cum

From Old Latin quom, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóm, accusative of *kʷos, *kʷís. Compare its feminine form quam (as in tum-tam).

quom (alternative Classical-Latin pre-Classical)
quum (alternative obsolete)
cũ (alternative)
ꝯ (alternative)
kom (alternative Old-Latin)
com (alternative Old-Latin)
-cum (alternative)

+obj

(causal) when, after [with imperfect subjunctive or pluperfect subjunctive]

(temporal) when, while [with present indicative or perfect indicative]


at

From Proto-Italic *ati, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éti.

At rēgīna ….

But the Queen ….
(This phrase, which begins Book 4, recurs twice more to begin subsections within the book: cf. 4.296, 4.504.)

introduces a different but not completely opposing thought: but, yet, moreover, on the other hand, on the contrary, still


an

From Proto-Italic *an, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en. Cognate with Lithuanian angu (“or”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an, “so? now?”). May also be related to Ancient Greek ἄν (án, particle), Sanskrit अना (anā́), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬁 (anā), Lithuanian anàs, Albanian a, Proto-Slavic *onъ.

or, or whether (A conjunction that introduces the second part of a disjunctive interrogation, or a phrase implying doubt.)

(introduced by -ne (interrogative enclitic))

(introduced by num (interrogative particle))

(introduced by -ne, interrogative enclitic)

or rather, or on the contrary (where the opinion of the speaker or the probability inclines to the second interrogative clause, and this is made emphatic, as a corrective of the former)

or, or rather, or indeed, or perhaps (where, as is frequent, the first part of the interrogation is not expressed, but is to be supplied from the context, an begins the interrogation, but it does not begin an absolute – i.e., non-disjunctive – interrogation)

(in the phrase an ne) pleonastic usage for an

(in disjunctive clauses that express doubt) or

denoting uncertainty by itself, without a verb of doubting

(chiefly in and after the Augustean period) standing for sīve

where the first disjunctive clause is to be supplied from the general idea or where an stands for utrum or necne

Since in such distributive sentences expressive of doubt, the opinion of the speaker or the probability usually inclines to the second, i.e. to the clause beginning with an, the expressions haud sciō an, nesciō an, and dubitō an incline to an affirmative signification, “I almost know”, “I am inclined to think”, “I almost think”, “I might say”, “I might assert that”, etc., for “perhaps”, “probably”.

Sometimes the distributive clause beginning with an designates directly the opposite, the more improbable, the negative; in which case nesciō an, haud sciō an, etc., like the English I know not whether, signify “I think that not”, “I believe that not”, etc.


sin

sin aliter/minus/secus

Nonne si bene egeris, recipies : sin autem male, statim in foribus peccatum aderit?

If thou do well, shalt thou not receive? but if ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door? (Genesis 4:7, God speaking to Cain)


set

Alternative spelling of sed. See aliquit.

sexies viginti petre faciunt carrum plumbi scilicet magnum carrum London’ set carrus del Peek est multo minus.

c. 1300, Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris:

Six times twenty stone make the load of lead, scilicet the great London load, but the load of Peek is much less.


vel

Translingual: ∨ (symbol of disjunction)

English: vel sim., vel

From earlier *well, from *wels, from *welsi (“you wish”), thus originally the second-person singular present active indicative form of volō (“I will, I wish”). The semantic development may have been helped by the fortuitous similarity to -ve.

ꝉ (alternative abbreviation)
ƚ (alternative abbreviation)
vƚ (alternative abbreviation)
uƚ (alternative abbreviation)

In theatro comediae vel tragediae aguntur.

2005, D.J. Krus, Elements of Propositional Calculus:

In theater, comedies or tragedies are played.


et

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: e

Romanian: e

Dalmatian: e

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: e

desc

Italian: e, ed (before a word starting with a vowel, especially /e ɛ/.)

Judeo-Italian: אֵי (e)

Neapolitan: e

Sicilian: e

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: e

Ligurian: e

Piedmontese: e

Romagnol: e

Friulian: e

Istriot: e

Ladin: y

Romansch: e, ed

Venetan: e

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: i

Franco-Provençal: et

desctree

Old French: et, e
Middle French: et
French: et
Mauritian Creole: e, ek
→ English: et
Norman: et
Picard: et
Walloon: et, eyet

Old Occitan: e
Occitan: e

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: y

Mozarabic: א (ʔ)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: y, ya

Extremaduran: i

Leonese: ya, y

>? Galician: ia, ie (Oriental)

Mirandese: i

Old Galician-Portuguese: e (see there for further descendants)

Galician: e

Portuguese: e

Old Spanish: é (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: e

From Proto-Italic *et, from Proto-Indo-European *éti or Proto-Indo-European *h₁eti.
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔτι (éti), Sanskrit अति (ati), Gothic 𐌹𐌸 (iþ, “and, but, however, yet”), Old English prefix ed- (“re-”). More at ed-.

cog

de gustibus et coloribus non est disputandum

Duo et duo sunt quattuor.


ni

From Old Latin nei, from Proto-Italic *nei, from Proto-Indo-European *néy (“not”), from *né. Cognates include Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌹 (nei), Lithuanian nei, Old Church Slavonic ни (ni), Old Irish ní and Sanskrit न (ná). See also nē.

Ni quid tibi hinc in spem referas.

Vinum aliudve quid ni laudato.

Numa constituit, ut pisces, qui squamosi non essent, ni pollucerent ... ni qui ad polluctum emerent.

[The Roman king] Numa ordained that scaleless fish be neither offered [to the gods] ... nor bought for offering.

not, that not, unless; like ne in imperative and intentional clauses


ne

From Old Latin ne (“not”), from Proto-Italic *nē, from the extension of Proto-Indo-European *né (“not”). Cognates include Proto-Germanic *ne (whence Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni) and Old English ne), Sanskrit न (ná), Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and Russian не (ne), Lithuanian ne, Irish ní.

Vereor, nē videātur ōrātiō mea stulta.

nē quem post sē hostem reliqueret

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.11

in order not to leave any enemy behind himself

sī reliquam partem hiemis ūnō locō legiōnēs continēret, nē stipendiāriīs Aeduōrum expugnātīs cūncta Gallia dēficeret

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.10

[he feared] lest if he should confine his legions in one place for the remaining part of the winter, all Gaul would revolt when the stipendiaries of the Aedui were subdued

veritus nē noctū ex oppidō prōfugerent

he feared lest [the enemy] should escape by night

that not, in order not to and similar; lest


si

sī (canonical)
sei (alternative standard)
se (alternative)

Aromanian: si

Catalan: si

Franco-Provençal: se

French: si

Friulian: se

Galician: se

Italian: se

Occitan: se

Portuguese: se

Guinea-Bissau Creole: si

Kabuverdianu: si

Papiamentu: si

Romanian: să

Romansch: sche

Sicilian: si

Spanish: si

From Proto-Italic *sei (“so, thus”) used in parataxis, likely via the meaning "in this" as the locative singular of Proto-Indo-European *só (“this, that”); this older meaning is preserved in Latin sīc as well as in the oath sī dīs placet, cf. English so help me God. Related to Old English sē (“he, that”).

Sī versūs hōrum duōrum poētārum neglegētis, magnā parte litterārum carēbitis.

If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.

Sī vis pacem, para bellum.

sī... sī

whether (when a verb of seeing or trying is the main verb in the apodosis; or when sī is used twice correlatively)


ac

Italian: a (traces)

Sardinian: a (traces)


nec

Italo-Romance:

Italian: né

Neapolitan: né

Sicilian: né

Padanian:

Dalmatian: ne

Lombard: gna

Venetan: né

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ni

Old French: ne

Middle French: ny

French: ni

Ibero-Romance

Asturian: nin

Old Galician-Portuguese: nen, nin

Fala: nin

Galician: nin

Portuguese: nem

Spanish: ni

→ Esperanto: nek


ed

Alternative spelling of et; see aliquit.

(nonstandard) alternative spelling of et (“and”)


neve

Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.26

Caesar sent letters and emissaries to Lingonas so that they could not help them with food nor with another thing.


ut

Some supposed ut < uti < utī < utei < *utai < *uta + i, with this *uta corresponding to ita (and utinam < *utanam). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís, *kʷos and *só. See ubi for the loss of c.
Jussive and optative sentences were often followed by some adverbial ut(i), originally meaning "in some way" (sometimes interchangeable with instrumental qui (“by some means”)). Ut becoming habitual, lost its full meaning and was weakened to the conjunction ut, which now fell to govern the subjunctive mood. This was the epitome of the evolution of subordinate clauses in Latin.

† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated° Rare‡only used as a conjunction

Spero ut pacem habeant semper.

Tollensque illud portavit ad domum suam occulte ut dum sol occubuisset caute sepeliret eum.

And taking it up carried it privately to his house, that after the sun was down, he might bury him cautiously.

Et missus est angelus Domini sanctus Rafahel ut curaret ambos quorum uno tempore fuerat oratio in conspectu Domini recitata.

And the holy angel of the Lord, Raphael was sent to heal them both, whose prayers at one time were rehearsed in the sight of the Lord.

Nescio quid dicam, ita enim perturbatus sum ut rationem nulli possim reddere.

I don't know what to say, for I was so upset that I can give an explanation to no one.

how, that, so that, to, in order to, in order that; introduces the subject or object clause of a verb, purpose or effect; note that quō replaces ut when there is a comparative in the subordinate clause of purpose.

Quod ut audērem, Ōrigenis mē studium prōuocāuit...

c. 347 CE – 420 CE, Jerome, Biblia Sacra Vulgāta In Pentateuchō

Although I dared it, Origen's zeal provoked me...

Ut ager, quamvīs fertilis, sine cultūrā frūctuōsus esse nōn potest, sīc sine doctrīnā animus.

c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 2.13

Just as the field, however fertile, without cultivation cannot be fruitful, likewise the soul without education.


ergo

ergō (canonical)
ergo (alternative poetic)

Equivalent to an adverbial derivation from *ēregō, presumably ex- + regō, with sense similar to cognate pergō (“I proceed”).
See also ergā. Compare with the adverbial use of ē regiōne (“directly, against”), with the same elements.

Cogito, ergo sum.

1637, René Descartes, Discourse on the Method:

therefore, because, hence, consequently, thus


quod

Aromanian: cã, che

Dalmatian: co

Old Italian: có

Old Neapolitan: ko (Placiti Cassinesi)

Romanian: că

Romansch: cu

Inflection of quī (“who, which”), corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *kʷod, whence also Old English hwæt (English what).

Fui quod es, eris quod sum.

I once was what you are; one day you shall be what I am.

13th century, “Dies Irae”
Recordare, Jesu pie, quod sum causa tuae viae

Remember, holy Jesus, that I am the reason for your journey.

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) that (in indirect speech)


quando

Aromanian: cãndu, cãnd, chend, kend

Asturian: cuando

Catalan: quan

Dalmatian: cand

→ English: cue

Franco-Provençal: quand

French: quand

Friulian: cuant, cuand

Galician: cando, cuando

→ Interlingua: quando

Italian: quando

Megleno-Romanian: cǫn

Mirandese: quando

Mozarabic: כנד (knd)

Neapolitan: quanno

Norman: qùaund (Normandy), quaend (Guernsey)

Occitan: quan

Portuguese: quando, cando

Romanian: când

Romansch: quant, quaunt

Sardinian: cando, canno, candu

Sicilian: quannu

Spanish: cuando (obsolete quando)

Venetan: cuando

Univerbation of quam (“how, as”) + *dō (“then, until”), the second part being from Proto-Indo-European *doh₁, instrumental of *de.

univ

quandō aliud mihi iam miserae nihil ipsa relīquī

“since now I have left nothing else for my wretched self”

(causal) since, inasmuch as, seeing that, because


quasi

Balkano-Romance:

Romanian: ca și

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: quasi

Old Venetan: asques (Trevignano), squasio

Sicilian: quasi, squasi

Gallo-Italic:

Old Lombard: quaxe

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: quaix

Old Occitan: quaisses, cais

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: acais

→ Asturian: cuasi

→ Dutch: quasi

→ English: quasi

→ Esperanto: kvazaŭ

→ French: quasi

→ Galician: case

→ German: quasi

→ Portuguese: quase

→ Romanian: quasi, cvasi

→ Spanish: casi, cuasi

Univerbation of quam (“how, as”) + sī (“if”) with clitic shortening of the first vowel and iambic shortening of the second.

quasi vērō nesciam!

quasi praedam male divisisset

on that grounds that he had poorly divided the plunder


dum

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Italic *dūm (adverb), from *dweh₂- (“long”) + *-m (adverbial suffix). Compare dūdum.

affix

Dum vīxī tacuī, mortua dulcē canō.

While I lived I was quiet; dead I sweetly sing.

dum erunt hominēs

as long as there are humans (as long as humankind exists)

fugit inreparabile tempus

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III.284–285

Irretrievable time flies away while, in thrall to love, we are carried about from one thing to another.

Dum loquor, hōra fugit.

(indicating coincidence of duration): (with indicative) while, whilst, as, meanwhile (as), (for) as long as, until

(indicating coincidence of duration): (before a verbal substantive) during

“Quid moror? An mea Pygmaliōn dum moenia frāter

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.325–326

“What am I waiting for? Until my brother Pygmalion busts down these walls? Or the Gaetulian, Iarbas, drags me away, enslaved?”

dēstruat, aut captam dūcat Gaetūlus Iarbās?”

(indicating duration with expectancy): (with subjunctive) until, long enough for

Oderint, dum metuant.

tollensque illud portavit ad domum suam occulte ut dum sol occubuisset caute sepeliret eum

(indicating duration with contingency): (with subjunctive) as long as, (for) so long as, provided (that), on the condition that


nisi

From nī (“not”) + sī (“if”). See also sine.

De mortuis nil nisi bonum.

[Say] nothing but good things about the dead.


anne

or (introduces a second or later option in a polar question)


autem

Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebrae erant super faciem abyssī; et spīritus Deī ferēbātur super aquās.

And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

Aristophontes: Quid tu autem? Etiam huic credis?
Hegio: Quid ego credam huic?
Aristophontes: Insanum esse me?
Aristophontes: How’s this? You, too? Do you actually believe him?
Hegio: Believe him in what?

on the other hand, on the contrary, whereas


nam

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁enos (“that”), the same source of enim, nē (“truly, indeed”), Ancient Greek νή (nḗ).

Nam sicut beato Iob insultabant reges ita isti parentes et cognati eius et inridebant vitam eius.

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Tobiae 2:15:

For as the kings insulted over holy Job: so his relations and kinsmen mocked at his life.


sed

From Proto-Indo-European *swét / *swéd, ablative case of *swé (whence se, suus); and originally the same as the inseparable preposition sē- (properly, “by itself”, “apart”, hence, “but”, “only”, etc.). Compare with the semantics of English "only (that)..." (= "but...").

c. ad 65, Seneca, Moral Letters to Lucilius, CVI.

We learn our lessons, not for life, but for the lecture-room.

Non vi, sed verbo

1522, Martin Luther, Invocavit, Sermons:

Not by force but by the word [i.e., of God]

1804 Jun 12, Oberdeutsche Allgemeine Litteraturzeitung, No. 70, p. 1119

We must learn not for school but for life!


aut

Aragonese: u

Asturian: o

Catalan: o

Franco-Provençal: ou

desc

Italian: o, od (used optionally before words beginning with a vowel)

→ Sardinian: o

Ligurian: ò

Mozarabic: או (ʔw)

Occitan: o

Old French: ou
French: ou

Old Galician-Portuguese: ou

Galician: ou

Portuguese: ou

Romanian: au

Romansch: u

Sardinian: a

Spanish: o, u (used before words beginning with an ‘o’ sound), ò (archaic), ó (obsolete, used near numbers to avoid confusion with a zero: 2 ó 3)

→ Esperanto: aŭ

→ Ido: od, o

From Proto-Italic *auti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewti (“on the other hand”), from *h₂ew. Cognate with autem, Ancient Greek αὖ (aû), αὖτε (aûte), αὐτός (autós), αὐτάρ (autár).

der

Aut Caesar aut nihil.

Aut disce aut discēde.

nemo tribunos aut plebem timebat

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 3.16.4

[…] et aut ego indigna fuī illīs aut illī mihi forsitan dignī nōn fuērunt.

[…] and either I was unworthy for them, or they perhaps were not worthy for me.

Accipe nummōs nōnāgintā — aut nūllōs!

otherwise, or else (a consequence of the condition that the previous is false)

Introduces a correction to the previous words or an afterthought remark.


atque

Perhaps from Proto-Italic *at-kʷe or Proto-Italic *ad-kʷe. The term may be cognate with Umbrian 𐌀𐌐𐌄 (ape), although De Vaan considers this uncertain due to the different meanings of the terms. Alternatively, may be from ad (“to”) + -que (“and”) or from at (“yet, whereas”) + -que (“and”).

ac (alternative especially)
adque (alternative)

Ad vim atque ad arma cōnfugere.

habēmus pāpam – ēminentissimum ac reverendissimum dominum[…]

We have a Pope – the Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord […]

...the most outstanding and most to-be-revered...

Dīxerat, atque illam mediā inter tālia, ….

[Dido] had spoken, and even in the midst of her [speech], during such [final words], ….

Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.

63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.1

As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, you shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many people's eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.

and, and also, and besides, and too, and even, and in fact

[…]alia enim sunt lēgātī partēs atque imperātōris[…]

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Civil War 3.51.4

[…] after all, the duties of the legate aren't the same as those of the general […]

Sed ea rēs longē aliter, ac ratus erat, ēvēnit.

86 BCE – c. 35 BCE, Sallust, The War with Jugurtha 7.3.1

But the result was far different from what he had anticipated.

Docet longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea gestum sit

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.14

He teaches that they must fight by a very different method from that which had been previously adopted

(after words expressing comparison) as, than


quia

Balkano-Romance:

Romanian: ca

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ca

Neapolitan: ca

Sicilian: ca

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: ca (Alto Ayer)

Old Galician-Portuguese: ca

Old Spanish: ca

Old neuter plural accusative case of quis, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₂. Corresponds both formally and functionally to Megara Ancient Greek σᾰ́ (sắ, “what?”), and functionally to ὅτι (hóti); this and other evidence point to the Greek origin of the use of quia as a subordinator, in contrast to quod where there's stronger evidence for a native development.

Tobias vero cum filio suo et cum uxore fugiens nudus latuit quia multi diligebant eum

But Tobias fleeing naked away with his son and with his wife, lay concealed, for many loved him.

et aut ego indigna fui illis aut illi mihi forsitan digni non fuerunt quia forsitan viro alio conservasti me

And either I was unworthy of them, or they perhaps were not worthy of me: because perhaps thou hast kept me for another man,

Nōn timeō, quia amō.

c. 1135 – 1153, Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermōnēs super Cantica Canticōrum 84.6

et audierunt vicini et cognati eius quia magnificavit Dominus misericordiam suam cum illa et congratulabantur ei

Her neighbors and her relatives heard that the Lord had magnified his mercy towards her, and they rejoiced with her.

(Late Latin, subordinator) (the fact) that


quoniam

→ Catalan: quòniam (learned)

4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Tobit 2:18

For we are the children of saints, and look for that life which God will give to those that never change their faith from him.

Quoniam fīliī sānctōrum sumus et vītam illam expectāmus quam Deus datūrus est hīs quī fidem suam numquam mūtant ab eō.


neque

Aromanian: nitsi

Romanian: nici

From Proto-Indo-European *nekʷe (“and not, neither, nor”), from *né (“not”) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, whence Irish nach; Proto-Germanic *nehw, whence Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih). Equivalent to Old Latin ne (“not”) + -que (“and”).

neque ... neque (or neque ... et)

neque se in occultum abdiderat et conspectum multitudinis fugerat

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.30

And neither had concealed himself nor shunned the eyes of the people

Neque tē teneō, neque dicta refellō.

“I neither detain you, nor refute [what you] have said.”


enim

From Proto-Italic *eno (“that one”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁enos (“that”), the same source of nam, nē (“truly”), Ancient Greek νή (nḗ), ναί (naí).

Id enim ferendum esse negat.

Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius.

Kill them, for the Lord knows those that are His own.


igitur

Old French: gieres, giers (?)

* Probably the post-tonic development of *agetor 'it is done' (> agitur) after e.g. quid.

Eho dīc mihi, quis illic igitur est?

c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 624

(postpositive) therefore, then, consequently


utrum

Adverbial accusative of uter, used as a conjunction.

Quarto, utrum solum debuerit docere verbo, vel etiam scripto.

1485, Thomas Aquinas, “Part III, Question 42”, in Summa Theologiae:

4. Whether He should have preached by word only, or also by writing.


seu

Romanian: sau


postquam

A univerbation of post (“after”) and quam (“than”).

eō postquam Caesar pervēnit, obsidēs, arma, servōs, qui ad eōs perfūgissent, poposcit.

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello gallico 1.27.3

After Caesar had come thither, he demanded hostages, their arms, and the slaves who had deserted to them.

postquam inter nōs est plūs feritātis habet.

38 CE – 104 CE, Martial, Spectactula 1.18.6

since she has been among us, she has more of wildness


sive

From older seive, from sei (“if”) + -ve (“or”). Equivalent to sī (“if”) + -ve (“or”). Collateral form seu by apocope.

deus sive natura

Otium Vindelicum sive Meletematum Historico-philosophicorum Triga

1731, Johann Jakob Brucker, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

Augsburg Idleness, or, a Triga of Historico-Philosophical Essays


ast

Probably a univerbation of at + est with subsequent contraction.

(law, protasis) but if, and if (in double stipulations)

(literary, often followed by a vowel) but, however, whereas

(literary) and then, forthwith, whereupon (followed immediately by a subject switch, normally a personal pronoun)


etsi

Etsi vereor, iudices...


-que

From Proto-Italic *-kʷe (“and”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognates include Sanskrit च (ca), Ancient Greek τε (te), Faliscan -𐌂𐌖𐌄 (-cue), Proto-Germanic *-hw ( → English (thou)gh). Its alternative use as a generalizing particle "any, -every" with pronouns and adverbs may result from a shift from an earlier meaning along the lines of "as". There are also a number of words that are etymologically suffixed with this particle but that have developed specific meanings not clearly analyzable in terms of either of these senses, such as dēnique (“finally; at length”).

-qꝫ (alternative Medieval-Latin)
-q́ꝫ (alternative Medieval-Latin)
-q. (alternative Medieval-Latin)
-q́ue (alternative)

𐌂𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌏𐌓𐌄𐌉:𐌐𐌏𐌃𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌒𐌖𐌄𐌉𐌒𐌖𐌄/𐌒𐌖𐌓𐌏𐌉𐌔
CASTOREI PODLOVQVEIQVE/QVROIS

6th or 5th century BCE, Castor-Pollux dedication (image (page 3; requires access to JSTOR); facsimile)

Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas quod non ego non modo audiam sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.

63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.VIII

There is nothing you do, nothing you plot, nothing you think about, that I do not only hear of, but actually see as well and distinctly discern.

Arma virumque cano.

Senatus Populusque Romanus.

29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III

(when repeated) "both... and", "whether... or"

Fretusque his animis.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 1.2

tuncque primum ignota antea vocabula reperta sunt sellariorum et spintriarum ex foeditate loci

1598 translation by Richard Greenway
Then first of all were those vnknowen words of Sellaries and Spintries found out of the filthines of the place.

Ain heri nos advenisse huc? — Aio, adveniensque ilico me salutasti.

c. 190 BCE – 185 BCE, Plautus, Amphitryon II.ii

Do you say that we arrived here yesterday? — I do say so, and on your arrival (lit. and arriving) you instantly greeted me.


quin

Vestrum nēmō est quīn intellegat populum Rōmānum

There is no one among you who doesn't understand the Roman people

Neque erat quisquam omnium quīn in eius diēī cāsū suārum omnium fortūnārum ēventum cōnsistere existimāret.

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, De Bello Civili 2.5

Nor was there anyone among them who didn't think that the fate of all their fortunes rested on the outcome of that day.

(used with a negative like nēmō or nūllus) who does/can/would not (usually following a nominative)

Numquam tam māne ēgredior, neque tam vesperī domum revortor, quīn tē in fundō cōnspicer fodere aut […]

163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 68, (complaining at an old man for working too much)

I never go out so early, or come home so late, that I don't see you digging or […] on your farm.

Neque ūllus flāre ventus poterat quīn aliquā ex parte secundum cursum habērent.

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, De Bello Civili 3.47

And no wind could blow that it wasn't favourable to them to some extent.

(used with a negative like numquam or nōn) without (something happening), (so) that...not

nōn quīn ab eō ipse dissentiam, sed quod eā tē sapientiā esse iūdicem, ut meum cōnsilium nōn antepōnam tuō

106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Ad Familiares 4.7

not because I don't disagree with it, but because I judge you to be of the kind of wisdom where I wouldn't prefer my own opinion to yours

nōn quīn magnitūdō Carthāginis mereātur etiam a philosophō precem prō honōre, sed ut integrum et intemerātum esset vestrum beneficium

c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Florida 16

not because the great city of Carthage doesn't deserve that even a philosopher should beg to be given an honor, but so that your generosity remained pure and irreproachable

(preceded by nōn, followed by sed quod/quia/ut) not because not...but, not that not...but

"Necessārium" ait esse Opillus Aurēlius, in quō nōn sit cessandum, […] aut quod nōn possit prohibēre quīn fīat.

2nd c. CE, Sextus Pompeius Festus, De Verborum Significatione

'The necessary', says Opillus Aurelius, 'is that which doesn't allow for delays, […] or that which one can't prevent from happening.'

Et omnia quae dēsīderāvērunt oculī meī, nōn negāvī eīs; nec prohibuī cor quīn omnī voluptāte fruerētur...

405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Ecclesiastes.2.10

And anything that my eyes desired, I did not deny to them. Nor did I withhold my heart from enjoying every pleasure...

Nōluit autem Asahel omittere quīn urgueret eum.

But Asahel did not want to stop pursuing him.

(with negated verbs of stopping, hindering) from doing or happening

quis ignōrat, quīn ...?

Nōn dubium·st quīn mī magnum ex hāc rē sit malum.

161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Eunuchus 997

There's no doubt that I'll sorely regret this.

Nec dubitāvit Dārēus quīn interfecta esset, quia nequīsset contumēliam perpetī, exclāmatque āmēns dolōre: "Quod ego tantum nefās commīsī, Alexander?..."

1st c. CE, Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni 4.10.29

And Darius had no doubt that she [his wife] had been killed, because she had been unable to endure great offense, and so he shouted in a frenzy from the pain, "What great crime have I committed, Alexander?!.."

(used with negated words of hesitation, doubting, not knowing) that


-ve

From Proto-Indo-European *-we. Compare Sanskrit वा (vā, “or”) and Ancient Greek ἤ (ḗ, “or”).

Quid tu es tristis? Quidve es alacris? Unde is?

161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Eunuchus 2.13

Why are you out of spirits or why are you in such a hurry? Whence come you?

Post hanc habitam contionem duabus tribusve horis optatissimi nuntii et litterae venerunt.

44 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 14.6.16

After this assembly was over, within two or three hours, these most welcome messengers and letters arrived.

(always enclitic) or, leaving the choice free between two things or among several

Num, quod maximum est, leges nostras moresve novit, num denique homines?

44 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 5.5.13

Does he—which is most important—does he know any thing about our laws and manners? Is he even acquainted with any of the citizens?

(especially in negative sentences or questions implying a negative sentence) and, with the same meaning as -que

Nostra quoque ipsorum semper requieque sine ulla / corpora vertuntur, nec quod fuimusve sumusve / cras erimus;

And our bodies themselves are always, restlessly, changing: we shall not be, tomorrow, either what we were, or what we are.

(poetic, repeated or with correlative part) either...or


donec

From Old Latin dōnique, dōnicum, from Proto-Indo-European *de (see there for more). Compare dum from same source.

Donec, infecta pace, armis desilirent.

While, with peace broken off, they dismounted with arms.

Et non cognoscebat eam, donec peperit filium, et vocavit nomen eius Iesum.

And he did not have relations with her until she had given birth to a son, and he named him Jesus.

Dōnec venit Sōl per auram.

while, as long as, until, denotes the relation of two actions at the same time


quantumvis

quantumvīs (canonical)
quantunvīs (alternative)

From quantusvīs (“as much as you want”).


quominus

quōminus (canonical)
quō (alternative)
minus (alternative)


annon

can it be that (expecting a positive answer)


quamquam

→ Esperanto: kvankam (learned)

[ˈkʷaŋ.kʷãː]

Reduplication of quam. The original meaning was hypothetically “how(much)ever”; compare quisquis (“whoever”).

At pius Aenēās, quamquam lēnīre dolentem

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.393–394

But dutiful Aeneas, although he desires to relieve [Dido’s] grief by comforting her, and say more to turn aside her anguish, ….

sōlandō cupit et dictīs āvertere cūrās, ….


necne

necnec (alternative Late-Latin proscribed)

Nihil interest valeam necne.

It matters not whether I am well or not.

(with negative, usually following utrum) whether


siquidem

Univerbation of sī (“if”) + quidem (“restricting particle”).


tametsi

tametsī (canonical)
tam etsi (alternative)
tam et si (alternative)


atqui

notwithstanding, however, rather, but now, but nevertheless


etiamsi

Univerbation of etiam (“yet”) + sī (“if”).


nedum

aegre inermem tantam multitudinem, nedum armatam, sustineri posse

we could hardly resist an unarmed crowd, let alone an armed one


quandoquidem

quandō̆quidem (canonical)
quandō quidem (alternative)

Univerbation of quandō (“when, now that”) + quidem (“restricting particle”).

MENAECHMVS Līberem ego tē? MESSENIO Vērum, quandŏquidem, ere, tē servāvī... MEN. Quid est?

c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 5.7.line 1024, (trochaic septenarius)

MEN. I should free you? MES. Sure, seeing as I saved your life, master... MEN. What's that?

PAMPHILUS: Atque hoc cōnfiteor mihi / iūre obtigisse, quandōquidem tam iners tam nūllī cōnsilī sum.

166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 607–608

PAMPHILUS: And yet I admit that this has happened justly to me, since indeed I am so lazy, so lacking in good judgment.

Quandŏquidem et illī peccant, quōs minimē putēs, et […]

1st century CE, Phaedrus, Fabulae Aesopiae 3.10.52, (iambic senarius)

Since even those whom you would least expect are sometimes at fault, and […]

since, since indeed, seeing that, inasmuch as, because


quanquam

[ˈkʷaŋ.kʷãː]


etiamtum

head

etiamtum (chiefly with imperfect tense verbs)

with imperfect tense verbs
etiamtunc (alternative)

Univerbation of etiam (“yet”) + tum (“then”).

univ

even then, till that time, till then, still


etiamtunc

head

etiamtunc (chiefly with imperfect tense verbs)

Univerbation of etiam (“yet”) + tunc (“then”).


quodsi

quod (relative adverb) + sī (conjunction)

compound

quodsi viri sui faciem ignorat...

Late 2nd Century CE, Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis, Metamorphoses of Apuleius V, 16

But if she does not know her own husband's appearance...

quodsi magnam in his Hermagoras habuisset facultatem studio et disciplina comparatam...
But if Hermagoras had possessed exceptional skill in dealing with these subjects...
58 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, De Legibus 1, 48:
...per se igitur ius est expectandum et colendum; Quodsi ius etiam, instituta; sin ea, reliquae quoque virtutes per se colendae sunt.
...Consequently, law and fairness are sought and cultivated for their own sake; but if so in law and, likewise, fairness, then all those other virtues are also to be cultivated for their own sake.
First 1st century BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem 1, 1, 27:
Quod si te sors Afris aut Hispanis aut Gallis praefecisset, immanibus ac barbaris nationibus...
but if fate had put you in charge of Africans, Spaniards, or Gauls, savage and barbaric peoples...
70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 4, 114:
Neque enim haec externa vobis est religio neque aliena; quodsi esset, si suscipere eam nolletis...
This religion is neither from far away nor foreign to you all; but if it were, if you would not wish to honour it yourselves...
c. 25 BCE, Propertius, Elegiæ 3.14.33:

First 1st century BC, Cicero, De Inventione 1, 8

But if you fought just like the law of the Spartans, you would be dearer to me, Rome, for that good.

quod si iura fores pugnasqeue imitatia Laconum, carior hoc esses tu mihi, Roma, bono

[Epistulæ ad Aurelium 1.p64 (42N)]

[De Natura rerum 3.722]

[De chorographia 1.54]

[Trinummus 217]

[Vita Julii Cæsaris 31.2]

[Hautontimorumenos 724]


necunde

From nē (“lest”) + *cunde, organic form of unde.


donique

Latin: donec

From Proto-Indo-European *de (see there for more).


donicum

Latin: donec


tamen etsi

tamen etsī (canonical)
tamenetsi (alternative)
tamen et si (alternative)


(Medieval Latin) scribal abbreviation of etiam


-qꝫ

(Medieval Latin) scribal abbreviation of -que


qᵃ̄

(Medieval Latin) scribal abbreviation of quam


n̄qꝫ

(Medieval Latin) scribal abbreviation of namque


propterea quod

From proptereā (“therefore”) + quod (“because”).

Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt …

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1

Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from the civilization and refinement of [our] Province …


nec non

nec nōn (canonical)
necnōn (alternative)
neque nōn (alternative)

From nec (“and not, nor”) + nōn (“not”).

Certe, inquit Merula; nam ibi vidi greges magnos anserum, gallinarum, columbarum, gruum, pavonum, nec non glirium, piscium, aprorum, ceterae venationis.

116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Agricultural Topics 3.14

“Certainly,” said Merula, “for I saw there great flocks of geese, chickens, pigeons, cranes, peacocks, not to mention sparrows, fish, boar, and other game.”

sunt tibi regna patris Dauni, sunt oppida capta

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 12.22–23

You have the realms of your father Daunus, the many towns
taken by your hand, and Latinus also has gold and spirit

multa manu, nec non aurumque animusque Latino est

[ingenia] docta, indocta simul, bruta et sapientia, nec non

348 CE – c. 413 CE, Prudentius, Psychomachia 518–19

The learned and the unlearned alike, the stupid and the wise, and also
the pure and the impure, have given themselves up to my hand

casta, incesta meae patuerunt pectora dextrae

and also, and indeed, and certainly, not to mention


ꝗ

(Medieval Latin, siglum) scribal abbreviation of quam or que


tamenetsi

Compound of tamen (“nevertheless, yet”) + etsī (“even if”).


ex quo

[ˈɛks ˈkʷɔː]

ex (“since”) and quō (neuter ablative singular of the relative pronoun)

prōditōrem nōlō dīcere, certē speculātōrem habēmus in sinū, cujus, ex quō obses Rōmae fuit, corpus nōbīs reddidērunt Rōmānī, animum ipsī habent.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 40.5.12

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Cūr salūtās virginem, quae nōn nōvit hominem, ex quō fuit nāta?

c. 1200, anonymous, Carmina Burana 157.4


dummō

Dummō eccleſie a tāta labe infectionis exiﬅeret immunis.

1490, Henricus Institor, Iacobus Sprenger, Malleus Maleficarum, 2nd edition, Questio Secunda, page 20:

Given that the church exists free from such a ruin of infection.

Dummodo ecclesia a tanta labe infectionis existeret immunis.


modo ut

Modo ut haec nobis loca tenere liceat, bellissime vel mecum vel in nostris praediis esse poteritis.

62 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares XIV.14

Provided that we can hold this area, you can stay very nicely with me or at my properties in the country.