regina

la-noun

rēgīna f (genitive rēgīnae, masculine rēx); first declension

rēgīna (canonical feminine)
rēgīnae (genitive)
rēx (masculine)
rēgīna (nominative singular)
rēgīnae (nominative plural)
rēgīnae (genitive singular)
rēgīnārum (genitive plural)
rēgīnae (dative singular)
rēgīnīs (dative plural)
rēgīnam (accusative singular)
rēgīnās (accusative plural)
rēgīnā (ablative singular)
rēgīnīs (ablative plural)
rēgīna (singular vocative)
rēgīnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: reina

Franco-Provençal: rêna

Friulian: reìne

Italian: regina
→ Maltese: reġina

Neapolitan: riggina

desctree

Old French: royne
French: reine
Norman: royne, ranne, reine
Walloon: royinne
→ Old East Slavic: ръ́ина (rŷ́ina)

Old Galician-Portuguese: reinha, reỹa, reynna, reýña, reyña, rreýña, rreyña, rainha, raynna, raỹa, rayña
Galician: raíña
Portuguese: rainha

Old Occitan: reina
Occitan: reina

Old Spanish: reyna
Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: regina, rigegna, raïna

Sardinian: reina, arreina

desc

Sicilian: rijina (obsolete), riggina (influenced by Italian)

Venetan: rexina

Walloon: royinne

→ Basque: erregina

→ English: Regina, regina

→ Interlingua: regina

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: regina

→ Romanian: regină

→ Translingual: Regina

Inherited from Proto-Italic *rēgīnā, see there for more. A feminine counterpart to rēx, rēgis (“king”).


rex

la-noun

rēx m (genitive rēgis, feminine rēgīna); third declension

rēx (canonical masculine)
rēgis (genitive)
rēgīna (feminine)
rēx (nominative singular)
rēgēs (nominative plural)
rēgis (genitive singular)
rēgum (genitive plural)
rēgī (dative singular)
rēgibus (dative plural)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgēs (accusative plural)
rēge (ablative singular)
rēgibus (ablative plural)
rēx (singular vocative)
rēgēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: rè

Italian: re
→ Maltese: re

Neapolitan: rré

Sicilian: re, reji

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rà

Old Lombard: rex

Lombard: rè, re

Piedmontese: rèj

Friulian: re

Ladin: re

Ligurian: re

Romansch: retg, raig, rai

Venetan: re

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rê

desctree

Old French: roi, rex, rei, rai, roy
Middle French: roy
French: roi, roy (obsolete) (pre-1800)
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa
Norman:
Continental Normandy: rai, ré, rey
Guernsey: ré, roué
Jersey: rouai
Sark: rwe
Walloon: roy, rwè
→ Middle English: roy, roye
English: roy

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: rei, rey

Catalan: rei

Old Occitan: rei
Occitan: rei, rèi

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: rei, rey

Aragonese: rei

Old Leonese: rei, rey, re

Asturian: rei, reye

Leonese: rei

Mirandese: rei

Old Galician-Portuguese: rei
Fala: rei
Galician: rei
Portuguese: rei (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rey
Ladino: rey
Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: re, rei

→ Albanian: regj

→ Basque: errege

→ English: rex, Rex

→ Esperanto: reĝo

→ Koine Greek: ῥήξ (rhḗx)

→ Greek: ρήγας (rígas)

→ Albanian: rig

→ Romanian: rigă

→ Ido: rejo

→ Interlingua: rege

→ Italian: rege

→ Romanian: rege

→? Sicilian: reghi

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Balaeniceps rex, Tyrannosaurus rex

→ Volapük: reg

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
From Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”).

etymon

rēx


eques

la-noun

eques m (genitive equitis); third declension

equitis (genitive)
eques (nominative singular)
equitēs (nominative plural)
equitis (genitive singular)
equitum (genitive plural)
equitī (dative singular)
equitibus (dative plural)
equitem (accusative singular)
equitēs (accusative plural)
equite (ablative singular)
equitibus (ablative plural)
eques (singular vocative)
equitēs (plural vocative)

From equus (“horse”) + -es (“-faring”). Compare pedes, mīles for similar formations.


miles

mīles m or f (genitive mīlitis); third declension

mīles (canonical feminine masculine)
mīlitis (genitive)
mīles (nominative singular)
mīlitēs (nominative plural)
mīlitis (genitive singular)
mīlitum (genitive plural)
mīlitī (dative singular)
mīlitibus (dative plural)
mīlitem (accusative singular)
mīlitēs (accusative plural)
mīlite (ablative singular)
mīlitibus (ablative plural)
mīles (singular vocative)
mīlitēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: milite

→ Piedmontese: mìlit

→ Portuguese: mílite

Romanian: mire (uncertain)

→ Spanish: mílite

→ Welsh: milwr

Unknown. Possibly of Etruscan origin. The suffix seems similar to that of pedes, eques, veles, comes, but the origin of mīl- is opaque. A connection to mīlia (“thousands”), perhaps as "person going by the thousand(s)", is difficult to confidently motivate semantically.

A man in boardgames such as ludus latrunculi and chess.


pedes

pedes m (genitive peditis); third declension

peditis (genitive)
pedes (nominative singular)
peditēs (nominative plural)
peditis (genitive singular)
peditum (genitive plural)
peditī (dative singular)
peditibus (dative plural)
peditem (accusative singular)
peditēs (accusative plural)
pedite (ablative singular)
peditibus (ablative plural)
pedes (singular vocative)
peditēs (plural vocative)

From pēs (“foot”) + -es (“-faring”), from eō (“I fare, go”). Compare āles, eques, caeles.


turris

turris f (genitive turris); third declension

turris (genitive)
turris (nominative singular)
turrēs (nominative plural)
turris (genitive singular)
turrium (genitive plural)
turrī (dative singular)
turribus (dative plural)
turrim (accusative singular)
turrem (accusative singular)
turrēs (accusative plural)
turrīs (accusative plural)
turrī (ablative singular)
turre (ablative singular)
turribus (ablative plural)
turris (singular vocative)
turrēs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: turon

Romanian: turn

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: tårr

Lombard: torr [tor, tur]

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: torre

Sicilian: turri

→ Maltese: torri

Old French: tor (see there for further descendants)

Middle French: tour

French: tour (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: tour

Old Occitan: torre
Occitan: torre

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: tor, tur, tuor

Venetan: tor, tore

West Iberian

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: torre

Old Leonese:

Asturian: torre

Old Galician-Portuguese: torre

Galician: torre

Portuguese: torre (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: torre

Spanish: torre (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: tor

Old Welsh: *tor

Welsh: tŵr

Old Irish:

Irish: tor

→ Old English: tor, torr

Middle English: tor

English: tor, tower

→ Albanian: turrë

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis) (Hesychius), τύρσις (túrsis), likely ultimately a Mediterranean substrate loan. Compare Τυρρηνός (Turrhēnós, “Etruscan”). Also compare the tribe Taurini.


scacci

scaccī m pl (genitive scaccōrum); second declension

scaccī (canonical masculine plural)
scaccōrum (genitive)
scaccī (nominative plural)
scaccōrum (genitive plural)
scaccīs (dative plural)
scaccōs (accusative plural)
scaccīs (ablative plural)
scaccī (plural vocative)

From Arabic شَاه (šāh, “king [in chess]”), from Classical Persian شاه (šāh, “shah”).


sagittifer

sagittifer m (genitive sagittiferī); second declension

sagittiferī (genitive)
sagittifer (nominative singular)
sagittiferī (nominative plural)
sagittiferī (genitive singular)
sagittiferōrum (genitive plural)
sagittiferō (dative singular)
sagittiferīs (dative plural)
sagittiferum (accusative singular)
sagittiferōs (accusative plural)
sagittiferō (ablative singular)
sagittiferīs (ablative plural)
sagittifer (singular vocative)
sagittiferī (plural vocative)

[s̠äˈɡɪt̪ːɪfɛr]

From sagitta (“arrow”) + -fer (“-carrying”).


scaccus

[ˈs̠käkːʊs̠]


latrunculus

latrunculus m (genitive latrunculī); second declension

latrunculī (genitive)
latrunculus (nominative singular)
latrunculī (nominative plural)
latrunculī (genitive singular)
latrunculōrum (genitive plural)
latrunculō (dative singular)
latrunculīs (dative plural)
latrunculum (accusative singular)
latrunculōs (accusative plural)
latrunculō (ablative singular)
latrunculīs (ablative plural)
latruncule (singular vocative)
latrunculī (plural vocative)

[ɫ̪äˈt̪rʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

[ɫ̪ät̪ˈrʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From latrō, latrōnis (“thief”) + -culus.

a man in the Ancient Roman boardgame of ludus latrunculorum, extended to pieces in other games such as chess and draughts.


ludus latrunculorum

lūdus latrunculōrum m (genitive lūdī latrunculōrum); second declension

lūdus latrunculōrum (canonical masculine)
lūdī latrunculōrum (genitive)
lūdus latrunculōrum (nominative singular)
lūdī latrunculōrum (nominative plural)
lūdī latrunculōrum (genitive singular)
lūdōrum latrunculōrum (genitive plural)
lūdō latrunculōrum (dative singular)
lūdīs latrunculōrum (dative plural)
lūdum latrunculōrum (accusative singular)
lūdōs latrunculōrum (accusative plural)
lūdō latrunculōrum (ablative singular)
lūdīs latrunculōrum (ablative plural)
lūde latrunculōrum (singular vocative)
lūdī latrunculōrum (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪uːd̪ʊs̠ ɫ̪ät̪rʊŋkʊˈɫ̪oːrʊ̃ˑ]

(Classical Latin, Late Latin) game of the latrunculi (ancient board game somewhat similar to chess)


regina regit colorem

[reːˈɡiːnä ˈrɛɡɪt̪ kɔˈɫ̪oːrɛ̃ˑ]

Literally, “The Queen rules [her own] colour”, or more loosely translated as “the Queen takes her own colour”. From the fact that, in chess, the white Queen always starts the game on the white file d1, and black Queen starts on the black file d8.

lit

(chess) the Queen in chess, always starts on the colour of its own.