A

Norwegian Bokmål: A

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Α (A, “alpha”), likely through Etruscan.

(sometimes with littera) The first letter of the Latin alphabet, written in the Latin script.


X

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Χ (Kh, “chi”), which represented /ks/ in the dialects of most of the Greek mainland and Euboea.

The twenty-third letter of the Latin alphabet, written in the Latin script.


o

From Etruscan letter 𐌏 (o), from Ancient Greek letter ο (o, “omicron”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤏 (ʿ, “ayin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹.


v

(sometimes with littera) The 20th letter of the Latin alphabet.


p

The letter of the Latin alphabet, written in the Latin script.


k

The tenth letter of the Latin alphabet, written in the Latin script.


z

The minuscule form derives from the majuscule Z.

The twenty-third letter of the Classical Latin alphabet, called zēta.


(now uncommon) A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called accentus gravis (“grave accent”) in Latin, and found on à, è, ò.


D

A letter in the Latin alphabet, representing the sound /d/


C

The third letter of the Latin alphabet, written in the Latin script.


Z

The letter descended from the Old Italic letter 𐌆 (z) in the Old Latin period, but had long fell into native disuse by the Classical period, when it came back into use, transcribing the Ancient Greek letter Ζ (Z, “zeta”), which had formerly been transcribed S in initial position and SS in medial position. In writings of the Late Latin period, Z frequently takes the place of S and in the third and fourth centuries often represented word-initial prevocalic di.


U

Originally took the form of the modern-day V, which is derived from U.


Q

The seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet


a

From Ancient Greek Α (A, “alpha”), likely through Etruscan.

littera a

(sometimes with littera) the first letter of the Latin alphabet.


C[aius]·AVRELIVS / PARTꟵENIVS / ÓRNÁMENTꟾS·DEC[urionalibus] / HONÓRÁTVS·COL[oniae]·AVG[ustae] / NEMAVSꟾ·ꟾIIIIꟾVIR·AVG[ustalis] / COL[onia]·CÓPIA·CLAVD[ia]·AVG[usta]·LVGVD[uni] / ITEM·NÁRBÓNE·MÁRTIO / ET·FIR[ma]·IVL[ia]·SECVND[anorum] ARAVSIÓNE / ET·FORO·IVLIꟾ·PÁCÁTO / VBꟾQVE·GRÁTVITꟾS·HONÓRIBVS

diacritical mark
diacritical mark#English

Latin script
Appendix:Latin script#English

A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called apex (“apex”) in Latin, and found on Á/á, É/é, Í/í, Ó/ó and Ú/ú. It indicates that the vowels are long.


signum productionis
signum productionis#Latin

A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called signum productionis (“macron”) in Latin, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ī/ī, Ō/ō and Ū/ū. (used in grammars and dictionaries)


Ↄ

Created by the Roman Emperor Claudius. Perhaps inspired by the Arcadian variant of the Greek letter psi, ⟨⟩.

Upper-case antisigma. Used to replace the digraphs BS and PS, much like X stood in for the digraphs CS and GS.


ⅎ

Lower-case variant of Ⅎ created for Unicode.


Ⅎ

Created by the Roman emperor Claudius. Possibly inspired by the Greek digamma, ⟨Ϝ⟩.

(obsolete) Used to represent the consonantal value of U/V (modern V).


ↄ

Lower-case variant of Ↄ created for Unicode.


ꝑ

superficialis → suꝑficialis


ꝉ

(Medieval Latin) Scribal abbreviation of vel, el or ul.


ͱ

Lower-case variant of Ⱶ created for Unicode.


Ͱ

Used to represent the so called sonus medius, a short vowel sound between U and I before labial consonants in Latin words such as ⟨OPTͰMUS⟩ for optumus and optimus, later used as a variant of Y in inscriptions for Greek upsilon (as in ⟨OLͰMPICUS⟩ for Olympicus), possibly inspired by an early form of the spiritus asper.


ꝫ

habꝫ → habet

(word-final) Scribal abbreviation of ⟨et⟩ as -et.

potꝫ → potest

(word-final) Scribal abbreviation of ⟨est⟩ as -est.

usqꝫ → usque

(word-final) Scribal abbreviation of ⟨ue⟩ as part of -que.

aͥquibꝫ → aliquibus

(word-final) Scribal abbreviation of ⟨us⟩ as -us when at the end of a noun in the dative or ablative plural.

abluͦneꝫ → ablutionem

(word-final) Scribal abbreviation of ⟨m⟩ as part of -am, -em or -um.

viꝫ → videlicet; quiꝯꝫ → quicumque; opīoꝫ → opinionem

A word-final mark of abbreviation for some sequence of letters ending in one of the above forms.


ꝁ

An abbreviation for karta, kartula, kalendas.


ꟾ

(in ancient inscriptions) a long I, used instead of the apex (◌́) found on other vowel letters.


ꝙ

(siglum) Scribal abbrevation representing quod, qui, or que.


þ᷏͛ þ᷏͛#Latin

(Medieval Latin) A diacritical mark of the Latin script in Latin, and found on c͛, f͛, g͛, h͛, m͛, n͛, p͛, s͛, t͛, u͛, v͛, X͛, x͛ and þ᷏͛. It indicates that the letters ⟨er⟩, ⟨re⟩ or ⟨rae⟩ have been omitted after the letter.

(Lithuanian dialectology) Marks a stressed syllable with "abrupt tone".


ꝓ

(Medieval Latin) Scribal abbreviation of pro. or por, usually in initial position.


Ꝓ

(Medieval Latin) Alternative letter-case form of ꝓ


For example, ⟨dicit᷑⟩ (dicitur) 'is said', ⟨uocat᷑⟩ (vocatur) 'is called'

(Medieval Latin) A diacritical mark of the Latin script in Latin, and found on t᷑. It indicates that the letters ⟨ur⟩ have been omitted after the letter.


(Medieval Latin) A diacritical mark of the Latin script in Latin, and found on b᷒, c᷒, h᷒, i᷒, j᷒, m᷒, n᷒, p᷒, r᷒, s᷒ and t᷒. It usually indicates that the letters ⟨us⟩ have been omitted after the letter, or otherwise the letters ⟨os⟩, ⟨ost⟩ or some longer sequence ending in one such form.


Ꟶ

An epigraphic form of H found in inscriptions from Roman Gaul; appears word-initially, but also in digraphs CꟵ, PꟵ, RꟵ and TꟵ in words derived from Greek.


ꜿ

An abbreviation for con- or com-, as in ꜿfrr or ꜿfmas (confirmans 'witnessing').


ꝅ

An abbreviation for karta or kartam when ⟨ꝁ⟩ is used for karta [error for kalendas or kartula?]


ꝝ

(Medieval Latin) Scribal abbreviation of -rum or -rom, as in no͞ꝛoꝝ (nostrorum 'of our').


ꝗ

(Medieval Latin) Scribal abbreviation of quan- or qui-, as in ꝗdo (quando),


ꟷ

DERVACꟷ F͡ILIVS / IVSTꟷ (h)IC IACIT

c. 500 CE Stone inscription alongside a road

(The stone) of Dervacus, son of Justus. He lies here.

BODVOCꟷ HIC IACIT / F͡IL͡IVS CATOTIGIRNI / PRONEPVS ETERNAL͡I(s) / VEDOMAVꟷ

(The stone) of Bodovoc. Here he lies, son of Catotigirnus (and) great-grandson of Eternalis Vedomavus.

second declension
second declension#English

An epigraphic letter I used in inscriptions from Celtic Britain for the genitive of the second declension.


ꟶ

A lower-case form of Ꟶ, used in modern transliterations.


→ Old English: ◌̃

Middle English: ◌̃
English: ◌̃

Old French: ◌̃
Middle French: ◌̃

→ German: ◌̃

Portuguese: ◌̃

Spanish: ◌̃

Developed in cursive writing from n atop another letter.

cũ

ī̃fluente — īnfluente

ñ — nōn

quīcũque — quīcumque or quīcunque

Written on a letter, usually a vowel, in place of an omitted n or m.


For example, ⟨nob᷐⟩ (nobis) 'to us', ⟨script᷐⟩ (scriptis) 'written', ⟨dict᷐⟩ (dictis) 'said'

(Medieval Latin) A diacritical mark of the Visigothic script in Latin. It indicates that the letters ⟨is⟩ have been omitted after the letter.


For example: ⟨ıͦıᷥ⟩ for duos 'two', ⟨ııͤıᷥ⟩ for tres 'three'

(Medieval Latin) An abbreviation of the letter s, specifically of long s ⟨ſ⟩.


For example: ⟨uᷠ⟩ for unde 'from', ⟨aᷠ⟩ for ante 'before', ⟨quᷠ⟩ for quando 'when'.

(Medieval Latin) An abbreviation of the letter ⟨n⟩.


For example: ⟨ııııoᷣᷣ⟩ for quatuor 'four'

(Medieval Latin) An abbreviation of the letter ⟨ꝛ⟩ (r rotunda).


For example: ⟨nᷝ⟩ for nihil 'nothing'

(Medieval Latin) An abbreviation of the letter ⟨l⟩.