ab

French: à

Italian: a

Spanish: a

Portuguese: a

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a, ab (learned)

From Proto-Italic *ap, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”) (whence English off, of and after). See also po-. Cognate with ᾰ̓πό (apó). The reconstruction of the Proto-Italic form is somewhat uncertain, as it's not clear when or how the final vowel of the PIE form was lost. The voicing of the final consonant to -b can be interpreted as an example of regular voicing of plosives in word-final position, as in fēced < *fēcet, a sound change that some reconstruct at the common Italic stage. Others explain -b here as the result of analogical extension from clusters ending in a voiced consonant. The form ap- is attested in composition in Latin aperiō and Umbrian 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄 (apehtre).

inh

Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1

The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae.

(indicating ablation): from, away from, out of

Rex ab suis appellatur.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.4

(indicating agency): (source of action or event) by, by means of

Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum. vim volumus exstingui, ius valeat necesse est, id est iudicia, quibus omne ius continetur; iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt, vis dominetur necesse est. hoc vident omnes: Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret. altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vinceret; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia vinceretur.

106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Oration in favor of P. Sestius Pro P. Sestio Oratio.Ch. 42, sect. 92

...so that virtue might not be overwhelmed by insolence.

(indicating instrumentality): (source of action or event) by, by means of, with

Heauton Timorumenos (“The Self-Tormentor”) by Publius Terentius Afer

I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me.

Homo sum, humani nihil ā me alienum puto.


cum

→ English: cum

Aragonese: con

Aromanian: cu

Asturian: con, cun, co

Corsican: cù, cun

Dalmatian: con

Emilian: con

Friulian: cun, cu

Istriot: cun, cu'

Italian: con

Ladin: con, co, cun

Ligurian: con

Lombard: cond

Megleno-Romanian: cu

Mirandese: cun

Neapolitan: cu

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: con
Fala: con
Galician: con
Portuguese: com (see there for further descendants)

Piedmontese: cun

Romagnol: cun

Romanian: cu

Leonese: cun

Romansch: cun

Sardinian: chin, cun

Sicilian: cu

Spanish: con

Venetian: co

From Old Latin com, from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ga- (“co-”), Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) (“with”), Proto-Germanic *hansō. More at Hanse.
The ablative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

inh

Titus cum familiā habitat.

magnā cum laude

Mīlitēs cum prīmā lūce vēnērunt.

at (denoting a point in time with which an action coincides)

cum centesimo efficere


ad

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: a

Dalmatian:

a

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: à

Italian: a(d) (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: a

Western Romance of N. Italy:

Friulian: a

Ligurian: a

Romagnol: a

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: a

Franco-Provençal: a

Old French: a

French: à (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: a

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: a

Old Leonese: a

Asturian: a

Extremaduran: a

Leonese: a

Mirandese: a

Old Galician-Portuguese: a (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: a

Borrowings:

→ English: ad

From Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include English at.
The accusative is from the hypothesized pre-PIE allative (or 'directional'), which merged with the accusative case in Proto-Italic.

Fugere ad puppim collēs campīque videntur.

c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 4

The hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship.

Meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 2

At noon the shadows fall towards the north, [and] at sunrise, point to the west.

Duplices tendens ad sidera palmas.

ad Murciae datae sedes

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.33

the residences being given near the Murcia

near, by, close by, at, to (indicating location)

Sē ad arborēs applicant.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6.27

at, about, around, on, in (indicating a point in time)

until, to, up to, till (indicating the extent of time)

Ad maiōrem Deī glōriam.

for, to, toward (indicating purpose or aim)

Ad vim atque ad arma confugere.

in comparison with, in comparison to, in relation to

against, at (indicating movement 'toward' but in a hostile manner)

among, amongst (indicating the sharing of a characteristic)


de

Aragonese: de

Asturian: de

Aromanian: di

Old Catalan: de

Catalan: de

Corsican: di

Dalmatian: de

→ Esperanto: de

Franco-Provençal: de

Old French: de

Middle French: de

French: de

Friulian: di

Mozarabic: ד (d)

Old Galician-Portuguese: de

Galician: de

Portuguese: de

→ Ido: de

→ Interlingua: de

Italian: di

Ladin: de

Ladino: de

Old Lombard: de

Lombard: de

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: d', d′, di

Mozarabic: ד (d)

Neapolitan: 'e

Old Occitan: de

Occitan: de

Romanian: de

Romansch: da

Sicilian: di

Old Spanish: de

Spanish: de

From Proto-Italic *dē, from an instrumental singular form of Proto-Indo-European *de. Also in suffixes -dam, -dum, -de, -dō (e.g. quondam, inde, unde, quandō), dōnec, Ancient Greek δέ (dé), δή (dḗ), English to.
All 3 ablative senses are from the PIE ablative of cause, origin, and separation.

actum est de aliquo

It is over for someone, someone's fate is sealed

de rebus mathematicis

De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.

c. 1772, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ, page 1:

Of the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.

emere de aliquo

aliquid mercari de aliquo

from, away from, down from, out of; in general to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds.

Saepe hoc audivi de patre. ― I have often heard this from Father.

De mausoleo exaudita vox est. ― A voice was heard from the mausoleum.

Ut sibi liceret discere id de me... ― Just as he himself permitted for me to learn...

Hamum de cubiculo ut e navicula jacere. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Brassica de capite et de oculis omnia (mala) deducet. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

De digito anulum detraho. ― From the finger I pull the ring.

de matris complexu aliquem avellere atque abstrahere ― to rip someone away from the embrace of their mother and drag them away

Nomen suum de tabula sustulit. ― He removed his name from the tablet.

Ferrum de manibus extorsimus. ― We tore the sword from their hands.

Juris utilitas vel a peritis vel de libris depromi potest. ― The utility of a law is able to be produced either from an expert or from books.

de caelo aliquid demittere ― to bring down something from the sky

De vicino terra petita solo.

Peto de te.

Animam de corpore mitto.

Aliquo quom jam sucus de corpore cessit.

Somehow the spirit has already passed somewhere from the body.

Civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent.

He persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions.

decedere de provincia

de vita decedere

exire de vita

to exit out of life (compare excedere e vita)

de triclinio, de cubiculo exire

to go out from the triclinium, from the cubiculum

de castris procedere

Decido de lecto praeceps.

de muro se deicere

de sella exsilire

nec ex equo vel de muro etc., hostem destinare

to aim at the enemy from neither the horse nor the wall

De altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere juberet.

He ordered the Sequani to withdraw from another third part.

from, away from, to indicate the place from which someone or something departs or withdraws.

de Germanis

de Britannis

(particularly coins) over, in reference to the people subjugated when celebrating a Roman victory


in

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ãn

Istro-Romanian: ăn

Megleno-Romanian: ăn

Romanian: în

Dalmatian:

en

Italo-Romance:

Italian: in

Sicilian: 'n

Padanian:

Friulian: in

Ligurian: in

Piedmontese: ën

Romansch: en

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: en

Franco-Provençal: en

French: en

Occitan: en

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: אן (ʔn)

Portuguese: em

Spanish: en

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: in

From earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Cognate with English in.
The ablative is from the locative, and the accusative is from the directional.

29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt
So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
collapse into the frenzies and the fire.

Seneca

in, at, on, upon, from (space) [with ablative]

lentus in umbrā

during, within, while in (time) [with ablative]

about, respecting, concerning (of reference) [with ablative]

Et Verbum caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis :

And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us,

Et ingressus angelus ad eam dixit : Ave gratia plena : Dominus tecum : benedicta tu in mulieribus.

And the angel being come in, said unto her: Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women.

1774, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ 1

On the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.

Gallī in Rōmānōs incurrunt.

The Gauls are rushing against the Romans.

Scelera in se fratris

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.6

in adversum Romani subiere

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.12

toward, towards, against, at [with accusative]

generatimque distributi in civitates

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.19

and being distributed in tribes according to their respective nations


e

..et ignis semina convolvunt e nubibus.

c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 6

..and the seeds of fire roll from the clouds.


sine

Franco-Provençal: sen

Friulian: cence

Italian: senza

Old Catalan:

Catalan: sense, sens

desctree

Old French: senz, sens, sans, san, saunce
→ Middle English: saunz, sauns, sanz, sans, saunce, san, saun, sawnz, sauncz, sance
English: sans
Scots: sans (obsolete)
Middle French: sans
French: sans
Norman: sans (Jersey)

Old Galician-Portuguese: sen
Fala: sin
Galician: sen
Portuguese: sem

Old Spanish: sin
Ladino: sin
Spanish: sin

Sardinian: sine

The function of this preposition was previously done with the use of sē, sēd (see sē-, sed), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”), thus meaning "by itself", "without". Some still refer the si- in sine to this root, others refer it to Proto-Indo-European *só (“this”), whence si (“if”). And as sometimes nesi was also written, with -ne being nē (“not”), sine might literally mean "not this". Compare with nisi.
Yet others refer sine to Proto-Indo-European *sen(H)i (“for oneself, without”), itself possibly related to *swé or more likely a locative of *senH-. Thus cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́νευ (áneu), ἄτερ (áter, “without”), Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, off”), Old English sundor; compare especially Tocharian B snai and Old Irish sain (“separated, different”) (Proto-Celtic *sanis), which may reflect the original PIE adverb.
The ablative is from a PIE ablative of separation or a comitative-instrumental analogous to cum. Compare Sanskrit विना (vinā).

der

Sum sine rēgnō.


ex

From Proto-Italic *eks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex) or ἐκ (ek), Old Irish ess-, a, ass, Lithuanian ìš and Old Church Slavonic из (iz).


ob

From Proto-Italic *op, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí), Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian [script needed] (apiy), and Old Armenian եւ (ew). Also related to English by.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE direct object.

ob haec, ob hoc, ob ea, ob eam rem

for this/that reason, because of this/that reason

ob aliquam rem gratia

on account of, according to, because of, due to, for (the purpose of)


per

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: pri

Romanian: pre, pe, pă, pi

Istriot: par

Italo-Romance:

Italian: per

Neapolitan: pe, ppe

Sicilian: pi, pri, pir

Franco-Provençal: per

Old Leonese:

Asturian: per

Old Occitan:

Catalan: per

Occitan: per, par

Navarro-Aragonese: per

Aragonese: per

desctree

Old French: par
Middle French: par
French: par
→ English: par
Lorrain: poir
Picard: per

Old Galician-Portuguese: per

Portuguese: per

Old Spanish:

Spanish: par

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: par

Ladin: per

Venetian: par

→ Danish: per

→ Dutch: per

→ English: per

→ Finnish: per

→ German: per

→ Hungarian: per

→ Norwegian: per

→ Swedish: per

→ Esperanto: per

Ido: per

From Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per, Albanian për and English for.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

Qua re per exploratores nuntiata

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11

That event being announced by the scouts

per speciem honoris

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.3


kom

𐌍𐌄𐌉[- - -]𐌐𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌔𐌏𐌌𐌊𐌏𐌌𐌌𐌄𐌏𐌉𐌔𐌔𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌖𐌏𐌉𐌀𐌃𐌃𐌄𐌏𐌌𐌃𐌖𐌏
NEIPARIMEDESOMKOMMEOISSOKIOISTRIVOIADDEOMDVO
nei pari med esom kom meois sokiois trifos audeom duo[m]

Do not take me! I am with my three companions (property) of the two Audii


intro

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tru

Romanian: întru

Italo-Romance:

Italian: entro

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: entro


ante

From Proto-Italic *anti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti, locative singular of the root noun *h₂ent- (“front, front side”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”), Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), Old Armenian ընդ (ənd), Tocharian B ānte, and English and.
The change from PIE ablative to Latin accusative is like the confrontational accusative used with Ancient Greek παρά (pará).

cog

indicates anteriority. before
of space. in front, before, forwards

non te justifices ante Deum

do not pass yourself off as righteous in the presence of God

before, in the presence of, in the sight of

ante omnia

ante litteram (literally, “before the letter”)

indicates anteriority. before
of time. before

necessitas ante rationem est

c. 1 CE – 100 CE, Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni 7.7.10

necessity is more important than reason
necessity goes before reason

indicates anteriority. before
of importance. before, more than


sub

Old Galician-Portuguese: sob

Galician: so

Portuguese: sob

Old Spanish: so

Spanish: so (in certain fossilized expressions)

→ English: sub

From Proto-Italic *supo, from Proto-Indo-European *upó. Compare Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó).
The usage with the accusative is from the pre-PIE directional, while with the ablative it is from both the locative, “under”, and the ablative, “from underneath”.

about, around (time); just before, just after, shortly before, shortly after

under, up to, up under, close to (of a motion)

(with accusative)
until, before, up to, about


pro

prō (canonical)
in Late Latin (accusative)

Late Latin: pōr (see there for further descendants)

Sardinian: pro, po

→ English: pro

→ Finnish: pro

→ German: pro

→ Indonesian: pro

→ Portuguese: pró

From Proto-Italic *prō, from an innovative instrumental singular *próh₁ derived from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward”).
Use with accusative nouns is originally by analogy to ante, amplified in Late Latin due to the merger of other cases with the accusative.

𐌇𐌏𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌌𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌊𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏𐌔[…]𐌌𐌏𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌒𐌄𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌃[𐌏]𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌏𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏𐌃
HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
Hoi mēd mitāt Kāvios […]monios Qetios d[ō]nom prō fileōd.

6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I² 2658; image (page 18))

Kavios […]monios Qetios places me here as a gift on behalf of his son.

on behalf of, in the interest of, for the sake of

pro nuntio fuit

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.14


vice

English: vice-

French: vice

German: vize-

Ido: vice

Italian: vice

Piedmontese: vice

Swedish: vice

vice alicuius fungor


por

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: por, pô

desctree

Old French: por, pur
Middle French: pour
French: pour
Norman: pouor, pour (Guernsey)

Occitano-Romance:

q

Old Occitan: por ("beyond, more" in the context of price)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: por

Old Galician-Portuguese: por

Fala: por

Galician: por

Portuguese: por

Spanish: por

→ Gascon: por

Esperanto: por

From Classical Latin prō, probably reshaped by analogy with the preposition per. Attested in an imperial inscription from what is now Budapest and another from Tunis. Replaced in much of Romance with descendants of per.


super

From Proto-Italic *super, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”).
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional. The ablative is from the ablative of cause.

inh

Cibus super mēnsam est.

(with accusative or ablative) [of place] above, on the top of, upon

terra autem erat inanis et vacua et tenebrae super faciem abyssi et spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquas

And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

(with accusative) [of place] above, beyond

(with accusative) [of measure] above, beyond, over, in addition to


adv.

Tert. adv. Valent. [Tertulliānus adversus Valentīniānōs]
Tertullian against the Valentinians


trans

Aromanian: trã

Catalan: tra-, tras-, trans-

→ English: trans-

→ Esperanto: tra
→ Ido: tra

desctree

Old French: trés
Middle French: trés
French: très
→ Esperanto: tre
→ Ido: tre

French: tré- (tres- before s)

Galician: tras

Italian: tra-, trans-, trans

Ladin: tres

Picard: ter-

Portuguese: trás, trans-, trans

Spanish: tras, trans-, trans

From Proto-Italic *trānts, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂-n̥ts, from *terh₂- (“through, throughout, over”). Cognate with English through, Scots throch (“through”), West Frisian troch (“through”), Dutch door (“through”), German durch (“through”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh, “through”), Albanian tërthor (“through, around”), Welsh tra (“through”). See also thorough.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional. Compare Sanskrit तिरस् (tiras).

etymon

trāns


circa

Asturian: cerca, cierca

Catalan: cerca, circa

Dutch: circa

English: circa

French: circa

German: circa

Italian: circa

Norwegian Bokmål: cirka

Portuguese: cerca

Romanian: circa

Sicilian: circa

Spanish: cerca, circa

A later form for circum, or from circum + eā.
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.

Circa advenam manifestae reum caedis

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.7

around the stranger accused of open murder

quem misi ad vos in hoc ipsum ut cognoscatis quae circa nos sunt et consoletur corda vestra

Whom I have sent to you for this very thing, so that you can know things that are about us, and so that he can comfort your hearts.


inter

English: entrée, entry, enter, entre

Sardinian: inter

Sicilian: intra

Romanian: între

desctree

Old French: entre
Middle French: entre
French: entre

French: entrée

Franco-Provençal: entre

Old Occitan: entre
Occitan: entre

West Iberian

Extremaduran: entri

Aragonese: entre

Asturian: ente

Mirandese: antre

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: entre, antre, ontre

Fala: entre

Galician: entre

Portuguese: entre

Old Spanish: entre

Spanish: entre

Ladino: entre

From Proto-Italic *ənter, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér (“between”). Cognates include Sanskrit अन्तर् (antár, “between, within, into”), Oscan 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌓 (anter, “between”), Old Irish eter (“between”), Albanian ndër (“between, among, amid, throughout”), Old High German untar (“between”) and German unter (“among”).
PIE adverb *h₁entér gave rise to the adjective *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”), whence also interior (“interior”) and intrā (“inside, within”).
The change from instrumental/ablative and accusative to accusative only is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


extra

Aromanian: strã-

Emilian: strasoura, strasora (extra + horam)

Italian: stra-

Old French: estre

Old Occitan: estra

Old Spanish: gestra

Romanian: stră-

Sicilian: stra-, nestra (in + extra)

→ English: extra-

→ Friulian: stra-

→ Italian: extra-, estra-

→ Portuguese: extra-

→ Romanian: extra-

→ French: extra-

→ Spanish: extra-

[ˈɛks̠t̪räː]

Adverb contracted from the ablative exterā (parte), of exter.
The change from instrumental/ablative to accusative is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


supra

Aromanian: disuprã, prisuprã

Dalmatian: saupra, de zupra

English: supra

Friulian: sore, disore

Italian: sopra, sovra

Romanian: asupra, deasupra

Romansch: sura, soura

Sicilian: supra, sùpira

Venetian: sovra, sora, desora

From Old Latin suprād, superā; further from Proto-Italic *superād, cognate to Umbrian 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.

Supra naturam.

(of location) over, above, beyond, on top of, upon

Supra septingentesimum annum.

Paulo supra hanc memoriam.

(of number, degree, or quantity) over, above, beyond, more than

degree; or quantity; degree; or quantity

Quos supra somnum habebat.

(of employment or office) over, in authority over, in charge of


infra

> Friulian: fra (inherited)

Istriot: infra

> Italian: fra (inherited)

desc

אֵינְפֵֿירַה

Judeo-Italian: אֵינְפֵֿירַה (enfera)

Venetian: infrà

→ English: infra- (learned)

→ French: infra- (learned)

→ Indonesian: infra- (learned)

→ Italian: infra- (learned)

→ Dutch: infra- (learned)

→ Portuguese: infra- (learned)

→ Spanish: infra- (learned)

⇒ Finnish: infra- (internationalism)

Adverb contracted from the ablative īnferā (parte), of īnferus. Compare Faliscan 𐌉𐌅𐌓𐌀 (ifra), Oscan 𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌔 (huntrus), Umbrian 𐌇𐌏𐌍𐌃𐌓𐌀 (hondra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


cis

From Proto-Italic *ki(s), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this”).
Cognate with ce-dō, hi-c, ec-ce, Ancient Greek ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos, “that”), Old Irish cē (“here”), Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (himma, “to this”). More at he, here.
The accusative could be from either the adverbial derivation, a metaphor like in post and ante, or analogy with trāns.

on or to this or the near side of; short of


clam

From Proto-Italic *klām perhaps from the accusative case of Proto-Indo-European *ḱleh₂- (“concealment”) from *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”). Cognate with Latin cēlō and others.

163 B.C.E. Terence, Heauton Timorumenos, Act II, Scene II

(with accusative or, rarely, ablative) without the knowledge of, unknown to


specie

Under the pretext of. Under the guise of.


penes

From Proto-Italic *penets, from Proto-Indo-European *pen-et-s (“food”), from *pen-. Compare penetrō, penitus, penus, Lithuanian penė́ti (“to feed”).


apud

Old Occitan: ab

Occitan: ab, amb

Old Catalan: ab

Catalan: ab, amb

Old Francoprovençal: avoi

Franco-Provençal: avoi

Old French: ot, od, ob, of, o, avoc, avoec, avuec

Middle French: avec, avecques

French: avec

Norman: d'ot, aveuc, d'aveuc

Gallo: d'ot, ot

Picard: avuc, aveuc

→ Esperanto: apud

Italian: appo, apo (obsolete)

Seems connected with ob and ad, thus its strict meaning would be “on to”, “unto”.

In prīncipiō erat Verbum et Verbum erat apud Deum et Deus erat Verbum.

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, 1:1:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was by God, and God was the Word.

at, by, near, among
at the house or residence of; chez

apud Lentulum ponam te in gratia.

68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum V.III.2

libros … natos apud me

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia

[these] books completed in the writings of myself

before, in the presence of, in the writings of, in view of


pone

From Proto-Italic *pozni, from Proto-Indo-European *pós-ni, from *pós. Related to post.
The accusative probably has the same origin as the accusative of post.


post

From earlier poste, from Proto-Italic *posti, from Proto-Indo-European *pósti, from *pós. Related to pōne.
The accusative is from analogy with ante or inherited like Ancient Greek πρός (prós) with the same metaphor.

after, since, (transf.) besides, except (of time)


ultra

From uls + -ter + -ā (adverb ending). See also citrā, intrā, extrā.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.


com

From Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”).


abs

From Proto-Italic *aps, variant of *ap (see ab). Compare Ancient Greek ἄψ (áps, “back again; in return”).


contra

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: către, cătră

Dalmatian:

cuantra

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: contra

Italian: contro

Sicilian: contra

Padanian:

Friulian: cuintri

Ladin: contra

Venetian: contra

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: cuntre, contre

French: contre

→ English: counter

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: contra, cuentra

Catalan: contra

Occitan: contra

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: contra

Galician: contra

Portuguese: contra

Old Spanish: contra, cuentra (tonic variant)

Spanish: contra

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: contra

Borrowings:

→ English: contra

→ Albanian: kundër

→ Hungarian: kontra

→ Italian: contra

→ Polish: kontra

→ Romanian: contra

→ Swedish: kontra

[ˈkɔn̪t̪räː]

From Proto-Italic *komterād, ablative singular feminine of *komteros (“the other of the two who meet, opposite”). The ablative singular masculine/neuter of the same is continued in Latin contrō-, cognate to Oscan contrud. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱómteros, from *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix); thus, a doublet of cum, comparable to the relation between intrā and in, and extrā and ex, but unlike these lacking external cognates, and therefore of Italic origin.
The change from instrumental/ablative to accusative is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


circum

Adverbial accusative of circus (“circle, ring”).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


a

Italian: a

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a (learned)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a (learned)

Alternative form of ab by apocope (not used before a vowel or h).

Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen, ā Belgīs Matrona et Sēquana dīvidit.
The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine (separate them) from the Belgae.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1

(indicating ablation) from, away from, out of

Quamquam philosophiae quidem vituperātōribus satis respōnsum est eō librō, quō ā nōbīs philosophia dēfēnsa et collaudāta est, cum esset accūsāta et vituperāta ab Hortēnsiō.

45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 1.2

Although indeed to the vituperators of philosophy an adequate response is in that book, in which philosophy has been defended and highly praised by us [me], when it had been accused and vituperated by Hortensius.

(indicating agency: source of action or event) by, by means of

(indicating instrumentality: source of action or event) by, by means of, with

Homō sum, hūmānī nihil ā mē aliēnum putō.

163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 1.77

I am a man; I consider nothing that is human alien to me.


propter

For *propiter, from prope. Compare with inter (“between”) and subter (“beneath”).
The accusative is from *-teros used adverbially.

Propter hunc.

Clara etiam propter pulchritudinem suam est.

She is renowned also because of her beauty.

because of, on account of, for, according to

Propter quos vivit.


usque

desc

Old French: enjosque, enjusque, enjesque, josque, jusque

French: jusque

Occitan: duscas

From Proto-Italic *ū̆skʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *úds-kʷe, from *úd-s (“out, outward”, genitive) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Sanskrit उच्चा (uccā́), Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬯𐬗𐬀 (usca, “up, out”), Russian вы- (vy-, “out from”), Proto-Germanic *ūt, English out.

af

usque somni tempus


adversus

Catalan: advers

English: adverse

French: adverse, avers

Italian: avverso

Occitan: advèrs

Portuguese: adverso

Romanian: advers

Spanish: adverso

[äd̪ˈu̯ɛrs̠ʊs̠]

Perfect passive participle of advertō (“I turn toward”).


endo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó (“in”). Compare Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “in, within”).

cog

58-43 BC, Cicero, De Legibus
Divos et eos, qui caelestes semper habiti, colunto et ollos, quos endo caelo merita locaverint...

They shall worship as gods both those who have always been regarded as dwellers in heaven, and those whom merit has placed in heaven...


cata

Aragonese: cada

Aromanian: cãte

Asturian: cada

Catalan: cada

Corsican: caa

Extremaduran: cá, ca

Old Francoprovençal: cha

Franco-Provençal: cha

Old French: cha, chascun

French: cha (dialectal), chacun, chaque

Galician: cada

Italian: cadauno

Leonese: ca

Mirandese: cada

Occitan: cada

Portuguese: cada

Romanian: câte

Spanish: cada

Venetian: cada

Euangeliu[m] cata Lucam

c. 4th century (copied 9th century), Codex Gatianus (VL 30), folio 52ʳ:


intra

Aromanian: ntrã

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: tra,

Sicilian: intra, ntra, tra

→ Czech: intra-

→ English: intra-

→ French: intra-

→ German: intra-

→ Italian: intra-

→ Spanish: intra-

→ Romanian: intra-

→ Portuguese: intra-

From earlier *interus (whence also interior), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”). Cognates include Sanskrit अन्तर (ántara, “interior”) and Ancient Greek ἔντερον (énteron, “intestine, bowel”), Northern Kurdish hindirr (inside), Persian اندرون (andarun, “inner”).
The change from instrumental/ablative and accusative to accusative only is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


secus

* From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”), the same root of sequor. Properly, following, later in rank or order, i. e. less than something mentioned before.
* Others refer it to Proto-Indo-European *swe- + *-ḱʷo-.


maxima cum laude

With maximal praise; a rarely used honor added to a diploma or degree for work considered to be among the best.


iuxta

Borrowings:

→⇒ French: juxtaposer

→ English: juxtapose

→⇒ Spanish: yuxtaponer (“juxtapose”)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: giusta

Sardinian:

Campidanese: giusta

Logudorese: justa

Nuorese: justa

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: joste (“close to, along”)

French: jouxte (“close”) (semi-latinized, archaic)

Old Occitan: josta

Vulgar Latin:

⇒ *iuxtāre

Catalan: justar ⇒ ajustar

→ Spanish: ayustar (“splice (rope)”)

desc

Old French: joster (“meet in battle, joust, be close to”) ⇒ ajoster (“add”)

French: jouter (“joust”), jouxter (“be close to”) (semi-latinized), ajouter (“add”)

Norman: joster (“play”) ⇒ jostoux (“happy”), ajoûter (“add”)

→ English: joust

→ Italian: giostrare (“joust”)

→ Portuguese: justar (“joust”)

→ Spanish: justar (“joust”)

Old Occitan: jostar ⇒ ajostar

[ˈi̯uːks̠t̪äː]

[ˈi̯ʊks̠t̪äː]

Unclear, but reflects an earlier ablative form. Proposals include:
* from Proto-Italic *jougestos (“yoked”), from *jougos (“team of yoke animals”) (whence Latin iūgera pl), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yewg-es-, from *(H)yewg- (“join together”);
* from Proto-Italic *jugistos (“closest”), equivalent to *(H)yug- + *-istHos (“superlative suffix”); however, this suffix is otherwise not found in Latin.
The accusative is from the suffix used adverbially.

suffix

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) according to


p.

Abbreviation of post, after, especially in dating.


prope

North Italian:

Piedmontese: preuv, pré (Piverone)

Lombard: preuf

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: prof, pruf, preu, pruef

→ Old Italian: pruovo

⇒ Norman: promais que (the "pro-" part)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: prop

Occitan: prop ⇒ prèp (influenced by près)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *propeānus

Old French: prochain

French: prochain

Sardinian: probianu

From Proto-Indo-European *prokʷe, from *pro- + *-kʷe (equivalent to Latin pro + -que). The expected form would accordingly be *proque. The second -p- is probably due to assimilation. Compare the reverse development in quinque, coquo, which was hindered here by the initial cluster pr-. A less likely explanation is borrowing from Oscan, where -𐌐𐌄 (-pe) is the regular reflex.
The change from locative/ablative to accusative is caused by the adverbial suffix.

Domus mea prope lacum est.


secundum

Italian: secondo

Portuguese: segundo

Old Spanish: segund, según

Spanish: según

[s̠ɛˈkʊn̪d̪ʊ̃ˑ]

according to, conforming to, in line with

secundum deorum opes

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.4

after, behind, following, next to, subsequently to


erga

Same as ergō, from ex- and Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”). Compare with the adverbial use of "ē regiōne" ("directly, against"), with the same elements.

der

(literally, of locality, pre-Classical and post-Classical only, rare) over against, opposite to

(figuratively, of feelings and conduct) towards (a person or, more rarely, a thing)

(of friendly feelings etc., used chiefly thus in Classical Latin) with regard to, towards, for

(of unfriendly feelings, for the usual contrā or adversus) against

(in post-Augustean authors, especially in Tacitus, in general of every kind of mental relation to a person or thing) to, towards, with respect to, with regard to, concerning, about

Emō ergā aliquem.

quī aliquem ergā iūdicem accūsābit

one who will accuse another applying to the judge

(Medieval Latin) applying to, addressing (oneself) to


quoad

From quod + ad (i.e. "ad quod"). See also quam, quandō, usque.


ab ante

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ãnti ⇒ nãnti

Romanian: ainte ⇒ înainte

Italo-Romance:

Italian: avanti ⇒ davanti, davante

Sicilian: avanti

North Italian:

Ligurian: avànti

Romansch: avant, avon, aunz, avaunt

Venetian: vanti ⇒ invanti

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: avant

desctree

Old French: avant
French: avant
Norman: avant
→ Middle English: avaunt

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: avant

→ Ibero-Romance:

Galician: avante

Mirandese: abante

Portuguese: avante

Spanish: avante
→ Tagalog: abante

Occitan: avant

Vulgar Latin:

*abanteāre (see there for further descendants)

*abantius

Catalan: abans

Occitan: abans

Sicilian: avanzi

From ab (“away from”) + ante (“before”).

et absconderunt se Adam et mulier eius abante faciem Domini Dei

c. 3rd–4th century CE, Vetus Latina, Genesis 3:8; republished as Bonifatius Fischer, editor, Vetus Latina. Die Reste der altlateinischen Bibel, volume 1, 1949, page 63:

and Adam and his wife hid themselves away from before the face of God

5th c. CE, Sergius (grammarian)

Nobody [who speaks correctly] says de post the forum', nor 'ab ante' it.

Nemo enim dicit de post forum, nemo enim ab ante.

(proscribed) away from before, in front of, before


circiter

hunc locum circiter


subter

From sub (“under”) + -ter.
The accusative from instrumental/ablative and accusative is from Proto-Indo-European *-teros used adverbially. The ablative is by analogy with sub.

Subter pineta.

[…] iram in pectore, cupiditatem supter praecordia locavit.
1877 translation by Charles Duke Yonge
[…] anger in the breast, and desire under the præcordia.

c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.20

(with accusative) directly below an area that is under another; underneath, (figuratively) below inferior

(with ablative) underneath, (figuratively) below inferior


prae

Eastern Romance:

Romanian: prea

From Proto-Italic *prai, from Proto-Indo-European *préh₂i. Cognate with Old Latin *pri (“before”), as in prior, prīdiē, etc. Other Italic cognates include Oscan 𐌐𐌓𐌀𐌉 (prai) and Umbrian 𐌐𐌓𐌄 (pre).
The ablative is from the PIE locative.

prae ea urbe

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.6


palam

Either:
* the ending was taken from clam,
* it is a locative Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂emi or *pl̥h₂ēm,
* it is an accusative Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂eh₂m
all from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”).
Cognate with Old Church Slavonic полѥ (polje) (whence Bulgarian and Russian поле (pole, “field”)), Old Armenian հող (hoł, “earth, soil”), German West-falen.

openly in the presence of someone, openly before someone


cũ

Aut cũ gargariſmis maturatiuis & apertiuis:vt eſt decoctio ficuum dactilorũ fenugreci addendo fermentum.

1537, Guy de Chauliac, Joannes Baptistia Cortesius, Chirurgia Guidonis de Cauliaco […], Messanæ, page 73:


citra

[ˈt͡ʃiːt̪rä]

(of location) on this side of, before, under


praeter

→ English: preter-, praeter-, præter-

→ Esperanto: preter

Continuing Proto-Italic *praiteros, from Proto-Indo-European *préh₂i (“before, across”) + *-teros (“contrastive suffix”). Equivalent to prae + -ter.


absque

Lombard: asca

Absque sudore et labore nullum opus perfectum est.

Without sweat and labor no work is perfected.


coram

From co- + ōs, ōris (“mouth”).
The ablative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

Non habebis deos alienos coram me.

Thou shalt have no other gods before me.


exadversum

[ɛks̠äd̪ˈu̯ɛrs̠ʊ̃ˑ]


indu

Latin: in (see there for further descendants)

Old Latin endo, from Proto-Italic *endo, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó (“in, inside, into”). Compare Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “in, within”).


adusque

[äˈd̪ʊs̠kʷɛ]


uls

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Compare Latin alius.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

der

Uls Catō prō ultrā posuit.

1839 [8th century CE], Paulus Diaconus, edited by Karl Otfried Müller, Excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi De significatione verborum, page 379, line 3:


usque ad

[ˈuːs̠kʷɛ äd̪]

(Medieval Latin) according to, after, in accordance with, in keeping with


ꝯ

Hi ꝯ uno eodemque tempore accesserunt, […]

c. 1588, Johannes Aurifaber, Hans Crol, [List of Tycho Brahe's Pupils and Assistants], quoted in Tycho Brahe: a picture of scientific life and work in the sixteenth century, published 1890, page 382:

These came together at one and the same time, […]


ꝑ

(Medieval Latin, siglum) Scribal abbreviation of per.


clanculum

[ˈkɫ̪äŋkʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

(with accusative or, rarely, ablative) without the knowledge of, unknown to


de ex

Catalan: des

French: dès

Mozarabic: דש (dš)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: des
Galician: des
Portuguese: dês

Spanish: des

ca. 400 CE, Vetus Itala (Codex Vindobonensis 1185)

coniugi karissimae vixit cum eo de ex die virginitatis sue

for his cherished wife [who] lived with him from the day of her maidenhood

836 CE, Italy
Signum manus Aribaldi de ex genere Francorum avitator civitatis Mediolani

[This is] the signature from the hand of Aribaldus, a Milanese man of Frankish origin


abusque

[äˈbuːs̠kʷɛ]

From ab (“from”) + ū̆sque (“all the way”).

all the way from, from as far as, even from (+ ablative)


ꝓ

(Medieval Latin, siglum) Scribal abbreviation of pro.


in ante

Dalmatian:

aninč

Italo-Romance:

desc

Old Italian: inante, nante, enanti, nanti

Neapolitan: 'nnante, 'nnènte (Agnone)

North Italian:

Friulian: nant ⇒ indenant

Istriot: nanti

Lombard: inant

Piedmontese: adnan

Gallo-Romance:

Old Franco-Provençal: enant ⇒ denant

Old French: anant

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: enant

Old Occitan: enant, enan ⇒ denan

Occitan: enant, einant

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: enantis ⇒ denantis

Extremaduran: enantis ⇒ endinantis

Leonese: anantes, enantias, enantes ⇒ endenantes

Old Galician-Portuguese: enante ⇒ deante

Galician: diante

Portuguese: diante

Old Spanish: enantes, enante ⇒ denante, delante

Spanish: delante

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *inantius

Italian: innanzi ⇒ dinnanzi

Old French: enanz, enans

Old Occitan: inanç, enans

Piedmontese: anans ⇒ dnans

Venetian: anànsi

Bede
Egeria (pilgrim)
Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
Jerome
Medieval Latin

From in + ante (“before”). Found in Jerome, the Itinerarium Antonini, and Egeria as well as in Medieval Latin authors such as Bede.


de post

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: dupã

Romanian: după

North Italian:

Old Venetian: dapò, dapuò, dapoi

Venetian: dopo (Italian infl.)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: dipoi, dopo

Ibero-Romance:

Old Spanish: depues

⇒ Spanish: después

Old Galician-Portuguese: depois, depos

Portuguese: depois

5th c. CE, Sergius (grammarian)

Nobody [who speaks correctly] says de post the forum, nor ab ante it.

5th c. CE, Pompeius
Est talis regula, praepositio praepositioni non iungitur. Hoc dicunt, puta 'apud penes' non potes facere unam partem orationis. Item qui male loquuntur modo ita dicunt 'depost illum ambulat'.

There is a rule that a preposition is not joined to a preposition. By this they mean, for example, that you cannot make apud and penes into a single lexeme. So those who speak badly now say depost illum ambulat.


de trans

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: detràs

Old French: detrés

Occitan: detràs

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: detrás

Portuguese: detrás

Spanish: detrás

5th c. CE, Servius
praepositio etiam de non potest adiungi nomini interveniente adverbio, ut de trans Tiberim venio

Likewise, the preposition de cannot apply to a noun when an adverb comes between them, as in 'I come from across the Tiber'.


ꝕ

(Medieval Latin, siglum) Scribal abbreviation of prae.