See aratrum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "aratru"
},
{
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"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "arat"
},
{
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"lang_code": "ruq",
"word": "ărat"
},
{
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"word": "arat"
}
],
"lang": "Balkano-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
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{
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"lang_code": "it",
"word": "aratro"
},
{
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"lang_code": "it",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "arato"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "aratu"
}
],
"lang": "Italo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "aradre"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "aladre"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "arada"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "arâro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "araire"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "araire"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "araire"
},
{
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "arere"
}
],
"lang": "Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
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{
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{
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"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aladro"
}
],
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "aladro"
},
{
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{
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "aladro"
}
],
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"raw_tags": [
"Belsetán"
],
"word": "alatre"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aladro"
}
],
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"raw_tags": [
"Biescas"
],
"word": "aladre"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "aladru"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "arado"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "arado"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aradu"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "arado"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "aradro"
}
],
"lang": "Ibero-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*aratrom",
"4": ":influence",
"5": "arō",
"title": "arātrum",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr\nProto-Indo-European *-trom\nProto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom\nProto-Italic *aratrom\n▲\nLatin arōinflu.\nLatin arātrum\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*aratrom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"arō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"arātrum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"arātrum\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂erh₃-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂érh₃trom",
"4": "",
"5": "plough, ard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (“plough, ard”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
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},
"expansion": "/a/",
"name": "ic"
},
{
"args": {
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"3": "-trum"
},
"expansion": "Equivalent to arō (“to plough”) + -trum",
"name": "eq"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ᾰ̓́ροτρον",
"3": "",
"4": "plough"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́ροτρον (ắrotron, “plough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "արօր",
"3": "արաւր",
"4": "plough"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian արաւր (arawr, “plough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "aradr",
"3": "",
"4": "plough"
},
"expansion": "Welsh aradr (“plough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अ॒रित्र॑",
"3": "",
"4": "oar"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अ॒रित्र॑ (arítra, “oar”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr\nProto-Indo-European *-trom\nProto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom\nProto-Italic *aratrom\n▲\nLatin arōinflu.\nLatin arātrum\nFrom Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (“plough, ard”) with with long /a/ by analogy with the related verb arō, -āre (“to plough”); the expected outcome would otherwise be **aratrum. According to the linguist Margaret M. T. Watmough, the remodeling perhaps occured when a series of vowel weakenings (i.e. *aratrom > *aretrum) had obfuscated the relation to the verb arō.\nEquivalent to arō (“to plough”) + -trum. Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́ροτρον (ắrotron, “plough”), Old Armenian արաւր (arawr, “plough”), Welsh aradr (“plough”), Sanskrit अ॒रित्र॑ (arítra, “oar”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "arātrum",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrī",
"links": [
[
"arātrī",
"aratri"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrum",
"links": [
[
"arātrum",
"aratrum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātra",
"links": [
[
"arātra",
"aratra#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrī",
"links": [
[
"arātrī",
"aratri#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrōrum",
"links": [
[
"arātrōrum",
"aratrorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrō",
"links": [
[
"arātrō",
"aratro#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrīs",
"links": [
[
"arātrīs",
"aratris#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrum",
"links": [
[
"arātrum",
"aratrum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātra",
"links": [
[
"arātra",
"aratra#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrō",
"links": [
[
"arātrō",
"aratro#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrīs",
"links": [
[
"arātrīs",
"aratris#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrum",
"links": [
[
"arātrum",
"aratrum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arātra",
"links": [
[
"arātra",
"aratra#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arāter",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arātrum<2>"
},
"expansion": "arātrum n (genitive arātrī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arātrum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -trum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "la:Agriculture",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Tools",
"orig": "la:Tools",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "arātrō"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 5.497",
"text": "tempus erat quō versa iugō referuntur arātra\nIt was the hour when [up]turned plows are being brought back by yoked [oxen]\n(“versa arātra”: i.e., plows somehow turned so that the plowshares are not in contact with the soil. See: Plough.)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plough or plow (a device pulled through the ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting)"
],
"id": "en-aratrum-la-noun-uuR8oloI",
"links": [
[
"plough",
"plough"
],
[
"plow",
"plow"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "arātiō"
},
{
"word": "arātiuncula"
},
{
"word": "arātor"
},
{
"word": "arātōrius"
},
{
"word": "arātus"
},
{
"word": "arō"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[aˈraː.trũː]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[aˈraː.trum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "aratrum"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "arātrō"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "aratru"
},
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "arat"
},
{
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"lang_code": "ruq",
"word": "ărat"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "arat"
}
],
"lang": "Balkano-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "aratro"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "arato"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "aratu"
}
],
"lang": "Italo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "aradre"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "aladre"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "arada"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "arâro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "araire"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "araire"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "araire"
},
{
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "arere"
}
],
"lang": "Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aladro"
}
],
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "aladro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aladro"
}
],
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"raw_tags": [
"Belsetán"
],
"word": "alatre"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aladro"
}
],
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"raw_tags": [
"Biescas"
],
"word": "aladre"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "aladru"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "arado"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "arado"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aradu"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "arado"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "aradro"
}
],
"lang": "Ibero-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*aratrom",
"4": ":influence",
"5": "arō",
"title": "arātrum",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr\nProto-Indo-European *-trom\nProto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom\nProto-Italic *aratrom\n▲\nLatin arōinflu.\nLatin arātrum\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*aratrom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"arō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"arātrum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"arātrum\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂erh₃-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂érh₃trom",
"4": "",
"5": "plough, ard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (“plough, ard”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/a/"
},
"expansion": "/a/",
"name": "ic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arō<t:to plough>",
"3": "-trum"
},
"expansion": "Equivalent to arō (“to plough”) + -trum",
"name": "eq"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ᾰ̓́ροτρον",
"3": "",
"4": "plough"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́ροτρον (ắrotron, “plough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "արօր",
"3": "արաւր",
"4": "plough"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian արաւր (arawr, “plough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "aradr",
"3": "",
"4": "plough"
},
"expansion": "Welsh aradr (“plough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अ॒रित्र॑",
"3": "",
"4": "oar"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अ॒रित्र॑ (arítra, “oar”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr\nProto-Indo-European *-trom\nProto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom\nProto-Italic *aratrom\n▲\nLatin arōinflu.\nLatin arātrum\nFrom Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (“plough, ard”) with with long /a/ by analogy with the related verb arō, -āre (“to plough”); the expected outcome would otherwise be **aratrum. According to the linguist Margaret M. T. Watmough, the remodeling perhaps occured when a series of vowel weakenings (i.e. *aratrom > *aretrum) had obfuscated the relation to the verb arō.\nEquivalent to arō (“to plough”) + -trum. Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́ροτρον (ắrotron, “plough”), Old Armenian արաւր (arawr, “plough”), Welsh aradr (“plough”), Sanskrit अ॒रित्र॑ (arítra, “oar”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "arātrum",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrī",
"links": [
[
"arātrī",
"aratri"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrum",
"links": [
[
"arātrum",
"aratrum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātra",
"links": [
[
"arātra",
"aratra#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrī",
"links": [
[
"arātrī",
"aratri#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrōrum",
"links": [
[
"arātrōrum",
"aratrorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrō",
"links": [
[
"arātrō",
"aratro#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrīs",
"links": [
[
"arātrīs",
"aratris#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrum",
"links": [
[
"arātrum",
"aratrum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātra",
"links": [
[
"arātra",
"aratra#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrō",
"links": [
[
"arātrō",
"aratro#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrīs",
"links": [
[
"arātrīs",
"aratris#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arātrum",
"links": [
[
"arātrum",
"aratrum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arātra",
"links": [
[
"arātra",
"aratra#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arāter",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arātrum<2>"
},
"expansion": "arātrum n (genitive arātrī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "arātrum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "arātiō"
},
{
"word": "arātiuncula"
},
{
"word": "arātor"
},
{
"word": "arātōrius"
},
{
"word": "arātus"
},
{
"word": "arō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with etymology trees",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂erh₃-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms suffixed with -trum",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"la:Agriculture",
"la:Tools"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 5.497",
"text": "tempus erat quō versa iugō referuntur arātra\nIt was the hour when [up]turned plows are being brought back by yoked [oxen]\n(“versa arātra”: i.e., plows somehow turned so that the plowshares are not in contact with the soil. See: Plough.)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plough or plow (a device pulled through the ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting)"
],
"links": [
[
"plough",
"plough"
],
[
"plow",
"plow"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[aˈraː.trũː]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[aˈraː.trum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "aratrum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for aratrum meaning in Latin (8.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.