abdicative

[äbd̪ɪkäːˈt̪iːu̯eː]


lente

la-adv

lentē (comparative lentius, superlative lentissimē)

lentē (canonical)
lentius (comparative)
lentissimē (superlative)

[ˈɫ̪ɛn̪t̪eː]

Marcus ad arborem lente ambulat.


gratis

Catalan: gratis

desctree

Dutch: gratis
Afrikaans: gratis
→ Caribbean Javanese: gratis
→ Indonesian: gratis
→ Javanese: ꦒꦿꦠꦶꦱ꧀ (gratis)

English: gratis

French: gratis

Galician: gratis

German: gratis

Italian: gratis

Portuguese: grátis

Romanian: gratis

Spanish: gratis

Norwegian: gratis

[ˈɡräːt̪iːs̠]

out of favor or kindness, without recompense or compensation, gratuitously, freely


accurate

la-adv

accūrātē (comparative accūrātius, superlative accūrātissimē)

accūrātē (canonical)
accūrātius (comparative)
accūrātissimē (superlative)


fere

From Proto-Italic *feros, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-o- (“tight, close by”), a derivative of *dʰer- (“to hold”). Cognates include firmus.

der

sōlis ferē̆ occāsū

haec habēbam ferē̆ quae tē scīre vellem

1st c. BC, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 1.6.2

this is more or less everything I wanted to tell you

(close enough) roughly, approximately, mostly, more or less, around, about

haud ferē̆ quisquam

(indistinguishable from) nearly, practically, virtually, almost, well-nigh, quite

ut ferē̆ fit

(in general) often, normally, usually, generally, as a rule, in most cases, mainly


pie

la-adv

piē (comparative pius, superlative pissimē)

piē (canonical)
pius (comparative)
pissimē (superlative)


eo

Declined from is. Sometimes it stands as if for eō tempore/locō ("in that time/place"), sometimes as if for eō modō ("that way"). Compare eā.

† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated° Rare‡only used as a conjunction

(with abl. or loc.) there, in that place

(with abl. or quod) therefore, because, for that reason

usque eo ut complures dies frumento milites caruerint

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.18

to such a degree that for several days the soldiers were without wheat

(with quo, of quantity) so much, to such a degree. (= tantō...quantō)

Caesar cognovit Vercingetorigem [...] cum equitatu expeditisque [...] insidiarum causa eo profectum

Caesar learned that Vercingetorix with a cavalry and light armed infantry had departed to that place to perform an ambush

(with dative, of motion) to that place, thither

(with dative, of tendency) to that end, with that purpose

(with dative, of time) until, so long, up to that time


accumulate

accumulātē (comparative accumulātius, superlative accumulātissimē)

accumulātē (canonical)
accumulātius (comparative)
accumulātissimē (superlative)


false

falsē (comparative falsius, superlative falsissimē)

falsē (canonical)
falsius (comparative)
falsissimē (superlative)


absolute

absolūtē (comparative absolūtius, superlative absolūtissimē)

absolūtē (canonical)
absolūtius (comparative)
absolūtissimē (superlative)


imperative

From imperātīvus (“commanded”), from imperō (“command, order”), from im- (form of in) + parō (“prepare, arrange; intend”).


here

From Pre-Latin/Proto-Italic *hezi, from Proto-Indo-European *(dʰ)ǵʰyési, locative form of *(dʰ)ǵʰyés (“yesterday”).


qua

Adverb declined from quī. Diachronically, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷéh₂; compare Ancient Greek πῇ (pêi), πῆ (pê, “which way, how”) and Latin quam.

quā... eā...

where (on which side; at or in which place; in what direction; by what way)

ēns quā ēns

how (in what way; by what method; to what degree or extent)

hoc rēgnum dea gentibus esse –
sī quā fāta sinant – iam tum tenditque fovetque.
The goddess already aims and fondly hopes that this [city] – if in any way the fates allow it – [will] be the seat of ruling power over [all] nations.

[In other words, long before the founding of Rome the goddess Juno wanted Carthage to become the imperial city. See: Juno (mythology); Carthage.]

(indefinite) after sī, nisi, num, nē: in any way, anyhow


rite

From rītus (“rite, custom”), presumably from an ablative of an old third-declension form *rītis.

according to religious usage, with due observances, with proper ceremonies, ceremonially, solemnly, duly


in nuce

Cicero
Iliad
Naturalis Historia
Pliny the Elder

From in + nuce, the ablative singular of nux (“nut”): literally, “in a nut”. Derived from an anecdote in Pliny the Elder, who ascribes to Cicero the claim that the whole Iliad was once written on parchment and enclosed within a nutshell (Naturalis Historia 7.21.85).

[…] adeoque sola eruendas ratione, in nuce, quod dicitur, aut velut in tabula depictas, simul exhibeam.

1731, Jakob Wilde, Sueciæ Historia Pragmatica Quæ vulgò Jus Publicum dicitur […], page 5:

[…] let me present, at the same time, those things that are to be unearthed by reason alone, in a nutshell, as it is said, or as if depicted in an image.

in the embryonic phase; said of something which is just developing or being developed


male

male (comparative pēius, superlative pessimē)

pēius (comparative)
pessimē (superlative)

Aragonese: mal

Asturian: mal

Catalan: mal

Corsican: mal

Dalmatian: mal, mul

French: mal

Friulian: mâl

Italian: male

Leonese: mal

Mirandese: mal

Mozarabic: mal

Occitan: mal

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: mal
Fala: mal
Galician: mal
Portuguese: mal (see there for further descendants)

Sardinian: mabi, mai, mali, male

Sicilian: mali

Spanish: mal

Venetan: mal, małe

Melius est bene morī quam male vīvere.

1413, Jan Hus, Epistola ad Iohannem de Reinstein:

It is better to die well than to live badly.


ad libitum

[äd̪ ˈlʲɪbɪt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

(music) at one's pleasure, allowing freedom to improvise, allowing variation from the printed notes or tempo.

Without advanced preparation; spontaneously; impromptu; ad lib.


sic

Aromanian: shi

Asturian: sí

Catalan: sí

Corsican: sì

Dalmatian: sai

Franco-Provençal: si, -se (in asse, ense)

French: si

Friulian: sì

Galician: si

Italian: sì

Megleno-Romanian: și

Portuguese: sim

Romanian: și

Romansch: schi

Sicilian: sì, se

Spanish: sí

→ English: sic

Regular apocope of sīce, from sī + -ce, from Proto-Indo-European *só (“this, that”) and Proto-Indo-European *ḱe- (“demonstrative particle”). See also components for cognates.

der

thus, so, like this, in this way
as stated or as follows, to this effect

thus, so, like this, in this way
(as a correlative to ut, quōmodo etc.)

(with restrictive or conditional force, also with ut or nē)

in such a (good or bad) way, like that, so much

Ut ager, quamvīs fertilis, sine cultūrā frūctuōsus esse nōn potest, sīc sine doctrīnā animus.

c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 2.13

Just as the field, however fertile, without cultivation cannot be fruitful, likewise the soul without education.

Sīc, sīc iuvat īre sub umbrās.

“Thus, in this way it pleases me to pass beneath the shadows.”
(Dido’s final words include the doubly emphatic “sic, sic”; translations vary. Servius the Grammarian, in his Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil, understood it as the moment Dido falls upon the sword of Aeneas.)


e.g.

nam licèt e. g. fornicatio prohibita sit […] non tamen id semper fieri necesse est. e.g. aliquis corruptus pecuniâ […] & tamen obligationem e. g. restituendi damnum

1732 (MDCCXXXII), Antonius Mayr, Theologia Scholastica, Ingolstadium, page 55, by justification

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Interdum etiam utrumque vocabulum in usu loquendi inter se commutatur, e. g. Dig. XIII, C. 4. Liv. XXIII, 48.
Recentiora denique iura, quibus foenus prohibitum est, e.g. ius Francogallorum, […]

1821, Julius Müller, Ratio et historia odii quo foenus habitum est, pages 3 and 10, by justification

exemplī grātiā ("for the sake of an example, for example")


sat

‘Sat patriae Priamōque datum ….’

[Aeneas recalls a dream about Hector, who says:] “‘[You] have given enough to [our] country and to [King] Priam.’”


vero

From vērus + -ō (adverb-forming suffix).

verily, truly, really, doubtless, in truth

4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Tobit 1:23

But Tobias fleeing naked away with his son and with his wife, lay concealed, for many loved him.

Tobias vero cum filio suo et cum uxore fugiens nudus latuit quia multi diligebant eum.


care

la-adv

cārē (comparative cārius, superlative cārissimē)

cārē (canonical)
cārius (comparative)
cārissimē (superlative)


et

From Proto-Italic *et, from Proto-Indo-European *éti or Proto-Indo-European *h₁eti.
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔτι (éti), Sanskrit अति (ati), Gothic 𐌹𐌸 (iþ, “and, but, however, yet”), Old English prefix ed- (“re-”). More at ed-.

cog

Nihil fuit in Catulīs, ut eōs exquisitō iūdiciō putārēs utī litterārum, quamquam erant litteratī; sed et aliī.

Nothing in the Catuli would have made one suppose them having a somewhat refined litterary taste; yes, they were cultured; but so were others.


feminine

la-adv

fēminīnē (comparative fēminīnius, superlative fēminīnissimē)

fēminīnē (canonical)
fēminīnius (comparative)
fēminīnissimē (superlative)


et al.

Abbreviation of et aliī (“and others”). (masculine plural)

Abbreviation of et aliae (“and others”). (feminine plural)

Abbreviation of et alia (“and others”). (neuter plural)

Abbreviation of et alibī (“and other occurrences”).


obsolete

obsolētē (comparative obsolētius, superlative obsolētissimē)

obsolētē (canonical)
obsolētius (comparative)
obsolētissimē (superlative)

[ɔps̠ɔˈɫ̪eːt̪eː]


nove

novē (comparative novius, superlative novissimē)

novē (canonical)
novius (comparative)
novissimē (superlative)

From novus (“new”) + -ē (adverbial suffix).

Ornata ut lepide! Ut concinne! Ut nove!

But decked out, sparkling with gold, and adorned so splendidly! How nicely! How fashionably!


ni

From Old Latin nei, from Proto-Italic *nei, from Proto-Indo-European *néy (“not”), from *ne. Cognates include Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌹 (nei), Lithuanian nei, Old Church Slavonic ни (ni), Old Irish ní and Sanskrit न (ná). See also nē.

not, if...not, unless- an absolutely negative particle like ne so only in combinations


accommodate

accommodātē (comparative accommodātius, superlative accommodātissimē)

accommodātē (canonical)
accommodātius (comparative)
accommodātissimē (superlative)


impure

impūrē (comparative impūrius, superlative impūrissimē)

impūrē (canonical)
impūrius (comparative)
impūrissimē (superlative)


ne

From Old Latin ne (“not”), from Proto-Italic *nē, from the extension of Proto-Indo-European *ne (“not”). Cognates include Proto-Germanic *ne (whence Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni) and Old English ne), Sanskrit न (ná), Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and Russian не (ne), Lithuanian ne, Irish ní.

ne Crustumini quidem atque Antemnates […] satis se inpigre movent

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 1.10

the Crustuminians and Antemnates did not move with enough energy

nē necesse habueris

c. 110 BCE – c. 25 BCE, Cornelius Nepos, On the Latin Historians II. Atticus 16.2.5

nē sīs admīrātus

62 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 7.18.3

nē Apellae quidem dīxeris

62 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 7.25.2

hōc facitō; hōc nē fēceris

thou shalt do this, thou shalt not do that

nē vōs quidem mortem timueritis

c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.98

+ subjunctive, introduces a prohibition or negative command: do not, don’t

Boreā flante, nē arātō, sēmen nē iacitō

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 18.334

when the north wind blows, do not plough, do not sow seed

+ future imperative, introduces a prohibition or negative command in general directions serving for all time, as precepts, statutes, and proverbs: do not, don’t


ea

Declined from is. It stands as if for eā viā ("this/that way"). Compare eō.


secure

sēcūrē (comparative sēcūrius, superlative sēcūrissimē)

sēcūrē (canonical)
sēcūrius (comparative)
sēcūrissimē (superlative)


secrete

sēcrētē (comparative sēcrētius, superlative sēcrētissimē)

sēcrētē (canonical)
sēcrētius (comparative)
sēcrētissimē (superlative)

From the perfect passive participle sēcrētus (“sundered, secluded, hidden”) + -ē.


divine

la-adv

dīvīnē (comparative dīvīnius, superlative dīvīnissimē)

dīvīnē (canonical)
dīvīnius (comparative)
dīvīnissimē (superlative)


pure

pūrē (comparative pūrius, superlative pūrissimē)

pūrē (canonical)
pūrius (comparative)
pūrissimē (superlative)

From pūrus (“clean; pure”) and -e (“-ly, -ily”).

loqui pure

correctly, faultlessly, perfectly, purely


furtive

furtīvē (comparative furtīvius, superlative furtīvissimē)

furtīvē (canonical)
furtīvius (comparative)
furtīvissimē (superlative)

secretly, in a hidden or clandestine manner


per annum

[pɛr ˈänːʊ̃ˑ]

In post-classical Latin (4th or 5th century) in reference to a sum of money due each year.
Already in the 3rd century in the sense of "through the year". From the preposition per (“through; during”) + annum, the accusative singular of annus (“year”).

Tempera cum causis Latium digesta per annum
lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa canam.
The order of the calendar throughout the Latin year, its causes, and the starry signs that set beneath the earth and rise again, of these I'll sing.
libera currebant et inobservata per annum

1st century BC or AD, Ovid, Fasti, I, 1f. and III, 111f.; ed. and transl.: Ovid's Fasti with an English translation by Sir James George Frazer, 1959, p. 2f. and p. 128f.

The stars ran their courses free and unmarked throughout the year ; yet everybody agreed that they were gods.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see per, annum; throughout the year


nec

Nūllus adhūc mundō praebēbat lūmina Tītān,
nec nova crēscendō reparābat cornua Phoebē,
nec circumfūsō pendēbat in āere tellūs
ponderibus lībrāta suīs, nec bracchia longō
margine terrārum porrēxerat Amphītrītē; […]

No Titan [Sun] as yet provided light to the world, nor did Phoebe [the Moon] repair new horns in waxing, nor did the Earth hang in the surrounding air, balanced by its own weights, nor had Amphitrite [the sea] stretched her arms down the far borders of the lands; […]


ad infinitum

→ English: ad infinitum (learned)

→ Portuguese: ad infinitum (learned)

[äd̪ ĩːfiːˈniːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

to or till infinity, to an unlimited extent, without restriction, everywhere, at pleasure


plane

plānē (comparative plānius, superlative plānissimē)

plānē (canonical)
plānius (comparative)
plānissimē (superlative)

→ Hungarian: pláne

plainly (to the senses or understanding), distinctly, intelligibly

(emphasising correctness) clearly, obviously


forte

From the ablative of fors (“chance, luck”).


erudite

ērudītē (comparative ērudītius, superlative ērudītissimē)

ērudītē (canonical)
ērudītius (comparative)
ērudītissimē (superlative)

From ērudītus (“educated, accomplished”).


grate

grātē (comparative grātius, superlative grātissimē)

grātē (canonical)
grātius (comparative)
grātissimē (superlative)


ubique

→ English: ubiquitous

→ Finnish: ubiikki

French: ubiquiste

→ Interlingua: ubique

Italian: ubiquo, ⇒ ubiquitario

Portuguese: ubíquo

Romanian: ubicuu

Spanish: ubicuo

Compound of ubī̆ (“where”) + -que (“each, ever”).


incontanter

incontanter (comparative incontantius, superlative incontantissimē)

incontantius (comparative)
incontantissimē (superlative)

[ɪŋkɔn̪ˈt̪än̪t̪ɛr]


numquam

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: ningã, ninga, nicã, nica, nincã, ninca

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: nonque (St. Eulalia)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: nunca

Old Occitan: nonca, noca

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: nunca

Asturian: nunca, ñunca

Mirandese: nunca

Old Galician-Portuguese: nunca

Galician: nunca

Portuguese: nunca

Old Spanish: nunqua, nunquas, nunca

Spanish: nunca

Borrowings:

→ Interlingua: nunquam

Numquam dicis have, sed reddis, Naevole, semper

86 CE – 103 CE, Martial, Epigrammata III.95

You never say "hey", but you always return the greeting, Naevolus


mane

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: mãni, mãne, meni

Romanian: mâine, mâne

Italo-Romance:

Italian: mane

Ibero-Romance:

Old Spanish: man

A derivative of mānus (“good”); see there for more. Related to English matins and mature.


quotidie

From quot (“as often as”) + diēs (“day”).

Pompeius a me petiit ut secum, et apud se quotidie essem.

Pompeius requested me to be with him and at his house every day.


quotannis

[kʷɔˈt̪änːiːs̠]

From quot (“as often as”) + annus (“year”).


valde

la-adv

valdē (comparative valdius, superlative valdissimē)

valdē (canonical)
valdius (comparative)
valdissimē (superlative)

[ˈu̯äɫ̪d̪eː]

Hēlī autem erat senex valdē et audīvit omnia quae faciēbant fīliī suī ūniversō Isrāhēlī

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, 2:22:

Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his sons did unto all Israel;


dein

Preconsonantal variant, with apocope of the final syllable.


hodie

Dalmatian

vai, vuai

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: oghje, oghji

Gallurese: ogghj

Italian: oggi

→ Neapolitan: ogge

→ Sicilian: oggi

Neapolitan: oje

Sassarese: oggi

Sicilian: oi, oji

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: oi

Logudorese: oe

Nuorese: oje, oze, oe

North Italian:

Friulian: vuê

Romansch: oz

Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: hoi

Franco-Provençal: hoi

Old French: hui (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: hui, vui ⇒ avui

Occitan: uèi, uòi

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: güe, hue

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: güe, güei

Leonese: guei

Old Galician-Portuguese: oge (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: oy
Ladino: oy
Spanish: hoy

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: hodiaŭ

→ Ido: hodie

→ Interlingua: hodie

From hōc + diē (ablative masculine singular), meaning "on this day". Compare Welsh heddiw, Breton hiziv, German heute (“today”), Russian сего́дня (sevódnja, “today”), which are semantically the same construction, but with etymologically unrelated roots, and hence are not cognates.

Quid agis hodiē?


scilicet

→ English: scilicet

→ Portuguese: scilicet

A contraction from scīre (“to know”) + licet (“it is permitted”). Literally “it is permitted to know.” Compare īlicet and vidēlicet.

Optime. Ita scilicet facturam.

Tam ego homo sum quam tu. — Scilicet. Ita res est.

Nevertheless, I am a man as much as you are. — Of course. So it is.

A te litteras exspectabam. — Nondum scilicet; nam has mane rescribebam.

I had been expecting letters from you. — Not yet naturally; for I wrote them back in reply in the morning.

Nota scilicet illa res.

Comites secuti scilicet sunt virginem?

The associates followed the maiden of course?

‘Scīlicet haec Spartam incolumis patriāsque Mycēnās / aspiciet ….’

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.577–578

“‘Evidently this [woman], unharmed, will look upon Sparta and Mycenae, her homeland?’”
(Surprise, indignation, disbelief: Aeneas quotes himself wondering why Helen will survive the fall of Troy and return to Greece.)

of course, naturally, namely, to wit, evidently, certainly, undoubtedly, no doubt, doubtless, truly


vane

vānē (comparative vānius, superlative vānissimē)

vānē (canonical)
vānius (comparative)
vānissimē (superlative)

"dum bona vane laudata Pharisaei perierint, et peccata publicani accusata evanueritnt." Regula coenobialis

While the good things of the vainly praised Pharisee will perish, also will the sins of the accused tax collector fade away.


umquam

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: încă

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: unqua, unque

Italian: -unque

Gallo-Italic:

Old Ligurian: unca

Old Lombard: unca, uncha, unchan

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: onques

French: onc, onques (obsolete)

Norman: onc

Occitano-Romance:

desc

Old Occitan: oncas (central), onc, unques (Béarn)

Occitan: onc (Rouergue)

Perhaps from *quomquam, from quom (later cum) and quam (“any”). Compare cumque.

“Tunc etiam fātīs aperit Cassandra futūrīs

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.246–247

“Then once more Cassandra had spoken, revealing the future: A voice [which], by decree of a god, the Trojans were never to believe.”
(See also: Cassandra.)

ōra deī iussū nōn umquam crēdita Teucrīs.”

(chiefly in the negative) at any time, ever; (with negative) never


ter

From earlier terr, from Old Latin *tris, from Proto-Italic *tris, from Proto-Indo-European *trís. Cognate with Ancient Greek τρίς (trís, “thrice”).

Ter sēsē attollēns cubitōque adnīxa levāvit,

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.690-691

Lifting herself three times, [Dido] had tried to raise upon her elbow, and thrice she had rolled back upon the bed ….

‘ter voluī prōmittere opem, ter lingua retenta est:

“Thrice I wanted to promise help, thrice [my] tongue was stayed:
the anger of mighty Jupiter was the reason for [my] fear.”
(The poetic voice is that of Flora.)

Olafur Ragnar Grimsson ter iam primarius minister Islandiae electus est.

Olafur Ragnar Grimsson has been elected as the president of Iceland for a third time.

Stant ārae circum, et crīnēs effūsa sacerdōs
ter centum tonat ōre deōs, Erebumque Chaosque,

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.509–511

Altars are standing all around [the pyre], and the priestess — with her hair flowing — thunders from her lips thrice a hundred gods’ [names]: Erebus and Chaos, triform Hecate, [and] the three faces of virgin Diana.
(The priestess who invokes “ter centum” deities may be calling three hundred gods, 100 gods three times, or “hundreds of” or “a great many,” and some of the named gods have tri-part symbolism. Threes have special significance in myth, folklore and ritual; see: Lease, Emory B., The Number Three, Mysterious, Mystic, Magic. Classical Philology, Jan., 1919, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 56-73.)

tergeminamque Hecatēn, tria virginis ōra Diānae.

three as understood symbolically in a cultural context


definite

la-adv

dēfīnītē (comparative dēfīnītius, superlative dēfīnītissimē)

dēfīnītē (canonical)
dēfīnītius (comparative)
dēfīnītissimē (superlative)

precisely, distinctly, clearly, explicitly


raro

rārō (comparative rārius, superlative rārissimē)

rārō (canonical)
rārius (comparative)
rārissimē (superlative)


active

āctīvē (comparative āctīvius, superlative āctīvissimē)

āctīvē (canonical)
āctīvius (comparative)
āctīvissimē (superlative)


alibi

→ English: alibi

→ Danish: alibi

→ Dutch: alibi

→ Finnish: alibi

→ French: alibi

→ German: Alibi

→ Italian: alibi

→ Norwegian: alibi

→ Polish: alibi (learned)

→ Portuguese: álibi

→ Romanian: alibi, aiurea

→ Russian: а́либи (álibi)

→ Spanish: álibi

→ Swedish: alibi


ample

amplē (comparative amplius, superlative amplissimē)

amplē (canonical)
amplius (comparative)
amplissimē (superlative)


nei

𐌍𐌄𐌉[- - -]𐌐𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌔𐌏𐌌𐌊𐌏𐌌𐌌𐌄𐌏𐌉𐌔𐌔𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌖𐌏𐌉𐌀𐌃𐌃𐌄𐌏𐌌𐌃𐌖𐌏
NEIPARIMEDESOMKOMMEOISSOKIOISTRIVOIADDEOMDVO
nei pari med esom kom meois sokiois trifos audeom duo[m]

Do not take me! I am with my three companions (property) of the two Audii


alias

Catalan: àlies

→ English: alias

French: alias

→ German: alias

Italian: alias

Portuguese: aliás

Romanian: alias

Spanish: alias

→ Swedish: alias

(time) at a time other than the present; at another time, at other times, on another occasion, sometimes


ante

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: anti

Gallurese: anti

Sassarese: anti

Italian: ante, anti

Sicilian: antu, a l'antu

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: antis

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: ante, énte, antes

Extremaduran: antis

Mirandese: antes ⇒ dantes

Old Galician-Portuguese: antes, ante ⇒ perante

Galician: antes, ante, perante

Portuguese: antes, ante, perante

Spanish: ante, antes

Vulgar Latin: *antius

Catalan: ans

Italian: anzi

Old Francoprovençal: ancis

Old French: ains ⇒ ainçois

French: ains, ainçais

Piedmontese: ansi

Sicilian: anzi, nnanzi ('n + anzi)

Borrowings:

→⇒ Esperanto: antaŭ

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ante-

From Proto-Italic *anti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti, locative singular of the root noun *h₂ent- (“front, front side”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”), Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), Old Armenian ընդ (ənd), Tocharian B ānte, and English and.
The change from PIE ablative to Latin accusative is like the confrontational accusative used with Ancient Greek παρά (pará).

cog

ante diem V

4th day before ("fifth" counting inclusively)


ibi

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ivi, vi ⇒ quivi

Sardinian:

Logudorese: bi, bie

Nuorese: ibi, ibe

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: i

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: iv (Oaths of Strasbourg)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: hi

Occitan: i

Aragonese: i, bi, ibi

Ribagorçan: ie (enclitic)

Ibero-Romance:

⇒ Asturian: ehí

Navarro-Aragonese: ive, ye

Old Galician-Portuguese: i, y

⇒ Galician: aí

⇒ Portuguese: aí

Old Spanish: y

⇒ Spanish: ahí

Borrowings:

→ Ido: ibe

From Proto-Italic *iðei or Proto-Italic *ifei with iambic shortening, from the pronominal stem Proto-Indo-European *éy, whence also is. In the first case cognate to Sanskrit इह (iha, “here”), (from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hidʰá (“here”)), Avestan 𐬌𐬛𐬁 (idā, “here, in the same way”), Proto-Slavic *jьde, in the latter recalls the ins.pl. suffix *-bʰi. The same suffix is present in ubi ~ ubī.

Ubī est id? — Ibī est id.


passive

From passīvus + -ē, ultimately from patior.


large

la-adv

largē (comparative largius, superlative largissimē)

largē (canonical)
largius (comparative)
largissimē (superlative)


finite

To a certain extent, within limits; limited.


semper

Asturian: siempre

Ligurian: sénpre

Dalmatian: siampre, siampro, sianpro

Friulian: simpri

Istriot: senpro

Italian: sempre
→ English: sempre

Occitan: sempre

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: siempre

Old French: sempres

Old Leonese:

Asturian: siempre

Mirandese: siempre

Old Occitan:

Catalan: sempre

Occitan: sempre

Old Galician-Portuguese: sempre

Fala: sempris

Galician: sempre

Portuguese: sempre

desctree

Old Spanish: sienpre, siempre
Ladino: syempre
Spanish: siempre
→ Bikol Central: siyempre
→ Tagalog: siyempre

Sardinian: semper (Limba Sarda Comuna), sèmpere, sèmpiri, sempre

Sicilian: sempri, siempri

Venetan: senpre, senper, senpro

→ English: semper-

From sem-per, from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”), root of Latin semel (“once”) + -per (“throughout”). Analogous to semel + -per. Cognates include Ancient Greek εἷς (heîs) and Sanskrit सकृत् (sa-kṛ́t). Compare singulus. For similar compositions see paulisper, quantisper, tantisper.

Spero ut pacem semper habeant.

‘vērē fruor semper: semper nitidissimus annus,

“I enjoy spring forever: always a year most beautiful, [every] tree has foliage, ever the ground [its] pastures.”
(See Flora (mythology).)

arbor habet frondēs, pābula semper humus’

always, ever, forever, at all times, on each occasion

semel furibundus, semper furibundus praesūmitur


amen

tlb

(biblical, Christianity, Late Latin, Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin)

Borrowed from Koine Greek ᾱ̓μήν (āmḗn), from Biblical Hebrew אָמֵן (ʾāmēn, “certainly, truly”); cognate with Arabic آمِين (ʔāmīn), Aramaic אַמִין (ʾamīn), Classical Syriac ܐܰܡܺܝܢ (ʾamīn).


hic

>? Italo-Romance:

Italian: ci

Neapolitan: ce

Sicilian: ci

Padanian:

Piedmontese: i

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: hi

Franco-Provençal: y

French: y

Occitan: i

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: i

Old Spanish: hi, y, ý

Borrowings:

→ Ido: hike

From older heic, adverb (locative) from hic.

hīc illius arma, hīc currus fuit

Here [was] her armor, here was [her] chariot.
(Juno kept these sacred objects in Carthage. See: Juno (mythology); Carthage.)


tenere

la-adv

tenerē (comparative tenerius, superlative tenerissimē)

tenerē (canonical)
tenerius (comparative)
tenerissimē (superlative)


amare

amārē (comparative amārius, superlative amārissimē)

amārē (canonical)
amārius (comparative)
amārissimē (superlative)


nunc

From num + -ce, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nu (“now”), see also English now, Scots noo (“now”), Saterland Frisian nu (“now”), West Frisian no (“now”), Dutch nu, nou (“now”), German nu, nun (“now”), Swedish nu (“now”), Icelandic nú (“now”), Latin num (“even now, whether”), Albanian ni (“now”), Lithuanian nù (“now”), Avestan 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”), Sanskrit नु (nu, “now”), Greek νυν (nyn, “now”).

Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, et vives ita ut nunc vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis obsessus ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.

As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, yet shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.

“… Nunc augur Apollō,
nunc Lyciae sortēs, nunc et Iove missus ab ipsō
interpres dīvum fert horrida iussa per aurās.”
“… Now the augur Apollo, now the Lycian oracles, and now – sent by Jupiter himself! – the divine interpreter brings horrid orders through the air.”

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.376–378

(Word repetition or anaphora in Dido’s furious denunciation of the ever-changing excuses for Aeneas’s departure. Alternative translations: “First [it was] the augur Apollo, then the Lycian oracles, and now…” or “One moment it was the augur Apollo, the next the Lycian oracles, and now….”)

‘hic, ubi nunc Rōma est, orbis caput, arbor et herbae
et paucae pecudēs et casa rāra fuit.’
‘‘Here, where now is Rome – the capital of the world! – there were trees and grass, and a few flocks, and here and there a hut.’’

(The muse Calliope describes the scene as the early Roman ancestor Evander of Pallantium arrives in Italy.)

Ave Maria

right now, at present, at this time, at this very moment


frustra

Adverb from *frusterus, for *frudterus/ *fruditerus, from fraus (“harm, injury”).

without effect, to no purpose, without cause, uselessly, in vain, for nothing


latine

latīnē (comparative latīnius, superlative latīnissimē)

latīnē (canonical)
latīnius (comparative)
latīnissimē (superlative)

Portuguese: latim

Spanish: latín

[ɫ̪äˈt̪iːneː]

From latīnus (“pertaining to Latin”) + -ē.

Quidquid latine dictum sit altum videtur.

Whatever has been said in Latin seems deep.

in Latin, in the Latin manner or language

in plain Latin, plainly, openly, in an outspoken manner


ut

Some supposed ut < uti < utī < utei < *utai < *uta + i, with this *uta corresponding to ita (and utinam < *utanam). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis, *kʷos and *só. See ubi for the loss of c.
Jussive and optative sentences were often followed by some adverbial ut(i), originally meaning "in some way" (sometimes interchangeable with instrumental qui (“by some means”)). Ut becoming habitual, lost its full meaning and was weakened to the conjunction ut, which now fell to govern the subjunctive mood. This was the epitome of the evolution of subordinate clauses in Latin.

Ut vales?

Faciam ut voles.

Possum falli ut homo

68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum XIII.21

Sed tu mihi videris Epicharmi, acuti nec insulsi hominis, ut Siculi, sententiam sequi

c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations I.8.15

But you seem to me to agree with the sentence of Epicharmus, who, as a Sicilian, was a man of keen insight and not without taste.

(relative) as, being, in the role of, in the capacity of, as natural for


bene

bene (comparative melius, superlative optimē)

melius (comparative)
optimē (superlative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ghini, ghine

Istro-Romanian: bire

Megleno-Romanian: bini

Romanian: bine

Dalmatian:

bin

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: bè, ben, bene

Gallurese: beni, bè

Italian: bene

Sassarese: beni, bè

Sicilian: beni

North Italian:

Friulian: ben

Istriot: ben

Ladin: ben

Ligurian: bén

Piedmontese: ben

Romansch: bain, bein

Venetan: ben

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: bien, ben-

French: bien

Walloon: bén

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: bé, ben

Occitan: ben

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: bien

Asturian: bien

Old Galician-Portuguese: ben

Galician: ben

Portuguese: bem

Old Spanish: ben, bien

Spanish: bien

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: bene (Logudorese), beni (Campidanese)

From Old Latin *duenēd, from duenos (“good”), which gave bonus, from Proto-Italic *dwenos.

Tibi bene ex animo volo.


canatim

[käˈnäːt̪ɪ̃ˑ]


philosophe

la-adv

philosophē (comparative philosophius, superlative philosophissimē)

philosophē (canonical)
philosophius (comparative)
philosophissimē (superlative)


quadrupedatim

[kʷäd̪rʊpɛˈd̪äːt̪ɪ̃ˑ]

From quadrupēs (“moving on all fours”) + -ātim.

af

in the manner of a quadruped; on four feet


acervatim

[äkɛrˈu̯äːt̪ɪ̃ˑ]


vermiculate

From vermiculor (“I am full of worms, wormy”), from vermiculus (“little worm, grub”), from vermis (“worm”).


olim

For ōle, olle, ōlus, ollus, archaic forms of ille, with locative ending -im, = illō tempore.

(used at the beginnings of fairytales) once upon a time

(chiefly poetic) one day, once, at some (future) time


super

Asturian: sobre

Catalan: sobre, → súper

→ Czech: super, supr

→ English: super

→ Polish: super

→ French: super

→ Romanian: super

Galician: sobre

→ German: super

→ Hungarian: szuper

Italian: sopra, super

Romanian: spre

Occitan: subre

desctree

Old French: seur
Middle French: sur
French: sur

Portuguese: sobre, super, súper

Sardinian: subre

Spanish: sobre, super

→ Russian: супер (super)

From Proto-Italic *super, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”).
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional. The ablative is from the ablative of cause.

inh

Hīs accēnsa super …

[Juno] having been inflamed by these [things] in addition …
Or, translated more plainly:
With all of this angering her …
(See: Juno (mythology).)

moreover, in addition, besides, on top of this, too, also


ergo

English: ergo, argal

Galician: ergo, ergas

German: ergo

Norwegian: ergo

Italian: ergo

Spanish: ergo

Portuguese: ergo

Swedish: ergo

Equivalent to an adverbial derivation from *ēregō, presumably ex- + regō, with sense similar to cognate pergō (“I proceed”).
See also ergā. Compare with the adverbial use of ē regiōne (“directly, against”), with the same elements.


undique

[ˈʊn̪d̪ɪkʷɛ]

Postquam altum tenuēre ratēs, nec iam amplius ūllae

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 3.192–193

“After [our] ships held the deep, now neither [was there] any more sight of land: the sky [was] all around [us], and everywhere the sea.”
(An example of hyperbole or exaggeration in a figure of speech.)

adpārent terrae, caelum undique et undique pontus

all over; all around, in every place, everywhere

from every point of view, in all respects


facile

la-adv

facile (comparative facilius, superlative facillimē)

facilius (comparative)
facillimē (superlative)

From the neuter accusative case form of facilis.


relative

[rɛɫ̪äːˈt̪iːu̯eː]


astute

astūtē (comparative astūtius, superlative astūtissimē)

astūtē (canonical)
astūtius (comparative)
astūtissimē (superlative)


cavernatim

[käu̯ɛrˈnäːt̪ɪ̃ˑ]


undatim

[ʊn̪ˈd̪äːt̪ɪ̃ˑ]


Celtice

[ˈkɛɫ̪t̪ɪkeː]

[ˈt͡ʃɛl̪t̪it͡ʃe]

From Celticus (“the Celtic language”) + -ē.


Anglice

[ˈäŋɡlʲɪkeː]

[ˈäŋɡlit͡ʃe]


ridicule

rīdiculē (comparative rīdiculius, superlative rīdiculissimē)

rīdiculē (canonical)
rīdiculius (comparative)
rīdiculissimē (superlative)

From rīdiculus (“laughable; ridiculous”), from rīdeō (“to laugh; mock”).


una

“Vēnātum Aenēās ūnāque miserrima Dīdō

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.117-118

“Hunting — Aeneas and lovesick Dido, together — they are preparing to go into the woods, ….”
(The two characters’ names appear together on a line only at 4.117.)

together, simultaneously, at the same time


inflate

īnflātē (comparative īnflātius, superlative īnflātissimē)

īnflātē (canonical)
īnflātius (comparative)
īnflātissimē (superlative)


egregia cum laude

With outstanding praise; an honor sometimes added to diplomas and degrees for work that is considered outstanding and exceptional.


summa cum laude

From cum (“with”, preposition) + the ablatives of summa (“highest, utmost”) and laus (“praise”), with the adjective being idiomatically/emphatically fronted across the preposition.


serene

serēnē (comparative serēnius, superlative serēnissimē)

serēnē (canonical)
serēnius (comparative)
serēnissimē (superlative)


oblique

oblīquē (comparative oblīquius, superlative oblīquissimē)

oblīquē (canonical)
oblīquius (comparative)
oblīquissimē (superlative)


rare

rārē (comparative rārius, superlative rārissimē)

rārē (canonical)
rārius (comparative)
rārissimē (superlative)


solum

Catalan: sol

Italian: solo

Spanish: solo

[ˈs̠oːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Adverbial accusative of sōlus (“alone, only”).


tam

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: tan

>? Occitan: tan

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: tan

Mozarabic: תן (tn)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: tan

Extremaduran: tan

Old Galician-Portuguese: tan

Fala: tan

Galician: tan

Portuguese: tão

Spanish: tan

From Proto-Italic *sei, from Proto-Indo-European *téh₂m, accusative of *séh₂, feminine of *só. Compare with its masculine form Latin tum, as in cum-quam.

Sextus tam iratus erat ut fratrem interficere vellet.

Sextus was so angry that he wished to kill his brother.

so, so much, to such an extent, to such a degree


urbane

la-adv

urbānē (comparative urbānius, superlative urbānissimē)

urbānē (canonical)
urbānius (comparative)
urbānissimē (superlative)


considerate

cōnsīderātē (comparative cōnsīderātius, superlative cōnsīderātissimē)

cōnsīderātē (canonical)
cōnsīderātius (comparative)
cōnsīderātissimē (superlative)


ita

Romanian: da (uncertain)

May be derived from Proto-Indo-European *éy and *só. Compare item.

Ita mē terrēs.

in this way, in this manner, in such a way, in such a manner, as has been said


caste

castē (comparative castius, superlative castissimē)

castē (canonical)
castius (comparative)
castissimē (superlative)


circa

A later form for circum, or from circum + eā.
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


quid

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷid; compare *kʷis.
The sense “why” is an adverbial accusative; compare Ancient Greek τί (tí).

quid frustraris civitatem?

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.47

Quid gladiō pugnās incurvō?

Gesta Danorum (“deeds of the Danes”) by Saxo Grammaticus (in Latin caput 8, liber 1, translation in English chapter 8, book 1)


late

lātē (comparative lātius, superlative lātissimē)

lātē (canonical)
lātius (comparative)
lātissimē (superlative)


verbatim

English: verbatim

[u̯ɛrˈbäːt̪ɪ̃ˑ]


elate

ēlātē (comparative ēlātus or ēlātius, no superlative)

ēlātē (canonical)
ēlātus (comparative)
ēlātius (comparative)

[eːˈɫ̪äːt̪eː]

From ēlātus (“exalted, lofty”), perfect passive participle of efferō (“bring forth or out; raise; exalt”), from ē (“out of”), short form of ex, + ferō (“carry, bear”).

Introit adulescens et praefatur arrogantius et elatius, quam aetati eius decebat, ac deinde iubet exponi controversias.

c. 177, Gellius: Noctes Atticae, Book 9, Chapter 15, Verse 4:

The young fellow entered the room, made some preliminary remarks in a more arrogant and presumptuous style than became his years, and then asked that subjects for debate be given him.


cur

From Old Latin quūr, quōr, from Proto-Italic *kʷōr, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷōr, having undergone pre-resonant and monosyllabic lengthening from *kʷor (“where”), from *kʷos (“interrogative determiner”) + *-r (“adverbial suffix”). For other Indo-European cognates, compare:
* Sanskrit कर्हि (kárhi, “when”), Proto-Germanic *hwar (“where”) < *kʷor
* Old English hwǣr (“where”), Old High German hwār (“where”) < *kʷēr
* Albanian kur (“when”), Lithuanian kur̃ (“where, whither”), Armenian ուր (ur, “where”) < *kʷur
* Norwegian Nynorsk kvar (“where”), Norwegian Nynorsk kor (“where”), Norwegian Bokmål hvor (“where”) < Old Norse hvárr < older hvaðarr < Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz < Proto-Indo-European *kʷóteros, from *kʷos (“which”)
See also quirquir (“wherever(?)”).

suffix

Cur in terra iaces?

Cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Why before the trumpet [of war], fear seizes your limbs?

why, for what reason, wherefore, to what purpose, from what motive


diverse

From dīversus (“turned different ways”).

in different directions; hither and thither


fuse

la-adv

fūsē (comparative fūsius, superlative fūsissimē)

fūsē (canonical)
fūsius (comparative)
fūsissimē (superlative)


obstinate

obstinātē (comparative obstinātius, superlative obstinātissimē)

obstinātē (canonical)
obstinātius (comparative)
obstinātissimē (superlative)

[ɔps̠t̪ɪˈnäːt̪eː]

firmly, inflexibly, resolutely, obstinately


sane

sānē (comparative sānius, superlative sānissimē)

sānē (canonical)
sānius (comparative)
sānissimē (superlative)

sānus (“healthy; sane”) + -ē (adverb formant)

affix

soberly, sensibly, reasonably, discreetly

(by extension) yes, truly, indeed; certainly, right, really; quite, very


extra

la-adv

extrā (comparative exterius, no superlative)

extrā (canonical)
exterius (comparative)

[ˈɛks̠t̪räː]

Adverb contracted from the ablative exterā (parte), of exter.
The change from instrumental/ablative to accusative is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


fortunate

fortūnātē (comparative fortūnātius, superlative fortūnātissimē)

fortūnātē (canonical)
fortūnātius (comparative)
fortūnātissimē (superlative)

From fortūnātus (“fortunate, prosperous”).


prone

prōnē (comparative prōnius, superlative prōnissimē)

prōnē (canonical)
prōnius (comparative)
prōnissimē (superlative)


mox

From Proto-Indo-European *moḱs, whence also Sanskrit मक्षू (makṣū, “fast; early”), Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬱𐬎 (mošu, “soon, quickly”), Irish moch (“early”).

Vīve! Mox senex eris

Mox ut vōcem audiō,
dēnūdātō gladiō
lupus immolātur,
ovis ab exitiō

c. 1200, anonymous, Carmina Burana 157.7

As soon as a cry I hear,
with my dagger drawn
the wolf is killed,
and freed from death,
the sheep brought back (into safety).

as soon as (when followed by ubi, ut or quam)


supra

From Old Latin suprād, superā; further from Proto-Italic *superād, cognate to Umbrian 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.

(of place) above, on the top, on the upper side

Quae supra scripta est.

(of number or measure) more, beyond, over


furtim

Literally, "like a thief", from fūr (“thief”) + -tim (“-ly”).

Marcus fūrtim ascendit arborem


cetera

for the rest (adverbial use of the accusative plural of the noun)


infra

→ English: infra (learned)

→ French: infra (learned)

→ French: infra (learned)

Adverb contracted from the ablative īnferā (parte), of īnferus. Compare Faliscan 𐌉𐌅𐌓𐌀 (ifra), Oscan 𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌔 (huntrus), Umbrian 𐌇𐌏𐌍𐌃𐌓𐌀 (hondra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


repente

[rɛˈpɛn̪t̪ɛ]


clam

From Proto-Italic *klām perhaps from the accusative case of Proto-Indo-European *ḱleh₂- (“concealment”) from *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”). Cognate with Latin cēlō and others.


denique

[ˈd̪eːnɪkʷɛ]

(postpositive) thereafter, thenceforward, thereupon


quidem

meā quidem sententiā


provide

prōvidē (comparative prōvidius, superlative prōvidissimē)

prōvidē (canonical)
prōvidius (comparative)
prōvidissimē (superlative)

From prōvidus (“prophetic, prudent, cautious”) + -ē, from prōvideō (“foresee, be cautious”).


cito

la-adv

citō (comparative citius, superlative citissimē)

citō (canonical)
citius (comparative)
citissimē (superlative)

Asturian: ceo

Italian: cito

Old Galician-Portuguese: cedo

Galician: cedo

Portuguese: cedo

Spanish: cedo, cito


temere

From Proto-Italic *temezi (“in darkness, blindly”), a fossilised locative form of Proto-Indo-European *témHos (“darkness”), from *temH- (“dark”). Cognate with Sanskrit तमस् (támas), Persian تم (tam), Latin tenebrae (“darkness”).
Compare this form – here simply adverbial – with the history of the Latin present active infinitive; see -ere.

der

casually, fortuitously, rashly, heedlessly, thoughtlessly, inconsiderately, indiscreetly, idly


subito

[ˈs̠ʊbɪt̪oː]

Via the meaning "coming up closely, sneaking up suddenly".

Subitō mālum cecidit dē arbore.


hoc

According to De Vaan (2008), from a masculine singular instrumental of Proto-Indo-European *gʰi-ḱe (“this, here”). Contrast Latin hūc, which is probably from the locative instead.


de novo

→ English: de novo

[d̪ɛː ˈnɔːvo]

Intelligitur sic a voluntate antiqua, id est, a Deo non procedit actio nova, id est, novum volitum, quia Deus non incipit aliquid de novo velle, quia quidquid Deus voluit, ab aeterno voluit.

820 CE, Pseudo-Bede, Sententiae philosophicae collectae ex Aristotele atque Cicerone Ex Aristotele

This way, it is understood that a new act, that is a new will, doesn't originate from old will, that is God, because God does not begin to want things afresh [as a new desire], since, whatever God has wanted, He has wanted it for all eternity.

1180-1190, Andreas Capellanus, De amore, Book II, vi
Sed quamvis in tanta simus audacter et improvide tempestatis unda prolapsi, de novo tamen amore cogitare non possumus vel alium liberationis modum exquirere.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


furto

Old Spanish: a furto

Spanish: a hurto


quando

[ˈkʷän̪d̪oː]

Univerbation of quam (“how, as”) + *dō (“then, until”), the second part being from Proto-Indo-European *doh₁, instrumental of *de.

univ

sī quandō...

(indefinite) ever, at any time, at some time, some day (especially following sī, num or ne)


interim

Asturian: entrín, intre

Sardinian: interi, interis (adverbial -s)

→ English: interim

→ Galician: intre (semi-learned)

→ German: Interim

→ Spanish: interín

[ˈɪn̪t̪ɛrɪ̃ˑ]

From inter + im, archaic adverb from the stem of the pronoun is (“that, this”).


paene

>? Aromanian: pãnã, pãn

>? Romanian: până

→ English: pene-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Possibly from the same root as patior (“to suffer”); this may be Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-(i)- (“to hurt”), but its standard reconstruction as *peh₁-(i)- (or *peh₁y-) creates phonetic problems for the Latin. So, the etymology is unresolved.
The original meaning was likely “lacking, missing” (> “falling short”), as preserved in the related words paeniteō (“to cause dissatisfaction/regret”) and paenūria (“shortage”).

der

(with negative) scarcely, hardly, barely (ex: paene incredibilia)


humane

la-adv

hūmānē (comparative hūmānius, superlative hūmānissimē)

hūmānē (canonical)
hūmānius (comparative)
hūmānissimē (superlative)

humanely, kindly, politely; in a humane manner.


qui

Old instrumental case of quis, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey. Cognate with English why.

(interrogative) In what way? how? whereby? by what means? why?

Ea quī cōnficeret, C. Trebōnium lēgātum relinquit.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11

To complete these arrangements, he leaves C. Trebonius in command.

(relative) wherewith, whereby, wherefrom, how; that, in order that

(indefinite, with hercle, edepol, at, quippe, ut) somehow, surely


a priori

→ English: a priori

→ French: a priori

→ German: a priori

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a priori

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: a priori

→ Polish: a priori

→ Portuguese: a priori

→ Spanish: a priori

Albert of Saxony (philosopher)
Scholasticism

Literally, “from the former, from that which comes before”. Introduced as a technical phrase by Scholastic philosophers, notably Albert of Saxony (14th century).

(Medieval Latin) In a manner involving reasoning from cause to effect.

(New Latin) In a manner involving reasoning from first principles; a priori.


item

→ French: item

desctree

→ Middle English: item
English: item
Scots: eetem

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *éy and *só. Compare ita and itidem.

HĒGIŌ. Salvē, exoptāte gnāte mī. TYNDARUS. Hem, quid 'gnāte mī'?
Attat, sciō quor tē patrem assimules esse et mē fīlium:

c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 5.4

HEGIO. Hello, my wished-for son. TYNDARUS. Huh, what 'my son'?
Alas, I know why you act as if you were a father and I your son:
because you give me the means to see the light, just like parents do.

quia mī item ut parentēs lūcis dās tuendī cōpiam.

Ita fit ut nōn item in ōrātiōne ut in versū numerus exstet, idque quod numerōsum in ōrātiōne dīcitur nōn semper numerō fīat, sed nōnnunquam aut concinnitāte aut cōnstructiōne verbōrum.

So it turns out that there isn't a metre in prose just like in verse, and that which in oration is called 'metrical' is not always caused by metre, but also on occasion by the euphony and construction of the words.


a posteriori

→ English: a posteriori

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a posteriori

Literally, “from the following, from those things that follow, from those things that are later”. Introduced as a technical phrase by Scholastic philosophers, notably Albert of Saxony (14th century).

lit

(Medieval Latin) In a manner involving reasoning from effect to cause.

(New Latin) In a manner involving induction from experience, a posteriori.


ubi

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: iu

Romanian: iuo (archaic)

Franco-Provençal: yô

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: jo

Italian: ove (literary)

desctree

Old French: u
Middle French: ou
French: où

West Iberian

Asturian: u, au

Old Galician-Portuguese: u
Galician: u
Portuguese: u (obsolete)

Old Spanish: o

Sardinian

Logudorese: ue

Nuorese: ube, uve

Italian: dove

Piedmontese: doa

Venetan: dóe

⇒ Dalmatian: andua, anduve

⇒ Neapolitan: addò

Old Spanish: do

Spanish: do

⇒ Venetan: indove

For cubī with iambic shortening, from Proto-Italic *kʷuðei or *kʷuβei, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷudʰei or *kʷobʰí (when compared with Hittite ku-wa-pi), from pronominal root *kʷu- + *-dʰi (“locative suffix”). Compare Ancient Greek πόθι (póthi). See also the same meanings in quō.
The unexpected loss of c may be explained as a metanalysis of the negative nēcubi, where the c was interpreted as being from nec (truly here the negation was just the nē). This is also clear in the compound alicubi and sī-cubi. Contamination with ibi (“there”) is also possible.

Ubi?

Ubi patera nunc est? — In cistulā.

Where is the bowl now? — In the small chest.

Ubi inveniam Pamphilium? Ubi quaeram?

Where can I find Pamphilus? Where should I look?

Ubi sum?

Nesciō ubi sim.

Īcare, ubi es?

(interrogative) where? in what place?, in which place?

Ubi tyrannus est, ibi plane est nulla res publica.

Where there is a tyrant, there is clearly no republic.

“… saevus ubi Aeacidae tēlō iacet Hector, ubi ingēns
Sarpēdōn, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undīs
scūta virum galeāsque et fortia corpora volvit!”
“[Troy…], where fierce Hector lies, [pierced] by the spear of Achilles, where huge Sarpedon [perished], [and] where the [River] Simois has seized and rolled beneath its waves so many shields, helmets and bodies of brave men!”
(The repetition of “ubi” exemplifies anaphora. “Aeacidae” is a patronymic: Achilles was the grandson “of Aeacus.” Read virorum for virum, a syncopated genitive plural. See also: Simois or Simoeis; Sarpedon.)

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.99–101

Ubi carceri appropinquavit, portam apertam vidit. (Cambridge Latin course 3)

When he approached the jail, he saw the open gate.

(of time) as, as soon as, whenever, when

(informal) in which, by which, with which; by whom, with whom


dense

la-adv

dēnsē (comparative dēnsius, superlative dēnsissimē)

dēnsē (canonical)
dēnsius (comparative)
dēnsissimē (superlative)

From dēnsus (“dense, close, frequent”) + -ē (adverbial suffix).


plus

Dalmatian:

ple

Italo-Romance:

Italian: più

Judeo-Italian: פְלוּ (plu)

Neapolitan: chiù, chjù, cchiù

Sicilian: cchiui (dated), cchiù, cchjù

Padanian:

Friulian: plui

Istriot: pioûn

Ladin: plu

Ligurian: ciù

Lombard: pù, pü, plü

Piedmontese: pì, pu

Romansch: pli

Venetan: pì, pù

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: ples

French: plus

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: pus

Catalan: pus (Mallorcan; negative uses only)

Old Occitan: plus

Occitan: pus

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: chus

Portuguese: chus (dated)

Galician: chus (dated)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: prus, pius

Borrowings:

→ English: plus

→ Polish: plus

→ Romanian: plus

→ Russian: плюс (pljus)

→ Spanish: plus

→ Swedish: plus

From Old Latin plous, from Proto-Italic *plēōs (after being levelled in favour of the neuter *plowis), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-, *pelh₁u- (“many”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”), Old English feolo (“much, many”). More at fele. The adverb is an adverbial accusative.

der

Plus ultra! = "Further beyond!" (this is the national motto of Spain)

comparative degree of multō (“by much, by far”): further (more in extent)


versus

Catalan: bes, ves, vers

Corsican: versu

French: vers

Italian: verso

Occitan: ves

Old Galician-Portuguese: vesso

Old Spanish: vieso

Sicilian: versu

→ English: versus, verso

→ French: versus

→ Italian: versus

→ Portuguese: versus

→ Sicilian: versus

[ˈu̯ɛrs̠ʊs̠]

towards, turned to or in the direction of, facing


mutatis mutandis

[muːˈt̪äːt̪iːs̠ muːˈt̪än̪d̪iːs̠]

Literally “with [the things] to be changed having been changed”. Of late derivation: earliest appearance in British Latin, 1272.

(Late Latin) mutatis mutandis (having changed what needs to be changed)


pone

From Proto-Italic *pozni, from Proto-Indo-European *pós-ni, from *pós. Related to post.
The accusative probably has the same origin as the accusative of post.


grande

la-adv

grandē (comparative grandius, superlative grandissimē)

grandē (canonical)
grandius (comparative)
grandissimē (superlative)


post

→? Albanian: poshtë

Aromanian: apoi

Asturian: pues

Catalan: puix

→ English: post-

Franco-Provençal: pués, pi, pu, pè

French: puis, post-

Galician: pois, despois, pus

Istriot: puoi

Italian: poi, dopo, pos-, post-

Mirandese: pus

desc

Portuguese: pois, depois, após, pos-, pós-

Romanian: păi, apoi

Spanish: pues, después, pos-, post-

Venetan: po, può

From earlier poste, from Proto-Italic *posti, from Proto-Indo-European *pósti, from *pós. Related to pōne.
The accusative is from analogy with ante or inherited like Ancient Greek πρός (prós) with the same metaphor.


dulce

From the neuter accusative case form of dulcis.

Ille mi par esse deo videtur, / ille, si fas est, superare divos, / qui sedens adversus identidem te / spectat et audit // dulce ridentem, misero quod omnes / eripit sensus mihi: nam simul te, / Lesbia, aspexi, nihil est super mi / // lingua sed torpet, tenuis sub artus / flamma demanat, sonitu suopte / tintinant aures, gemina teguntur / lumina nocte.

~70 BCE, Gaius Valerius Catullus, Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829 Carmina 51

He seems to me to be equal to a god, / he, if it is permissible, / seems to surpass the gods, / who sitting opposite again and again / watches and hears you // sweetly laughing, which rips out all senses / from miserable me: for at the same moment I look upon you, / Lesbia, nothing is left for me / // But my tongue grows / thick, a thin flame / runs down beneath my limbs, with their own sound / my ears ring, my lights (eyes) / are covered by twin night.

tanta mentis perturbatione sedata, dulce conquievit.

c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses 5.1

with so great a disturbance of mind having been calmed, she rested pleasantly.

Synonym of dulciter: sweetly, agreeably, delightfully


CP

Initialism of cum privilegio, with privilege.


crudele

[kruːˈd̪eːɫ̪ɛ]


mature

la-adv

mātūrē (comparative mātūrius, superlative mātūrissimē)

mātūrē (canonical)
mātūrius (comparative)
mātūrissimē (superlative)

early, speedy, ripe, mature, mellow, timely, seasonable


minus

Dalmatian: maine, men

Italo-Romance:

Italian: meno

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: moins, meins

Middle French: moins

French: moins

Padanian:

Piedmontese: meyn

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: menys

Occitan: mens

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: menos

Asturian: menos

Old Galician-Portuguese: menos

Galician: menos

Portuguese: menos

Old Spanish: menos

Ladino: menos

Spanish: menos

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: minus (Nuorese)

Borrowings:

→ Czech: minus

→ English: minus

→ Esperanto: minus

→ German: Minus, minus

→ Interlingua: minus

→ Icelandic: mínus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: minus

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: minus

→ Polish: minus

→ Romanian: minus

→ Serbo-Croatian: minus

→ Swedish: minus

From Proto-Italic *minos, neuter of *minōs. Related to minor.

comparative degree of parum (“very little, too few, not enough”) https://latin-dictionary.net/definition/29405/parum-minus-minime

parum

sīn minus/aliter/secus

comparative degree of paulum (“very little”)


distribute

distribūtē (comparative distribūtius, superlative distribūtissimē)

distribūtē (canonical)
distribūtius (comparative)
distribūtissimē (superlative)

From distribūtus, participle of distribuō (“distribute, apportion”).


opportune

opportūnē (comparative opportūnius, superlative opportūnissimē)

opportūnē (canonical)
opportūnius (comparative)
opportūnissimē (superlative)


belle

bellē (comparative bellius, superlative bellissimē)

bellē (canonical)
bellius (comparative)
bellissimē (superlative)


ornate

ōrnātē (comparative ōrnātius, superlative ōrnātissimē)

ōrnātē (canonical)
ōrnātius (comparative)
ōrnātissimē (superlative)


forsan

From ellipsis of fors (“chance”) sit (“be”, subjunctive) an (“whether”).


ferme

From *ferimē, earlier superlative of ferē, from Proto-Italic *feramos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold”). Cognates include firmus.

Closely, quite, entirely, fully, altogether, just.

In general, generally, usually, commonly, for most of the time.


heri

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: eri, ieri ⇒ aeri, aieri

Romanian: ieri

Dalmatian:

jere

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ieri

Sicilian: jeri

Padanian:

Friulian: îr

Istriot: ièri

Romansch: ier

Venetan: geri

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: ier
French: hier
Haitian Creole: yè
→ Esperanto: hieraŭ
Norman: hiaer, hièr (Jersey)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: hir

⇒ Catalan: ahir

Old Occitan: ieir

Occitan: ièr

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: ayere

Old Leonese:

Asturian: ayeri

Leonese: ayeri

Old Galician-Portuguese: eire, eiri

Old Spanish: eri, yer ⇒ ayer

Ladino: ayer

Spanish: ayer
Chavacano: ayer
→ Papiamentu: ayera

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

⇒ Campidanese: erisèru

Logudorese: eris, deris

Nuorese: eris, deris ⇒ derisero

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: hieraŭ
Ido: hiere

Probably a remodelling of here < Proto-Italic *hezi with the o-stem locative ending of domī, afterwards affected by iambic shortening. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés.


quoque

From a declined form of quis and -que (“each”). Ultimately the same as etymology 1.
Compare with quōquam.

A et B litterae sunt. C quoque littera est.

A and B are letters. C is also a letter.


merito

la-adv

meritō (comparative meritius, superlative meritissimō)

meritō (canonical)
meritius (comparative)
meritissimō (superlative)

From the Old Latin meritod, mereto, meretod.

according to desert, deservedly, justly, justifiably

with good reason, appropriately, correctly, properly, rightly, suitably, as a natural consequence


certo

certō (comparative certius, superlative certissimē)

certō (canonical)
certius (comparative)
certissimē (superlative)


suave

[ˈs̠u̯äːu̯ɛ]

Adverbial use of the neuter singular adjective.


dum

Asturian: dun (1861 translation of the Gospel of Matthew), demientres

→ Esperanto: dum

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Italic *dūm (adverb), from *dweh₂- (“long”) + *-m (adverbial suffix). Compare dūdum.


alio

in another direction, to elsewhere, to somewhere else


probe

la-adv

probē (comparative probius, superlative probissimē)

probē (canonical)
probius (comparative)
probissimē (superlative)

well, rightly, properly, correctly, fitly, opportunely, excellently


tranquillo

tranquillō (comparative tranquillius, superlative tranquillissimē)

tranquillō (canonical)
tranquillius (comparative)
tranquillissimē (superlative)

[t̪räŋˈkʷɪlːʲoː]

From tranquillus (“quiet, calm, still, tranquil”).


manifesto

manifestō (comparative manifestius, superlative manifestissimē)

manifestō (canonical)
manifestius (comparative)
manifestissimē (superlative)

From manifestus (“apparent, palpable, manifest”) + -ō.

affix

quid struat his coeptis, quem, si fortuna sequatur, / euentum pugnae cupiat, manifestius ipsi / quam Turno regi aut regi apparere Latino.


contexte

la-adv

contextē (comparative contextius, superlative contextissimē)

contextē (canonical)
contextius (comparative)
contextissimē (superlative)


ultra

Franco-Provençal: utre

French: outre

Friulian: oltri

Italian: oltre, oltra

>? Sicilian: urtra

Occitan: oltra

From ab + ultra:

Lombard: autra, aultra, avultra

Piedmontese: éutra

Borrowed:

→ English: ultra

→ Portuguese: ultra

→ Spanish: ultra

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-
Latin uls
Proto-Indo-European *-teros?
Latin -ter
Latin -ā
Latin ultrā
From uls + -ter + -ā (adverb ending). See also citrā, intrā, extrā.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

etymon

ultrā


utile

la-adv

ūtile (comparative ūtilius, superlative ūtillimē)

ūtile (canonical)
ūtilius (comparative)
ūtillimē (superlative)


satis

⇒ Medieval Latin: ad satis (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *satius (noun)

Italian: sazio

Romanian: saț

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂tis (“satiation, satisfaction”), from *seh₂- (“to satiate, be satisfied”). Cognates include Sanskrit असिन्व (asinvá, “insatiable”), Ancient Greek ἄω (áō, “to satiate”) and Old English sæd (“full, sated”) (English sad).


sacrilege

From sacrilegus (“sacrilegious”) + -ē (adverbial suffix).


quondam

[ˈkʷɔn̪d̪ä̃ˑ]

From cum (“when”) (older quom) + -dam (“demonstrative ending”).

at a certain time, at one time, once, heretofore, formerly


tandem

Sicilian: tannu

[ˈt̪än̪d̪ɛ̃ˑ]

From tam (“so”) + -dem (“new interpreted particle from īdem”). Compare with its earlier doublet: tamen. Both with original meaning supposedly "so(much)ever".

af

new interpreted particle from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">īdem</i>

Tandem hīs Aenēān compellat vōcibus ultrō: ….
At last [Dido] – of her own accord – confronts Aeneas, to say to him: ….

used also as an adverbial intensifier of interrogatives to a somewhat greater degree than -nam


primo

first, firstly, first of all, first up, at first, before all else


falso

From falsus, perfect passive participle of fallō (“deceive, trick”).

auctorem doctrinae eius [...] falso samium Pithagoram edunt

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.18

They falsely declare that his master was Pithagoras


sincere

Di magni, facite ut vere promittere possit // atque id sincere dicat ex animo


transverse

la-adv

trānsversē (comparative trānsversius, superlative trānsversissimē)

trānsversē (canonical)
trānsversius (comparative)
trānsversissimē (superlative)

[t̪rä̃ːs̠ˈu̯ɛrs̠eː]

From trānsversus (“turned across”) + -ē (“-ly”, adverbial suffix).

af

In columella horae ex analemmatos transverse describantur, menstruaeque lineae columella signentur.

c. 15 BCE, Vitruvius, De architectura 9.8.7


arte

la-adv

artē (comparative artius, superlative artissimē)

artē (canonical)
artius (comparative)
artissimē (superlative)

close, firm, tight, thrifty, dense, narrow, strict, scarce, critical


bis

→ Albanian: bis (learned)

→ Catalan: bis (learned)

→ Dutch: bis (learned)

→ English: bis (learned)

→ French: bis (learned)

→ Vietnamese: bis (learned)

→ Italian: bis (learned)

→ Polish: bis (learned)

→ Portuguese: bis (learned)

→ Spanish: bis (learned)

From duis (Old Latin mentioned by Cicero), from Proto-Italic *dwis, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“in two, twice, doubly”), adverb derived from *dwóh₁ (“two”); compare Ancient Greek δίς (dís), Sanskrit द्विस् (dvís). Doublet of dis-.

inh

Me torret face mutua / Thurini Calais filius Ornyti, / pro quo bis patiar mori, / si parcent puero fata superstiti.

I love my own fond lover, / Young Calais, son of Thurian Ornytus: / For him I'd die twice over, / Would Fate but spare the sweet survivor thus.

“… et iam / bis medium amplexī, bis collō squāmea circum / terga datī ….”
“… and soon, twice [the serpents] had encircled [Laocoön’s] body, twice around [his] neck with [their] scaly backs ….” – Aeneas

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.217–219

falli bis

(post-Classical)
Familia mea bis in hebdomade ad ecclesiam it.
My family goes to the church twice a week.

twice, two times, on two occasions, in two ways


diffuse

la-adv

diffūsē (comparative diffūsius, superlative diffūsissimē)

diffūsē (canonical)
diffūsius (comparative)
diffūsissimē (superlative)


Latine

[ɫ̪äˈt̪iːneː]

[ɫ̪äˈt̪iːnɛ]

Non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire.

To know Latin isn't very noble, but to not know it is shameful.

Satisne igitur videor vim verborum tenere, an sum etiam nunc vel Graece loqui vel Latine docendus?

45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 2.15

Do I seem like I have enough strength of words, or do I still have to be taught to speak Greek or Latin?

Ipse mihi videor iam dedidicisse Latine: / nam didici Getice Sarmaticeque loqui.

It seems to me I have forgotten Latin, because I have learned to speak Getic and Sarmatic.

Quintus Ennius tria corda habere sese dicebat, quod loqui Graece et Osce et Latine sciret.

c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 17.17

Quintus Ennius used to say he had three hearts, because he knew how to speak Greek, Oscan and Latin.


sensu lato

[ˈs̠ẽːs̠uː ˈɫ̪äːt̪oː]

From the ablative case of sēnsus (“sense”) and lātus (“broad”).


como

From quōmodo through consonant elision or some kind of metanalysis of the /d/ when the following /o/ elided in antevocalic position. Cf. the Romance reflexes compounded with et.
Securely attested from mid-1st c. CE onwards.

(non-literary) Alternative form of quōmodō̆ (“in what manner or way, how”)


inde

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ne, indi

Sicilian: nne

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: en

Old French: ent, en

French: en

Norman: en

Picard: ind

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: en

Occitan: ne

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: inte

Lombard: ind

>? Friulian: intal, tal

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: en, ne, ende

Asturian: ende ⇒? aínda

Mozarabic: ־ן (n)

Old Galician-Portuguese: ende, en, em

>? Galician: en; ⇒? aínda

⇒? Portuguese: ainda

Spanish: ende

From Old Latin im, em (“then, there”), from is (compare quum, tum), and the demonstrative suffix *-de.

Inde etiam rosas effert, umbrarumque frigus non ingrato sole distinguit. Finito vario illo multiplicique curvamine recto limiti redditur nec huic uni, nam viae plures intercedentibus buxis dividuntur.

61 CE – c. 112 CE, Pliny the Younger, Epistulae 5

Farther on, there are roses too along the path, and the cool shade is pleasantly alternated with sunshine. Having passed through these manifold winding alleys, the path resumes a straight course, and at the same time divides into several tracks, separated by box hedges.

Nemo sapienter de re publica nostra cogitavit, iam inde a principio huius imperi, quin Galliam maxime timendam huic imperio putaret

106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, De Provinciis Consularibus 13.33

From the very beginning of this empire, nobody has ever carefully considered our republic who did not regard Gaul as the greatest object of fear for this empire.

Maxime autem illud memorandum est, inde a saeculo secundo Mariam Virginem a Sanctis Patribus veluti novam Hevam proponi […]

1950, Pope Pius XII, Munificentissimus Deus:

We must remember especially that, since the second century, the Virgin Mary has been designated by the holy Fathers as the new Eve […]


continuo

et continuo gallus cantavit. Et recordatus est Petrus verbi Iesu quod dixerat, "priusquam gallus cantet ter me negabis". Et egressus foras ploravit amare.

405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Evangelium secundum Matthaeum.26.74-75

(after Peter denies Jesus a third time) And the rooster immediately sang. Peter then remembered what Jesus had said, "before the rooster sings, you will deny me three times." And he went outside, and cried bitterly.


retro

Catalan: rere

Galician: redor

Portuguese: redor

Spanish: redor

From Proto-Italic *wretrō, from a formation of re- (“back, reverse”) probably modeled after intrō and other similar adverbs.

Vāde retrō, Satanā!

… sistere aquam fluviīs, et vertere sīdera retrō, / nocturnōsque movet mānīs ….

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.489–490

“[The enchantress claims that she is able] to halt the water [current] in rivers, and to turn stars backwards, and evoke nocturnal souls of the dead ….”


num

Num Sparta īnsula est? — Nōn est īnsula.

Sparta is not an island, is it? — It's not an island.

“Num flētū ingemuit nostrō? Num lūmina flexit?

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.369–370

“Was he troubled by our tears? Did he [even] turn his eyes [to notice]? Has he been taken [by love and] shed tears, or pitied the one who loved him?”
(The anaphora of the three “nums” marks an ascending tricolon or tricolon crescens. Dido refers to herself using the “majestic plural” or “royal we”: nostro; and Dido uses third person singular verbs to question the actions of Aeneas who is standing before her.)

Num lacrimās victus dedit, aut miserātus amantem est?”

(in a direct question) a particle usually expecting a negation


contra

[ˈkɔn̪t̪räː]

From Proto-Italic *komterād, ablative singular feminine of *komteros (“the other of the two who meet, opposite”). The ablative singular masculine/neuter of the same is continued in Latin contrō-, cognate to Oscan contrud. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱómteros, from *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix); thus, a doublet of cum, comparable to the relation between intrā and in, and extrā and ex, but unlike these lacking external cognates, and therefore of Italic origin.
The change from instrumental/ablative to accusative is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


pro forma

From prō (“for”) + the ablative singular of fōrma (“form, figure”). Literally meaning "for form" or "for the sake of form".


hoi

𐌇𐌏𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌌𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌊𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏𐌔[…]𐌌𐌏𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌒𐌄𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌃[𐌏]𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌏𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏𐌃
HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
Hoi mēd mitāt Kāvios […]monios Qetios d[ō]nom prō fileōd.

6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I² 2658; image (page 18))

Kavios […]monios Qetios places me here as a gift on behalf of his son.


circum

Adverbial accusative of circus (“circle, ring”).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


iam

Asturian: yá

→ Basque: ia

Catalan: ja

Esperanto: jam

Franco-Provençal: ja

French: jà

Friulian: za, ğa

Galician: xa

Ido: ja

Interlingua: jam, ja

Italian: già

Portuguese: já

Sardinian: gia

Sicilian: già

Spanish: ya

Venetan: xà, zà

From Proto-Indo-European *Hyā́m, acc.sg.f. of *Hyós (“who, which”).

iam nunc ()

even now, as things now stand; just now, at this very time

Refecti decumum iidem tribuni, deinde Sextius et Licinius dē decemvirīs sacrōrum ex parte dē plēbe creandīs lēgem pertulēre. creātī quīnque patrum quīnque plēbis; gradūque eō jam via facta ad consulātum vidēbātur.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 6.42.2

Elected for the tenth time already, Sextus and Licinius the tribunes made a law for decemvirs of Rome's sacred rites to be issued in part from the people. Five were elected from the patricians, five others from the people; by this same move, a straight path to consulship had now been open to them.

jamque opus exēgī, quod nec Jovis īra nec ignis

And now, I have completed a great work, which not Jove's anger, and not fire nor steel, nor fast-consuming time can sweep away.

nec poterit ferrum nec edāx abolēre vetustās.

CAPPADOX: Iam iam faciam ut iusseris.

CAPPADOX: Now, now, I’ll do as you say (lit., as you will have ordered)!

Iam iam nec maxuma Iūnō / nec Sāturnius haec oculīs pater aspicit aequīs.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.371–372

“Right now, neither do supreme Juno nor the Father [who is son of] Saturn regard these [matters] with the impartial eyes [of justice].”
Or, “No longer do ….”

“iam iam,” repeated, doubly emphatic, e.g., now — now, this very moment, this instant, any time now, as of now, now indeed

Iam in opere quis par Romano miles?

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita : 9.19

Moreover, what soldier can match the Roman in entrenching?

(in transitions) now, again, moreover, once more


rursus

From re- (“back-”) + vorsus, earlier form of versus (“towards, -wards”).

Quibus profligatis rursus oppidani perterriti comprehensos eos, quorum opera plebem concitatam existimabant […]

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.13

When they were overcome, the townsmen, again intimidated, arrested those persons by whose exertions they thought that the mob had been disturbed […]


deinde

Aromanian: dindi, didindi

Venetan: dende (obsolete)

Provençal: den

Asturian: dende

Galician: dende

Spanish: dende (obsolete)

[ˈd̪ɛi̯n̪d̪ɛ]

[d̪eˈɪn̪d̪ɛ]

Dā mī bāsia mīlle, deinde centum...

Give me a thousand kisses, then a hundred...

(of position) from there, next; in the next or second place


fide

la-adv

fīdē (comparative fīdius, superlative fīdissimē)

fīdē (canonical)
fīdius (comparative)
fīdissimē (superlative)

From the adjective fīdus (“trustworthy, faithful”).


cras

Italian: crai (archaic)

Neapolitan: craje

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cras
Galician: crás (archaic)
Portuguese: crás (archaic)

Old Spanish: cras
Spanish: cras (archaic)

Sardinian: cras

From Proto-Italic *krās, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head, top”).

der

Crās Mārcus lūdōs vidēbit.

Crās tē vīctūrum, crās dīcis, Postume, semper.
Dīc mihi, crās istud, Postume, quando venit?
quam longē crās istud, ubi est? aut unde petendum?
numquid apud Parthōs Armeniōsque latet?
jam crās istud habet Priamī vel Nestoris annōs.
crās istud quantī, dīc mihi, possit emī?
crās vīvēs? hodiē jam vīvere, Postume, sērum est:

86 CE – 103 CE, Martial, Epigrammata 5.58

ille sapit quisquis, Postume, vīxit heri.


tum

From Proto-Italic *tom, from Proto-Indo-European *tóm, accusative of *só. Cf. its feminine form Latin tam, as in tamquam. Cognate with Ancient Greek τότε (tóte).

Tum Caecilius in horto sedet.

tum primum

Qui tum primum allato nuntio de oppugnatione Vellaunoduni

58 BC, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, VII, 11:

Who then for the first time being delivered information about the siege of Vellaunodunum

Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectum

between 27 and 9 BC, Livy, Ab urbe condita:

This concern in particular troubled the mindful Romans at the time, not so much because of anger, which has never been more justified against any other city, rather because a city so noble and powerful, in the same way that it had attracted the support of a number of communities by its revolt, was thought would again turn attention back towards respect for the previous government once recaptured.

[…]tum silvis scaena coruscis […]

between 29 and 19 BC, Vergil, Aeneid, Book 1, line 164:


festive

From fēstīvus (“joyous, festive; pleasing”), from fēstus (“feast-like; festive”).


germane

la-adv

germānē (comparative germānius, superlative germānissimē)

germānē (canonical)
germānius (comparative)
germānissimē (superlative)

[ɡɛrˈmäːneː]

germānus (“real, sincere”) + -ē (adverb formant)


tamen

Sardinian: tàmen, tàmes

→ Esperanto: tamen

→ Ido: tamen

→ Interlingua: tamen

From tam + -em. Last particle in īdem. Compare with its later doublet: tandem, both with original meaning supposedly "so(much)ever".

(usually postpositive, also initial and final) however, in spite of this

ac tamen...

(preceded by et, atque/ac, neque/nec, at, sed, vērum)

also initial and final; preceded by et; at; sed; preceded by et; at; sed

Simo: Nihil audiō! Ego iam tē commōtum reddam! Davus: Tamen etsī hoc vērum·st? Simo: Tamen!

166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 864

Simo: I'm not listening! Your heart strings are about to get a real good tugging! Davus: Even if it's true? Simo: Even so!
(literally, “...I'm about to make you greatly moved...”)

(expressing a concession) nevertheless, yet, still

[…] vīginti minās, quae nūsquam nunc sunt gentium, inveniam tamen.

[…] those twenty minas, which are currently nowhere to be found, I'll find them all the same.

all the same, just the same (in spite of appearances of the contrary)

(in a limiting clause) (also with ut or ne) at least


puta

Lexicalisation of the above imperative that underwent iambic shortening.


parce

la-adv

parcē (comparative parcius, superlative parcissimē)

parcē (canonical)
parcius (comparative)
parcissimē (superlative)


adhuc

Aragonese: agún

Spanish: aún, aun

→ Catalan: àdhuc (learned)

Univerbation of the phrase ad hūc (“till here, till now”).

piscis adhūc illī populō sine fraude natābat,

A fish still swam without deception from those people,
and oysters were able to be safe in their own shells.

Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.

As long as one person exists who would dare to defend you, you will live; but you will live as you do now, surrounded by my many loyal guards so that you may not be able to act against the republic: and even though you will not perceive them, the eyes and ears of many will still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done.

again; furthermore; moreover; besides (used in scholastic debates to introduce an additional point in one's argument)


semel

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥meh₁lom (“one time”), from *sem- (“together”) and *meh₁-lo- (“measure, time”), from *meh₁- (“to measure”). See each for cognate words.


tantum

Catalan: tant

Dalmatian: tuant

Old French: tant ⇒ tant amount

French: tant ⇒ autant, pourtant

→ English: tantamount

Friulian: tant

Italian: tanto

Megleno-Romanian: tăntu

Piedmontese: tant

Portuguese: tanto

Spanish: tanto

[ˈt̪än̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Adverbial accusative of tantus. Compare with tam.

so much, to such a degree (so greatly, so little)

da mihi tantum aquae quantum vini

(when coupled with quantum) as much of […] as


idcirco

[…] legum denique idcirco omnes servi sumus, ut liberi esse possimus.

Finally, for this reason we are all slaves of the laws, so that we may be free.

for this reason, for that reason, for that purpose


propter

For *propiter, from prope. Compare with inter (“between”) and subter (“beneath”).
The accusative is from *-teros used adverbially.

Ibi angiportum propter est.


quam

French: que (“than, as”)

Old Galician-Portuguese: quan; ca

Galician: can (“how”); ca (“than”)

Portuguese: quão (“how, as”); ca (“than”) (northern)

Romanian: ca (“than, as”)

Romansch: ca (“than”)

Spanish: cuan (“how”)

From Proto-Italic *kʷis, *kʷoi, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂m, accusative of *kʷeh₂, feminine of *kʷos, *kʷis. Compare its masculine form cum (as in tum-tam).
According to L. R. Palmer, "In such a sentence as hic tam beatus est, quam ille the sense of tam beatus could equally be rendered by non beatior. It was presumably by the substitution of equivalent expressions ('contamination'), possibly first in negative expressions, that the illogical quam 'as' came to be used after comparatives."

quam potuit

in what way/to what degree/how/how much/as much as/as far as he could

quam primum

quam celerrime

quam maxime

quam serissime

quam saepissime

Quam rogas!

Equitibus imperat, ut quam latissime possint vagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem inferant

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.8

He orders the cavalry to extend themselves as far as they could, and strike as great a panic as possible into the enemy

ut in omnes partes equites quam latissime pervagentur

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.9

that the cavalry should range as extensively as possible in all directions

quam maximis potest itineribus

Ipse, ut quam primum iter faceret

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11

He himself, with the intention of marching as soon as possible

(before superlative adjectives and adverbs) in what (which) way, to what (which) degree; how, how much, as much as, as far as

Tam similis est, quam potest.

alius quam

ante quam (+ subjunctive or infinitive)

aliter quam voles

Hic maior est, quam ille.

offendēs dissignātiōnem Tyranniōnis mīrificam librōrum meōrum, quōrum reliquiae multō meliōrēs sunt quam putāram

68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 4.4A

You will encounter Tyrannio's wonderful arrangement of my books, the remains of which are much better than I had thought.

Priusque omnes in unum locum cogit quam de eius adventu Arvernis nuntiari posset

and gathers all legions into one place sooner than (before) the intelligence of his arrival could be announced to the Arverni

Praestare visum est tamen omnis difficultates perpeti quam tanta contumelia accepta

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.10

However it seemed better to sustain any hardship than to accept such an insult

sed Tobias plus timens Deum quam regem rapiebat corpora occisorum et occultabat in domo sua et mediis noctibus sepeliebat ea

But Tobias fearing God more than the king, carried off the bodies of them that were slain, and hid them in his house, and at midnight buried them.

(after comparative adjectives and adverbs) than

Romae se quam in vetere patria vixisse

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.35

he had lived in Rome rather than his city of birth


praesto

Catalan: prest

French: prêt

Interlingua: preste, presto

Italian: presto

Portuguese: presto

Spanish: presto

Related to praestolor (“to expect, wait for”). According to Pokorny, from the verb *praestōd-ārī, which is formed from the ablative singular *praistōd (“ready, available”). Steinbauer (1989: 255) supports this derivation. However, the idea of praesto coming from an ablative singular form is quite unique in Latin word formation.
Livingston (2004: 65-66) offers an alternative explanation, analyzing praestōlāre as a compound of the originally directive adverb praesto (“to the ready”) and -lare, potentially related to -ulare (“to wander”) as in ambulare.
In either case, the first element is the prefix prae- and the second from Proto-Italic *stōlo-, from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to place, put”), similar to locus.

(with sum) to be at hand, attend, wait upon, serve, aid, be helpful


ibidem

[ɪˈbiːd̪ɛ̃ˑ]

From ibī + -dem (new interpreted particle from īdem).

af

new interpreted particle from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">īdem</i>

… ast illam ter flūctus ibīdem

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.116–117

… and then, driving waves whirl that [ship] around three [times] in the same spot, and a swift whirlpool swallows it up in the sea.
(The storm at sea destroys the ill-fated Lycian ship.)

torquet agēns circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex.

in that very place; in or at the same place; in, at, or on the same spot


unde

Asturian: onde

Catalan: on

Aragonese: on, an

Dalmatian: du andú

Franco-Provençal: onte, dont

French: dont

Galician: onde

Italian: onde

Megleno-Romanian: iundi

Occitan: ont

Old French: ont

Piedmontese: ant, ante

Portuguese: onde

Romanian: unde

Sardinian: abundi

Sicilian: unni

Spanish: donde, onde

Venetan: ónde

For cunde, from a declined form of quī (“which, what, where”) and a demonstrative suffix *-de. See ubi for the loss of c and compare ali-cunde and sī-cunde.

Ecce Fuscus Aristius occurrit[..]Cōnsistimus. “Unde venīs?” et “quō tendis?” rogat et respondet.

65 BCE – 8 BCE, Horace, Sermones 1.9.60-63

There's Aristius Fuscus coming up[..]We stop. “Where have you been? Where are you headed?” he asks and answers.


neque

From Proto-Indo-European *nekʷe (“and not, neither, nor”), from *ne (“not”) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, whence Irish nach; Proto-Germanic *nehw, whence Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih). Equivalent to Old Latin ne (“not”) + -que (“and”).


expedite

la-adv

expedītē (comparative expedītius, superlative expedītissimē)

expedītē (canonical)
expedītius (comparative)
expedītissimē (superlative)

From expedītus (“unimpeded, unfettered”), perfect passive participle of expediō (“liberate, free”).


fortiter

fortiter (comparative fortius, superlative fortissimē)

fortius (comparative)
fortissimē (superlative)


magnopere

magnopere (comparative magis, superlative maximē or maximopere)

magis (comparative)
maximē (superlative)
maximopere (superlative)

[mäŋˈnɔpɛrɛ]

Univerbation of magnō + opere, literally “to a great extent, with great effort”.


facillime

Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur : "Equals with equals are most easily flocked together" (Cicero).

most easily; superlative degree of facile


citius

Citius, Altius, Fortius : Faster, Higher, Stronger (motto of the Olympic Games).

comparative degree of citō: more quickly; sooner


diutius

comparative degree of diū: for longer; for a longer time, too long


celerrime

superlative degree of celeriter: most quickly


certe

la-adv

certē (comparative certius, superlative certissimē)

certē (canonical)
certius (comparative)
certissimē (superlative)


celeriter

celeriter (comparative celerius, superlative celerrimē)

celerius (comparative)
celerrimē (superlative)

[kɛˈɫ̪ɛrɪt̪ɛr]


fideliter

fidēliter (comparative fidēlius, superlative fidēlissimē)

fidēliter (canonical)
fidēlius (comparative)
fidēlissimē (superlative)

[fɪˈd̪eːlʲɪt̪ɛr]


saepe

saepe (comparative saepius, superlative saepissimē)

saepius (comparative)
saepissimē (superlative)

English: saep.

An old accusative singular neuter form of the adjective saepis (“that happens often”, “frequent”).

I often invite good friends.


usque

From Proto-Italic *ū̆skʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *úds-kʷe, from *úd-s (“out, outward”, genitive) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Sanskrit उच्चा (uccā́), Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬯𐬗𐬀 (usca, “up, out”), Russian вы- (vy-, “out from”), Proto-Germanic *ūt, English out.

af

, Latin Vulgate translation of Psalm 71:8;Canadian national motto
Ā marī ū̆sque ad mare.

ab ōvō ū̆sque ad māla

from the beginning to the end
(literally, “from the egg to the apples”)

(used with ab (“from”) or ad (“to”)) as far as, up to, right until, all the way


graviter

la-adv

graviter (comparative gravius, superlative gravissimē)

gravius (comparative)
gravissimē (superlative)

[ˈɡräu̯ɪt̪ɛr]


diu

diū (comparative diūtius, superlative diūtissimē)

diū (canonical)
diūtius (comparative)
diūtissimē (superlative)

Romansch: ditg

From Proto-Italic *djous, from Proto-Indo-European *dyéw(i) (“during the day”), locative case of *dyḗws, with d possibly imported from diēs. Cognate with Old Armenian տիւ (tiw), Sanskrit दिवा (divā, “by day”).

der

Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, et vives ita ut nunc vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis obsessus ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.

As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, you shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.

long, a long while, a while, for long, for a long time


recte

la-adv

rēctē (comparative rēctius, superlative rēctissimē)

rēctē (canonical)
rēctius (comparative)
rēctissimē (superlative)

From rectus (“guided, kept straight”) + -e (“-ly: forming adverbs”), from regere (“to guide, to keep straight”).

suffix

in accordance with truth or fact, rightly


sapienter

la-adv

sapienter (comparative sapientius, superlative sapientissimē)

sapientius (comparative)
sapientissimē (superlative)


etiam

Esperanto: eĉ

Interlingua: etiam

⇒ Italian: eziandio (etiam + diū)

[ˈɛt̪ː͡s̪iäm]

Univerbation of et (“and, also”) + iam (“now, already”).

univ

Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 4.2.
Sed cui morbus est, idem etiam vitiosus est.

But one is diseased is also at the same time defective.

(in general) and also, and furthermore, also, too, likewise, besides

(to annex a more important idea) and even, nay, even

(frequently after negative sentences, for immo or potius) nay, rather, even

to annex a more important idea; frequently after negative sentences; frequently after negative sentences

(frequently with comparatives for the sake of intensity, in later Latin replaced by adhūc) yet, still

to annex a more important idea; frequently with comparatives for the sake of intensity; frequently with comparatives for the sake of intensity

(rare) with an adjective in the comparative degree, in contrast with that adjective’s own positive degree

(with the demonstrative notion of the iam predominating, used as an affirmative) certainly, granted, by all means, yes indeed, yes

(with the idea of time predominating) yet, as yet, even yet, still, even now

yet, as yet, even yet, still, even now
not yet, never yet

(in familiar language, in interrogations, especially when made indignantly) akin to what? pray?

(in familiar language, with imperatives) again, once more


vere

la-adv

vērē (comparative vērius, superlative vērissimē)

vērē (canonical)
vērius (comparative)
vērissimē (superlative)

Et dixit : Vere dico vobis, quia vidua hæc pauper plus quam omnes misit.

And he said: Verily I say to you, that this poor widow hath cast in more than they all.


dure

dūrē (comparative dūrius, superlative dūrissimē)

dūrē (canonical)
dūrius (comparative)
dūrissimē (superlative)


nimium

Adverbial accusative of nimius (“too great, excessive”).

adverbial accusative

rēx pavet et volgī pectora terror habet,

Terror grips the people’s hearts, and the king is alarmed,
to whom the goddess [says], ‘‘Don't be overly dismayed.’’
(The goddess might sound more formal when advising the king; or, she could say: ‘‘Don't be too afraid.’’)


prius

Eo cum pervenisset, ad reliquas legiones mittit priusque omnes in unum locum cogit quam de eius adventu Arvernis nuntiari posset.

58–49 BCE, Julius Caesar and Aulus Hirtius, chapter VII, in Commentarii de Bello Gallico, page 9:

When he arrived there, he sends information to the rest of the legions, and gathers all his army into one place before intelligence of his arrival could be announced to the Arverni.


scienter

la-adv

scienter (comparative scientius, superlative scientissimē)

scientius (comparative)
scientissimē (superlative)

French: sciemment


protinus

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (compare Latin prōcērus) and tenus (“up to, as far as”), from *ten- (“extend”) (compare Latin tendō (“I stretch out”)).

Nōn equidem invideō; mīror magis: undique tōtīs
ūsque adeō turbātur agrīs. Ēn, ipse capellās
prōtinus aeger agō; hanc etiam vix, Tītyre, dūcō:
hīc inter dēnsās corylōs modo namque gemellōs,

I certainly don't envy you; I am amazed more: everywhere in all
the fields there's such disturbance. Look, the goats by myself
I drive forward sick as I am; this one too I am barely leading, Tityrus:
for here among dense hazels, just now, twin kids,
the hope of the flock, ah! it abandoned exhausted on bare rock.

spem gregis, ah, silice in nūdā cōnixa relīquit.


nuper

nūper (comparative nūperius, superlative nūperrimē)

nūper (canonical)
nūperius (comparative)
nūperrimē (superlative)

From the root of num and per. See also Latin semper.

Nūper erat dea facta …

Not long after she was deified …
(Ovid is explaining myths which were part of the ancient festival honoring Anna Perenna, who as an elderly woman had become a goddess.)


iterum

From Proto-Italic *iteros, iterom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁íteros (“other”), from *éy (whence is). Cognate with Sanskrit इतर (itara).

Īre iterum in lacrimās, iterum temptāre precandō / cōgitur ….

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.413–414

[Dido] falls again to tears, again she tries to compel [Aeneas] through prayer ….

Si iterum experiri velint, se iterum paratum esse decertare; si pace uti velint, iniquum esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.44

If they chose to make a second trial, he was ready to encounter them again; but if they chose to enjoy peace, it was unfair to refuse the tribute, which of their own free-will they had paid up to that time.


nimis

Old Occitan: nems ⇒ nemés

From ne- + Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (whence metior). Compare immēnsus from these roots.


feliciter

fēlīciter (comparative fēlīcius, superlative fēlīcissimē)

fēlīciter (canonical)
fēlīcius (comparative)
fēlīcissimē (superlative)


uti

(in swearing) as sure as, as it is true that


tarde

tardē (comparative tardius, superlative tardissimē)

tardē (canonical)
tardius (comparative)
tardissimē (superlative)

Aragonese: tarde

Aromanian: tardu, ntardu

Asturian: tarde

Catalan: tard

Corsican: tardu

Dalmatian: tierč

Extremaduran: tarde

French: tard

Friulian: tard

Gallurese: taldu, attaldu

Italian: tardi

Lombard: tarde

Ladino: tadre

Leonese: tarde

Ligurian: tàrdi

Mirandese: tarde

Neapolitan: tarde

Norman: tard (Guernsey), trad (Jersey)

Occitan: tard

Old Occitan: tard

Old French: tard, tart

Old Galician-Portuguese: tarde

Galician: tarde

Portuguese: tarde

Old Spanish: tarde

Ladino: טאדרי, tadre

Spanish: tarde

Piedmontese: tard

Romanian: târziu

Sardinian: tardu, tradu

Sassarese: tardhu

Sicilian: tardu

Venetan: tardi

Walloon: tård


potius

ut potius in silvis Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur

in order that the life of Gauls might be hazarded in woods rather than a legionary soldier (Caesar, de Bello Gallico, VI, 34)

ut potius acie decernerent, quam inclusi

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.15

to settle the quarrel in the field of battle rather than to be shut up

Quīn potius pācem aeternam pactōsque hymenaeōs / exercēmus?

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.99-100

[Juno says to Venus:] “Instead, why don’t we pursue an enduring peace, and arrange marriage [for Dido and Aeneas]?”


modo

Dalmatian: mut

Italian: mo' (archaic or southern)

Neapolitan: mo

Romagnol: mo

Romanian: măi

Sardinian: modu

⇒ Vulgar Latin: (see there for further descendants)

*ad modo

*eccum modo

From modus (“measure, mode, manner, way”); the adverb derives from its ablative form. The short vowel in the adverb is an example of iambic shortening that became conventional in Classical Latin (as in ego).

Tunc, (ille) modo edere volēbat.

Semel modo nōn satis.

Latrōcinium modo factum est.


asseverate

[äs̠ːeu̯eːˈräːt̪eː]


AUC

annō urbis conditae
anno urbis conditae#Latin

(historical) Initialism of ab urbe conditā or annō urbis conditae: according to the Roman era, reckoning the years passed from the foundation of the city of Rome by Romulus, on April 21 in the various years 753 bc (Varro, Cicero, Censorinus, most of Pliny, & most modern accounts), 752 bc (V. Flaccus), 751 bc (Cato, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, & most of Livy), 750 bc (Polybius), or 747 bc (F. Pictor & some of Livy).


benefice

beneficē (comparative beneficius, no superlative)

beneficē (canonical)
beneficius (comparative)

From beneficus (“beneficent, generous”) + -ē.


difficile

difficilē (comparative difficilius, superlative difficilissimē)

difficilē (canonical)
difficilius (comparative)
difficilissimē (superlative)

[d̪ɪfˈfɪkɪɫ̪eː]

From difficilis (“difficult, troublesome”) + -ē.


romanice

desctree

Old French: romanz
French: roman (“novel”) (see there for further descendants)
French: romand (“Swiss French”)
→ Italian: romanzo
→ Greek: ρομάντζο (romántzo)
→ Sicilian: rumanzu
→ English: romaunt (archaic)
→ Middle English: romauns, roumance
English: romance (see there for further descendants)
Scots: romans, romance
→ Middle Welsh: ramant
Welsh: rhamant

Old Occitan: romans

Catalan: romanç, romanço

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: romanço, rimanço
Portuguese: romanço

→ Portuguese: romance

or from Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">romanz</i>

→ Spanish: romance (or from Old French romanz)
→ French: romance (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: rumantsch, romontsch (see there for further descendants)

From rōmānicus + -ē. First attested in the eleventh century.


satin

Satin hoc plane?

Satin omnia ex sententia?

Satin salva sunt omnia?


sensate

[s̠ẽːˈs̠äːt̪eː]

From sēnsātus (“sensible, intelligent”) + -ē.


recens

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aratsi

Istro-Romanian: råce

Megleno-Romanian: rați, ratsi

Romanian: rece, răce (regional)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ricente

⇒ Venetan: rexentar, raxentar

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: rezint

Romansch: arschaint, resch

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: resant, raisant, roisant

Norman: résant

Gallo-Italic:

⇒ Ligurian: aruxentâ

⇒ Lombard: resentà

⇒ Piedmontese: arzenté

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: recente

Portuguese: recente, recém

Spanish: reciente, recién

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: rechente, reghente

Borrowed:

→ English: recent

→ French: récent

→ Ido: recenta

→ Italian: recente

→ Romanian: recent

→ Occitan: recent

re- + Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“new, fresh”), with a semantic development to "rise freshly, come up, begin", also seen in cognates such as Old Irish cinim (“to rise”) and Old Church Slavonic начѧти (načęti, “to begin”), въчѧти (vŭčęti, “to begin”).
Classical cognates include Ancient Greek καινός (kainós, “new”) (whence the prefix caeno- or ceno-) and Sanskrit कनीन (kanī́na, “young, youthful”).


mutuum

Substantive of mūtuus (“borrowed, lent”).


circumcise

la-adv

circumcīsē (comparative circumcīsius, superlative circumcīsissimē)

circumcīsē (canonical)
circumcīsius (comparative)
circumcīsissimē (superlative)

From circumcīsus (“cut, reduced”) + -ē (“-ly”).


passim

English: passim

From pandō (“spread out, unfold”) + -tim.

here and there, hither and thither; (at or to different places)

without distinction, without order, randomly


inductive

[ɪn̪d̪ʊkˈt̪iːu̯eː]


quo

Adverb declined from quī. See also the same meanings in ubī.

ex quo

Quō vādis, Domine?

ex quo sui potens fuerit

as soon as (since when) he was the master of himself

(relative / interrogative) To or in which place, whither, where

To what end, for what purpose, wherefore, why

Multum currit, quō validior fīat.

Quo expeditiore re frumentaria uteretur ― in order that he might make use of the looser supplies of provisions (Caesar, de Bello Gallico, VII, 11)

To the end that, in order that, so that, that


sis

A contraction of sī vīs, from sī (“if”) + vīs (“you want”), the second person of volō (“to want”). Literally meaning "if you want".

if you want, if you wish, if you're willing, if you prefer


commode

la-adv

commodē (comparative commodius, superlative commodissimē)

commodē (canonical)
commodius (comparative)
commodissimē (superlative)


topper

From *tod (“that”), and per. Compare semper, paulīsper, parumper, nūper.

namque nūllum pejus / mācerat hūmānum
quamde mare saevom. / vīrēs quoi sunt magnae
topper cōnfringent / importūnae undae.This roughly translates 8.138-139 of Homer's Odyssey:
οὐ γὰρ ἐγώ γέ τί φημι κακώτερον ἄλλο θαλάσσης
ἄνδρα γε συγχεῦαι, εἰ καὶ μάλα καρτερὸς εἴη.

3rd century BCE, Livius Andronicus, Odusia book 8, (Saturnian verse)

topper fortūnae commūtantur hominibus.

3rd-2nd century BCE, anonymous, Carmen Nelei

topper facit hominēs / ut prius fuērunt

3rd century BCE, Livius Andronicus, Odusia book 10, (Saturnian verse)