015 to have occurred in pūblicus; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in -culum such as pōculum).
Alternatively, related to the suffix -ulus used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as gerulus, gerula.
Compare instrument nouns in -ulum.

regō + -ula → rēgula

tegō + -ula → tēgula


-ula

inflection of -ulus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-vis

dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of -vus


-at

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: -a
Galician: -a
Portuguese: -a

Spanish: -a

From Proto-Italic *-āt, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.

third-person singular present active indicative of -ō (first conjugation)


-at

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: -a

French: -a

(poetic, syncopated, rare) third-person singular perfect active indicative of -ō (first conjugation; verbs with the perfect infix -av-)


-aceus

la-suffix-adj

-āceus (feminine -ācea, neuter -āceum); first/second-declension suffix

-āceus (canonical)
-ācea (feminine)
-āceum (neuter)
-āceus (masculine nominative singular)
-ācea (feminine nominative singular)
-āceum (neuter nominative singular)
-āceī (masculine nominative plural)
-āceae (feminine nominative plural)
-ācea (neuter nominative plural)
-āceī (genitive masculine singular)
-āceae (feminine genitive singular)
-āceī (genitive neuter singular)
-āceōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-āceārum (feminine genitive plural)
-āceōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-āceō (dative masculine singular)
-āceae (dative feminine singular)
-āceō (dative neuter singular)
-āceīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-āceum (accusative masculine singular)
-āceam (accusative feminine singular)
-āceum (accusative neuter singular)
-āceōs (accusative masculine plural)
-āceās (accusative feminine plural)
-ācea (accusative neuter plural)
-āceō (ablative masculine singular)
-āceā (ablative feminine singular)
-āceō (ablative neuter singular)
-āceīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ācee (masculine singular vocative)
-ācea (feminine singular vocative)
-āceum (neuter singular vocative)
-āceī (masculine plural vocative)
-āceae (feminine plural vocative)
-ācea (neuter plural vocative)
-ācius (alternative Late-Latin misspelling)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: -accio, -azzo

Sicilian: -azzu

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: -às

Old French: -ace f

French: -asse

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: -aciu, -azu

Galician: -azo

Mozarabic: *-ačo

Portuguese: -aço

Spanish: -azo

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: -aci

→ English: -aceous

→ Italian: -aceo

→ Portuguese: -áceo

→ Spanish: -áceo

→ Translingual: -aceae

Derived from the adjectival suffix -āx (“inclined to”) + -eus (suffix indicating origin).

suffix

-aceous; resembling, having the nature of, forming, belonging to


-em

See -ēs (suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns).


-em

nonlemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)


-ola

inflection of -olus:
nominative/vocative feminine singular


-nam

used to add emphasis to adverbs and interrogative pronouns: -ever, -soever, indeed.


-to

la-suffix-verb

-tō (present infinitive -tāre, perfect active -tāvī, supine -tātum); first conjugation

-tō (canonical)
-tāre (infinitive present)
-tāvī (active perfect)
-tātum (supine)
-tō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-tās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-tat (active indicative present singular third-person)
-tāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-tātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-tant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-tābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-tābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-tābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-tābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-tābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-tābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-tābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-tābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-tābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-tābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-tābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-tābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-tāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-tāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-tāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-tāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-tāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-tāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-tāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-tāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-tāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-tāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-tāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-tāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-tāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-tāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-tāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-tāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-tāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-tāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-tāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-tor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-tāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-tāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-tātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-tāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-tāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-tantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-tābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-tābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-tābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-tābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-tābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-tābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-tābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-tābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-tāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-tābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-tābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-tābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-tābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-tābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-tem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-tēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-tet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-tēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-tētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-tent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-tārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-tārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-tāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-tārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-tārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-tārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-tāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-tāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-tāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-tāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-tāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-tāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-tāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-tāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-tāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-tāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-tāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-tāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-ter (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-tēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-tēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-tētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-tēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-tēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-tentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-tārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-tārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-tārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-tārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-tārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-tārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-tārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-tā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-tāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-tātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-tātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-tātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-tantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-tāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-tāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-tātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-tātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-tantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-tāre (active infinitive present)
-tārī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-tārier (infinitive passive present third-person)
-tāns (active participle present)
-tātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-tātum īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-tātūrus (active future participle)
-tandus (future participle passive third-person)
-tāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
-tātum esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-tātus (participle passive perfect third-person)
-tātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-tātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-tandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-tandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-tandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-tandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-tātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-tātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Likely originally denominatives in -ō formed from the past participle.

Forms frequentative verbs from existing verbs. In Latin, this means repeated or intense action. For examples, see here.


-to

masculine/neuter dative/ablative singular of -tus