ver

la-noun

vēr n (genitive vēris); third declension

vēr (canonical neuter)
vēris (genitive)
vēr (nominative singular)
vēra (nominative plural)
vēris (genitive singular)
vērum (genitive plural)
vērī (dative singular)
vēribus (dative plural)
vēr (accusative singular)
vēra (accusative plural)
vēre (ablative singular)
vēribus (ablative plural)
vēr (singular vocative)
vēra (plural vocative)

Old Catalan: ver

Vulgar Latin: *vēra, *vērānum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *wezor (stem *wezn-), from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”). The original Italic form gave *veror, genitive *vēnis, with -s- lost before -n- with lengthening of the preceding vowel, as is usual in Latin. The -n- of the genitive stem was then replaced by the -r- of the nominative, and the genitive stem was then extended back to the nominative.
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Old Norse vár, Lithuanian vasara, Sanskrit वसर् (vasar, “morning”) and वसन्त (vasantá, “spring”), Persian بهار (bahâr, “spring”), Old Armenian գարուն (garun), and Russian весна́ (vesná).

Iam vēr ēgelidōs refert tepōrēs,
iam caelī furor aequinoctiālis
iūcundīs Zephyrī silēscit aurīs.
Linquantur Phrygiī, Catulle, campī
Nīcaeaeque ager ūber aestuōsae:
ad clārās Asiae volēmus urbēs.
Iam mēns praetrepidāns avet vagārī,
iam laetī studiō pedēs vigēscunt.
Ō dulcēs comitum valēte coetūs,
longē quōs simul ā domō profectōs

c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 46

Translation by Wikisource
Now spring brings back the thawed-out warmth,
now the raging of the equinoctial sky
subsides with the sweet breezes of Zephyr.
Let the Phrygian plains be left behind, Catullus,
and the rich land of sweltering Nicaea:
let us fly away to the famed cities of Asia.
Now my fluttering soul yearns to wander;
now my joyful feet come alive with eagerness.
Farewell, dear bands of fellow travellers,
whom, having left home at the same time,
split paths carry home by different routes.

Vēr novum, vēr iam canōrum, vēre nātus orbis est.

c. 4th century, Tiberianus, Pervigilium Veneris 2

The spring is new, the spring is now melodious, in the spring was the world created.


hiems

hiems f (genitive hiemis); third declension

hiemis (genitive)
hiems (nominative singular)
hiemēs (nominative plural)
hiemis (genitive singular)
hiemum (genitive plural)
hiemī (dative singular)
hiemibus (dative plural)
hiemem (accusative singular)
hiemēs (accusative plural)
hieme (ablative singular)
hiemibus (ablative plural)
hiems (singular vocative)
hiemēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *hiem-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm or similar.
Cognate with Ancient Greek χιών (khiṓn, “snow”), χεῖμα (kheîma, “snow”), χειμών (kheimṓn, “snow”), Persian زمستان (zemestân), Albanian dimër, Welsh gaeaf, Sanskrit हिम (himá), Hittite 𒄀𒈠𒀭 (gi-ma-an /giman/), Armenian ձմեռ (jmeṙ), and Proto-Slavic *zima.

hiemps

usual but advised against by analogist grammarians

quid, quod hiems adoperta gelū tunc dēnique cēdit, et pereunt lāpsae sōle tepente nivēs

What of the fact that then frost-covered winter finally gives way, and the snows perish, melted in the warming sun; …. (trans. Anne and Peter Wiseman, 2011)


aestas

aestās f (genitive aestātis); third declension

aestās (canonical feminine)
aestātis (genitive)
aestās (nominative singular)
aestātēs (nominative plural)
aestātis (genitive singular)
aestātum (genitive plural)
aestātī (dative singular)
aestātibus (dative plural)
aestātem (accusative singular)
aestātēs (accusative plural)
aestāte (ablative singular)
aestātibus (ablative plural)
aestās (singular vocative)
aestātēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

instuat

Italo-Romance:

desc

Italian: estate (learned), istate, state

Sicilian: astati

North Italian:

Friulian: istât, instât

Romansch: stad, sted

Venetan: istà

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: estet, ested, esté

French: été

Walloon: esté

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: estat

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Logudorese: istade

Campidanese: stadi

[ˈäe̯s̠t̪äːs̠]

From Proto-Italic *aissāts, with the suffix -tāt-s restored via analogy. The root is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“burn; fire”), and has cognates in Latin aestus, perhaps aedis, Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō)), Old English ād (“pyre”). The noun suffix is from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts.
De Vaan criticizes a prevalent simple etymology from *h₂e-h₂idʰ-teh₂t-s (with an i-reduplicated root) as unfounded, also observing -dʰt- becomes -ss- in Latin rather than -st-, preferring instead *h₂eydʰ-teh₂ts > Proto-Italic *aissāt-s, which then had the suffix -t- consonant restored.


tempus

la-noun

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension

temporis (genitive)
tempus (nominative singular)
tempora (nominative plural)
temporis (genitive singular)
temporum (genitive plural)
temporī (dative singular)
temporibus (dative plural)
tempus (accusative singular)
tempora (accusative plural)
tempore (ablative singular)
temporibus (ablative plural)
tempus (singular vocative)
tempora (plural vocative)
temporī (locative singular)
tempore (locative singular)
temporibus (locative plural)

Eastern Romance

Megleno-Romanian: timp

Romanian: timp

Franco-Provençal: temps

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: tempo

Lombard: temp

Piedmontese: temp

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: tempu

Dalmatian: tiamp

Istriot: tenpo

Italian: tempo (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: tiempo

Sicilian: tempu

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: timp

Ladin: tëmp

Romansch: temp, taimp, tains

Occitano-Romance

Old Catalan: temps

Catalan: temps

desctree

Old Occitan: tems
Occitan: tèms, tems, temps

Oïl

Old French: temps (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: tenpo, tènp

West Iberian

Asturian: tiempu

Old Galician-Portuguese: tempo

Galician: tempo

Portuguese: tempo

Spanish: tiempo

Borrowings

→ Finnish: tempus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tempus

→ Russian: темп (temp)

→ Sardinian: tempus

→ Swedish: tempus

→ Middle Welsh: tymhor

Welsh: tymor

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tempula, *templa

Catalan: templa

Italian: tempia

Old French: temple
French: tempe
→ Middle English: temple
English: temple

Romanian: tâmplă

⇒ Asturian: tenllera

⇒ Galician: tempas

→ Basque: denbora

→ Italian: tempora

→ Portuguese: têmpora

→ Sicilian: tèmpura

→ Spanish: témpora

From Proto-Italic *tempos. Two ultimate roots/origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
* From Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō); compare the etymology of English time. templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots.
Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaírĭă, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. Compare Old English þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).
As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

cog

ad/in tempus

tempus diurnum

sed fvgit intereā fvgit inreparābile tempvs

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III.284

But it flees, meanwhile, it flees... irretrievable time.

Cur anni tempora morbos adportant?

c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 5.220

Why do the seasons of the year bring maladies?

(literally):
a time (a portion or period of time)

per īdem tempus annōrum novem, ab ūndēvīcēnsimō annō aetātis meae ūsque ad duodētrīcēnsimum, sēdūcēbāmur et sēdūcēbāmus

397 CE – 401 CE, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, Confessions 4

During this period of nine years, from my nineteenth year to my twenty-eighth, I went astray and led others astray.

(especially) an interval, period (the time intervening between two events)

in tempore

ad tempus venīre

ante tempus

too soon (literally, “before the right time”)

(in particular) the kairos, right time, due season, due time, proper time, appointed time, opportune time, opportunity

(poetry, rhetoric) time; measure, quantity

(grammar) a tense (property of a verb that indicates the point in time at which an action or state of being occurs)


hiberno

la-verb

hībernō (present infinitive hībernāre, perfect active hībernāvī, supine hībernātum); first conjugation

hībernō (canonical)
hībernāre (infinitive present)
hībernāvī (active perfect)
hībernātum (supine)
hībernō (active first-person indicative present singular)
hībernās (active indicative present second-person singular)
hībernat (active indicative present singular third-person)
hībernāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
hībernātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
hībernant (active indicative plural present third-person)
hībernābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
hībernābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
hībernābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
hībernābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
hībernābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
hībernābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
hībernābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
hībernābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
hībernābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
hībernābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
hībernābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
hībernābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
hībernāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
hībernāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
hībernāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
hībernāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
hībernāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
hībernāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
hībernāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
hībernāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
hībernāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
hībernāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
hībernāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
hībernāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
hībernāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
hībernāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
hībernāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
hībernāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
hībernāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
hībernāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
hībernāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
hībernor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
hībernāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
hībernāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
hībernātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
hībernāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
hībernāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
hībernantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
hībernābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
hībernābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
hībernābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
hībernābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
hībernābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
hībernābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
hībernābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
hībernābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
hībernāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
hībernābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
hībernābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
hībernābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
hībernābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
hībernābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
hībernem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
hībernēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
hībernētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
hībernent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
hībernārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
hībernārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
hībernārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hībernārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hībernāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
hībernāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
hībernāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hībernāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hībernāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hībernāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hībernāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hībernāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hīberner (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
hībernēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
hībernēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
hībernentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
hībernārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
hībernārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hībernārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hībernārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
hībernārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hībernārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hībernā (active imperative present second-person singular)
hībernāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
hībernātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
hībernātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
hībernātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
hībernantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
hībernāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
hībernāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
hībernātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
hībernātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
hībernantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
hībernāre (active infinitive present)
hībernāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
hībernātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
hībernārī (infinitive passive present)
hībernātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
hībernātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
hībernāns (active participle present)
hībernātūrus (active future participle)
hībernātus (participle passive perfect)
hībernandus (future participle passive)
hībernandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
hībernandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
hībernandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
hībernandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
hībernātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
hībernātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

desc

Aromanian: arnedz, irnedz, arnari, irnari

Catalan: hibernar, hivernar

English: hibernate, hivernate

French: hiberner, hiverner

Friulian: ibernâ

Italian: ibernare, invernare

Occitan: ivernar

Portuguese: hibernar, invernar

Romanian: hiberna, hibernare, ierna, iernare

Sardinian: iberrare, ierrare, iverrare

Sicilian: nvernari

Spanish: hibernar, invernar

Venetan: invernar

(military) to keep to a winter encampment


hibernus

la-adj

hībernus (feminine hīberna, neuter hībernum); first/second-declension adjective

hībernus (canonical)
hīberna (feminine)
hībernum (neuter)
hībernus (masculine nominative singular)
hīberna (feminine nominative singular)
hībernum (neuter nominative singular)
hībernī (masculine nominative plural)
hībernae (feminine nominative plural)
hīberna (neuter nominative plural)
hībernī (genitive masculine singular)
hībernae (feminine genitive singular)
hībernī (genitive neuter singular)
hībernōrum (genitive masculine plural)
hībernārum (feminine genitive plural)
hībernōrum (genitive neuter plural)
hībernō (dative masculine singular)
hībernae (dative feminine singular)
hībernō (dative neuter singular)
hībernīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
hībernum (accusative masculine singular)
hībernam (accusative feminine singular)
hībernum (accusative neuter singular)
hībernōs (accusative masculine plural)
hībernās (accusative feminine plural)
hīberna (accusative neuter plural)
hībernō (ablative masculine singular)
hībernā (ablative feminine singular)
hībernō (ablative neuter singular)
hībernīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
hīberne (masculine singular vocative)
hīberna (feminine singular vocative)
hībernum (neuter singular vocative)
hībernī (masculine plural vocative)
hībernae (feminine plural vocative)
hīberna (neuter plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *heimrinos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey-m-r-ino-s, from *ǵʰey-. Cognate with Ancient Greek χειμερινός (kheimerinós) and related to Latin hiems.


hibernaculum

la-noun

hībernāculum n (genitive hībernāculī); second declension

hībernāculum (canonical neuter)
hībernāculī (genitive)
hībernāculum (nominative singular)
hībernācula (nominative plural)
hībernāculī (genitive singular)
hībernāculōrum (genitive plural)
hībernāculō (dative singular)
hībernāculīs (dative plural)
hībernāculum (accusative singular)
hībernācula (accusative plural)
hībernāculō (ablative singular)
hībernāculīs (ablative plural)
hībernāculum (singular vocative)
hībernācula (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: hivernacle

→ English: hibernacle, hibernaculum

French: hivernail

[hiːbɛrˈnäːkʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From hībernō (“spend the winter”) + -culum.


hibernalis

la-adj

hībernālis (neuter hībernāle); third-declension two-termination adjective

hībernālis (canonical)
hībernāle (neuter)
hībernālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
hībernāle (neuter nominative singular)
hībernālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
hībernālia (neuter nominative plural)
hībernālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
hībernālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
hībernālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
hībernālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
hībernālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
hībernāle (accusative neuter singular)
hībernālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
hībernālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
hībernālia (accusative neuter plural)
hībernālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
hībernālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
hībernālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
hībernāle (neuter singular vocative)
hībernālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
hībernālia (neuter plural vocative)

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: mërrajë

Moden borrowings:

→ Catalan: hivernal

→ English: hibernal

→ French: hivernal

→ Italian: invernale

→ Portuguese: hibernal

→ Spanish: hibernal


hibernum

la-noun

hībernum n (genitive hībernī); second declension

hībernum (canonical neuter)
hībernī (genitive)
hībernum (nominative singular)
hīberna (nominative plural)
hībernī (genitive singular)
hībernōrum (genitive plural)
hībernō (dative singular)
hībernīs (dative plural)
hībernum (accusative singular)
hīberna (accusative plural)
hībernō (ablative singular)
hībernīs (ablative plural)
hībernum (singular vocative)
hīberna (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: earnã

Romanian: iarnă

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: vierno

Sicilian: vernu, viernu

North Italian:

Old Ligurian: iverno, uverno

Romansch: /iˈviə̯rn/

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: hivern

Franco-Provençal: hivèrn

Old French: hyvier, yver, iver

Middle French: hyver

French: hiver

Norman: hivé

Walloon: ivier

Old Occitan: ivern

Occitan: ivèrn

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: ibierno

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: iviernu

Leonese: hibiernu

Extremaduran: ivierno

Mirandese: ambierno

Old Galician-Portuguese: iverno

Galician: iverno

Old Spanish: yvierno

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: ierru

Logudorese: jerru, ierru

Nuorese: iberru, ivverru

Dalmatian:

inviarno

Italo-Romance:

Italian: inverno

Sassarese: inverru

desc

Sicilian: mmernu, invernu, mmiernu, nvernu, nvèrnu

North Italian:

Emilian: imvèran

Friulian: unviêr

Piedmontese: invern, amvern

Romansch: enviern, umviarn

Venetan: inverno

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: invern

Franco-Provençal: /œ̃vɛr/ (Pays-d'Enhaut), /invɛr/ (Valprato Soana)

Lorrain: invié, enviè

Old Occitan: invern

Vivaro-Alpine: umvèrn (Pietraporzio)

Ibero-Romance:

Mirandese: ambierno

Old Galician-Portuguese: inverno

Fala: invernu, invelnu, envernu

Galician: inverno

Portuguese: inverno

Old Spanish: ynvierno

Spanish: invierno

Ellipsis of hībernum tempus (“winter-time”). Came to replace hiems (“winter”) in the development from Latin to Romance.


narta

la-noun

narta f (genitive nartae); first declension

nartae (genitive)
narta (nominative singular)
nartae (nominative plural)
nartae (genitive singular)
nartārum (genitive plural)
nartae (dative singular)
nartīs (dative plural)
nartam (accusative singular)
nartās (accusative plural)
nartā (ablative singular)
nartīs (ablative plural)
narta (singular vocative)
nartae (plural vocative)

(New Latin, skiing) ski (one of a pair of long flat runners designed for gliding over snow or water)


autumnus

la-adj

autumnus (feminine autumna, neuter autumnum); first/second-declension adjective

autumna (feminine)
autumnum (neuter)
autumnus (masculine nominative singular)
autumna (feminine nominative singular)
autumnum (neuter nominative singular)
autumnī (masculine nominative plural)
autumnae (feminine nominative plural)
autumna (neuter nominative plural)
autumnī (genitive masculine singular)
autumnae (feminine genitive singular)
autumnī (genitive neuter singular)
autumnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
autumnārum (feminine genitive plural)
autumnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
autumnō (dative masculine singular)
autumnae (dative feminine singular)
autumnō (dative neuter singular)
autumnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
autumnum (accusative masculine singular)
autumnam (accusative feminine singular)
autumnum (accusative neuter singular)
autumnōs (accusative masculine plural)
autumnās (accusative feminine plural)
autumna (accusative neuter plural)
autumnō (ablative masculine singular)
autumnā (ablative feminine singular)
autumnō (ablative neuter singular)
autumnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
autumne (masculine singular vocative)
autumna (feminine singular vocative)
autumnum (neuter singular vocative)
autumnī (masculine plural vocative)
autumnae (feminine plural vocative)
autumna (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: toamnã, tomne

Istro-Romanian: tomne

Megleno-Romanian: toamnă

Romanian: toamnă

Dalmatian:

autun

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: autunnu, autorniu

Italian: autunno

Neapolitan: autúnno

Sicilian: autunnu, otunnu

North Italian:

Emilian: avtûn

Ligurian: autunno, autünu

Lombard: autün

desc

Piedmontese: auton, oton, otont, autun, autugn, oteugn, otugn

Venetan: utuno, otuno

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: autun, atom

Ladin: altonn, utõn

Romansch: atun, utuon

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: automne, autonne

French: automne

Walloon: ôtone

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: autumne (literary, see tardor)

Occitan: auton, autona; automne (Lengadocian)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: otoñu

Galician: outono

Portuguese: outono

Spanish: otoño

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: atonnu, atognu, atongiu, atonzu

Borrowings:

→ English: autumn

→ Etruscan: 𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌍𐌄 (atune)

[äu̯ˈt̪ʊmnʊs̠]

From earlier auctumnus, of unclear ultimate origin:
* From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewǵ- (“cold”) (compare Old Irish úacht, Lithuanian áušti (“to cool off”), Old Armenian ոյծ (oyc)).
* Borrowed from an Etruscan word, like Etruscan 𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌍𐌄 (atune, “autumn”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“dry”), as in "drying up season."
Possibly influenced by auctus (“enriched, enlarged, ample”).


aestivus

la-adj

aestīvus (feminine aestīva, neuter aestīvum); first/second-declension adjective

aestīvus (canonical)
aestīva (feminine)
aestīvum (neuter)
aestīvus (masculine nominative singular)
aestīva (feminine nominative singular)
aestīvum (neuter nominative singular)
aestīvī (masculine nominative plural)
aestīvae (feminine nominative plural)
aestīva (neuter nominative plural)
aestīvī (genitive masculine singular)
aestīvae (feminine genitive singular)
aestīvī (genitive neuter singular)
aestīvōrum (genitive masculine plural)
aestīvārum (feminine genitive plural)
aestīvōrum (genitive neuter plural)
aestīvō (dative masculine singular)
aestīvae (dative feminine singular)
aestīvō (dative neuter singular)
aestīvīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
aestīvum (accusative masculine singular)
aestīvam (accusative feminine singular)
aestīvum (accusative neuter singular)
aestīvōs (accusative masculine plural)
aestīvās (accusative feminine plural)
aestīva (accusative neuter plural)
aestīvō (ablative masculine singular)
aestīvā (ablative feminine singular)
aestīvō (ablative neuter singular)
aestīvīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
aestīve (masculine singular vocative)
aestīva (feminine singular vocative)
aestīvum (neuter singular vocative)
aestīvī (masculine plural vocative)
aestīvae (feminine plural vocative)
aestīva (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: aestive

→ Italian: estivo

→ Piedmontese: estiv

→ Portuguese: estivo

[äe̯s̠ˈt̪iːu̯ʊs̠]


auctumnus

auctumnus (feminine auctumna, neuter auctumnum); first/second-declension adjective

auctumna (feminine)
auctumnum (neuter)
auctumnus (masculine nominative singular)
auctumna (feminine nominative singular)
auctumnum (neuter nominative singular)
auctumnī (masculine nominative plural)
auctumnae (feminine nominative plural)
auctumna (neuter nominative plural)
auctumnī (genitive masculine singular)
auctumnae (feminine genitive singular)
auctumnī (genitive neuter singular)
auctumnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
auctumnārum (feminine genitive plural)
auctumnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
auctumnō (dative masculine singular)
auctumnae (dative feminine singular)
auctumnō (dative neuter singular)
auctumnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
auctumnum (accusative masculine singular)
auctumnam (accusative feminine singular)
auctumnum (accusative neuter singular)
auctumnōs (accusative masculine plural)
auctumnās (accusative feminine plural)
auctumna (accusative neuter plural)
auctumnō (ablative masculine singular)
auctumnā (ablative feminine singular)
auctumnō (ablative neuter singular)
auctumnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
auctumne (masculine singular vocative)
auctumna (feminine singular vocative)
auctumnum (neuter singular vocative)
auctumnī (masculine plural vocative)
auctumnae (feminine plural vocative)
auctumna (neuter plural vocative)


brumalis

brūmālis (neuter brūmāle); third-declension two-termination adjective

brūmālis (canonical)
brūmāle (neuter)
brūmālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
brūmāle (neuter nominative singular)
brūmālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
brūmālia (neuter nominative plural)
brūmālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
brūmālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
brūmālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
brūmālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
brūmālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
brūmāle (accusative neuter singular)
brūmālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
brūmālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
brūmālia (accusative neuter plural)
brūmālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
brūmālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
brūmālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
brūmāle (neuter singular vocative)
brūmālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
brūmālia (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: brumal

Italian: brumale


auctumnalis

auctumnālis (neuter auctumnāle); third-declension two-termination adjective

auctumnālis (canonical)
auctumnāle (neuter)
auctumnālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
auctumnāle (neuter nominative singular)
auctumnālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
auctumnālia (neuter nominative plural)
auctumnālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
auctumnālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
auctumnālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
auctumnālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
auctumnālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
auctumnāle (accusative neuter singular)
auctumnālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
auctumnālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
auctumnālia (accusative neuter plural)
auctumnālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
auctumnālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
auctumnālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
auctumnāle (neuter singular vocative)
auctumnālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
auctumnālia (neuter plural vocative)

[äu̯kt̪ʊmˈnäːlʲɪs̠]


hiemps

la-noun

hiemps f (genitive hiemis); third declension

hiemis (genitive)
hiemps (nominative singular)
hiemēs (nominative plural)
hiemis (genitive singular)
hiemum (genitive plural)
hiemī (dative singular)
hiemibus (dative plural)
hiemem (accusative singular)
hiemēs (accusative plural)
hieme (ablative singular)
hiemibus (ablative plural)
hiemps (singular vocative)
hiemēs (plural vocative)


vernus

la-adj

vē̆rnus (feminine vē̆rna, neuter vē̆rnum); first/second-declension adjective

vē̆rnus (canonical)
vē̆rna (feminine)
vē̆rnum (neuter)
vē̆rnus (masculine nominative singular)
vē̆rna (feminine nominative singular)
vē̆rnum (neuter nominative singular)
vē̆rnī (masculine nominative plural)
vē̆rnae (feminine nominative plural)
vē̆rna (neuter nominative plural)
vē̆rnī (genitive masculine singular)
vē̆rnae (feminine genitive singular)
vē̆rnī (genitive neuter singular)
vē̆rnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
vē̆rnārum (feminine genitive plural)
vē̆rnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
vē̆rnō (dative masculine singular)
vē̆rnae (dative feminine singular)
vē̆rnō (dative neuter singular)
vē̆rnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
vē̆rnum (accusative masculine singular)
vē̆rnam (accusative feminine singular)
vē̆rnum (accusative neuter singular)
vē̆rnōs (accusative masculine plural)
vē̆rnās (accusative feminine plural)
vē̆rna (accusative neuter plural)
vē̆rnō (ablative masculine singular)
vē̆rnā (ablative feminine singular)
vē̆rnō (ablative neuter singular)
vē̆rnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
vē̆rne (masculine singular vocative)
vē̆rna (feminine singular vocative)
vē̆rnum (neuter singular vocative)
vē̆rnī (masculine plural vocative)
vē̆rnae (feminine plural vocative)
vē̆rna (neuter plural vocative)

Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ "spring" (also reconstructed alternatively as *wésr̥ or *wḗsr̥), the root of Latin vēr "spring". The details of the derivation differ between sources. Vernus could be the reflex of a deadverbial adjective in -*no- built on a locative form of the *wósr̥/*wésr̥/*wḗsr̥ noun. Piotr Gąsiorowski (2012) presents the following derivation from the PIE locative stem *wesri where the final Latin form vernus results from haplology or syncope of *er: *wesri-no- > *wezr̥₂no- > *wererno- > vernus. In the case of a locative formation, vernus could instead come from a form vēri-no (with syncope of *i) (Alan Nussbaum, cited in de Vaan, 2008). As an alternative to the locative derivation, de Vaan suggests that the word could come from *wesinos (with rhotacism of *s and syncope of *i). By surface analysis, vēr + -nus.


hiemalis

hiemālis (neuter hiemāle); third-declension two-termination adjective

hiemālis (canonical)
hiemāle (neuter)
hiemālis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
hiemāle (neuter nominative singular)
hiemālēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
hiemālia (neuter nominative plural)
hiemālis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
hiemālium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
hiemālī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
hiemālibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
hiemālem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
hiemāle (accusative neuter singular)
hiemālēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
hiemālīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
hiemālia (accusative neuter plural)
hiemālī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
hiemālibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
hiemālis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
hiemāle (neuter singular vocative)
hiemālēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
hiemālia (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: hiemal

→ French: hiémal

→ Italian: iemale

→ Portuguese: hiemal

→ Spanish: hiemal

[hiɛˈmäːlʲɪs̠]


vernatio

la-noun

vernātiō f (genitive vernātiōnis); third declension

vernātiō (canonical feminine)
vernātiōnis (genitive)
vernātiō (nominative singular)
vernātiōnēs (nominative plural)
vernātiōnis (genitive singular)
vernātiōnum (genitive plural)
vernātiōnī (dative singular)
vernātiōnibus (dative plural)
vernātiōnem (accusative singular)
vernātiōnēs (accusative plural)
vernātiōne (ablative singular)
vernātiōnibus (ablative plural)
vernātiō (singular vocative)
vernātiōnēs (plural vocative)

English: vernation

French: vernation

From vernāre (“to be verdant, to flourish”) + -tiō (“-tion: forming abstract nouns”), from vernus (“springlike”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥.

suffix

sloughing, the shedding of old skin by snakes


narto

la-verb

nartō (present infinitive nartāre, perfect active nartāvī, supine nartātum); first conjugation

nartō (canonical)
nartāre (infinitive present)
nartāvī (active perfect)
nartātum (supine)
nartō (active first-person indicative present singular)
nartās (active indicative present second-person singular)
nartat (active indicative present singular third-person)
nartāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
nartātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
nartant (active indicative plural present third-person)
nartābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
nartābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
nartābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
nartābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
nartābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
nartābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
nartābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
nartābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
nartābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
nartābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
nartābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
nartābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
nartāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
nartāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
nartāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
nartāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
nartāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
nartāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
nartāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
nartāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
nartāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
nartāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
nartāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
nartāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
nartāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
nartāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
nartāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
nartāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
nartāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
nartāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
nartāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
nartor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
nartāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
nartāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
nartātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
nartāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
nartāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
nartantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
nartābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
nartābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
nartābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
nartābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
nartābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
nartābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
nartābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
nartābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
nartāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
nartābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
nartābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
nartābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
nartābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
nartābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
nartem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
nartēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
nartet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
nartēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
nartētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
nartent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
nartārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
nartārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
nartāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
nartārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
nartārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
nartārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
nartāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
nartāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
nartāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
nartāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
nartāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
nartāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
nartāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
nartāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
nartāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
nartāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
nartāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
nartāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
narter (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
nartēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
nartēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
nartētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
nartēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
nartēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
nartentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
nartārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
nartārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nartārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nartārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nartārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
nartārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nartārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nartā (active imperative present second-person singular)
nartāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
nartātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
nartātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
nartātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
nartantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
nartāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
nartāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
nartātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
nartātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
nartantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
nartāre (active infinitive present)
nartāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
nartātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
nartārī (infinitive passive present)
nartātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
nartātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
nartāns (active participle present)
nartātūrus (active future participle)
nartātus (participle passive perfect)
nartandus (future participle passive)
nartandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
nartandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
nartandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
nartandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
nartātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
nartātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)


calefactorium

la-noun

calefactorium n (genitive calefactoriī or calefactorī); second declension

calefactoriī (genitive)
calefactorī (genitive)
calefactorium (nominative singular)
calefactoria (nominative plural)
calefactoriī (genitive singular)
calefactorī (genitive singular)
calefactoriōrum (genitive plural)
calefactoriō (dative singular)
calefactoriīs (dative plural)
calefactorium (accusative singular)
calefactoria (accusative plural)
calefactoriō (ablative singular)
calefactoriīs (ablative plural)
calefactorium (singular vocative)
calefactoria (plural vocative)

Catalan: calefactori

Dutch: calefactorium

English: calefactory

French: caléfactoire

German: Kalefaktorium

Italian: calefattorio

Spanish: calefactorio

Swedish: calefactorium

[käɫ̪ɛfäkˈt̪ɔriʊ̃ˑ]