See robur in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "corrōborō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōbora"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborābilis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborābiliter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborāmen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōboranter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborārium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborascō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborātiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborātīvē"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborātīvus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborātor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborētum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōboreus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōborōsus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōburdōlium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōburneus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōbustās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōbustē"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōbusteus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōbustiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōbustitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōbustūra"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "rōbustus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup"
},
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "robre"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "rouvre"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "roure"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "róvol"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "rol"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "rovr"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "robra"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "rebor"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "Reboreda"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "rovere"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "roire"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "roble"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "roble"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "rùvulu"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "róare"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁rewdʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*rouβos",
"4": "*rouβos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *rouβos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁rewdʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "red"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier rōbus (with change of nominative after the pattern of iecur), from Proto-Italic *rouβos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), named for its reddish hardwood and thus cognate to ruber.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rōbur",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "rōboris",
"links": [
[
"rōboris",
"roboris"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbur",
"links": [
[
"rōbur",
"robur#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbora",
"links": [
[
"rōbora",
"robora#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōboris",
"links": [
[
"rōboris",
"roboris#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōborum",
"links": [
[
"rōborum",
"roborum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōborī",
"links": [
[
"rōborī",
"robori#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōboribus",
"links": [
[
"rōboribus",
"roboribus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbur",
"links": [
[
"rōbur",
"robur#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbora",
"links": [
[
"rōbora",
"robora#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbore",
"links": [
[
"rōbore",
"robore#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōboribus",
"links": [
[
"rōboribus",
"roboribus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbur",
"links": [
[
"rōbur",
"robur#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbora",
"links": [
[
"rōbora",
"robora#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbor",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Old-Latin"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbus",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rōbur/rōbor<3.N>"
},
"expansion": "rōbur n (genitive rōboris); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rōbur/rōbor<3.N>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "78 13 7 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 27 24 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 2 6 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "92 2 5 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 9 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Oaks",
"orig": "la:Oaks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a tough-wooded oak tree"
],
"id": "en-robur-la-noun-WD6yRAyt",
"links": [
[
"oak",
"oak"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hardness"
],
"id": "en-robur-la-noun-JdME3Q5B",
"links": [
[
"hardness",
"hardness"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "In general, to one estimating, more of their strength is in their infantry.",
"ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 6.4",
"text": "In ūniversum aestimantī plūs penes peditem rōboris.",
"translation": "In general, to one estimating, more of their strength is in their infantry.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Nature has given us enough strength, if only we would employ it.",
"ref": "c. 65 CE, Seneca Minor, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 116.7",
"text": "Satis natura dedit roboris si illo utamur.",
"translation": "Nature has given us enough strength, if only we would employ it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "And the Spanish, who had very great support and strength...",
"ref": "69 BCE, Cicero, De Imperio Cn. Pompei 4, 9",
"text": "...atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac roboris habebat",
"translation": "And the Spanish, who had very great support and strength...",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"strength"
],
"id": "en-robur-la-noun-5riGI~cg",
"links": [
[
"strength",
"strength"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "fortitūdō"
},
{
"word": "vīs"
},
{
"word": "ops"
},
{
"word": "vehementia"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"stronghold"
],
"id": "en-robur-la-noun-yhKpJohb",
"links": [
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈroː.bʊr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈrɔː.bur]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "robur"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁rewdʰ-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Oaks"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "corrōborō"
},
{
"word": "rōbora"
},
{
"word": "rōborābilis"
},
{
"word": "rōborābiliter"
},
{
"word": "rōborāmen"
},
{
"word": "rōboranter"
},
{
"word": "rōborārium"
},
{
"word": "rōborascō"
},
{
"word": "rōborātiō"
},
{
"word": "rōborātīvē"
},
{
"word": "rōborātīvus"
},
{
"word": "rōborātor"
},
{
"word": "rōborātus"
},
{
"word": "rōborētum"
},
{
"word": "rōboreus"
},
{
"word": "rōborō"
},
{
"word": "rōborōsus"
},
{
"word": "rōburdōlium"
},
{
"word": "rōburneus"
},
{
"word": "rōbustās"
},
{
"word": "rōbustē"
},
{
"word": "rōbusteus"
},
{
"word": "rōbustiō"
},
{
"word": "rōbustitās"
},
{
"word": "rōbustūra"
},
{
"word": "rōbustus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup"
},
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "robre"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "rouvre"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "roure"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "róvol"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "rol"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "rovr"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "robra"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "rebor"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "Reboreda"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "rovere"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "roire"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "roble"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "roble"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "rùvulu"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "róare"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁rewdʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*rouβos",
"4": "*rouβos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *rouβos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁rewdʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "red"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier rōbus (with change of nominative after the pattern of iecur), from Proto-Italic *rouβos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), named for its reddish hardwood and thus cognate to ruber.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rōbur",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "rōboris",
"links": [
[
"rōboris",
"roboris"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbur",
"links": [
[
"rōbur",
"robur#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbora",
"links": [
[
"rōbora",
"robora#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōboris",
"links": [
[
"rōboris",
"roboris#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōborum",
"links": [
[
"rōborum",
"roborum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōborī",
"links": [
[
"rōborī",
"robori#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōboribus",
"links": [
[
"rōboribus",
"roboribus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbur",
"links": [
[
"rōbur",
"robur#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbora",
"links": [
[
"rōbora",
"robora#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbore",
"links": [
[
"rōbore",
"robore#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rōboribus",
"links": [
[
"rōboribus",
"roboribus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbur",
"links": [
[
"rōbur",
"robur#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbora",
"links": [
[
"rōbora",
"robora#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbor",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Old-Latin"
]
},
{
"form": "rōbus",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rōbur/rōbor<3.N>"
},
"expansion": "rōbur n (genitive rōboris); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rōbur/rōbor<3.N>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a tough-wooded oak tree"
],
"links": [
[
"oak",
"oak"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hardness"
],
"links": [
[
"hardness",
"hardness"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "In general, to one estimating, more of their strength is in their infantry.",
"ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 6.4",
"text": "In ūniversum aestimantī plūs penes peditem rōboris.",
"translation": "In general, to one estimating, more of their strength is in their infantry.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Nature has given us enough strength, if only we would employ it.",
"ref": "c. 65 CE, Seneca Minor, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 116.7",
"text": "Satis natura dedit roboris si illo utamur.",
"translation": "Nature has given us enough strength, if only we would employ it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "And the Spanish, who had very great support and strength...",
"ref": "69 BCE, Cicero, De Imperio Cn. Pompei 4, 9",
"text": "...atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac roboris habebat",
"translation": "And the Spanish, who had very great support and strength...",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"strength"
],
"links": [
[
"strength",
"strength"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "fortitūdō"
},
{
"word": "vīs"
},
{
"word": "ops"
},
{
"word": "vehementia"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"stronghold"
],
"links": [
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈroː.bʊr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈrɔː.bur]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "robur"
}
Download raw JSONL data for robur meaning in Latin (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.