-bo

-bō (canonical)
Future active indicative (active conjugation-3 indicative present)
-bō (active conjugation-3 first-person indicative present singular)
-bis (active conjugation-3 indicative present second-person singular)
-bit (active conjugation-3 indicative present singular third-person)
-bimus (active conjugation-3 first-person indicative plural present)
-bitis (active conjugation-3 indicative plural present second-person)
-bunt (active conjugation-3 indicative plural present third-person)
Imperfect active indicative (active present subjunctive)
-bam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-bās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-bat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-bāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-bātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-bant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
Present passive indicative (active present subjunctive)
Future passive indicative
-bor (first-person singular)
-beris (second-person singular)
-bitur (singular third-person)
-bimur (first-person plural)
-biminī (plural second-person)
-buntur (plural third-person)
Present passive subjunctive (active present subjunctive)
Imperfect passive indicative
-bar (first-person singular)
-bāris (second-person singular)
-bātur (singular third-person)
-bāmur (first-person plural)
-bāminī (plural second-person)
-bantur (plural third-person)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”). Compare fīō (“I become”).

der

amō (“I love”) > amābō (“I will love”)

amō (“I love”) > amābam (“I was loving”)

Used to form some inflected forms of the verbs.


-um

From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-om (thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending).

inh

inflection of -us:
accusative masculine singular


-um

From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending).

-om (alternative)
-ûm (alternative)
-ôm (alternative)
-ūm (alternative)
-ōm (alternative)

genitive plural ending
genitive plural of -s


-er

first-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)


-ona

la-suffix-noun

-ōna f (genitive -ōnae); first declension

-ōna (canonical feminine)
-ōnae (genitive)
-ōna (nominative singular)
-ōnae (nominative plural)
-ōnae (genitive singular)
-ōnārum (genitive plural)
-ōnae (dative singular)
-ōnīs (dative plural)
-ōnam (accusative singular)
-ōnās (accusative plural)
-ōnā (ablative singular)
-ōnīs (ablative plural)
-ōna (singular vocative)
-ōnae (plural vocative)

Used to form names or epithets of female deities


-itis

-ītis f (genitive -ītidis); third declension

-ītis (canonical feminine)
-ītidis (genitive)
-ītis (nominative singular)
-ītidēs (nominative plural)
-ītidis (genitive singular)
-ītidum (genitive plural)
-ītidī (dative singular)
-ītidibus (dative plural)
-ītidem (accusative singular)
-ītidēs (accusative plural)
-ītide (ablative singular)
-ītidibus (ablative plural)
-ītis (singular vocative)
-ītidēs (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek -ῖτις (-îtis, “pertaining to”).

lbor

(New Latin, pathology) -itis (suffix denoting diseases characterized by inflammation, itself often caused by an infection)


-itis

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-itis

dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of -ītus


-itis

dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of -itus


-io

la-suffix-noun

-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension

-iō (canonical feminine)
-iōnis (genitive)
-iō (nominative singular)
-iōnēs (nominative plural)
-iōnis (genitive singular)
-iōnum (genitive plural)
-iōnī (dative singular)
-iōnibus (dative plural)
-iōnem (accusative singular)
-iōnēs (accusative plural)
-iōne (ablative singular)
-iōnibus (ablative plural)
-iō (singular vocative)
-iōnēs (plural vocative)


-io

-iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension

-iō (canonical masculine)
-iōnis (genitive)
-iō (nominative singular)
-iōnēs (nominative plural)
-iōnis (genitive singular)
-iōnum (genitive plural)
-iōnī (dative singular)
-iōnibus (dative plural)
-iōnem (accusative singular)
-iōnēs (accusative plural)
-iōne (ablative singular)
-iōnibus (ablative plural)
-iō (singular vocative)
-iōnēs (plural vocative)

Extension of -ō (possibly by rebracketing).

Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms various nouns designating persons that are characterized by or related to the base word, such as nicknames or names of professions.

Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certain nouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.


-io

la-suffix-verb

-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation

-iō (canonical)
-iāre (infinitive present)
-iāvī (active perfect)
-iātum (supine)
-iō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-iās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-iat (active indicative present singular third-person)
-iāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-iātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-iant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-iābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-iābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-iābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-iābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-iābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-iābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-iābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-iābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-iābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-iābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-iābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-iābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-iāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-iāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-iāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-iāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-iāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-iāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-iāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-iāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-iāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-iāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-iāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-iāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-iāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-iāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-iāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-iāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-iāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-iāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-iāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-iāssō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-iāssis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-iāssit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-iāssimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-iāssitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-iāssint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-ior (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-iāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-iāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-iātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-iāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-iāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-iantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-iābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-iābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-iābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-iābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-iābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-iābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-iābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-iābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-iāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-iābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-iābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-iābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-iābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-iābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-iem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-iēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-iēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-iētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ient (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-iārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-iārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-iāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-iārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-iārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-iārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-iāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-iāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-iāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-iāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-iāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-iāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-iāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-iāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-iāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-iāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-iāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-iāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-iāssim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-iāssīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-iāssīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-iāssīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-iāssītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-iāssint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-ier (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-iēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-iēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-iēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ientur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-iārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-iārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-iārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-iārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-iārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-iārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-iārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-iā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-iāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-iātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-iātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-iātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-iantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-iāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-iāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-iātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-iātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-iantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-iāre (active infinitive present)
-iārī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-iārier (infinitive passive present third-person)
-iāns (active participle present)
-iātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-iātum īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-iātūrus (active future participle)
-iandus (future participle passive third-person)
-iāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
-iātum esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-iātus (participle passive perfect third-person)
-iātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-iātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-iandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-iandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-iandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-iandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-iātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-iātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.

Used to form factitive verbs from adjectives.


-io

-iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation iō-variant

-iō (canonical)
-ere (infinitive present)
-ī (active perfect)
-um (supine)
-iō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-is (active indicative present second-person singular)
-it (active indicative present singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-itis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-iunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
-iēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-iēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-iēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-iēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-iēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-iēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-iam (active first-person future indicative singular)
-iēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
-iet (active future indicative singular third-person)
-iēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-iētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ient (active future indicative plural third-person)
-ī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-istī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-it (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-istis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-ērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-eram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-erās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-erat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-erāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-erātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-erant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-erō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-eris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-erit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-erimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-eritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-erint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-is (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-it (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-itis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-int (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-ior (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-eris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-itur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-imur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-iminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-iuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-iēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-iēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-iēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-iēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-iēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-iēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-iēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-iar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-iēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-iēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-iētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-iēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-iēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-ientur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-us + present active indicative of sum (indicative passive perfect)
-us + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-or (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
-eris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
-itur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
-iam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-iās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-iāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-iātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-iant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-erem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-erēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-eret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-erēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-erētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-erim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-erīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-erit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-erīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-erītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-issem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-issēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-isset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-issēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-issētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-issent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-im (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-īs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-īt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-īmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-ītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-int (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-iar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-iāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-iāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-iāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-iantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-erer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-erēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-erēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-erētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-erēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-erēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-erentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-us + present active subjunctive of sum (passive perfect subjunctive)
-e (active imperative present second-person singular)
-ite (active imperative plural present second-person)
-itō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-itō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-itōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-iuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-ere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-iminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-itor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-itor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-iuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-ere (active infinitive present)
-ī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-iēns (active participle present)
-ūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-um īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-ūrus (active future participle)
-iendus (future participle passive third-person)
-iundus (future participle passive third-person)
-isse (active infinitive perfect)
-um esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-us (participle passive perfect third-person)
-um fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-iendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-iendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-iendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-iendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-um (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

From Proto-Italic *-jō, from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (first person singular: *-yóh₂) after a consonant.

third conjugation
Appendix:Latin third conjugation

Used to form some irregular third conjugation verbs.


-io

-iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī or -iī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation

-iō (canonical)
-īre (infinitive present)
-īvī (active perfect)
-iī (active perfect)
-ītum (supine)
-iō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-īs (active indicative present second-person singular)
-it (active indicative present singular third-person)
-īmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-ītis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-iunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
-iēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-iēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-iēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-iēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-iēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-iēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-iam (active first-person future indicative singular)
-iēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
-iet (active future indicative singular third-person)
-iēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-iētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ient (active future indicative plural third-person)
-īvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-iī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-īvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-iistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-īvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-iit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-īvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-iimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-īvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-iistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-īvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-īvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-iērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-iēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-īveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-ieram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-īverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-ierās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-īverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-ierat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-īverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-ierāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-īverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-ierātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-īverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-ierant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-īverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-ierō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-īveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-ieris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-īverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-ierit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-īverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-ierimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-īveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-ieritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-īverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ierint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-īssō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-īssis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-īssit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-īssimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-īssitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-īssint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-ior (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-īris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-īre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ītur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-īmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-īminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-iuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-iēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-iēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-iēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-iēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-iēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-iēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-iēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-iar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-iēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-iēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-iētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-iēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-iēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-ientur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-ītus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-iam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-iās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-iāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-iātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-iant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-īrem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-īrēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-īret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-īrēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-īrētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-īrent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-īverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-ierim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-īverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-ierīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-īverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ierit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-īverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-ierīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-īverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ierītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-īverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-ierint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-īvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-iissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-īvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-iissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-īvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-iisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-īvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-iissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-īvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-iissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-īvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-iissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-īssim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-īssīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-īssīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-īssīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-īssītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-īssint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-iar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-iāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-iātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-iāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-iāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-iantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-īrer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-īrēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-īrēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-īrētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-īrēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-īrēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-īrentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ī (active imperative present second-person singular)
-īte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-ītō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-ītō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-ītōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-iuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-īre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-īminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-ītor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-ītor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-iuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-īre (active infinitive present)
-īrī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-iēns (active participle present)
-ītūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-ītum īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-ītūrus (active future participle)
-iendus (future participle passive third-person)
-iundus (future participle passive third-person)
-īvisse (active infinitive perfect)
-iisse (active infinitive perfect)
-ītum esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ītus (participle passive perfect third-person)
-ītum fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ītūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-iendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-iendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-iendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-iendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-ītum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ītū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Asturian: -ir

Catalan: -ir

Friulian: -î

Galician: -ir

Italian: -ire

Occitan: -ir

Old French: -ir

French: -ir

Portuguese: -ir

Romanian: -i

Spanish: -ir

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (denominative suffix). The question of how it came to be differentiated from third-conjugation -iō, -ere is still debated. Vine 2012 derives denominatives such as serviō from *serw-e-yé/ó- (with the thematic vowel *-e- before the suffix), proposing that unaccented Proto-Indo-European *-e- came to be assimilated in Italic to an immediately following *-y-. Alternative explanations include an Italic version of Sievers's law (that is, a prosodically conditioned development of postconsonantal *-y-* to *-iy- in certain contexts) or combination of the suffix with stems ending in *-i-. Some verbs may be derived from backformation from adjectives ending in -ītus, such as igniō, whose finite forms are attested later than ignītus (“fiery, glowing”).

der

fourth conjugation
Appendix:Latin fourth conjugation


-ulum

la-suffix-noun

-ulum n (genitive -ulī); second declension

-ulī (genitive)
-ulum (nominative singular)
-ula (nominative plural)
-ulī (genitive singular)
-ulōrum (genitive plural)
-ulō (dative singular)
-ulīs (dative plural)
-ulum (accusative singular)
-ula (accusative plural)
-ulō (ablative singular)
-ulīs (ablative plural)
-ulum (singular vocative)
-ula (plural vocative)

A phonologically conditioned alteration (allomorph) of Latin -culum, from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, generated by a rule deleting the suffix-initial stop in positions after stops.

amicio + -ulum → amiculum

specio + -ulum → speculum < *spek-klo- < *spek-tlo-

cingo + -ulum → cingulum

Used to form a noun of instrument or means from a verb.


-ulum

inflection of -ulus:
accusative masculine singular


-or

-or m (genitive -ōris); third declension

-ōris (genitive)
-or (nominative singular)
-ōrēs (nominative plural)
-ōris (genitive singular)
-ōrum (genitive plural)
-ōrī (dative singular)
-ōribus (dative plural)
-ōrem (accusative singular)
-ōrēs (accusative plural)
-ōre (ablative singular)
-ōribus (ablative plural)
-or (singular vocative)
-ōrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance: m

Italian: -ore

Gallo-Romance: f

Catalan: -or

Franco-Provençal: -or

French: -eur

Occitan: -or

Ibero-Romance: m

Spanish: -or

From Proto-Italic *-ōs, from Proto-Indo-European *-ōs, for original *-oss, compound suffix from *(é)-os (athematic) (neuter s-stem) + *-s (masculine nominative).
The ō from the nominative case was made common to all cases originally with non-ablauting o (the three exceptions were arbor, mulier and Cerēs). Afterwards nom.sg. -ōr > -or, by Latin sound laws. Thus paradoxically, as in other r-stems (soror, -tor), in the resulting paradigm the one form with a short stem vowel is the only form whose stem was etymologically long.

af

amō (“I love”) + -or → amor (“love”)

timeō (“I fear”, “I am afraid”) + -or → timor (“fear”)

third-declension
Appendix:Latin third declension

used to form a third-declension masculine abstract noun from a verb root or conceived root form


-or

first-person singular present passive indicative of -ō (first conjugation)


-or

first-person singular present passive indicative of -ō (third conjugation)


-alis

la-suffix-adj

-ālis (neuter -āle); third-declension two-termination suffix

-ālis (canonical)
-āle (neuter)
-ālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-āle (neuter nominative singular)
-ālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-ālia (neuter nominative plural)
-ālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-ālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-āle (accusative neuter singular)
-ālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ālia (accusative neuter plural)
-ālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-āle (neuter singular vocative)
-ālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-ālia (neuter plural vocative)
-āris (alternative)
-ēlis (alternative)
-īlis (alternative)
-ūlis (alternative)

Aromanian: -alji, -alj

Catalan: -al, -alla

→ English: -al

French: -aille

desctree

French: -el
→ Danish: -el
→ Dutch: -eel
Afrikaans: -eel
→ Indonesian: -il
→ German: -ell
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ell
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell
→ Swedish: -ell
→ Turkish: -sel
→ Yiddish: ־על (-el)

→ French: -al

Norwegian Bokmål: -al

→ Turkish: -al

Friulian: -âl, -ae

Galician: -al

→ German: -al

→ Interlingua: -al

Italian: -aglia

Italian: -ale
→ Maltese: -ali

Occitan: -al, -alha

→ Polish: -alny (adapted)

Portuguese: -al, -alha

Romanian: -aie, -ai

Sicilian: -ali

Spanish: -al

Venetan: -al, -aja, -agia

→ Welsh: -ol

From Proto-Italic *-ālis, which also later dissimilated into an early version of -āris (e.g., mīlitāris). Perhaps connected to *h₂el- (“to grow”) (cf. the sense of indolēs, from this root).

etymon

-ālis

anima (“breath”) + -ālis → animālis (“animate, living”)

crūra (“legs”) + -ālis → crūrālis (“pertaining to the leg, crural”)

pedēs (“feet”) + -ālis → pedālis (“pertaining to the foot”)

duo (“two”) + -ālis → duālis (“dual”)

rēx (“king, ruler”) + -ālis → rēgālis (“regal, royal”)

nātūra (“nature”) + -ālis → nātūrālis (“natural”)

Suffixed to nouns or numerals creating adjectives of relationship.

aequus (“equal in a given quality; even, level”) + -ālis → aequālis (“equal in every respect, identical in value; uniform, unvarying”)

aeternus (“having finite but long duration as if pertaining to an aetas; lasting”) + -ālis → aeternālis (“having infinite duration; everlasting, infinite”)

līber (“free, independent, unrestricted; open, unbiased”) + -ālis → līberālis (“advocating and promoting personal freedom; bountiful, generous”)

socius (“associating, sharing, partaking”) + -ālis → sociālis (“companionable; allied, confederate”)

Suffixed to adjectives creating adjectives with an intensified meaning.


-itas

la-suffix-noun

-itās f (genitive -itātis); third declension

-itās (canonical feminine)
-itātis (genitive)
-itās (nominative singular)
-itātēs (nominative plural)
-itātis (genitive singular)
-itātum (genitive plural)
-itātī (dative singular)
-itātibus (dative plural)
-itātem (accusative singular)
-itātēs (accusative plural)
-itāte (ablative singular)
-itātibus (ablative plural)
-itās (singular vocative)
-itātēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: -ãtati, -tati

Asturian: -idá

→ Basque: -itate

Catalan: -itat, -tat

→ Danish: -itet

→ Dutch: -iteit, -teit

→ Indonesian: -itet

French: -ité, -eté, -té

→ English: -ity, -ty

→ Malay: -iti

→ Turkish: -ite

Friulian: -itât, -tât

→ German: -ität

→ Indonesian: -itas

Italian: -ità, -tà, -itade, -tade

→ Latvian: -itāte

→ Norwegian Bokmål: -itet

→ Bulgarian: -итет (-itet)

Occitan: -itat, -ita

Portuguese: -idade, -dade

Romanian: -itate, -ătate, -tate

Sicilian: -ità, -itati

Spanish: -idad, -edad, -tad

→ Swedish: -itet

First from Proto-Italic *-itāts and *-otāts, i.e. -tās added to i-stems or o-stems, later used freely. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts.

amārus (“bitter, pungent”) + -itas → amāritās (“bitterness”)

ūnus (“one”) + -itas → ūnitās (“unity, oneness”)

cīvis (“citizen”) + -itas → cīvitās (“citizenship”)

fidēlis (“faithful”) + -itas → fidēlitās (“fidelity, faithfulness”)

trīni (“three each”) + -itas → trīnitās (“trinity, threeness”)

vēlōx (“swift, quick”) + -itas → vēlōcitās (“velocity, swiftness”)


-icus

la-suffix-adj

-icus (feminine -ica, neuter -icum); first/second-declension suffix

-ica (feminine)
-icum (neuter)
-icus (masculine nominative singular)
-ica (feminine nominative singular)
-icum (neuter nominative singular)
-icī (masculine nominative plural)
-icae (feminine nominative plural)
-ica (neuter nominative plural)
-icī (genitive masculine singular)
-icae (feminine genitive singular)
-icī (genitive neuter singular)
-icōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-icārum (feminine genitive plural)
-icōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-icō (dative masculine singular)
-icae (dative feminine singular)
-icō (dative neuter singular)
-icīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-icum (accusative masculine singular)
-icam (accusative feminine singular)
-icum (accusative neuter singular)
-icōs (accusative masculine plural)
-icās (accusative feminine plural)
-ica (accusative neuter plural)
-icō (ablative masculine singular)
-icā (ablative feminine singular)
-icō (ablative neuter singular)
-icīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ice (masculine singular vocative)
-ica (feminine singular vocative)
-icum (neuter singular vocative)
-icī (masculine plural vocative)
-icae (feminine plural vocative)
-ica (neuter plural vocative)

Aromanian: -ic

→ Afrikaans: -ies

Asturian: -icu

Catalan: -ic

→ Dutch: -icus

→ English: -ic, -ick (obsolete)

→ French: -ique

Galician: -ico

→ Hungarian: -ikus

Italian: -ico

→ Portuguese: -ico, -igo

Portuguese: -ego

Romanian: -ec, -ic

Sicilian: -icu

→ Spanish: -ico

Venetan: -ego

From i-stem + -cus, occurring in some original cases and later used freely. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-igaz (Old High German and Old English -ig, Gothic -𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (-eigs)), Sanskrit -इक (-ika), Proto-Slavic *-ьcь (the last has fossilized into a nominal agent suffix, but probably originally also served adjectival functions).

of or pertaining to, connected with: -ic, -ish

manus f (“hand”) + -ica → manica (“sleeve”)

used to form some substantivized nouns from other nouns


-icus

la-suffix-noun

-īcus m (genitive -īcī, feminine -īca); second declension

la-suffix-adj

-īcus (feminine -īca, neuter -īcum); first/second-declension suffix

-īcus (canonical masculine)
second declension -īcus (canonical)
-īcī (genitive)
-īca (feminine)
-īcum (neuter)
-īca (nominative singular)
-īcae (nominative plural)
-īcae (genitive singular)
-īcārum (genitive plural)
-īcae (dative singular)
-īcīs (dative plural)
-īcam (accusative singular)
-īcās (accusative plural)
-īcā (ablative singular)
-īcīs (ablative plural)
-īca (singular vocative)
-īcae (plural vocative)
-īcus (masculine nominative singular)
-īca (feminine nominative singular)
-īcum (neuter nominative singular)
-īcī (masculine nominative plural)
-īcae (feminine nominative plural)
-īca (neuter nominative plural)
-īcī (genitive masculine singular)
-īcae (feminine genitive singular)
-īcī (genitive neuter singular)
-īcōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-īcārum (feminine genitive plural)
-īcōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-īcō (dative masculine singular)
-īcae (dative feminine singular)
-īcō (dative neuter singular)
-īcīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-īcum (accusative masculine singular)
-īcam (accusative feminine singular)
-īcum (accusative neuter singular)
-īcōs (accusative masculine plural)
-īcās (accusative feminine plural)
-īca (accusative neuter plural)
-īcō (ablative masculine singular)
-īcā (ablative feminine singular)
-īcō (ablative neuter singular)
-īcīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-īce (masculine singular vocative)
-īca (feminine singular vocative)
-īcum (neuter singular vocative)
-īcī (masculine plural vocative)
-īcae (feminine plural vocative)
-īca (neuter plural vocative)

Probably ultimately extended from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos (Etymology 1), the -ī- may come from an instrumental case form. Compare -ūcus and also, -ītus. Compare also other words containing a velar suffix such as fēlīx.

lectus (“bed”) + -īca → lectīca (“litter”)

pudet (“to cause shame”) + -īcus → pudīcus (“chaste, pure”)

used to form adjectives from verbs or nouns


-ulus

-ulus (feminine -ula, neuter -ulum); first/second-declension suffix

-ula (feminine)
-ulum (neuter)
-ulus (masculine nominative singular)
-ula (feminine nominative singular)
-ulum (neuter nominative singular)
-ulī (masculine nominative plural)
-ulae (feminine nominative plural)
-ula (neuter nominative plural)
-ulī (genitive masculine singular)
-ulae (feminine genitive singular)
-ulī (genitive neuter singular)
-ulōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-ulārum (feminine genitive plural)
-ulōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-ulō (dative masculine singular)
-ulae (dative feminine singular)
-ulō (dative neuter singular)
-ulīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ulum (accusative masculine singular)
-ulam (accusative feminine singular)
-ulum (accusative neuter singular)
-ulōs (accusative masculine plural)
-ulās (accusative feminine plural)
-ula (accusative neuter plural)
-ulō (ablative masculine singular)
-ulā (ablative feminine singular)
-ulō (ablative neuter singular)
-ulīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ule (masculine singular vocative)
-ula (feminine singular vocative)
-ulum (neuter singular vocative)
-ulī (masculine plural vocative)
-ulae (feminine plural vocative)
-ula (neuter plural vocative)
-olus (alternative)
-lus (alternative)

→ English: -ule

Galician: -ó, -oa (no longer productive)

Greek: -ούλα (-oúla)

Italian: -olo, -ola

Sicilian: -ulu, -ula

Spanish: -uelo, -uela

From Proto-Italic *-elos (whence Faliscan -𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌔 (-elos)), from Proto-Indo-European *-elós, thematized from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz and *-ulaz, whence no longer productive English -le (as in dimple and nozzle), Dutch -el, German -el.

Used to form a diminutive of a noun, indicating small size or youth.

Used to form a diminutive of an adjective with diminished effect, indicating “somewhat” or “-ish”.

Used to form an agent noun or adjective from a verb.


-genus

-genus (feminine -gena, neuter -genum); first/second-declension suffix

-gena (feminine)
-genum (neuter)
-genus (masculine nominative singular)
-gena (feminine nominative singular)
-genum (neuter nominative singular)
-genī (masculine nominative plural)
-genae (feminine nominative plural)
-gena (neuter nominative plural)
-genī (genitive masculine singular)
-genae (feminine genitive singular)
-genī (genitive neuter singular)
-genōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-genārum (feminine genitive plural)
-genōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-genō (dative masculine singular)
-genae (dative feminine singular)
-genō (dative neuter singular)
-genīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-genum (accusative masculine singular)
-genam (accusative feminine singular)
-genum (accusative neuter singular)
-genōs (accusative masculine plural)
-genās (accusative feminine plural)
-gena (accusative neuter plural)
-genō (ablative masculine singular)
-genā (ablative feminine singular)
-genō (ablative neuter singular)
-genīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-gene (masculine singular vocative)
-gena (feminine singular vocative)
-genum (neuter singular vocative)
-genī (masculine plural vocative)
-genae (feminine plural vocative)
-gena (neuter plural vocative)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁ós (“born”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to give birth”). Cognate of Ancient Greek -γενής (-genḗs, “born in a certain place or condition”).


-cida

la-suffix-noun

-cīda m (genitive -cīdae); first declension

-cīda (canonical masculine)
-cīdae (genitive)
-cīda (nominative singular)
-cīdae (nominative plural)
-cīdae (genitive singular)
-cīdārum (genitive plural)
-cīdae (dative singular)
-cīdīs (dative plural)
-cīdam (accusative singular)
-cīdās (accusative plural)
-cīdā (ablative singular)
-cīdīs (ablative plural)
-cīda (singular vocative)
-cīdae (plural vocative)

English: -cide (merged with -cīdium)

French: -cide

Spanish: -cida

caedō (“to cut, hew, kill”) + -a (suffix forming masculine agent nouns)

af

Noun-forming suffix denoting “one who kills” or “one who cuts” from noun stems.


-osus

la-suffix-adj

-ōsus (feminine -ōsa, neuter -ōsum); first/second-declension suffix

-ōsus (canonical)
-ōsa (feminine)
-ōsum (neuter)
-ōsus (masculine nominative singular)
-ōsa (feminine nominative singular)
-ōsum (neuter nominative singular)
-ōsī (masculine nominative plural)
-ōsae (feminine nominative plural)
-ōsa (neuter nominative plural)
-ōsī (genitive masculine singular)
-ōsae (feminine genitive singular)
-ōsī (genitive neuter singular)
-ōsōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-ōsārum (feminine genitive plural)
-ōsōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-ōsō (dative masculine singular)
-ōsae (dative feminine singular)
-ōsō (dative neuter singular)
-ōsīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ōsum (accusative masculine singular)
-ōsam (accusative feminine singular)
-ōsum (accusative neuter singular)
-ōsōs (accusative masculine plural)
-ōsās (accusative feminine plural)
-ōsa (accusative neuter plural)
-ōsō (ablative masculine singular)
-ōsā (ablative feminine singular)
-ōsō (ablative neuter singular)
-ōsīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ōse (masculine singular vocative)
-ōsa (feminine singular vocative)
-ōsum (neuter singular vocative)
-ōsī (masculine plural vocative)
-ōsae (feminine plural vocative)
-ōsa (neuter plural vocative)
-ossus (alternative)
-ōnsus (alternative)

Aromanian: -os, -osu

Asturian: -osu

Catalan: -ós

Franco-Provençal: -ox

desctree

Old French: -us, -eus, -eux, -os, -ous
Middle French: -eux, -eulx
French: -eux, -ueux
→ Danish: -øs
→ Dutch: -eus
→ German: -ös
→ Norwegian: -øs
→ Swedish: -ös
Norman: -eux
→ Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws
English: -ous

Friulian: -ôs

Italian: -oso

Occitan: -ós

Old Galician-Portuguese: -oso

Galician: -oso

Portuguese: -oso

Romanian: -os

Sardinian: -osu, -ossu

Sicilian: -usu

→ Maltese: -uż

Old Spanish: -oso

Spanish: -oso

Venetan: -oxo, -óxo

→ Proto-Brythonic: *-ʉs

Breton: -us

Cornish: -us

Middle Welsh: -us
Welsh: -us

→ French: -ose

→ English: -ose

→ German: -os

Likely reflects a derivation *-h₃d-s-o- from Proto-Indo-European *h₃édos ~ *h₃édesos (“smell”), whence odor. Originally meaning “smelling like”, as evidenced possibly by hircōsus (“smelling like a goat”) and vinōsus (“fond of wine, *reeking of wine?”), it would have later generalised into “full of”. Compare related Ancient Greek -ώδης (-ṓdēs, “smelling like; full of”) and Old Armenian -ոտ (-ot) which underwent the same semantic change.
Alternatively, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *-wénts has also been proposed, through a form such as *-wont-to- by suffixation of *-tós.

cog

nervus (“sinew, energy”) + -ōsus → nervōsus (“nervous”)

racēmus (“cluster, bunch”) + -ōsus → racēmōsus (“racemose”)

ventus (“wind”) + -ōsus → ventōsus (“windy”)

-ose, -ous; full of, overly, prone to. Used to form adjectives from nouns.


-aris

la-suffix-adj

-āris (neuter -āre); third-declension two-termination suffix

-āris (canonical)
-āre (neuter)
-āris (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-āre (neuter nominative singular)
-ārēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-āria (neuter nominative plural)
-āris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ārium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-ārī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-āribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ārem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-āre (accusative neuter singular)
-ārēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ārīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-āria (accusative neuter plural)
-ārī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-āribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-āris (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-āre (neuter singular vocative)
-ārēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-āria (neuter plural vocative)
-ālis (alternative)
-ēlis (alternative)
-īlis (alternative)
-ūlis (alternative)

Catalan: -ar

→ Dutch: -aris

English: -ar, -ary

French: -aire

Galician: -ar

Italian: -are

Occitan: -ar

Portuguese: -ar

Spanish: -ar

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Latin -ālis
Latin -āris
Form of -ālis with dissimilation of -l- to -r- after roots containing an l.

etymon

-āris

Used to form an adjective, usually from a noun, indicating a relationship or a pertaining to.


-aris

nonlemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

second-person singular present passive indicative of -ō (first conjugation)


-anus

la-suffix-adj

-ānus (feminine -āna, neuter -ānum); first/second-declension suffix

-ānus (canonical)
-āna (feminine)
-ānum (neuter)
-ānus (masculine nominative singular)
-āna (feminine nominative singular)
-ānum (neuter nominative singular)
-ānī (masculine nominative plural)
-ānae (feminine nominative plural)
-āna (neuter nominative plural)
-ānī (genitive masculine singular)
-ānae (feminine genitive singular)
-ānī (genitive neuter singular)
-ānōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-ānārum (feminine genitive plural)
-ānōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-ānō (dative masculine singular)
-ānae (dative feminine singular)
-ānō (dative neuter singular)
-ānīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ānum (accusative masculine singular)
-ānam (accusative feminine singular)
-ānum (accusative neuter singular)
-ānōs (accusative masculine plural)
-ānās (accusative feminine plural)
-āna (accusative neuter plural)
-ānō (ablative masculine singular)
-ānā (ablative feminine singular)
-ānō (ablative neuter singular)
-ānīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-āne (masculine singular vocative)
-āna (feminine singular vocative)
-ānum (neuter singular vocative)
-ānī (masculine plural vocative)
-ānae (feminine plural vocative)
-āna (neuter plural vocative)
-ēnus (alternative)
-iānus (alternative)
-īnus (alternative)
-ūnus (alternative)

Catalan: -à, -ana

English: -an, -ian, -ane, -ana

Francoprovençal: -en, -èna

French: -en, -enne; -ien, -ienne; -ain, -aine

Galician: -án, -á; -ao, -á; -ano, -ana

German: -an

Italian: -ano, -ana

Portuguese: -ão, -ã

→ Portuguese: -ano, -ana

Romansch: -eun, -aun

Romanian: -ân, -ână; -an, -ană

Sicilian: -anu, -ana

Spanish: -ano, -ana

Venetan: -an, -ana

From some -ā- stem + -nus; later interpreted as one whole suffix and used freely.

Of or pertaining to; -ian; usually indicates a relationship of origin, position, or possession.


-a

From Proto-Italic *-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ (suffix originally used to form collective nouns, extended in Late PIE to also be a marker of feminine gender). For the use to form masculine agent nouns from verb roots, compare Latin poeta from Ancient Greek ποιητής (poiētḗs).

inh

inflection of -us:
nominative/vocative feminine singular

nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural of -s


-a

la-suffix-noun

-a f or m (genitive -ae); first declension

-ae (genitive)
-a (nominative singular)
-ae (nominative plural)
-ae (genitive singular)
-ārum (genitive plural)
-ae (dative singular)
-īs (dative plural)
-am (accusative singular)
-ās (accusative plural)
-ā (ablative singular)
-īs (ablative plural)
-a (singular vocative)
-ae (plural vocative)

equus m (“horse”) + -a → equa f (“female horse, mare”)

flāmen m (“flamen”) + -a → flāmina f (“wife of a flamen”)

magister m (“master, instructor”) + -a → magistra f (“mistress, instructress”)

suffix used to form feminine first-declension nouns

used to form a female counterpart of a masculine noun denoting a male

medicus (“doctor”) + -īnus (adjective-forming suffix) + -a → medicīna f (“medicine”), a type of ars f (“art”)

cōnferveō + -us (adjective-forming suffix) + -a → cōnferva f, a type of herba f (“plant”)

cōnsolidō + -us (adjective-forming suffix) + -a → cōnsolida f, a type of herba f (“plant”)

used in substantivised feminine adjective forms, with ellipsis of an implicit feminine head noun

lendis, lendin- f + -a → lendina f

pūlex, pūlic- m + -a → *pūlica f

(Late Latin) added to the stem of a third-declension noun to adapt its inflection to that of a feminine first-declension noun

adveniō + -a → advena

ager + colō + -a → agricola

caedō + -a → -cīda

colō + -a → -cola

scrībō + -a → scrība

suffix used to form (usually masculine) agent nouns from the roots of (usually compound) verbs

-ō¹

suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns


-a

From Old Latin -ād, first-declension ablative singular ending.


-a

citer + -ā → citrā

exter + -ā → extrā

in- + -ter + -ā → intrā

ulter + -ā → ultrā

suffixed chiefly to the stems of adjectives terminating in -ter, forms adverbs which are frequently also used as prepositions


-a

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

second-person singular present active imperative of -ō (first conjugation)


-inus

la-suffix-adj

-īnus (feminine -īna, neuter -īnum); first/second-declension suffix

-īnus (canonical)
-īna (feminine)
-īnum (neuter)
-īnus (masculine nominative singular)
-īna (feminine nominative singular)
-īnum (neuter nominative singular)
-īnī (masculine nominative plural)
-īnae (feminine nominative plural)
-īna (neuter nominative plural)
-īnī (genitive masculine singular)
-īnae (feminine genitive singular)
-īnī (genitive neuter singular)
-īnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-īnārum (feminine genitive plural)
-īnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-īnō (dative masculine singular)
-īnae (dative feminine singular)
-īnō (dative neuter singular)
-īnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-īnum (accusative masculine singular)
-īnam (accusative feminine singular)
-īnum (accusative neuter singular)
-īnōs (accusative masculine plural)
-īnās (accusative feminine plural)
-īna (accusative neuter plural)
-īnō (ablative masculine singular)
-īnā (ablative feminine singular)
-īnō (ablative neuter singular)
-īnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-īne (masculine singular vocative)
-īna (feminine singular vocative)
-īnum (neuter singular vocative)
-īnī (masculine plural vocative)
-īnae (feminine plural vocative)
-īna (neuter plural vocative)
-ānus (alternative)
-ēnus (alternative)
-iānus (alternative)
-ūnus (alternative)

Catalan: -í

French: -in

→ English: -ine

Italian: -ino

Old Galician-Portuguese: ĩo

Galician: -iño

Portuguese: -inho

Romanian: -in

Sicilian: -inu

Spanish: -ino

→ Galician: -ino

→ Portuguese: -ino

From Proto-Italic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos) and Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Of or pertaining to; -ine; Can indicate a relationship of position, possession, or origin.


-ivus

-īvus (feminine -īva, neuter -īvum); first/second-declension suffix

-īvus (canonical)
-īva (feminine)
-īvum (neuter)
-īvus (masculine nominative singular)
-īva (feminine nominative singular)
-īvum (neuter nominative singular)
-īvī (masculine nominative plural)
-īvae (feminine nominative plural)
-īva (neuter nominative plural)
-īvī (genitive masculine singular)
-īvae (feminine genitive singular)
-īvī (genitive neuter singular)
-īvōrum (genitive masculine plural)
-īvārum (feminine genitive plural)
-īvōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-īvō (dative masculine singular)
-īvae (dative feminine singular)
-īvō (dative neuter singular)
-īvīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-īvum (accusative masculine singular)
-īvam (accusative feminine singular)
-īvum (accusative neuter singular)
-īvōs (accusative masculine plural)
-īvās (accusative feminine plural)
-īva (accusative neuter plural)
-īvō (ablative masculine singular)
-īvā (ablative feminine singular)
-īvō (ablative neuter singular)
-īvīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-īve (masculine singular vocative)
-īva (feminine singular vocative)
-īvum (neuter singular vocative)
-īvī (masculine plural vocative)
-īvae (feminine plural vocative)
-īva (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: -iu

Italian: -ivo, -io

desctree

Old French: -if
→ Middle English: -yf, -if, -yfe, -ife, -yve, -ive, -ef, -y, -i, -ye, -ie, -e
English: -ive, -iff, -y
Middle French: -if
French: -if
→ Dutch: -ief
Afrikaans: -ief
→ Indonesian: -if
→ German: -iv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -iv
→ Turkish: -if

Portuguese: -io, → -ivo

Romanian: -iv, -iu

Sicilian: -ivu, -ìu

Spanish: -ivo

From the Proto-Indo-European *-iHwós, an extended form of *-wós. Cognate with Ancient Greek -εῖος (-eîos) (whence also some Latin forms in -ēus).

Added to the perfect passive participial stem of verbs, forming a deverbal adjective meaning “doing” or “related to doing”
agō → āctus → āctīvus
stō → status → statīvus

Less frequently, added to the root or present stem of a verb
cadō → cadīvus
noceō → nocīvus

Less frequently added to a noun stem
fēstum → fēstīvus
fūrtum → fūrtīvus


-ium

la-suffix-noun

-ium n (genitive -iī or -ī); second declension

-iī (genitive)
-ī (genitive)
-ium (nominative singular)
-ia (nominative plural)
-iī (genitive singular)
-ī (genitive singular)
-iōrum (genitive plural)
-iō (dative singular)
-iīs (dative plural)
-ium (accusative singular)
-ia (accusative plural)
-iō (ablative singular)
-iīs (ablative plural)
-ium (singular vocative)
-ia (plural vocative)

Norwegian Bokmål: -ium

From -ius (suffix forming adjectives): as a nominal suffix (Suffix 1), a substantivisation of its neuter forms; as an adjectival suffix (Suffix 2), regularly declined forms. Compare Ancient Greek -ιον (-ion), Proto-Slavic *-ьje.

auspex + -ium → auspicium

dēsīderō + -ium → dēsīderium

castellum (“castle”) + -ium → castilium (“fortified city”)

Suffix used to form abstract nouns, sometimes denoting offices and groups. May no longer be productive.

(New Latin) Suffix appended to form names of chemical elements.


-ium

inflection of -ius:
accusative masculine singular


-al

-al n (genitive -ālis); third declension

-ālis (genitive)
-al (nominative singular)
-ālia (nominative plural)
-ālis (genitive singular)
-ālium (genitive plural)
-ālī (dative singular)
-ālibus (dative plural)
-al (accusative singular)
-ālia (accusative plural)
-ālī (ablative singular)
-ālibus (ablative plural)
-al (singular vocative)
-ālia (plural vocative)
-āle (alternative)
-ar (alternative)
-āre (alternative)

From the recurrent substantivation of apocopated adjectives in -āle, the nominative neuter singular ending of -ālis. Compare the nominal suffixes -ārium, -ium and -cum (among others), all derived from the neuter stem of adjective-forming suffixes.


-ar

-ar n (genitive -āris); third declension

-āris (genitive)
-ar (nominative singular)
-āria (nominative plural)
-āris (genitive singular)
-ārium (genitive plural)
-ārī (dative singular)
-āribus (dative plural)
-ar (accusative singular)
-āria (accusative plural)
-ārī (ablative singular)
-āribus (ablative plural)
-ar (singular vocative)
-āria (plural vocative)
-āre (alternative)
-al (alternative)

From the recurrent substantivation of apocopated adjectives in -āre, the nominative neuter singular ending of -āris, a dissimilated variant of -ālis. Compare the nominal suffixes -ārium, -ium and -cum (among others), all derived from the neuter stem of adjective-forming suffixes.


-s

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-s. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ς (-s).

suffix marking the nominative singular form of non-neuter nouns and adjectives in declensions other than the first.


-u

fourth-declension
Appendix:Latin fourth declension

ablative/locative singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.


-ta

inflection of -tus:
feminine nominative/vocative singular


-oso

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -ōsus


-si

inflection of -sus:
nominative/vocative masculine plural

inflection of -sus:
genitive masculine/neuter singular


-abilis

la-suffix-adj

-ābilis (neuter -ābile); third-declension two-termination suffix

-ābilis (canonical)
-ābile (neuter)
-ābilis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-ābile (neuter nominative singular)
-ābilēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-ābilia (neuter nominative plural)
-ābilis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ābilium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-ābilī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ābilibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ābilem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ābile (accusative neuter singular)
-ābilēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ābilīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ābilia (accusative neuter plural)
-ābilī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ābilibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ābilis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-ābile (neuter singular vocative)
-ābilēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-ābilia (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: -able

English: -able

French: -able

Galician: -ábel, -able

Interlingua: -abile

Italian: -abile, -evole

Norwegian Bokmål: -abel

Portuguese: -ável

Romanian: -bil

desc

комфортабельный

Russian: читабельный (čitabelʹnyj), комфортабельный (komfortabelʹnyj)

Sicilian: -àbbili

Spanish: -able

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-
Proto-Italic *haβēō
Latin habeō
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Latin -bilis
Latin -ibilis
Latin -abilis
By rebracketing of words such as amābilis (which comes from amāre, amō), where -ā- is part of the stem of a first conjugation verb. The word habilis (“proper, apt”) is sometimes incorrectly stated as being the origin of the suffix, but instead came from earlier *habibilis, from habeō + -ibilis, and was reduced by haplology.

etymon

exitium + -abilis → exitiābilis

ratiō + -abilis → ratiōnābilis

amīcus + -abilis → amīcābilis

capiō + -abilis → capābilis

perniciēs + -abilis → perniciābilis


-o

-ō (canonical masculine)
-ōnis (genitive)
-ō (nominative singular)
-ōnēs (nominative plural)
-ōnis (genitive singular)
-ōnum (genitive plural)
-ōnī (dative singular)
-ōnibus (dative plural)
-ōnem (accusative singular)
-ōnēs (accusative plural)
-ōne (ablative singular)
-ōnibus (ablative plural)
-ō (singular vocative)
-ōnēs (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: -on

French: -on
→ English: -oon

Italian: -one

Portuguese: -ão

Romanian: -oi, -oni

Sicilian: -uni, -una

Spanish: -ón

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂-der.
Latin -o
From Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases). Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes -iō f, -tiō f, -āgō f, -īgō f, -ūgō f, -tūdō f, -ēdō f, but synchronically, these have become differentiated in Latin: abstract nouns in -ō are regularly feminine (and those that end in a consonant + -ō show -in- rather than -ōn- in oblique cases), whereas non-abstract nouns in -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine.

combibere (“to drink together”) → combibō (“drinking buddy”)

vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) → vāpulō (“who gets frequently flogged”)

cōci- → cōciō (“broker”)

centuria (“century”) → centuriō (“centurion”)

mūlus (“mule”) → mūliō (“muleteer”)

Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “dull, sluggish”) → mōriō (“idiot”)

Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:

forms agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other personal designations, especially in colloquial language.

aquila (“eagle”) → Aquilō (“the North wind”)

incubāre (“to lie on top”) → Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)

cūria (“curia”) → Cūriō

cicer (“chickpea”) → Cicerō

vārus (“bow-legged”) → Varrō

catus (“clever, shrewd”) → Catō

conger (“sea-eel”) → Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)

(Late Latin) also used as an ending for some inanimate nouns.


-o

-ō (canonical)
-issimē (superlative)
-issimō (superlative)

From Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.

prīmus + -ō → prīmō

tūtus + -ō → tūtō


-o

la-suffix-verb

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation

-ō (canonical)
-āre (infinitive present)
-āvī (active perfect)
-ātum (supine)
-ō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-ās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-at (active indicative present singular third-person)
-āmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-ātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-ant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-ābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-ābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-ābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-ābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-ābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-ābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-ābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-ābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-ābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-ābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-āvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-āvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-āstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-āvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-āt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-āvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-āmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-āvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-āstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-āvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-āvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-āveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-āram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-āverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-ārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-āverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-ārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-āverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-ārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-āverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-ārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-āverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-ārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-āverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-ārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-āveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-āris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-āverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-ārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-āverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-ārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-āveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-āritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-āverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-āssō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-āssis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-āssimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-āssitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-āssint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-or (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-āris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-āre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-āmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-āminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-antur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-ābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-ābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-ābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-ābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-ābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-ābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-āberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-ābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-ābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-ābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-ātus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-āssor (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
-āsseris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssitur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
-em (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-et (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-ētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-ārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-ārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-ārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-āverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-āverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-ārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-āverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-āverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-ārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-āssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-āvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-āsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-āvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-āssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-āvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-āssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-āvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āssim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-āssīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-āssīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-āssītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-āssint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-er (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-ēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-ēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-entur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-ārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-ārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-āte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-ātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-ātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-ātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-antō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-āre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-āminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-ātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-ātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-antor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-āre (active infinitive present)
-ārī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-ārier (infinitive passive present third-person)
-āns (active participle present)
-ātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-ātum īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-ātūrus (active future participle)
-andus (future participle passive third-person)
-āvisse (active infinitive perfect)
-āsse (active infinitive perfect)
-ātum esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ātus (participle passive perfect third-person)
-ātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-andī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-andō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-andum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-andō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-ātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
-ō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-ās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-at (active indicative present singular third-person)
-āmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-ātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-ant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-ābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-ābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-ābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-ābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-ābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-ābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-ābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-ābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-ābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-ābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-uī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-uistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-uit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-uimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-uistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-uērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-uēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ueram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-uerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-uerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-uerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-uerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-uerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-uerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-ueris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-uerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-uerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-ueritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-uerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-āssō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-āssis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-āssimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-āssitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-āssint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-or (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-āris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-āre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-āmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-āminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-antur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-ābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-ābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-ābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-ābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-ābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-ābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-āberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-ābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-ābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-ābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-ātus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-āssor (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
-āsseris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssitur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
-em (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-et (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-ētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-ārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-ārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-uerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-uerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-uerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-uerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-uerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-uerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-uissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-uissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-uisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-uissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-uissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-uissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āssim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-āssīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-āssīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-āssītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-āssint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-er (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-ēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-ēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-entur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-ārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-ārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-āte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-ātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-ātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-ātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-antō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-āre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-āminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-ātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-ātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-antor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-āre (active infinitive present)
-ārī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-ārier (infinitive passive present third-person)
-āns (active participle present)
-ātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-ātum īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-ātūrus (active future participle)
-andus (future participle passive third-person)
-uisse (active infinitive perfect)
-ātum esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ātus (participle passive perfect third-person)
-ātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-andī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-andō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-andum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-andō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-ātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Asturian: -ar

Catalan: -ar

Italian: -are

Franco-Provençal: -ar

Friulian: -â

Occitan: -ar

desctree

Old French: -er, -ier
Middle French: -er
French: -er
Gallo: -ieu
→ Middle High German: -ieren
German: -ieren, -iren (obsolete, used alternatively until ca. 1900)
→ Bulgarian: -ирам (-iram)
→ Georgian: -ირება (-ireba)
→ Russian: -ировать (-irovatʹ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: -irati
Norman: -yi (Jersey)

Old Galician-Portuguese: -ar

Galician: -ar

Portuguese: -ar

Romanian: -a/-are

Sardinian: -are

Sicilian: -ari

Spanish: -ar

Borrowings:

→ English: -ate

→ Ido: -ar

From Proto-Italic *-āō, from denominative verbs with *-eh₂-yé-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., laudō, dōnō, pugnō, cūrō). Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).
Etymologically, this denominative suffix was not used to form all first-conjugation verbs. It can be distinguished in origin from the following types that happened to fall together with it phonetically:
* Verbs from roots in *-h₁- (e.g. flō).
* Verbs from roots in *-h₂- (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō).
* Verbs from roots in *-h₃- (e.g. dō, lavō, arō).
* In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on *-h₂ + stative suffix *-éh₁-ye-ti, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb stō: *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > *staēō > stō).

cog

cūra + -ō → cūrō

dōnum + -ō → dōnō

laus (stem: laud-) + -ō → laudō

multa + -ō → multō

nūndinae + -or → nūndinor (deponent)

suffixed to nouns or adjectives — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs


-o

-ō (canonical)
-āre (infinitive present)
-āvī (active perfect)
-ātum (supine)

Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as pellō, pellere vs. -pellō, -pellāre (in compellō, compellāre and interpellō, interpellāre) or sternō, sternere vs. cōnsternō, cōnsternāre. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like occupō, occupāre, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.

com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)

prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)

suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs


-o

la-suffix-verb

-ō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation

-ō (canonical)
-ere (infinitive present)
-ī (active perfect)
-um (supine)
-ō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-is (active indicative present second-person singular)
-it (active indicative present singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-itis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-unt (active indicative plural present third-person)
-ēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-ēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-ēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-ēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-ēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-am (active first-person future indicative singular)
-ēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
-et (active future indicative singular third-person)
-ēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-ētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ent (active future indicative plural third-person)
-ī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-istī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-it (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-istis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-ērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-eram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-erās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-erat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-erāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-erātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-erant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-erō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-eris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-erit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-erimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-eritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-erint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-is (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-it (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-itis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-int (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-or (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-eris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-itur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-imur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-iminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-untur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-ēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-ēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-ēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-ēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-ēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-ar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-ēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-ēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-ēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-entur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-us + present active indicative of sum (indicative passive perfect)
-us + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-or (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
-eris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
-itur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
-am (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-at (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-āmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-ātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-erem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-erēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-eret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-erēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-erētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-erim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-erīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-erit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-erīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-erītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-issem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-issēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-isset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-issēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-issētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-issent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-im (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-īs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-īt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-īmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-ītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-int (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-ar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-āris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-āre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-āmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-āminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-antur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-erer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-erēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-erēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-erētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-erēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-erēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-erentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-us + present active subjunctive of sum (passive perfect subjunctive)
-e (active imperative present second-person singular)
-ite (active imperative plural present second-person)
-itō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-itō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-itōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-untō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-ere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-iminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-itor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-itor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-untor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-ere (active infinitive present)
-ī (infinitive passive present third-person)
-ēns (active participle present)
-ūrum esse (active future infinitive)
-um īrī (future infinitive passive third-person)
-ūrus (active future participle)
-endus (future participle passive third-person)
-undus (future participle passive third-person)
-isse (active infinitive perfect)
-um esse (infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-us (participle passive perfect third-person)
-um fore (future infinitive passive perfect third-person)
-ūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
-endī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-endō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-endum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-endō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-um (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
-iō (alternative)

From Proto-Italic *-ō, from at least two sources:
# Proto-Indo-European thematic *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-oh₂ (e.g., agō < *h₂éǵeti; coquo < *pékʷeti; discō < *di-dḱ-ské-ti).
# Proto-Indo-European athematic *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-mi (e.g., dūcō < *déwkti; edō < *h₁édti; linquō < *linékʷti).


-o

Dative from Old Latin -ōi, from Proto-Italic *-ōi, from Proto-Indo-European *-oey.
Ablative from Old Latin -ōd.

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -us


-o

-ō (canonical feminine)
-ōnis (genitive)

Borrowed from Paleo-Balkan. Compare Albanian -ónjë, Aromanian -oanje, -oanji, -onje and Romanian -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.

Aplis m + -o → Aplo f

Baezus m + -o → Baezo f

Dasant- m + -o → Dasto f

Ditus m + -o → Dito f

Paius m + -o → Paio f

Vendes m + -o → Vendo f

form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia


-as

-ās (canonical)
-ās (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
-ātēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
-ātia (neuter nominative plural)
-ātis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ātium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-ātum (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
-ātī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ātibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ātem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ās (accusative neuter singular)
-ātēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
-ātia (accusative neuter plural)
-āte (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ātī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ātibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
-ās (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
-ātēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
-ātia (neuter plural vocative)

By syncope, from the earlier form -ātis. If Oscan 𐌋𐌞𐌅𐌊𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (lúvkanateís, “Lucanian”, gen. sg.) has a cognate suffix -𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (-ateís), one can reconstruct Proto-Italic *-ātis.

cog

Used to form gentilic adjectives with the meaning "of/from" a country or place.


-as

Catalan: -es

French: -es

Italian: -e

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: -as
Galician: -as
Portuguese: -as

Spanish: -as

From Proto-Italic *-ans, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ns, the accusative plural of *-éh₂.

accusative plural of -a f (ending of feminine nouns)

accusative feminine plural of -us (suffix forming first/second declension adjectives)


-as

accusative plural of -a m (suffix forming masculine agent nouns)


-as

Catalan: -es

French: -es

Spanish: -as

From Proto-Italic *-ās, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.

second-person singular present active indicative of -ō (first conjugation)


-as

From Proto-Italic *-ās, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂(e/o)s, the genitive singular of *-éh₂. Despite the existence of a few relic survivals in fixed expressions, this ending was largely displaced already in Old Latin by -āī (formed by analogy to the second-declension genitive singular ending -ī), which evolved to the Classical Latin genitive singular ending -ae.

pater familiās


-as

Unclear. Possibly derived from Proto-Italic *-ās, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂es, the nominative/vocative plural of *-éh₂. Rather than being inherited, it has been speculated that this ending was borrowed from Oscan (another Italic language). Alternatively, possibly taken from the accusative ending.

(nonstandard) nominative/vocative plural of -a


-e

la-suffix-adv

-ē (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)

-ē (canonical)
-ius (comparative)
-issimē (superlative)

→ Esperanto: -e

From Old Latin -ēd , from Proto-Italic *-ēd, probably from a combination of Proto-Indo-European suffixes, but morphologically opaque. Compare perhaps Proto-Germanic *-ê and Proto-Slavic *-ě (adverbial suffixes), though these are also of disputed derivation.

-ly; used to form adverbs from adjectives.


-e

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-i

From Proto-Italic *-ai, from unknown origin.

unknown

unknown origin

Used for the first person present perfect singular form of any regular verb.


-i

Unknown. Compare Proto-Celtic *-ī (genitive singular ending). Displaced Proto-Italic -osjo (See Proto-Italic *-os.), which was descended from Proto-Indo-European -osyo. (See Proto-Indo-European *-os.)

genitive/locative singular of -us for second-declension nouns.

genitive masculine/neuter singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.

(uncommon) genitive feminine singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.