"sartago" meaning in Latin

See sartago in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /sarˈtaː.ɡoː/ [Classical-Latin], [s̠ärˈt̪äːɡoː] [Classical-Latin], /sarˈta.ɡo/ (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical), [särˈt̪äːɡo] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)
Etymology: Of uncertain origin. The Irish priest James Byrne provides one of the only attempts at finding an etymology for this word in his Origin of the Greek, Latin, and Gothic roots, linking the word to serēscō (“to dry off”), due to many forms of heat-based cooking involving evaporating moisture out of food. However, Byrne does not seem to have been a linguist and does not explain the morphological relation, and additionally thought these words were linked by "friction" rather than "dryness", so this etymology is suspect. Another Latin word that Byrne proposes as cognate is sarriō (“to hoe”). The phonetics are a bit closer than serēscō, and semantically, frying pans have a flat surface like the flat blades of hoes as well as the action of flipping food inside a frying pan being vaguely hoe-like. The word seems semantically somewhat similar to Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“to be dry”), though the Indo-European root is otherwise unattested in Italic. Another word it resembles is sartor (“mender, tailor”), which is semantically quite far away. The term could very well be of substrate origin as well. On the other hand, Ernout and Meillet take the word as a derivative of sarciō (“to patch, mend, repair”), with semantic development "patched things" > "mixture, medley" > "tool for mixing (and cooking) food" > "frying pan". Etymology templates: {{unc|la|nocap=1}} uncertain, {{ncog|ine-pro|*h₂sews-|t=to be dry}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“to be dry”), {{bor|la|qfa-sub}} substrate Head templates: {{la-noun|sartāgō<3>|g=f}} sartāgō f (genitive sartāginis); third declension Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|sartāgō<3>}} Forms: sartāgō [canonical, feminine], sartāginis [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], sartāgō [nominative, singular], sartāginēs [nominative, plural], sartāginis [genitive, singular], sartāginum [genitive, plural], sartāginī [dative, singular], sartāginibus [dative, plural], sartāginem [accusative, singular], sartāginēs [accusative, plural], sartāgine [ablative, singular], sartāginibus [ablative, plural], sartāgō [singular, vocative], sartāginēs [plural, vocative]
  1. (Later Latin) frying pan Tags: declension-3 Synonyms: frīxōrium, frīctōrium, fretāle
    Sense id: en-sartago-la-noun-G5bX4nrA Categories (other): Latin feminine nouns in the third declension Disambiguation of Latin feminine nouns in the third declension: 48 52
  2. (figuratively) mixture, medley Tags: declension-3, figuratively
    Sense id: en-sartago-la-noun-uzxq33NT Categories (other): Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin feminine nouns in the third declension, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 30 70 Disambiguation of Latin feminine nouns in the third declension: 48 52 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 22 78 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 18 82
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Italo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nap",
            "2": "sartàjine"
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          "expansion": "Neapolitan: sartàjine",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Neapolitan: sartàjine"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Romanesco: sartàina, sardània"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "scn",
            "2": "sartànija"
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          "name": "desc"
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      ],
      "text": "Sicilian: sartànija"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Southern Gallo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
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          "args": {
            "1": "an",
            "2": "sartana"
          },
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      ],
      "text": "Aragonese: sartana"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Occitan:",
          "name": "desc"
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      ],
      "text": "Occitan:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc-gas",
            "2": "sartan"
          },
          "expansion": "Gascon: sartan",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Gascon: sartan, sartanha, sartana, sartena, sàrtia"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc-lan",
            "2": "sartan"
          },
          "expansion": "Languedocien: sartan",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Languedocien: sartan"
    },
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      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
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          "args": {
            "1": "oc-pro",
            "2": "sartan"
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          "expansion": "Provençal: sartan",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Provençal: sartan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc-viv",
            "2": "sartan"
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          "expansion": "Vivaro-Alpine: sartan",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Vivaro-Alpine: sartan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Ibero-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gl",
            "2": "sartaña"
          },
          "expansion": "Galician: sartaña",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Galician: sartaña"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pt",
            "2": "sertã"
          },
          "expansion": "Portuguese: sertã",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Portuguese: sertã"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "sartén"
          },
          "expansion": "Spanish: sartén",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Spanish: sartén"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Insular Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Sardinian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sardinian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc-sro",
            "2": "sartania"
          },
          "expansion": "Campidanese: sartania",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Campidanese: sartania, sattaina"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc-src",
            "2": "sartaina"
          },
          "expansion": "Logudorese: sartaina",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Logudorese: sartaina"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc-nuo",
            "2": "sartaghine"
          },
          "expansion": "Nuorese: sartaghine",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Nuorese: sartaghine, sartaine, sartaghina"
    }
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  "etymology_templates": [
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        "nocap": "1"
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      "expansion": "uncertain",
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        "1": "ine-pro",
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      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“to be dry”)",
      "name": "ncog"
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  "etymology_text": "Of uncertain origin.\nThe Irish priest James Byrne provides one of the only attempts at finding an etymology for this word in his Origin of the Greek, Latin, and Gothic roots, linking the word to serēscō (“to dry off”), due to many forms of heat-based cooking involving evaporating moisture out of food. However, Byrne does not seem to have been a linguist and does not explain the morphological relation, and additionally thought these words were linked by \"friction\" rather than \"dryness\", so this etymology is suspect.\nAnother Latin word that Byrne proposes as cognate is sarriō (“to hoe”). The phonetics are a bit closer than serēscō, and semantically, frying pans have a flat surface like the flat blades of hoes as well as the action of flipping food inside a frying pan being vaguely hoe-like.\nThe word seems semantically somewhat similar to Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“to be dry”), though the Indo-European root is otherwise unattested in Italic. Another word it resembles is sartor (“mender, tailor”), which is semantically quite far away.\nThe term could very well be of substrate origin as well.\nOn the other hand, Ernout and Meillet take the word as a derivative of sarciō (“to patch, mend, repair”), with semantic development \"patched things\" > \"mixture, medley\" > \"tool for mixing (and cooking) food\" > \"frying pan\".",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "sartāgō",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginis",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
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    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāgō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāgine",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāgō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sartāgō<3>",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "sartāgō f (genitive sartāginis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sartāgō<3>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "48 52",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "frying pan"
      ],
      "id": "en-sartago-la-noun-G5bX4nrA",
      "links": [
        [
          "frying pan",
          "frying pan"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "Later Latin",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Later Latin) frying pan"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "frīxōrium"
        },
        {
          "word": "frīctōrium"
        },
        {
          "word": "fretāle"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "30 70",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "48 52",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 78",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 82",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "mixture, medley"
      ],
      "id": "en-sartago-la-noun-uzxq33NT",
      "links": [
        [
          "mixture",
          "mixture"
        ],
        [
          "medley",
          "medley"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) mixture, medley"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/sarˈtaː.ɡoː/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[s̠ärˈt̪äːɡoː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/sarˈta.ɡo/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[särˈt̪äːɡo]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "James_Byrne_(dean_of_Clonfert)",
    "fr:Jacques André"
  ],
  "word": "sartago"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 3-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin feminine nouns",
    "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin nouns",
    "Latin terms borrowed from substrate languages",
    "Latin terms derived from substrate languages",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Latin third declension nouns",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Italo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nap",
            "2": "sartàjine"
          },
          "expansion": "Neapolitan: sartàjine",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Neapolitan: sartàjine"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Romanesco: sartàina, sardània"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "scn",
            "2": "sartànija"
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          "expansion": "Sicilian: sartànija",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sicilian: sartànija"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Southern Gallo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "an",
            "2": "sartana"
          },
          "expansion": "Aragonese: sartana",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Aragonese: sartana"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Occitan:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Occitan:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc-gas",
            "2": "sartan"
          },
          "expansion": "Gascon: sartan",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Gascon: sartan, sartanha, sartana, sartena, sàrtia"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc-lan",
            "2": "sartan"
          },
          "expansion": "Languedocien: sartan",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Languedocien: sartan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc-pro",
            "2": "sartan"
          },
          "expansion": "Provençal: sartan",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Provençal: sartan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc-viv",
            "2": "sartan"
          },
          "expansion": "Vivaro-Alpine: sartan",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Vivaro-Alpine: sartan"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Ibero-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gl",
            "2": "sartaña"
          },
          "expansion": "Galician: sartaña",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Galician: sartaña"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pt",
            "2": "sertã"
          },
          "expansion": "Portuguese: sertã",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Portuguese: sertã"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "sartén"
          },
          "expansion": "Spanish: sartén",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Spanish: sartén"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Insular Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Sardinian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sardinian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc-sro",
            "2": "sartania"
          },
          "expansion": "Campidanese: sartania",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Campidanese: sartania, sattaina"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc-src",
            "2": "sartaina"
          },
          "expansion": "Logudorese: sartaina",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Logudorese: sartaina"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc-nuo",
            "2": "sartaghine"
          },
          "expansion": "Nuorese: sartaghine",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Nuorese: sartaghine, sartaine, sartaghina"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
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        "1": "la",
        "nocap": "1"
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      "expansion": "uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*h₂sews-",
        "t": "to be dry"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“to be dry”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
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        "1": "la",
        "2": "qfa-sub"
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  "etymology_text": "Of uncertain origin.\nThe Irish priest James Byrne provides one of the only attempts at finding an etymology for this word in his Origin of the Greek, Latin, and Gothic roots, linking the word to serēscō (“to dry off”), due to many forms of heat-based cooking involving evaporating moisture out of food. However, Byrne does not seem to have been a linguist and does not explain the morphological relation, and additionally thought these words were linked by \"friction\" rather than \"dryness\", so this etymology is suspect.\nAnother Latin word that Byrne proposes as cognate is sarriō (“to hoe”). The phonetics are a bit closer than serēscō, and semantically, frying pans have a flat surface like the flat blades of hoes as well as the action of flipping food inside a frying pan being vaguely hoe-like.\nThe word seems semantically somewhat similar to Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“to be dry”), though the Indo-European root is otherwise unattested in Italic. Another word it resembles is sartor (“mender, tailor”), which is semantically quite far away.\nThe term could very well be of substrate origin as well.\nOn the other hand, Ernout and Meillet take the word as a derivative of sarciō (“to patch, mend, repair”), with semantic development \"patched things\" > \"mixture, medley\" > \"tool for mixing (and cooking) food\" > \"frying pan\".",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "sartāgō",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginis",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāgō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāgine",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāgō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sartāginēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sartāgō<3>",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "sartāgō f (genitive sartāginis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sartāgō<3>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "frying pan"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "frying pan",
          "frying pan"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "Later Latin",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Later Latin) frying pan"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "frīxōrium"
        },
        {
          "word": "frīctōrium"
        },
        {
          "word": "fretāle"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "mixture, medley"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "mixture",
          "mixture"
        ],
        [
          "medley",
          "medley"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) mixture, medley"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/sarˈtaː.ɡoː/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[s̠ärˈt̪äːɡoː]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/sarˈta.ɡo/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[särˈt̪äːɡo]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "James_Byrne_(dean_of_Clonfert)",
    "fr:Jacques André"
  ],
  "word": "sartago"
}

Download raw JSONL data for sartago meaning in Latin (7.0kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (f889f65 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.