textile

la-noun

textile n (genitive textilis); third declension

textilis (genitive)
textile (nominative singular)
textilia (nominative plural)
textilis (genitive singular)
textilium (genitive plural)
textilī (dative singular)
textilibus (dative plural)
textile (accusative singular)
textilia (accusative plural)
textilī (ablative singular)
textilibus (ablative plural)
textile (singular vocative)
textilia (plural vocative)

Catalan: tèxtil

Danish: tekstil

Dutch: textiel

English: textile

French: textile
→ Turkish: tekstil

German: Textil, Textilie

Latvian: tekstils

Norwegian Bokmål: tekstil

Norwegian Nynorsk: tekstil

Portuguese: têxtil

Romanian: textil

Russian: текстиль (tekstilʹ)

Spanish: textil

Swedish: textil

[ˈt̪ɛks̠t̪ɪɫ̪ɛ]


calx

calx f (genitive calcis); third declension

calcis (genitive)
calx (nominative singular)
calcēs (nominative plural)
calcis (genitive singular)
calcium (genitive plural)
calcī (dative singular)
calcibus (dative plural)
calcem (accusative singular)
calcēs (accusative plural)
calcīs (accusative plural)
calce (ablative singular)
calcibus (ablative plural)
calx (singular vocative)
calcēs (plural vocative)

Direct reflexes:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: couce m
Galician: couce m
Portuguese: coice m

Old Spanish: coçe

Spanish: coz f

Piedmontese: causs, còuss

Derived forms:

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calcīcāre

Catalan: calcigar

Occitan: calcigar

Sardinian: accaccigai

⇒ Medieval Latin: calcatrippa

→ Old English: calcatrippe

English: caltrop

Uncertain, with possibilities including:
* An extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kel- (“to bend”).
* Non-Indo-European (possibly Etruscan) origin; however, de Vaan notes the lack of a "concrete comparandum" for this.
* From Proto-Indo-European *klHk(ᵂ)-(n)-, related to Serbo-Croatian kuk (“thigh, hip”), Bulgarian кълка (kǎlka, “hip”), Russian колк (kolk, “bony stump”), Latvian kulksnis (“hock”), Lithuanian kulksnis (“ankle”), Old Prussian culczi (“hip”).


materia

la-noun

māteria f (genitive māteriae); first declension

māteria (canonical feminine)
māteriae (genitive)
māteria (nominative singular)
māteriae (nominative plural)
māteriae (genitive singular)
māteriārum (genitive plural)
māteriae (dative singular)
māteriīs (dative plural)
māteriam (accusative singular)
māteriās (accusative plural)
māteriā (ablative singular)
māteriīs (ablative plural)
māteria (singular vocative)
māteriae (plural vocative)

Asturian: madera, materia

→ Franco-Provençal: matièri

→ Old French: matere

French: matière

desctree

→ Middle Dutch: materie
Dutch: materie
Negerhollands: materie, matering
→ Indonesian: materi

→ Middle English: matere

English: matter

Scots: matter

→ German: Materie

Hunsrik: Materje

→ Italian: materia

Old Francoprovençal: maieiri

Old Galician-Portuguese: madeira

Fala: madeira, maeira, meira

Galician: madeira

Portuguese: madeira

→ Portuguese: matéria (learned)

→ Romanian: materie

→ Russian: мате́рия (matérija)
→ Kazakh: материя (materiä)

Sicilian: matera, matèria

Old Spanish: madera

Spanish: madera

→ Spanish: materia

→ Swedish: materia

→ Turkish: öğe (calque)

[mäːˈt̪ɛriä]

[mäˈt̪ɛːriä]

Traditionally derived from māter (“mother, at least in the sense of 'source'”) + -ia, in which case cognate with Old Armenian մայր (mayr, “cedar”) and մայրի (mayri, “forest”). More recently, referred to Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“build”). Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē, “wood, matter”), introduced by Cicero.

sl

Et vellem, herculēs, māteriam repperīrem aliquam quam deus tantus affluenter indueret.

c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses 2.31

And, by Hercules, I would like to find [clothing] material that such a great god could wear in flowing folds.

matter; material; component stuff; substance


saxum

la-noun

saxum n (genitive saxī); second declension

saxī (genitive)
saxum (nominative singular)
saxa (nominative plural)
saxī (genitive singular)
saxōrum (genitive plural)
saxō (dative singular)
saxīs (dative plural)
saxum (accusative singular)
saxa (accusative plural)
saxō (ablative singular)
saxīs (ablative plural)
saxum (singular vocative)
saxa (plural vocative)

Galician: seixo

Istriot: sasso

Italian: sasso

Ligurian: sàscio

Portuguese: seixo

Spanish: sajo, saxo

[ˈs̠äks̠ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *saksom, of unknown derivation. De Vaan rejects any connections with Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), leaving it as unknown. This is due to the presence of the vowel a in the Latin word, reasoning that to obtain that vowel in that position, a laryngeal must be posited. The root *sek- does not have a laryngeal, ruling out a Proto-Indo-European derivation.
Despite this, it cannot be separated from Proto-Germanic *sahsą.

Aaron Stone, season 1 episode 16:
Responsum est sub saxo.
The answer is under the rock.

stone, rock (a large, rough fragment of rock)


lapis

lapis m (genitive lapidis); third declension

lapidis (genitive)
lapis (nominative singular)
lapidēs (nominative plural)
lapidis (genitive singular)
lapidum (genitive plural)
lapidī (dative singular)
lapidibus (dative plural)
lapidem (accusative singular)
lapidēs (accusative plural)
lapide (ablative singular)
lapidibus (ablative plural)
lapis (singular vocative)
lapidēs (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Romanian: lespede (possibly)

Spanish: laude

Borrowed:

→ Albanian: laps

→ Catalan: llapis, làpida

→ Galician: lapis

→ Romagnol: àbiș

→ Italian: lapis, lapide

→ Maltese: lapes

→ Piedmontese: làpis

→ Portuguese: lápide, lápis

→ Russian: ляпис (ljapis)

→ Spanish: lápida, lápiz

→ Venetian: łàpis

From Proto-Italic *lapets. May be connected with Ancient Greek λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), either from Proto-Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”) (compare secō – saxum; rumpō – rupēs) or, more likely, a Mediterranean substrate language.

cog

et lapis iste quem erexi in titulum vocabitur Domus Dei

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 28:22:

And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house


petra

la-noun

petra f (genitive petrae); first declension

petrae (genitive)
petra (nominative singular)
petrae (nominative plural)
petrae (genitive singular)
petrārum (genitive plural)
petrae (dative singular)
petrīs (dative plural)
petram (accusative singular)
petrās (accusative plural)
petrā (ablative singular)
petrīs (ablative plural)
petra (singular vocative)
petrae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheatrã

Romanian: piatră

Dalmatian:

pitra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: petra

Gallurese: petra

Italian: pietra

Neapolitan: preta

Sassarese: predda

Sicilian: petra

Padanian:

Friulian: piere

Istriot: pera

Ligurian: pria

Lombard: preja, preda

Piedmontese: preja, pera, pria, pira

Venetian: piera

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pedra

Franco-Provençal: piérra

Occitan: pèira, peira

desctree

Old French: pierre
Middle French: pierre
French: pierre (see there for further descendants)
Walloon: pire

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: piedra

Old Galician-Portuguese: pedra
Fala: pedra, peira
Galician: pedra
Portuguese: pedra (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: piedra

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: petra, pedra, preda, perda

Borrowings:

→ English: petra

→ Interlingua: petra

A late borrowing from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra, “rock”), further etymology unknown.

sāl petræ

stone salt; that is, found as an incrustation


electrum

la-noun

ēlectrum n (genitive ēlectrī); second declension

ēlectrum (canonical neuter)
ēlectrī (genitive)
ēlectrum (nominative singular)
ēlectra (nominative plural)
ēlectrī (genitive singular)
ēlectrōrum (genitive plural)
ēlectrō (dative singular)
ēlectrīs (dative plural)
ēlectrum (accusative singular)
ēlectra (accusative plural)
ēlectrō (ablative singular)
ēlectrīs (ablative plural)
ēlectrum (singular vocative)
ēlectra (plural vocative)

Old French: eleutre

[eːˈɫ̪ɛkt̪rʊ̃ˑ]


later

later m (genitive lateris); third declension

lateris (genitive)
later (nominative singular)
laterēs (nominative plural)
lateris (genitive singular)
laterum (genitive plural)
laterī (dative singular)
lateribus (dative plural)
laterem (accusative singular)
laterēs (accusative plural)
latere (ablative singular)
lateribus (ablative plural)
later (singular vocative)
laterēs (plural vocative)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”), or from *stelh₃- (“broad”) (in which case latus (“side, flank”) would be its neuter form).


plumbum

plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension

plumbī (genitive)
plumbum (nominative singular)
plumba (nominative plural)
plumbī (genitive singular)
plumbōrum (genitive plural)
plumbō (dative singular)
plumbīs (dative plural)
plumbum (accusative singular)
plumba (accusative plural)
plumbō (ablative singular)
plumbīs (ablative plural)
plumbum (singular vocative)
plumba (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu

Romanian: plumb

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: piombu

Italian: piombo

Neapolitan: chiummo

Sicilian: chiummu

Padanian:

Emilian: piòmb

Friulian: plomp, plomb

Ligurian: cióngio

Lombard: piomb, piom

Piedmontese: piomb

Romagnol: piòmb

Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m

Venetian: piònbo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: plomb

Middle French: plomb

French: plomb ⇒ plombe

→ German: Plombe

→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme

English: plumb

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: plom

→? Asturian: plomu, plombu

q

→? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)

Occitan: plomb

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: plomo, plom

Ribagorçan: pllom

Galician: chumbo

Portuguese: chumbo → prumo (semi-learned)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: plumb

→ English: plumbum

→ German: Plumbum

→ Limburgish: plómb

→ Malay: plumbum

→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum

Middle Welsh: plwm

Welsh: plwm

[ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]

Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.


tofus

la-noun

tōfus m (genitive tōfī); second declension

tōfus (canonical masculine)
tōfī (genitive)
tōfus (nominative singular)
tōfī (nominative plural)
tōfī (genitive singular)
tōfōrum (genitive plural)
tōfō (dative singular)
tōfīs (dative plural)
tōfum (accusative singular)
tōfōs (accusative plural)
tōfō (ablative singular)
tōfīs (ablative plural)
tōfe (singular vocative)
tōfī (plural vocative)

Catalan: tou (“soft”)

French: tuf

→ English: tuff

Italian: tufo

→ English: tufa

→ German: Tuff

Polish: tuf

Probably borrowed from Oscan, and possibly derived from Proto-Italic *tūβos, from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). See τύφη (plant for stuffing bolsters).


commis

la-noun

commis f (genitive commis or commeos); third declension

commis (genitive)
commeos (genitive)
commis (nominative singular)
commēs (nominative plural)
commis (genitive singular)
commeos (genitive singular)
commium (genitive plural)
commī (dative singular)
commibus (dative plural)
commim (accusative singular)
commēs (accusative plural)
commīs (accusative plural)
commī (ablative singular)
commibus (ablative plural)
commis (singular vocative)
commēs (plural vocative)


lapis lazuli

lapis lazulī m (genitive lapidis lazulī); third declension

lapis lazulī (canonical masculine)
lapidis lazulī (genitive)
lapis lazulī (nominative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (nominative plural)
lapidis lazulī (genitive singular)
lapidum lazulī (genitive plural)
lapidī lazulī (dative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (dative plural)
lapidem lazulī (accusative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (accusative plural)
lapide lazulī (ablative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (ablative plural)
lapis lazulī (singular vocative)
lapidēs lazulī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪äpɪs̠ ˈɫ̪äz̪d̪͡z̪ʊlʲiː]


bdellium

bdellium n (genitive bdelliī or bdellī); second declension

bdelliī (genitive)
bdellī (genitive)
bdellium (nominative singular)
bdellia (nominative plural)
bdelliī (genitive singular)
bdellī (genitive singular)
bdelliōrum (genitive plural)
bdelliō (dative singular)
bdelliīs (dative plural)
bdellium (accusative singular)
bdellia (accusative plural)
bdelliō (ablative singular)
bdelliīs (ablative plural)
bdellium (singular vocative)
bdellia (plural vocative)

[ˈbd̪ɛlːʲiʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek βδέλλιον (bdéllion), see above.


carpo

la-verb

carpō (present infinitive carpere, perfect active carpsī, supine carptum); third conjugation

carpō (canonical)
carpere (infinitive present)
carpsī (active perfect)
carptum (supine)
carpō (active first-person indicative present singular)
carpis (active indicative present second-person singular)
carpit (active indicative present singular third-person)
carpimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
carpitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
carpunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
carpēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
carpēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
carpēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
carpēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
carpēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
carpēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
carpam (active first-person future indicative singular)
carpēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
carpet (active future indicative singular third-person)
carpēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
carpētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
carpent (active future indicative plural third-person)
carpsī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
carpsistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
carpsit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
carpsimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
carpsistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
carpsērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
carpsēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
carpseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
carpserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
carpserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
carpserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
carpserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
carpserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
carpserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
carpseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
carpserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
carpserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
carpseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
carpserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
carpor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
carperis (indicative passive present second-person singular)
carpere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
carpitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
carpimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
carpiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
carpuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
carpēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
carpēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
carpēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
carpēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
carpēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
carpēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
carpēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
carpar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
carpēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
carpēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
carpētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
carpēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
carpēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
carpentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
carpam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
carpās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
carpat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
carpāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
carpātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
carpant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
carperem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
carperēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
carperet (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
carperēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
carperētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
carperent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
carpserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
carpserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
carpserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
carpserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
carpserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
carpserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
carpsissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
carpsissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
carpsisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
carpsissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
carpsissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
carpsissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
carpar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
carpāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
carpāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
carpātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
carpāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
carpāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
carpantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
carperer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
carperēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
carperēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
carperētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
carperēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
carperēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
carperentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
carpe (active imperative present second-person singular)
carpite (active imperative plural present second-person)
carpitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
carpitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
carpitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
carpuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
carpere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
carpiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
carpitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
carpitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
carpuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
carpere (active infinitive present)
carpsisse (active infinitive perfect)
carptūrum esse (active future infinitive)
carpī (infinitive passive present)
carptum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
carptum īrī (future infinitive passive)
carpēns (active participle present)
carptūrus (active future participle)
carptus (participle passive perfect)
carpendus (future participle passive)
carpundus (future participle passive)
carpendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
carpendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
carpendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
carpendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
carptum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
carptū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Catalan: carpir-se

English: excerpt

Galician: carpir

Italian: carpare, carpire

Old French: charpir, carpir

French: charpir

Old Galician-Portuguese: carpir

Portuguese: carpir

Spanish: carpir

From Proto-Italic *karpō, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp-.
Compare Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”) and κείρω (keírō, “to cut off”), English harvest, sharp, shear.

[…] Mīlēsia vellera nymphae
carpēbant […]

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 4.334–335

[…] the nymphs were spinning
Milesian wool […]


tegula

la-noun

tēgula f (genitive tēgulae); first declension

tēgula (canonical feminine)
tēgulae (genitive)
tēgula (nominative singular)
tēgulae (nominative plural)
tēgulae (genitive singular)
tēgulārum (genitive plural)
tēgulae (dative singular)
tēgulīs (dative plural)
tēgulam (accusative singular)
tēgulās (accusative plural)
tēgulā (ablative singular)
tēgulīs (ablative plural)
tēgula (singular vocative)
tēgulae (plural vocative)

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: tiola, tìvola

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: teula

Franco-Provençal: tiola

Old French: tiule (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: teule

Sicilian: tìgula, Tìguli, Tìvuli

Vulgar Latin: tegla

Dalmatian: tacla

Italo-Romance:

Italian: tegghia

desc

⇒ Italian: teglia (through de-vulgarization)

Sicilian: tegghia

North-Italian:

Friulian: tecje

Piedmontese: teja

Venetian: técia

Gallo-Romance:

Champenois: teille

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: teya

Old Galician-Portuguese: telha

Galician: tella

Portuguese: telha

Spanish: teja

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tegella

Italian: tiella

Portuguese: tigela

Sicilian: tijeḍḍa

Borrowings:

→ Italian: tegola (semi-learned)

→ Albanian: tjegull

→ Andalusian Arabic: تاقرة (tāqra, “milking-pail”)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: tagra (“a liquid measure”)

→ Old Spanish: tagara (“bowl”)

→ Old Leonese: tagara, tagarra (“bowl”)

→ Galician: tarro (“jar”)

→ Portuguese: tarro (“pot; milking-pail”)

→ Spanish: tarro (“jar; pot”)

→ Moroccan Arabic: طارو (ṭārru, “garbage-can”)

→ Moroccan Arabic: تاكرة (tāgra, “tajine”)

→ Proto-Germanic: *tigulǭ (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: tégla

→ English: tegula

→ Greek: τούγλα (toúgla)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: طوغله (tuğla)
Turkish: tuğla
→ Albanian: tullë
→ Armenian: թուղլա (tʻuġla)
→ Laz: თუღლა (tuğla)

→ Macedonian: тегла (tegla)

→ Portuguese: tégula

→ Serbo-Croatian: тегла (tegla)

→ Slovak: tehla

[ˈt̪eːɡʊɫ̪ä]

From Proto-Italic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”). By surface analysis, tegō (“to cover”) + -ula. For the meaning development compare German Kachel. Though the sense “frying-pan” has been said to be derived from Ancient Greek τάγηνον (tágēnon), τήγανον (tḗganon), this is formally difficult; the distinction between it and “rooftile” may thus be seen as unfounded.
The long vowel is difficult to explain, but according to some authors it is an artifact of early simplification of the cluster *gdʰ in *teg-dʰlom (see -bulum for the suffix); compare rēgula. Contrast the later formation tegulum, with a short vowel.

surf

Glires: isicio porcino, item pulpis ex omni membro glirium trito, cum pipere, nucleis, lasere, liquamine farcies glires, et sutos in tegula positos mittes in furnum aut farsos in clibano coques.

Dormice: Fill the dormice with minced meat of pork and all parts of the dormice, ground pepper, pinenuts, laser, fish-sauce, and put them sewn together and laid upon a tile-pan into the oven, or cook them stuffed in the clibanus.

a tile, whether to lay the roof (rooftile) or to bake food upon it (baking tile, frying pan)


charta

la-noun

charta f (genitive chartae); first declension

chartae (genitive)
charta (nominative singular)
chartae (nominative plural)
chartae (genitive singular)
chartārum (genitive plural)
chartae (dative singular)
chartīs (dative plural)
chartam (accusative singular)
chartās (accusative plural)
chartā (ablative singular)
chartīs (ablative plural)
charta (singular vocative)
chartae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: carti

Romanian: carte

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: carta

Romagnol: chêrta (Ville Unite)

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: carta

Italian: carta (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: carta

Old Occitan: carta

Catalan: carta

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: cjarte

Romansch: charta

West Iberian

Asturian: carta

Old Galician-Portuguese: carta

Galician: carta

Portuguese: carta (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: carta (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: kartë

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: kartenn

Cornish: carten

Welsh: carden

→ Czech: charta

→ German: Charta

→ Kashubian: kôrta

→ Livonian: kōrtõz

→ Old French: carte

French: carte (see there for further descendants)

Norman: carte

→ Breton: karta

→ Irish: cárta

→ Middle Dutch: cāerte

Dutch: kaart

→ Middle English: carde

English: card (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cairt

→ Middle High German: karte

German: Karte (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Kaart

Mòcheno: kòrt

Yiddish: קאָרט (kort)

→ Middle Low German: kort

Plautdietsch: Koat

→ Old Norse: kort

Danish: kort

→ Swedish: kort
→ Finnish: kortti

Faroese: kort

Icelandic: kort

Norwegian Bokmål: kort

desctree

Swedish: karta
→ Finnish: kartta
→ Northern Sami: gárta

→ Old English: carte

Middle English: carte

→ Old High German: kerza, charza (or from cērāta)

Middle High German: kerze

Cimbrian: khéertza

German: Kerze

Luxembourgish: Käerz

→ Middle Dutch: kerse (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Latin: chartula

Old French: chartre (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “papyrus, paper”), with a change to the feminine gender.

bor+

a piece of writing, especially a letter, poem, or charter


byssus

la-noun

byssus f (genitive byssī); second declension

byssī (genitive)
byssus (nominative singular)
byssī (nominative plural)
byssī (genitive singular)
byssōrum (genitive plural)
byssō (dative singular)
byssīs (dative plural)
byssum (accusative singular)
byssōs (accusative plural)
byssō (ablative singular)
byssīs (ablative plural)
bysse (singular vocative)
byssī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Byssus

From Ancient Greek βύσσος (bússos, “a very fine yellowish flax and the linen woven from it”), from Biblical Hebrew בּוּץ (búts), Aramaic בּוש (bus).


silex

la-noun

silex m or f (genitive silicis); third declension

silicis (genitive)
silex (nominative singular)
silicēs (nominative plural)
silicis (genitive singular)
silicum (genitive plural)
silicī (dative singular)
silicibus (dative plural)
silicem (accusative singular)
silicēs (accusative plural)
silice (ablative singular)
silicibus (ablative plural)
silex (singular vocative)
silicēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: sílex

English: silex

French: silex

Italian: selce, silice

Portuguese: sílex, sílice

Romanian: silex

Sicilian: sìlici

Spanish: sílex, sílice

[ˈs̠ɪɫ̪ɛks̠]

Uncertain. Sometimes compared to silīgō and siliqua, both of unclear origin as well. De Vaan suggests that these are derivatives of silex, which have undergone a semantic shift “pebble” > “small pod”.


lignum

lignum n (genitive lignī); second declension

lignī (genitive)
lignum (nominative singular)
ligna (nominative plural)
lignī (genitive singular)
lignōrum (genitive plural)
lignō (dative singular)
lignīs (dative plural)
lignum (accusative singular)
ligna (accusative plural)
lignō (ablative singular)
lignīs (ablative plural)
lignum (singular vocative)
ligna (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: lemnu, lem

Istro-Romanian: lĕmnĕ

Megleno-Romanian: lemnu, lemu

Romanian: lemn

Dalmatian:

lanc

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: legnu, legna, lenghju

Italian: legno, legna

Neapolitan: ligno, liuno, livuno, leuno

Sicilian: lignu, ligna

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: len

Istriot: lìgno, lìgna

Ladin: lën, legn, lënia, legna

Romansch: lain, laina, lenn, len

Venetian

Venetian: łegno, łen, łégna

Gallo-Romance:

Emilian: laggna

Ligurian: légno

Lombard: légn, légna

Piedmontese: lëgna

Romagnol: lègn, lègna

Old French: legne, laigne, ligne

Picard: laigne, laingne

Walloon: legn

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: lenya

Catalan: llenya

Old Occitan: lenh, lenha

Occitan: lenha

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: lenya

desc

Asturian: lleña, lleiña, ḷḷeiña, ḷḷeña, ḷḷeñe, lleñe, lleñi, cheña, yeñi, yeña

Mirandese: lheinha

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: lenha
Fala: leña
Galician: leña
Portuguese: lenha (see there for further descendants)

Old Galician-Portuguese: lenho
Fala: leño
Galician: leño
Portuguese: lenho

Spanish: leño, leña

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: linna

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: ligno

→ Welsh: llwyn

From Proto-Italic *legnom, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-no-m (“that which is collected”), from *leǵ- (“to collect”), with the Italic form interpreted as "wood collected for firemaking".
An alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”), and associated interpretation as "stray wood", seems equally possible, phonetically and semantically.


murra

la-noun

murra f (genitive murrae); first declension

murrae (genitive)
murra (nominative singular)
murrae (nominative plural)
murrae (genitive singular)
murrārum (genitive plural)
murrae (dative singular)
murrīs (dative plural)
murram (accusative singular)
murrās (accusative plural)
murrā (ablative singular)
murrīs (ablative plural)
murra (singular vocative)
murrae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek μύρρᾱ (múrrhā), of Semitic origin.


vitrum

vitrum n (genitive vitrī); second declension

vitrī (genitive)
vitrum (nominative singular)
vitra (nominative plural)
vitrī (genitive singular)
vitrōrum (genitive plural)
vitrō (dative singular)
vitrīs (dative plural)
vitrum (accusative singular)
vitra (accusative plural)
vitrō (ablative singular)
vitrīs (ablative plural)
vitrum (singular vocative)
vitra (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: vitra

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: vaider

Lombard: védar, veder, védér, vedri

Piedmontese: véder

Romagnol: védar, vóidar

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: vetru

Dalmatian: viatro

Italian: vetro

Sicilian: vitru

Old Occitan:

Catalan: vidre

Occitan: veire

Old French: voirre

French: verre, → vitre

⇒ French: verrine
→ English: verrine

⇒ French: vitrine (see there for further descendants)

Norman: vitre, verre

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: veri

Ladin: vierech

Romansch: vaider

desc

Sardinian: bídri, bidru, birdi, bírdiu, birdu, bridu, fidru, vidru

Venetian: véro, viéro

West Iberian:

Aragonese: veire

Non-Romance borrowings:

desctree

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨdr
Middle Breton: guezr
Breton: gwer
Middle Cornish: gweder
Cornish: gweder
Middle Welsh: gwydyr
Welsh: gwydr

⇒ English: vitreous, vitrify

→ Esperanto: vitro

→ German: in vitro

→ Greek: βιτρίνα (vitrína)

→ Swedish: vitrös

[ˈu̯ɪt̪rʊ̃ˑ]

Nominalised from Proto-Indo-European *wed-ro- (literally “water-like”), from the root *wed- (“water”). For the semantic development compare Persian آبگینه (âbgina, “glass”). The plant and its dye were named after the color of glass in antiquity.

inh

Mihi dicendum est de materia, ex qua vitrum conficitur.

I must talk about this material, from which glass is produced.


resina

la-noun

rēsīna f (genitive rēsīnae); first declension

rēsīna (canonical feminine)
rēsīnae (genitive)
rēsīna (nominative singular)
rēsīnae (nominative plural)
rēsīnae (genitive singular)
rēsīnārum (genitive plural)
rēsīnae (dative singular)
rēsīnīs (dative plural)
rēsīnam (accusative singular)
rēsīnās (accusative plural)
rēsīnā (ablative singular)
rēsīnīs (ablative plural)
rēsīna (singular vocative)
rēsīnae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: rrëshirë

desctree

→ Arabic: رَجِينَة (rajīna)
→ Ottoman Turkish: رچینه (reçine)
Turkish: reçine
→ Greek: ρετσίνι (retsíni)

Aromanian: arushinã, ritsinã

Franco-Provençal: rèsina

Friulian: rèsine

→ Irish: roisín

Italian: resina

→ Byzantine Greek: ρετσίνα (retsína)

Greek: ρετσίνα (retsína)

Old French: reysin

French: résine

→ Middle English: resyn

English: resin

Old Occitan: resina

Catalan: resina, reïna

Occitan: rosina

Old Galician-Portuguese: resina

Galician: resina, recina

Portuguese: resina

Piedmontese: resna

Romanian: rășină

→ Russian: рези́на (rezína)

Sicilian: rìsina

Old Spanish: resina

Spanish: resina

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥητῑ́νη (rhētī́nē).


spuma

la-noun

spūma f (genitive spūmae); first declension

spūma (canonical feminine)
spūmae (genitive)
spūma (nominative singular)
spūmae (nominative plural)
spūmae (genitive singular)
spūmārum (genitive plural)
spūmae (dative singular)
spūmīs (dative plural)
spūmam (accusative singular)
spūmās (accusative plural)
spūmā (ablative singular)
spūmīs (ablative plural)
spūma (singular vocative)
spūmae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: spumã

Asturian: espluma

Catalan: escuma, espuma

Dalmatian: sploima

→ English: spume

Franco-Provençal: êcuma

Old French: espume, escuma

French: écume

Galician: escuma

Italian: spuma

Occitan: escuma, escruma, espuma

Portuguese: espuma, escuma

Romanian: spumă

Sardinian: sprumma, spuma

Sicilian: scuma

Spanish: espuma

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)poHy-m-os, from *(s)poH(y)- (“foam”). Related to pūmex.


ferrumen

ferrūmen n (genitive ferrūminis); third declension

ferrūmen (canonical neuter)
ferrūminis (genitive)
ferrūmen (nominative singular)
ferrūmina (nominative plural)
ferrūminis (genitive singular)
ferrūminum (genitive plural)
ferrūminī (dative singular)
ferrūminibus (dative plural)
ferrūmen (accusative singular)
ferrūmina (accusative plural)
ferrūmine (ablative singular)
ferrūminibus (ablative plural)
ferrūmen (singular vocative)
ferrūmina (plural vocative)

Spanish: herrumbre

From earlier ferūmen, from the root of ferveō plus -ūmen after bitūmen and alūmen. The gemination arose under the influence of ferrum.


styrax

styrax m (genitive styracis); third declension

styracis (genitive)
styrax (nominative singular)
styracēs (nominative plural)
styracis (genitive singular)
styracum (genitive plural)
styracī (dative singular)
styracibus (dative plural)
styracem (accusative singular)
styracēs (accusative plural)
styrace (ablative singular)
styracibus (ablative plural)
styrax (singular vocative)
styracēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: estorac

Italian: storace

→ Old English: stōr

Portuguese: estoraque

Translingual: Styrax

Styrax officinalis
Styrax officinalis#Translingual

storax (the tree Styrax officinalis and the balsam from it)


sagapenum

sagapēnum n (genitive sagapēnī); second declension

sagapēnum (canonical neuter)
sagapēnī (genitive)
sagapēnum (nominative singular)
sagapēna (nominative plural)
sagapēnī (genitive singular)
sagapēnōrum (genitive plural)
sagapēnō (dative singular)
sagapēnīs (dative plural)
sagapēnum (accusative singular)
sagapēna (accusative plural)
sagapēnō (ablative singular)
sagapēnīs (ablative plural)
sagapēnum (singular vocative)
sagapēna (plural vocative)

[s̠äɡäˈpeːnʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek σαγάπηνον (sagápēnon), from Arabic سَكْبِينَج (sakbīnaj), from Persian سَكْبِينَهٌ.

der

Persian سَكْبِينَهٌ


lapillus

la-noun

lapillus m (genitive lapillī); second declension

lapillī (genitive)
lapillus (nominative singular)
lapillī (nominative plural)
lapillī (genitive singular)
lapillōrum (genitive plural)
lapillō (dative singular)
lapillīs (dative plural)
lapillum (accusative singular)
lapillōs (accusative plural)
lapillō (ablative singular)
lapillīs (ablative plural)
lapille (singular vocative)
lapillī (plural vocative)

→ Italian: lapillo

[ɫ̪äˈpɪlːʲʊs̠]

Diminutive from lapis (“stone”) + -illus, likely originally formed on the oblique stem as lapid- + -lus.


carbo

carbō m (genitive carbōnis); third declension

carbō (canonical masculine)
carbōnis (genitive)
carbō (nominative singular)
carbōnēs (nominative plural)
carbōnis (genitive singular)
carbōnum (genitive plural)
carbōnī (dative singular)
carbōnibus (dative plural)
carbōnem (accusative singular)
carbōnēs (accusative plural)
carbōne (ablative singular)
carbōnibus (ablative plural)
carbō (singular vocative)
carbōnēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: cãrbuni

Asturian: carbón

Catalan: carbó, carboni

→ French: carbone (see there for further descendants)

→ English: carbon

Friulian: cjarbon, cjarvon, čharvon

Italian: carbone

Neapolitan: cravone

Norman: tchèrbon, tcherbaon

Occitan: carbon

Old Galician-Portuguese: carvon

Galician: carbón

Portuguese: carvão

Piedmontese: carbon

Old French: charbon

French: charbon

Romanian: cărbune

desc

Romansch: charvun, carvung, cravun, charbun

Sardinian: calvone, carvone, carbone, crabone, carboni

Sicilian: carvuni, carbuni, cravuni, crauni

Spanish: carbón

Venetian: carbon

Walloon: tcherbon

Unsure. The status of Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“heat", "fire", also "to burn”) is uncertain. Probably related to Old English heorþ (“hearth”), Old Norse hyrr (“fire”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”), Old High German harsta (“roasting”), Russian курить (kuritʹ, “to smoke, burn, fumigate”) and церен (ceren, “brazier”), Old Church Slavonic курити (kuriti, “to smoke”) and крада (krada, “hearth, fireplace”), Lithuanian kurtì (“to heat”), karštas (“hot”) and krosnis (“oven”), Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa, “burnt, black”) and कूडयति (kūḍayati, “singes”), and maybe Latin cremāre (“to burn”).

unknown

Unsure


rudus

la-noun

rūdus n (genitive rūderis); third declension

rūdus (canonical neuter)
rūderis (genitive)
rūdus (nominative singular)
rūdera (nominative plural)
rūderis (genitive singular)
rūderum (genitive plural)
rūderī (dative singular)
rūderibus (dative plural)
rūdus (accusative singular)
rūdera (accusative plural)
rūdere (ablative singular)
rūderibus (ablative plural)
rūdus (singular vocative)
rūdera (plural vocative)

desc

taxonomic name: Rhizopogon rudus, Stenodynerus rudus, Unio rudus, ⇒ ruda

Italian: rudere

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrew- (“to tear up, dig up”). Cognate with rudis.


tessella

la-noun

tessella f (genitive tessellae); first declension

tessellae (genitive)
tessella (nominative singular)
tessellae (nominative plural)
tessellae (genitive singular)
tessellārum (genitive plural)
tessellae (dative singular)
tessellīs (dative plural)
tessellam (accusative singular)
tessellās (accusative plural)
tessellā (ablative singular)
tessellīs (ablative plural)
tessella (singular vocative)
tessellae (plural vocative)

From tessera (“die, cube, square tablet”) + -la (diminutive suffix).


gossypium

la-noun

gossypium n (genitive gossypiī or gossypī); second declension

gossypiī (genitive)
gossypī (genitive)
gossypium (nominative singular)
gossypia (nominative plural)
gossypiī (genitive singular)
gossypī (genitive singular)
gossypiōrum (genitive plural)
gossypiō (dative singular)
gossypiīs (dative plural)
gossypium (accusative singular)
gossypia (accusative plural)
gossypiō (ablative singular)
gossypiīs (ablative plural)
gossypium (singular vocative)
gossypia (plural vocative)

English: gossypetin, gossypiboma, gossypol, gossypose

Translingual: Gossypium

From Ancient Greek γοσσύπιον (gossúpion), a borrowing from Arabic كُرْسُف (kursuf), كُرْفُس (kurfus), ultimately from Sanskrit कर्पास (karpāsa, “cotton”), whence also Hebrew כַּרְפַּס (karpás, “fabric of cotton”), whence Ancient Greek κάρπᾰσος (kárpasos, “fabric of cotton”), whence carbasus (“fabric of cotton”).


xylon

la-noun

xylon n (genitive xylī); second declension

xylī (genitive)
xylon (nominative singular)
xyla (nominative plural)
xylī (genitive singular)
xylōrum (genitive plural)
xylō (dative singular)
xylīs (dative plural)
xylon (accusative singular)
xyla (accusative plural)
xylō (ablative singular)
xylīs (ablative plural)
xylon (singular vocative)
xyla (plural vocative)


gummis

gummis f (genitive gummis or gummeos); third declension

gummis (genitive)
gummeos (genitive)
gummis (nominative singular)
gummēs (nominative plural)
gummis (genitive singular)
gummeos (genitive singular)
gummium (genitive plural)
gummī (dative singular)
gummibus (dative plural)
gummim (accusative singular)
gummēs (accusative plural)
gummīs (accusative plural)
gummī (ablative singular)
gummibus (ablative plural)
gummis (singular vocative)
gummēs (plural vocative)


tignum

tignum n (genitive tignī); second declension

tignī (genitive)
tignum (nominative singular)
tigna (nominative plural)
tignī (genitive singular)
tignōrum (genitive plural)
tignō (dative singular)
tignīs (dative plural)
tignum (accusative singular)
tigna (accusative plural)
tignō (ablative singular)
tignīs (ablative plural)
tignum (singular vocative)
tigna (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *tegnom, from Proto-Indo-European *teg-nom, from *(s)teg- (“beam, stake”). Cognate with English stack and stake.


linteum

linteum n (genitive linteī); second declension

linteī (genitive)
linteum (nominative singular)
lintea (nominative plural)
linteī (genitive singular)
linteōrum (genitive plural)
linteō (dative singular)
linteīs (dative plural)
linteum (accusative singular)
lintea (accusative plural)
linteō (ablative singular)
linteīs (ablative plural)
linteum (singular vocative)
lintea (plural vocative)

Asturian: llenzu

Catalan: llenç

Old Galician-Portuguese: lenço

Galician: lenzo

Portuguese: lenço

→ Malay: lenso

Indonesian: lenso

→ Tetum: lensu

→ Swahili: leso

Old Spanish: lienço

Spanish: lienzo

→ Ancient Greek: λέντιον (léntion)

→ Old Armenian: ղենտի (łenti), (via Iranian) ղենջակ (łenǰak)

→ Coptic: ⲗⲉⲛⲧⲓⲟⲛ (lention)

[ˈlʲɪn̪t̪eʊ̃ˑ]


scopulus

scopulus m (genitive scopulī); second declension

scopulī (genitive)
scopulus (nominative singular)
scopulī (nominative plural)
scopulī (genitive singular)
scopulōrum (genitive plural)
scopulō (dative singular)
scopulīs (dative plural)
scopulum (accusative singular)
scopulōs (accusative plural)
scopulō (ablative singular)
scopulīs (ablative plural)
scopule (singular vocative)
scopulī (plural vocative)

desc

Italian: scoppio (“cliff”) (medieval hapax, Umbria)

Vulgar Latin: *scoculum (see there for further descendants)

→ Italian: scopulo (learned)

[ˈs̠kɔpʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek σκόπελος (skópelos, “lookout place: hence peak, headland, promontory”), from σκοπέω (skopéō). Compare specula and specus, from the same root.

bor

Aenēās scopulum intereā cōnscendit, et omnem

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.180–181

Meanwhile Aeneas scales the cliff, and searches the whole panorama [of the] wide open sea


smyrna

la-noun

smyrna f (genitive smyrnae); first declension

smyrnae (genitive)
smyrna (nominative singular)
smyrnae (nominative plural)
smyrnae (genitive singular)
smyrnārum (genitive plural)
smyrnae (dative singular)
smyrnīs (dative plural)
smyrnam (accusative singular)
smyrnās (accusative plural)
smyrnā (ablative singular)
smyrnīs (ablative plural)
smyrna (singular vocative)
smyrnae (plural vocative)


libanus

la-adj

libanus (feminine libana, neuter libanum); first/second-declension adjective

libana (feminine)
libanum (neuter)
libanus (masculine nominative singular)
libana (feminine nominative singular)
libanum (neuter nominative singular)
libanī (masculine nominative plural)
libanae (feminine nominative plural)
libana (neuter nominative plural)
libanī (genitive masculine singular)
libanae (feminine genitive singular)
libanī (genitive neuter singular)
libanōrum (genitive masculine plural)
libanārum (feminine genitive plural)
libanōrum (genitive neuter plural)
libanō (dative masculine singular)
libanae (dative feminine singular)
libanō (dative neuter singular)
libanīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
libanum (accusative masculine singular)
libanam (accusative feminine singular)
libanum (accusative neuter singular)
libanōs (accusative masculine plural)
libanās (accusative feminine plural)
libana (accusative neuter plural)
libanō (ablative masculine singular)
libanā (ablative feminine singular)
libanō (ablative neuter singular)
libanīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
libane (masculine singular vocative)
libana (feminine singular vocative)
libanum (neuter singular vocative)
libanī (masculine plural vocative)
libanae (feminine plural vocative)
libana (neuter plural vocative)

[ˈlʲɪbänʊs̠]

From a Semitic source - see the Semitic root lbn لبن, meaning "white". See also (Hebrew לְבוֹנָה (l'voná, “frankincense”), Arabic لبان (lubān, “frankincense”)).


sericum

la-noun

sēricum n (genitive sēricī); second declension

sēricum (canonical neuter)
sēricī (genitive)
sēricum (nominative singular)
sērica (nominative plural)
sēricī (genitive singular)
sēricōrum (genitive plural)
sēricō (dative singular)
sēricīs (dative plural)
sēricum (accusative singular)
sērica (accusative plural)
sēricō (ablative singular)
sēricīs (ablative plural)
sēricum (singular vocative)
sērica (plural vocative)

Galician: sirgo; ⇒ sarillo

Portuguese: sirgo; ⇒ sarilho

Spanish: sirgo

Substantive neuter noun from sēricus. Compare with sērica.


sucinum

sūcinum n (genitive sūcinī); second declension

sūcinum (canonical neuter)
sūcinī (genitive)
sūcinum (nominative singular)
sūcina (nominative plural)
sūcinī (genitive singular)
sūcinōrum (genitive plural)
sūcinō (dative singular)
sūcinīs (dative plural)
sūcinum (accusative singular)
sūcina (accusative plural)
sūcinō (ablative singular)
sūcinīs (ablative plural)
sūcinum (singular vocative)
sūcina (plural vocative)

English: succin-

Italian: succino

[ˈs̠uːkɪnʊ̃ˑ]


carbasus

carbasus f (genitive carbasī); second declension

carbasī (genitive)
carbasus (nominative singular)
carbasī (nominative plural)
carbasī (genitive singular)
carbasōrum (genitive plural)
carbasō (dative singular)
carbasīs (dative plural)
carbasum (accusative singular)
carbasōs (accusative plural)
carbasō (ablative singular)
carbasīs (ablative plural)
carbase (singular vocative)
carbasī (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κάρπασος (kárpasos, “cotton”), from Biblical Hebrew כַּרְפַּס (karpás, “fabric of cotton”), from Sanskrit कर्पास (karpāsa, “cotton”), though Mediterranean and Anatolic sources have also been suggested. The same Sanskrit word has resulted in gossypium (“cotton”).

der

… vocat iam carbasus aurās, / puppibus et laetī nautae imposuēre corōnās.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.417–418

“… already their canvas invites the winds, and the merry sailors have strung garlands on their ships.”
(A poetic singular “carbasus” represents the fabric of all Trojan sails ready to leave Carthage.)


ammoniacum

la-noun

ammōniacum n (genitive ammōniacī); second declension

ammōniacum (canonical neuter)
ammōniacī (genitive)
ammōniacum (nominative singular)
ammōniaca (nominative plural)
ammōniacī (genitive singular)
ammōniacōrum (genitive plural)
ammōniacō (dative singular)
ammōniacīs (dative plural)
ammōniacum (accusative singular)
ammōniaca (accusative plural)
ammōniacō (ablative singular)
ammōniacīs (ablative plural)
ammōniacum (singular vocative)
ammōniaca (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀμμωνιακόν (ammōniakón) and neuter of ammōniacus from Ammōn.

أُشَّق أشق#Arabic


hyalus

hyalus m (genitive hyalī); second declension

hyalī (genitive)
hyalus (nominative singular)
hyalī (nominative plural)
hyalī (genitive singular)
hyalōrum (genitive plural)
hyalō (dative singular)
hyalīs (dative plural)
hyalum (accusative singular)
hyalōs (accusative plural)
hyalō (ablative singular)
hyalīs (ablative plural)
hyale (singular vocative)
hyalī (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὕαλος (húalos, “glass”).


cinnabaris

cinnabaris f (genitive cinnabaris); third declension

cinnabaris (genitive)
cinnabaris (nominative singular)
cinnabarēs (nominative plural)
cinnabaris (genitive singular)
cinnabarium (genitive plural)
cinnabarī (dative singular)
cinnabaribus (dative plural)
cinnabarem (accusative singular)
cinnabarim (accusative singular)
cinnabarēs (accusative plural)
cinnabarīs (accusative plural)
cinnabare (ablative singular)
cinnabarī (ablative singular)
cinnabaribus (ablative plural)
cinnabaris (singular vocative)
cinnabarēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: cinabri

Old French: cinabre, cinobre, cenobre

French: cinabre

q

apparently confused with the dye <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">sinople</i>

→ Middle Dutch: cinoper, cinopel, cynoper, sinoper, zinopel, sinopel (apparently confused with the dye sinople)

→ English: cinnabar

→ Middle High German: zinober

German: Zinnober

→ Danish: cinnober

→ Finnish: sinooperi

→ Norwegian: sinober

→ Swedish: cinnober

→ Polish: cynober

Galician: cinabrio

Italian: cinabro

Portuguese: cinábrio

Spanish: cinabrio

From Ancient Greek κιννάβαρι (kinnábari).

dragon's blood (resin, the colour of cinnabar)


mastiche

la-noun

mastichē f (genitive mastichēs); first declension

mastichē (canonical feminine)
mastichēs (genitive)
mastichē (nominative singular)
mastichae (nominative plural)
mastichēs (genitive singular)
mastichārum (genitive plural)
mastichae (dative singular)
mastichīs (dative plural)
mastichēn (accusative singular)
mastichās (accusative plural)
mastichē (ablative singular)
mastichīs (ablative plural)
mastichē (singular vocative)
mastichae (plural vocative)

Old French: mastic

desctree

→ Middle English: mastik, mastyk, masstyk, mastykk, mastike, mastic, mastix
English: mastic

[ˈmäs̠t̪ɪkʰeː]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē).


plasticus

la-adj

plasticus (feminine plastica, neuter plasticum); first/second-declension adjective

plastica (feminine)
plasticum (neuter)
plasticus (masculine nominative singular)
plastica (feminine nominative singular)
plasticum (neuter nominative singular)
plasticī (masculine nominative plural)
plasticae (feminine nominative plural)
plastica (neuter nominative plural)
plasticī (genitive masculine singular)
plasticae (feminine genitive singular)
plasticī (genitive neuter singular)
plasticōrum (genitive masculine plural)
plasticārum (feminine genitive plural)
plasticōrum (genitive neuter plural)
plasticō (dative masculine singular)
plasticae (dative feminine singular)
plasticō (dative neuter singular)
plasticīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
plasticum (accusative masculine singular)
plasticam (accusative feminine singular)
plasticum (accusative neuter singular)
plasticōs (accusative masculine plural)
plasticās (accusative feminine plural)
plastica (accusative neuter plural)
plasticō (ablative masculine singular)
plasticā (ablative feminine singular)
plasticō (ablative neuter singular)
plasticīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
plastice (masculine singular vocative)
plastica (feminine singular vocative)
plasticum (neuter singular vocative)
plasticī (masculine plural vocative)
plasticae (feminine plural vocative)
plastica (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: plàstic

→ English: plastic

→ French: plastique

desc

→ Arabic: بلاستيك

→ Arabic: بلاستيك

Italian: plastico

→ Portuguese: plástico

→ Romanian: plastic

→ Spanish: plástico

[ˈpɫ̪äs̠t̪ɪkʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek πλαστικός (plastikós, “shapable, mouldable”).
By surface analysis, plast(ēs) (“shaper”, “moulder”) + -icus (adjective-forming suffix).

surf

2018, Tuomo Pekkanen, De eiectamentis plasticis https://areena.yle.fi/1-4361296, Nuntii Latini 30.3.2018

In the waters between California and Hawaii, such an amount of plastic waste bobs around that it exceeds thrice the area of France.

In regione maritima inter Californiam et Insulas Havaianas patente tanta eiectamentorum plasticorum copia fluctuat, ut magnitudine aream Francogalliae ter excedat.


Syene

la-proper noun

Syēnē f sg (genitive Syēnēs); first declension

Syēnē (canonical feminine singular)
Syēnēs (genitive)
Syēnē (nominative singular)
Syēnēs (genitive singular)
Syēnae (dative singular)
Syēnēn (accusative singular)
Syēnē (ablative singular)
Syēnē (singular vocative)
Syēnae (locative singular)

French: Syène

(poetic, metonymically) syenite (the red hornblende granite of Syene, for which it was famous)


cautes

la-noun

cautēs f (genitive cautis); third declension

cautēs (canonical feminine)
cautis (genitive)
cautēs (nominative singular)
cautēs (nominative plural)
cautis (genitive singular)
cautium (genitive plural)
cautī (dative singular)
cautibus (dative plural)
cautem (accusative singular)
cautēs (accusative plural)
cautīs (accusative plural)
caute (ablative singular)
cautibus (ablative plural)
cautēs (singular vocative)
cautēs (plural vocative)

Likely a hypercorrection of cōtēs, the plural of cōs (“whetstone, sharpening stone”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”), so originally meaning “sharp points, promontories”. See plaudō~plōdō for another possible example of the same hypercorrection. Cognates include Latin catus (“clever, cunning”), cōs (“whetstone”), cuneus (“wedge”) and Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos, “cone”).
A different suggestion relates it to English heap and Tocharian B kauc (“up, high”), from an irregular-shaped root, as well as with English high, a connection rejected by modern etymologists. The three different stop consonants t~p~k under this suggestion likewise remain unexplained.

der

“… sed dūrīs genuit tē cautibus horrēns / Caucasus, Hyrcānaeque admōrunt ūbera tigrēs.”
“But the hard, horrible Caucasus bore you on [its] jagged cliffs, and Hyrcanian tigresses took you to their teats.”
(Dido portrays Aeneas as being hard-hearted and inhuman. Syncopation: admorunt = admoverunt.)

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.366–367

a rough, craggy or pointed rock, or cliff; rock, crag


glaesum

la-noun

glaesum n (genitive glaesī); second declension

glaesī (genitive)
glaesum (nominative singular)
glaesa (nominative plural)
glaesī (genitive singular)
glaesōrum (genitive plural)
glaesō (dative singular)
glaesīs (dative plural)
glaesum (accusative singular)
glaesa (accusative plural)
glaesō (ablative singular)
glaesīs (ablative plural)
glaesum (singular vocative)
glaesa (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *glasą, possibly related root *glōaną (“to shine”) (compare glow), and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”).
An ancient theory by Tacitus claims this word to be a Latinization of what the Aestii, likely a Baltic people, call amber; compare Lithuanian giñtaras (“amber”).


herna

herna f (genitive hernae); first declension

hernae (genitive)
herna (nominative singular)
hernae (nominative plural)
hernae (genitive singular)
hernārum (genitive plural)
hernae (dative singular)
hernīs (dative plural)
hernam (accusative singular)
hernās (accusative plural)
hernā (ablative singular)
hernīs (ablative plural)
herna (singular vocative)
hernae (plural vocative)

Uncertain; proposed derivations include:
* From a root common to Ancient Greek χοιράς (khoirás, “like a hog; rock”) and Ζάραξ (Zárax, “name of a mountain”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”). Cognates include Latin hīrtus (“rough, rude”) and horreō (“I tremble”).


maldacon

la-noun

maldacon n (genitive maldacī); second declension

maldacī (genitive)
maldacon (nominative singular)
maldaca (nominative plural)
maldacī (genitive singular)
maldacōrum (genitive plural)
maldacō (dative singular)
maldacīs (dative plural)
maldacon (accusative singular)
maldaca (accusative plural)
maldacō (ablative singular)
maldacīs (ablative plural)
maldacon (singular vocative)
maldaca (plural vocative)

[ˈmäɫ̪d̪äkɔn]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μάλδακον (máldakon).


brochon

brochon n (genitive brochī); second declension

brochī (genitive)
brochon (nominative singular)
brocha (nominative plural)
brochī (genitive singular)
brochōrum (genitive plural)
brochō (dative singular)
brochīs (dative plural)
brochon (accusative singular)
brocha (accusative plural)
brochō (ablative singular)
brochīs (ablative plural)
brochon (singular vocative)
brocha (plural vocative)


thrauston

thrauston n (genitive thraustī); second declension

thraustī (genitive)
thrauston (nominative singular)
thrausta (nominative plural)
thraustī (genitive singular)
thraustōrum (genitive plural)
thraustō (dative singular)
thraustīs (dative plural)
thrauston (accusative singular)
thrausta (accusative plural)
thraustō (ablative singular)
thraustīs (ablative plural)
thrauston (singular vocative)
thrausta (plural vocative)

[ˈt̪ʰräu̯s̠t̪ɔn]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek θραυστόν (thraustón).


cyanos

cȳanos m (genitive cȳanī); second declension

cȳanos (canonical masculine)
cȳanī (genitive)
cȳanos (nominative singular)
cȳanī (nominative plural)
cȳanī (genitive singular)
cȳanōrum (genitive plural)
cȳanō (dative singular)
cȳanīs (dative plural)
cȳanon (accusative singular)
cȳanōs (accusative plural)
cȳanō (ablative singular)
cȳanīs (ablative plural)
cȳane (singular vocative)
cȳanī (plural vocative)

Spanish: aciano

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κύανος (kúanos).

a precious stone (a type of lapis lazuli)


gangadia

gangadia f (genitive gangadiae); first declension

gangadiae (genitive)
gangadia (nominative singular)
gangadiae (nominative plural)
gangadiae (genitive singular)
gangadiārum (genitive plural)
gangadiae (dative singular)
gangadiīs (dative plural)
gangadiam (accusative singular)
gangadiās (accusative plural)
gangadiā (ablative singular)
gangadiīs (ablative plural)
gangadia (singular vocative)
gangadiae (plural vocative)

Attested in Plinius (Historia Naturalis 33 72) re mining in the Iberian peninsula and thus hypothesized (vd. Bertoldi 1931, König & Winkler 2007) as an Iberian substrate


cancamum

cancamum n (genitive cancamī); second declension

cancamī (genitive)
cancamum (nominative singular)
cancama (nominative plural)
cancamī (genitive singular)
cancamōrum (genitive plural)
cancamō (dative singular)
cancamīs (dative plural)
cancamum (accusative singular)
cancama (accusative plural)
cancamō (ablative singular)
cancamīs (ablative plural)
cancamum (singular vocative)
cancama (plural vocative)

[ˈkäŋkämʊ̃ˑ]


planca

planca f (genitive plancae); first declension

plancae (genitive)
planca (nominative singular)
plancae (nominative plural)
plancae (genitive singular)
plancārum (genitive plural)
plancae (dative singular)
plancīs (dative plural)
plancam (accusative singular)
plancās (accusative plural)
plancā (ablative singular)
plancīs (ablative plural)
planca (singular vocative)
plancae (plural vocative)

desctree

Old French: planche, planke, planque
Anglo-Norman: planke (see there for further descendants)
French: planche (see there for further descendants)
Norman: plianche

Portuguese: chanca

Sicilian: chianca

Boves nitidiores fient, si focum proxime habeant et lumen intendant. Octo pedes ad spatium standi singulis boum paribus abundant et in porrectione quindecim. Plancae roboreae subponantur stationibus equorum cum stramine, ut iacentibus molle sit, stantibus durum.

c. 500 CE, Palladius, Opus agriculturae I.XXI

The cattle is mannered better if they have the fire close and attain light. Eight feet of room for a pair of bovines if they stand and fifteen if they lie. Oak planks should be laid into the stables with straw, so the lying flanks have it soft and the standing hooves hard.


cummis

la-noun

cummis f (genitive cummis or cummeos); third declension

cummis (genitive)
cummeos (genitive)
cummis (nominative singular)
cummēs (nominative plural)
cummis (genitive singular)
cummeos (genitive singular)
cummium (genitive plural)
cummī (dative singular)
cummibus (dative plural)
cummim (accusative singular)
cummēs (accusative plural)
cummīs (accusative plural)
cummī (ablative singular)
cummibus (ablative plural)
cummis (singular vocative)
cummēs (plural vocative)

English: gum

French: gomme

Italian: gomma

Lombard: goma

→ Romanian: gumă

Sicilian: gumma

Spanish: goma


dathiatum

dāthiātum n (genitive dāthiātī); second declension

dāthiātum (canonical neuter)
dāthiātī (genitive)
dāthiātum (nominative singular)
dāthiāta (nominative plural)
dāthiātī (genitive singular)
dāthiātōrum (genitive plural)
dāthiātō (dative singular)
dāthiātīs (dative plural)
dāthiātum (accusative singular)
dāthiāta (accusative plural)
dāthiātō (ablative singular)
dāthiātīs (ablative plural)
dāthiātum (singular vocative)
dāthiāta (plural vocative)

[d̪äːt̪ʰiˈäːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]


stagonias

stagoniās m (genitive stagoniae); first declension

stagoniās (canonical masculine)
stagoniae (genitive)
stagoniās (nominative singular)
stagoniae (nominative plural)
stagoniae (genitive singular)
stagoniārum (genitive plural)
stagoniae (dative singular)
stagoniīs (dative plural)
stagoniān (accusative singular)
stagoniās (accusative plural)
stagoniā (ablative singular)
stagoniīs (ablative plural)
stagoniā (singular vocative)
stagoniae (plural vocative)

[s̠t̪äˈɡɔniäːs̠]

[st̪äˈɡɔːniäs]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek στᾰγονῐ́ᾱς (stagoníās).


orobias

orobiās m (genitive orobiae); first declension

orobiās (canonical masculine)
orobiae (genitive)
orobiās (nominative singular)
orobiae (nominative plural)
orobiae (genitive singular)
orobiārum (genitive plural)
orobiae (dative singular)
orobiīs (dative plural)
orobiān (accusative singular)
orobiās (accusative plural)
orobiā (ablative singular)
orobiīs (ablative plural)
orobiā (singular vocative)
orobiae (plural vocative)

[ɔˈrɔbiäːs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὀροβῐ́ᾱς (orobíās).

kind of incense small in grains, resembling the chickpea


phyrama

phȳrāma n (genitive phȳrāmatis); third declension

phȳrāma (canonical neuter)
phȳrāmatis (genitive)
phȳrāma (nominative singular)
phȳrāmata (nominative plural)
phȳrāmatis (genitive singular)
phȳrāmatum (genitive plural)
phȳrāmatī (dative singular)
phȳrāmatibus (dative plural)
phȳrāma (accusative singular)
phȳrāmata (accusative plural)
phȳrāmate (ablative singular)
phȳrāmatibus (ablative plural)
phȳrāma (singular vocative)
phȳrāmata (plural vocative)

[pʰyːˈräːmä]


metopion

metōpion n (genitive metōpiī); second declension

metōpion (canonical neuter)
metōpiī (genitive)
metōpion (nominative singular)
metōpia (nominative plural)
metōpiī (genitive singular)
metōpiōrum (genitive plural)
metōpiō (dative singular)
metōpiīs (dative plural)
metōpion (accusative singular)
metōpia (accusative plural)
metōpiō (ablative singular)
metōpiīs (ablative plural)
metōpion (singular vocative)
metōpia (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μετώπιον (metṓpion).


fustaneum

fūstāneum n (genitive fūstāneī); second declension

fūstāneum (canonical neuter)
fūstāneī (genitive)
fūstāneum (nominative singular)
fūstānea (nominative plural)
fūstāneī (genitive singular)
fūstāneōrum (genitive plural)
fūstāneō (dative singular)
fūstāneīs (dative plural)
fūstāneum (accusative singular)
fūstānea (accusative plural)
fūstāneō (ablative singular)
fūstāneīs (ablative plural)
fūstāneum (singular vocative)
fūstānea (plural vocative)

Old Catalan: fustany

Catalan: fustany

Franco-Provençal: futaine

desctree

Old French: fustaine, fustagne, fustaigne, fustaingne, fustane, fusteine
Middle French: fustaine, futaine
Bourguignon: fetaine, futaine, futainne
French: futaine
→ Breton: futein
→ Esperanto: fusteno (with influence from English)
Ido: fusteno
→ Luxembourgish: Fitteng
→ Occitan: futène
Franc-Comtois: feutaine, feutainne
Picard: futane
Walloon: futinne
→ Middle Dutch: fustein
Dutch: fustein
→ Middle English: fustian, ffustean, ffusteyn, fostyon, fusten, fusteyn, fustyan, fustyane
English: fustian
⇒ Scots: foustie
→ Old Norse: fustan

Italian: fustagno, frustagno (dialectal)
→ Greek: φουστάνι (foustáni)
→ Ottoman Turkish: فستان (fistan, fustan)
Turkish: fistan, (dialectal) fustan, fıstan, fiston, fisdan
→ Albanian: fistan, fustan
→ Armenian: ֆիստան (fistan), ֆստան (fstan) — Van, ֆիսդան (fisdan)
→ Bulgarian: фиста́н (fistán), фуста́н (fustán)
→ Hungarian: fosztán, foszlán, fosztány, foszlány, foszlyán, foszláng, foszláncz, foszlánk
→ Ladino: fostan
→ Macedonian: фустан (fustan), (dialectal) фастан (fastan), фистан (fistan)
→ Persian: فستان (festân)
→ Serbo-Croatian: fìstān, fùstān, vìstān / фѝста̄н, фу̀ста̄н, вѝста̄н

Old Occitan: fustani

Old Spanish: fustanyo

Spanish: fustaño

Sicilian: fustanu

→? Arabic: فُسْتَان (fustān), فُسْطَان (fusṭān), فُشْطَان (fušṭān), فُشْطَال (fušṭāl) — the last two obsolete
Hijazi Arabic: فستان (fustān)
South Levantine Arabic: فستان (fustān), فستيان (fustyān), فصطان (fuṣṭān)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: fustã, fustam
Portuguese: fustão
→ Old Spanish: fustán
Spanish: fustán, fustal

[fuːs̠ˈt̪äːneʊ̃ˑ]

Brill
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
Leiden

An ellipsis of (pannus) fustāneus or (tela) fustānea, of uncertain origin; often taken to be from the name of the city الفُسْطَاط (al-fusṭāṭ) via an Arabic فُسْتَان (fustān, “dress”). However, the late attestation and formal variation of the Arabic word means that it is likely ultimately from Medieval Latin or one of its Romance descendants. Alternatively, some have derived this word from fūstis (“stick”) + -āneus (in reference to plant textiles), possibly as a calque of Ancient Greek ξύλινα λίνα (xúlina lína, literally “wooden flax”); for the semantics, compare German Baumwolle.


chartarius

la-noun

chartārius m (genitive chartāriī or chartārī); second declension

chartārius (canonical masculine)
chartāriī (genitive)
chartārī (genitive)
chartārius (nominative singular)
chartāriī (nominative plural)
chartāriī (genitive singular)
chartārī (genitive singular)
chartāriōrum (genitive plural)
chartāriō (dative singular)
chartāriīs (dative plural)
chartārium (accusative singular)
chartāriōs (accusative plural)
chartāriō (ablative singular)
chartāriīs (ablative plural)
chartārie (singular vocative)
chartāriī (plural vocative)

From charta (“papyrus, paper”) + -ārius (“-ary: forming adjectives and nouns”), from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “papyrus, paper”). Cf. chartularius.

der

papermaker, a person who makes papyrus or paper


figlina

la-noun

figlīna f (genitive figlīnae); first declension

figlīna (canonical feminine)
figlīnae (genitive)
figlīna (nominative singular)
figlīnae (nominative plural)
figlīnae (genitive singular)
figlīnārum (genitive plural)
figlīnae (dative singular)
figlīnīs (dative plural)
figlīnam (accusative singular)
figlīnās (accusative plural)
figlīnā (ablative singular)
figlīnīs (ablative plural)
figlīna (singular vocative)
figlīnae (plural vocative)

[fɪˈɡlʲiːnä]

[fɪˈɡlʲiːnäː]

Feminine form of figlīnus (“of or belonging to the potter”).

Tu, inquit, invides tanto scriptori et obstrigillandi causa figlinas reprehendis

116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Agricultural Topics 1.2.24

You, on the other hand, envy such a great writer and criticize the pottery for the sake of finding fault

Pithecusa, […] a figlinis doliorum.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 3.82

Pithecusa, […] named after the pottery of dolia jars.


marmor Pentelicum

marmor Pentelicum n (genitive marmōris Pentelicī); third declension

marmōris Pentelicī (genitive)
marmor Pentelicum (nominative singular)
marmōra Pentelica (nominative plural)
marmōris Pentelicī (genitive singular)
marmōrum Pentelicōrum (genitive plural)
marmōrī Pentelicō (dative singular)
marmōribus Pentelicīs (dative plural)
marmor Pentelicum (accusative singular)
marmōra Pentelica (accusative plural)
marmōre Pentelicō (ablative singular)
marmōribus Pentelicīs (ablative plural)
marmor Pentelicum (singular vocative)
marmōra Pentelica (plural vocative)

→ English: Pentelic marble (calque)

marmor (“marble”) + Pentelicus (“Pentelic”).

com

Fragmenta duo tabulae marmoris Pentelici inventa in arce Athenarum.

1888, Guilelmus Dittenberger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum, volume 1, page 301:

Two fragments of Pentelic marble tablets found in the citadel of Athens.