See Praenestinus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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{
"args": {
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"2": ":af",
"3": "Praeneste",
"4": "-īnus",
"text": "+",
"title": "Praenestīnus",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin Praeneste\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Italic *-īnos\nLatin -īnus\nLatin Praenestīnus\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-īnos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-īnus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"Praenestīnus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"Praenestīnus\">\nFrom Praeneste + -īnus.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin Praeneste\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Italic *-īnos\nLatin -īnus\nLatin Praenestīnus\nFrom Praeneste + -īnus.",
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{
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"tags": [
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},
{
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"links": [
[
"Praenestīna",
"Praenestina"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum"
]
],
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]
},
{
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]
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{
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},
{
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[
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"Praenestinus#Latin"
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],
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},
{
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[
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},
{
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[
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],
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},
{
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[
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"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"nominative",
"plural"
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},
{
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[
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],
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{
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],
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],
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[
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]
],
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"tags": [
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"plural"
]
},
{
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[
"Praenestīnārum",
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],
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},
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"singular"
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"Praenestino#Latin"
]
],
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"neuter",
"singular"
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},
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[
"Praenestīnīs",
"Praenestinis#Latin"
]
],
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"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
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[
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"Praenestinum#Latin"
]
],
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"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
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[
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"Praenestinam#Latin"
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],
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},
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[
"Praenestīnōs",
"Praenestinos#Latin"
]
],
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"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
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[
"Praenestīnās",
"Praenestinas#Latin"
]
],
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"Praenestino#Latin"
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],
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"singular"
]
},
{
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[
"Praenestīnā",
"Praenestina#Latin"
]
],
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"singular"
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},
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[
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"Praenestino#Latin"
]
],
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"singular"
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},
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[
"Praenestīnīs",
"Praenestinis#Latin"
]
],
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"tags": [
"ablative",
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"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
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"links": [
[
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"Praenestine#Latin"
]
],
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"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
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[
"Praenestīna",
"Praenestina#Latin"
]
],
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"tags": [
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"vocative"
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},
{
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[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum#Latin"
]
],
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},
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[
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"Praenestini#Latin"
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],
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"vocative"
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{
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[
"Praenestīnae",
"Praenestinae#Latin"
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],
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},
{
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[
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},
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"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
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},
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],
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"senses": [
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"parents": [],
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{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"parents": [],
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},
{
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"parents": [],
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{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
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"name": "Demonyms",
"orig": "la:Demonyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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],
"id": "en-Praenestinus-la-adj-1chPpQ-q",
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"Praenestine"
]
],
"tags": [
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"declension-1",
"declension-2"
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}
],
"word": "Praenestinus"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Praenestine"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "prénestin"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "Prénestin"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
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"2": ":af",
"3": "Praeneste",
"4": "-īnus",
"text": "+",
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"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin Praeneste\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Italic *-īnos\nLatin -īnus\nLatin Praenestīnus\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-īnos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-īnus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"Praenestīnus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"Praenestīnus\">\nFrom Praeneste + -īnus.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin Praeneste\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Italic *-īnos\nLatin -īnus\nLatin Praenestīnus\nFrom Praeneste + -īnus.",
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{
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"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
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"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini"
]
],
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"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
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"table-tags"
]
},
{
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
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[
"Praenestīnus",
"Praenestinus#Latin"
]
],
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]
},
{
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[
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"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
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},
{
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"Praenestini#Latin"
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],
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"singular"
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},
{
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[
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"Praenestino#Latin"
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],
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"singular"
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},
{
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[
"Praenestīnīs",
"Praenestinis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"plural"
]
},
{
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[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnōs",
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[
"Praenestīnōs",
"Praenestinos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
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},
{
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[
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"Praenestino#Latin"
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],
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},
{
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[
"Praenestīnīs",
"Praenestinis#Latin"
]
],
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"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
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[
"Praenestīne",
"Praenestine#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
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"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
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{
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},
"expansion": "Praenestīnus m sg (genitive Praenestīnī); second declension",
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}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
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},
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}
],
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"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"parents": [],
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},
{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"parents": [],
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},
{
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Demonyms",
"orig": "la:Demonyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Praenestine"
],
"id": "en-Praenestinus-la-noun-1chPpQ-q",
"links": [
[
"Praenestine",
"Praenestine"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
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}
{
"categories": [
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries referencing missing etymons",
"Latin entries with etymology texts",
"Latin entries with etymology trees",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms suffixed with -inus",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"la:Demonyms"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":af",
"3": "Praeneste",
"4": "-īnus",
"text": "+",
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"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin Praeneste\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Italic *-īnos\nLatin -īnus\nLatin Praenestīnus\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-īnos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-īnus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"Praenestīnus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"Praenestīnus\">\nFrom Praeneste + -īnus.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin Praeneste\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Italic *-īnos\nLatin -īnus\nLatin Praenestīnus\nFrom Praeneste + -īnus.",
"forms": [
{
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"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīna",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīna",
"Praenestina"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnus",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnus",
"Praenestinus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīna",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīna",
"Praenestina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnī",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnae",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnae",
"Praenestinae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīna",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīna",
"Praenestina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnī",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnae",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnae",
"Praenestinae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnī",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnōrum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnōrum",
"Praenestinorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnārum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnārum",
"Praenestinarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnōrum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnōrum",
"Praenestinorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnō",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnō",
"Praenestino#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnae",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnae",
"Praenestinae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnō",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnō",
"Praenestino#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnīs",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnīs",
"Praenestinis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnam",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnam",
"Praenestinam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnōs",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnōs",
"Praenestinos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnās",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnās",
"Praenestinas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīna",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīna",
"Praenestina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnō",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnō",
"Praenestino#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnā",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnā",
"Praenestina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnō",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnō",
"Praenestino#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnīs",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnīs",
"Praenestinis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīne",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīne",
"Praenestine#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīna",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīna",
"Praenestina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnī",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnae",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnae",
"Praenestinae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīna",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīna",
"Praenestina#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Praenestīnus"
},
"expansion": "Praenestīnus (feminine Praenestīna, neuter Praenestīnum); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Praenestīnus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Praenestine"
],
"links": [
[
"Praenestine",
"Praenestine"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"word": "Praenestinus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries referencing missing etymons",
"Latin entries with etymology texts",
"Latin entries with etymology trees",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms suffixed with -inus",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"la:Demonyms"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Praenestine"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "prénestin"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "Prénestin"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":af",
"3": "Praeneste",
"4": "-īnus",
"text": "+",
"title": "Praenestīnus",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin Praeneste\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Italic *-īnos\nLatin -īnus\nLatin Praenestīnus\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-īnos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-īnus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"Praenestīnus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"Praenestīnus\">\nFrom Praeneste + -īnus.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nLatin Praeneste\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Italic *-īnos\nLatin -īnus\nLatin Praenestīnus\nFrom Praeneste + -īnus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Praenestīnus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnī",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnus",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnus",
"Praenestinus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnī",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnī",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnōrum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnōrum",
"Praenestinorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnō",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnō",
"Praenestino#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnīs",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnīs",
"Praenestinis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnum",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnum",
"Praenestinum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnōs",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnōs",
"Praenestinos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnō",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnō",
"Praenestino#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnīs",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnīs",
"Praenestinis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīne",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīne",
"Praenestine#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Praenestīnī",
"links": [
[
"Praenestīnī",
"Praenestini#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Praenestīnus<2>"
},
"expansion": "Praenestīnus m sg (genitive Praenestīnī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Praenestīnus<2.both>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Praenestine"
],
"links": [
[
"Praenestine",
"Praenestine"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"word": "Praenestinus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Praenestinus meaning in Latin (11.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (e79dea5 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.