species

la-noun

speciēs f (genitive speciēī); fifth declension

speciēs (canonical feminine)
speciēī (genitive)
speciēs (nominative singular)
speciēs (nominative plural)
speciēī (genitive singular)
fōrmārum (genitive plural)
speciēī (dative singular)
fōrmīs (dative plural)
speciem (accusative singular)
speciēs (accusative plural)
speciē (ablative singular)
fōrmīs (ablative plural)
speciēs (singular vocative)
speciēs (plural vocative)
speciēs (nominative singular)
speciēs (nominative plural)
speciēī (genitive singular)
speciērum (genitive plural)
speciēī (dative singular)
speciēbus (dative plural)
speciem (accusative singular)
speciēs (accusative plural)
speciē (ablative singular)
speciēbus (ablative plural)
speciēs (singular vocative)
speciēs (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

In Classical Latin including that of Cicero, inflections of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">fōrma</i> are used to substitute for the genitive plural and dative and ablative plural.

Catalan: espècie

English: species, spice

French: espèce, épice

Galician: especie, especia

German: Spezies

Italian: spezie, specie

→ Albanian: spec

Portuguese: espécie

Romanian: specie

Sicilian: spezzi

Spanish: especia, especie

(figuratively) vision, dream, apparition


sufflavus

la-adj

sufflāvus (feminine sufflāva, neuter sufflāvum); first/second-declension adjective

sufflāvus (canonical)
sufflāva (feminine)
sufflāvum (neuter)
sufflāvus (masculine nominative singular)
sufflāva (feminine nominative singular)
sufflāvum (neuter nominative singular)
sufflāvī (masculine nominative singular)
sufflāvae (feminine nominative plural)
sufflāva (neuter nominative plural)
sufflāvī (genitive masculine singular)
sufflāvae (feminine genitive singular)
sufflāvī (genitive neuter singular)
sufflāvōrum (genitive masculine singular)
sufflāvārum (feminine genitive plural)
sufflāvōrum (genitive neuter plural)
sufflāvō (dative masculine singular)
sufflāvae (dative feminine singular)
sufflāvō (dative neuter singular)
sufflāvīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
sufflāvum (accusative masculine singular)
sufflāvam (accusative feminine singular)
sufflāvum (accusative neuter singular)
sufflāvōs (accusative masculine singular)
sufflāvās (accusative feminine plural)
sufflāva (accusative neuter plural)
sufflāvō (ablative masculine singular)
sufflāvā (ablative feminine singular)
sufflāvō (ablative neuter singular)
sufflāvīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
sufflāve (masculine singular vocative)
sufflāva (feminine singular vocative)
sufflāvum (neuter singular vocative)
sufflāvī (masculine singular vocative)
sufflāvae (feminine plural vocative)
sufflāva (neuter plural vocative)

[s̠ʊfˈfɫ̪äːu̯ʊs̠]


albus

albus (feminine alba, neuter album, comparative albior, superlative albissimus); first/second-declension adjective

alba (feminine)
album (neuter)
albior (comparative)
albissimus (superlative)
albus (masculine nominative singular)
alba (feminine nominative singular)
album (neuter nominative singular)
albī (masculine nominative singular)
albae (feminine nominative plural)
alba (neuter nominative plural)
albī (genitive masculine singular)
albae (feminine genitive singular)
albī (genitive neuter singular)
albōrum (genitive masculine singular)
albārum (feminine genitive plural)
albōrum (genitive neuter plural)
albō (dative masculine singular)
albae (dative feminine singular)
albō (dative neuter singular)
albīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
album (accusative masculine singular)
albam (accusative feminine singular)
album (accusative neuter singular)
albōs (accusative masculine singular)
albās (accusative feminine plural)
alba (accusative neuter plural)
albō (ablative masculine singular)
albā (ablative feminine singular)
albō (ablative neuter singular)
albīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
albe (masculine singular vocative)
alba (feminine singular vocative)
album (neuter singular vocative)
albī (masculine singular vocative)
albae (feminine plural vocative)
alba (neuter plural vocative)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: albu, alb

Istro-Romanian: åb

Megleno-Romanian: alb, albu

Romanian: alb

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: jualb, juolb

Italian: albo

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: alv, alb

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: الب (əlb)

Old Spanish: obo, oba (in toponyms)

Portuguese: alvo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: abru, alvu, arvu, arbu

Derived forms:

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *alba (“dawn”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: albellus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Medieval Latin: albinus

→ Spanish: albino

→ English: albino

→ French: albinos

⇒ Neo-Latin: albana

→ French: albane

→ English: alban

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: alb

→ French: albe

→ Italian: albo

→ Old English: albe

English: alb

→ Old Spanish: albo

Spanish: albo

From Proto-Italic *alβos, from Proto-Indo-European *albʰós. Cognates include Umbrian 𐌀𐌋𐌚𐌖 (alfu), Ancient Greek ἀλφός (alphós, “whiteness, white leprosy”), Hittite 𒀠𒉺𒀸 (alpas, “cloud”), Middle Welsh elbid (“world”), English elf, and Russian ле́бедь (lébedʹ, “swan”).

cog

p. 1250, Thomas Aquinas, De ente et essentia
[…] et sic de ipsa aliquid praedicatur per accidens ratione eius, in quo est, sicut dicitur quod homo est albus, quia Socrates est albus, quamvis hoc non conveniat homini in eo quod homo.
And thus something is accidentally asserted, that is, we say that man is white because Socrates is white, although this does not come about for men because [Socrates] is a man.


stella

la-noun

stēlla f (genitive stēllae); first declension

stēlla (canonical feminine)
stēllae (genitive)
stēlla (nominative singular)
stēllae (nominative plural)
stēllae (genitive singular)
stēllārum (genitive plural)
stēllae (dative singular)
stēllīs (dative plural)
stēllam (accusative singular)
stēllās (accusative plural)
stēllā (ablative singular)
stēllīs (ablative plural)
stēlla (singular vocative)
stēllae (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: isteddu, steddu m

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: steauã

Istro-Romanian: ste

Megleno-Romanian: steau̯ă

Romanian: stea

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: stella, stedda, stidda

Gallurese: stedda, istella, stella

Sassarese: isthella, sthella

Dalmatian: stala, stalla

Istriot: stila

Italian: stella, Stella

→ Sardinian: istella, stella

Neapolitan: stella

desctree

Sicilian: stiḍḍa, stidda (eye dialect), steḍḍa, stella (misspelled and Italianized)
→ Italian: Stidda
→ Maltese: stilla

Venetan: steła

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: stele

Ladin: stëila, stëra

Romansch: staila, steila, stéla

q

many via <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">stēla</i>

Gallo-Italic: (many via stēla)

Emilian: strèla

Lombard: stela

Ligurian: stela

Piedmontese: stèila, steila

all via <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">stēla</i>

Gallo-Romance: (all via stēla)

Catalan: estela, estel

Franco-Provençal: ètêla

Old French: estoile (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: estela

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: estrela

Asturian: estrella

Extremaduran: estrella

Leonese: estrella

Mirandese: streilha

Old Galician-Portuguese: estrela (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: estrella

→ Danish: Stella

→ Dutch: Stella

→ English: stella, Stella

→ Esperanto: stelo
Ido: stelo

→ Faroese: Stella

→ German: Stella

→ Icelandic: Stella

→ Interlingua: stella

desctree

→ Old Occitan: stella
Occitan: estela, estiala
Occitan: Estela
→ French: Estelle

→ Spanish: Estela

→ Swedish: Stella

→ Volapük: stel

[ˈs̠t̪eːlːʲä]

From Proto-Italic *stērlā, diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.

stēla

late, attested in Anonymous Valesianus II


palpebra

la-noun

palpebra f (genitive palpebrae); first declension

palpebrae (genitive)
palpebra (nominative singular)
palpebrae (nominative plural)
palpebrae (genitive singular)
palpebrārum (genitive plural)
palpebrae (dative singular)
palpebrīs (dative plural)
palpebram (accusative singular)
palpebrās (accusative plural)
palpebrā (ablative singular)
palpebrīs (ablative plural)
palpebra (singular vocative)
palpebrae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: palpetra, palpebra (latinized)

Sicilian: pàrpitra

North-Italian:

Friulian: palpiere

desc

Piedmontese: parpèira, parpèira, parpèra, palpèra, parpèla, parpaivre, parpaj

Venetan: palpiera, palpera

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: parpiello

Catalan: palpa, pàlpet, pàrpet, parpella, parpell, parpall, parpalla, pàrpol, parpre, pipella

French: paupière

Gascon: parpèra, perpèra

Occitan: parpèla

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: párpagu, párpadu

Galician: perfeba, perceba, prefreba

Spanish: párpado

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: palpebra

→ English: palpebra

→ Esperanto: palpebro

→ Galician: pálpebra

→ Ido: palpebro

→ Interlingua: palpebra

→ Middle English: palpebre

→ Portuguese: pálpebra

→ Romanian: palpebră

→ Spanish: pálpebra

From palpō (“to touch softly; to caress, flatter”) + -bra (instrumental noun suffix).

suffix

[ˈpäɫ̪pɛbrä]

(literal, usually in the plural) an eyelid


oculus

la-noun

oculus m (genitive oculī); second declension

oculī (genitive)
oculus (nominative singular)
oculī (nominative plural)
oculī (genitive singular)
oculōrum (genitive plural)
oculō (dative singular)
oculīs (dative plural)
oculum (accusative singular)
oculōs (accusative plural)
oculō (ablative singular)
oculīs (ablative plural)
ocule (singular vocative)
oculī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: oclju

Megleno-Romanian: uocľu

Istro-Romanian: ocľu

Romanian: ochi

Dalmatian:

uaclo, vaclo

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: ochju

Italian: occhio

Neapolitan: uocchio

Tarantino: uècchije

Sassarese: occi

Sicilian: occhiu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ogru, ogu, oju, ogiu, ociu

Western Romance of N. Italy and environs:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: òć

Ligurian: éuggio, éuglio, éujo

Lombard: oeugg, oeugl

Piedmontese: eucc, euj

Romagnol: òcc

Friulian: voli

Istriot: uocio

Ladin: uedl

Romansch: egl, îgl, îl, ögl

Venetan: ocio

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: uely

Old French: ueil (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: olh
Occitan: uèlh

Catalan: ull

Aragonese: uello

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: ולויש (wlwyš) (only the plural is attested)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: güeyu

Leonese: gueyu

Mirandese: uolho

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: olho, ollo
Eonavian: oyo
Fala: ollu
Galician: ollo
Portuguese: olho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: ojo

Ladino: ojo

Spanish: ojo (see there for further descendants)

Learned borrowings:

→ Catalan: òcul (learned)

→ Czech: okulus (learned)

→ English: oculus, Oculi (learned)

→ Esperanto: okulo (learned)
→ Ido: okulo

→ French: oculus (learned)

→ Romanian: oculus (learned)

→ German: Okuli (learned)

→ Interlingua: oculo (learned)

→ Italian: oculo (learned)

→ Portuguese: óculo, óculos (learned)

→ Spanish: óculo (learned)

→ Swedish: oculus (learned)

From the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”) with the diminutive suffix -ulus. Compare Sanskrit अक्षि (ákṣi, “eye”), Ancient Greek ὄσσε (ósse, “eyes”), ὤψ (ṓps, “eye”).

Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.

As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, you shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.

ā saeculō nōn audiērunt neque auribus percēpērunt oculus nōn vīdit Deus absque tē quae praeparāstī expectantibus tē.

For since the beginning of the world men have not heard, nor perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen, O God, beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him.


phoeniceus

la-adj

phoenīceus (feminine phoenīcea, neuter phoenīceum); first/second-declension adjective

phoenīceus (canonical)
phoenīcea (feminine)
phoenīceum (neuter)
phoenīceus (masculine nominative singular)
phoenīcea (feminine nominative singular)
phoenīceum (neuter nominative singular)
phoenīceī (masculine nominative singular)
phoenīceae (feminine nominative plural)
phoenīcea (neuter nominative plural)
phoenīceī (genitive masculine singular)
phoenīceae (feminine genitive singular)
phoenīceī (genitive neuter singular)
phoenīceōrum (genitive masculine singular)
phoenīceārum (feminine genitive plural)
phoenīceōrum (genitive neuter plural)
phoenīceō (dative masculine singular)
phoenīceae (dative feminine singular)
phoenīceō (dative neuter singular)
phoenīceīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
phoenīceum (accusative masculine singular)
phoenīceam (accusative feminine singular)
phoenīceum (accusative neuter singular)
phoenīceōs (accusative masculine singular)
phoenīceās (accusative feminine plural)
phoenīcea (accusative neuter plural)
phoenīceō (ablative masculine singular)
phoenīceā (ablative feminine singular)
phoenīceō (ablative neuter singular)
phoenīceīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
phoenīcee (masculine singular vocative)
phoenīcea (feminine singular vocative)
phoenīceum (neuter singular vocative)
phoenīceī (masculine singular vocative)
phoenīceae (feminine plural vocative)
phoenīcea (neuter plural vocative)

English: Phoenician

French: phénicien

Italian: fenicio

Portuguese: fenício

Spanish: fenicio

Borrowed from Ancient Greek φοινῑ́κεος (phoinī́keos).


sanguineus

sanguineus (feminine sanguinea, neuter sanguineum); first/second-declension adjective

sanguinea (feminine)
sanguineum (neuter)
sanguineus (masculine nominative singular)
sanguinea (feminine nominative singular)
sanguineum (neuter nominative singular)
sanguineī (masculine nominative singular)
sanguineae (feminine nominative plural)
sanguinea (neuter nominative plural)
sanguineī (genitive masculine singular)
sanguineae (feminine genitive singular)
sanguineī (genitive neuter singular)
sanguineōrum (genitive masculine singular)
sanguineārum (feminine genitive plural)
sanguineōrum (genitive neuter plural)
sanguineō (dative masculine singular)
sanguineae (dative feminine singular)
sanguineō (dative neuter singular)
sanguineīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
sanguineum (accusative masculine singular)
sanguineam (accusative feminine singular)
sanguineum (accusative neuter singular)
sanguineōs (accusative masculine singular)
sanguineās (accusative feminine plural)
sanguinea (accusative neuter plural)
sanguineō (ablative masculine singular)
sanguineā (ablative feminine singular)
sanguineō (ablative neuter singular)
sanguineīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
sanguinee (masculine singular vocative)
sanguinea (feminine singular vocative)
sanguineum (neuter singular vocative)
sanguineī (masculine singular vocative)
sanguineae (feminine plural vocative)
sanguinea (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: sanguineu

Catalan: sanguini, sanguinyol

English: sanguine, sanguineous

French: sanguin

Galician: sanguiño

Italian: sanguigno, sanguineo

Portuguese: sanguinho, sanguíneo

Romanian: sânger, sangvin, sanguin

Spanish: sangüeño, sanguíneo

[s̠äŋˈɡʷɪneʊs̠]

of blood, bloody, blood-stained, bloodshot

“… pectora quōrum inter flūctūs arrēcta iubaeque
sanguineae superant undās ….”
“[Sea serpents, with] their chests erect among the waves, and their blood-red crests rising over the waters ….” – Aeneas

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.206–207


rancidus

rancidus (feminine rancida, neuter rancidum); first/second-declension adjective

rancida (feminine)
rancidum (neuter)
rancidus (masculine nominative singular)
rancida (feminine nominative singular)
rancidum (neuter nominative singular)
rancidī (masculine nominative singular)
rancidae (feminine nominative plural)
rancida (neuter nominative plural)
rancidī (genitive masculine singular)
rancidae (feminine genitive singular)
rancidī (genitive neuter singular)
rancidōrum (genitive masculine singular)
rancidārum (feminine genitive plural)
rancidōrum (genitive neuter plural)
rancidō (dative masculine singular)
rancidae (dative feminine singular)
rancidō (dative neuter singular)
rancidīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
rancidum (accusative masculine singular)
rancidam (accusative feminine singular)
rancidum (accusative neuter singular)
rancidōs (accusative masculine singular)
rancidās (accusative feminine plural)
rancida (accusative neuter plural)
rancidō (ablative masculine singular)
rancidā (ablative feminine singular)
rancidō (ablative neuter singular)
rancidīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
rancide (masculine singular vocative)
rancida (feminine singular vocative)
rancidum (neuter singular vocative)
rancidī (masculine singular vocative)
rancidae (feminine plural vocative)
rancida (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: rânced

Dalmatian:

rancetiv

Italo-Romance:

Italian: rancido

Neapolitan: ranceto

Sicilian: rancitu

Calabrian: grancitu

Padanian:

Friulian: rangid

Lombard: rans

Piedmontese: ransi, ranss

Venetan: granzio

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ranci

Old Occitan: ransa f (hapax)

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: ranzo; rancio, arrancio, rencio (Oriental)

Portuguese: ranço

Spanish: rancio

→ French: rancio

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ranchidu (Logudorese)

desctree

Vulgar Latin: *rancicus
Corsican: rancicu
Italian: rancico
Piedmontese: rancigu

Borrowings:

→ English: rancid

→ Middle French: rance

French: rance

→ Dutch: rans, ranzig

→ German: ranzig

→ Portuguese: râncido

[ˈräŋkɪd̪ʊs̠]


hircus

la-noun

hircus m (genitive hircī); second declension

hircī (genitive)
hircus (nominative singular)
hircī (nominative plural)
hircī (genitive singular)
hircōrum (genitive plural)
hircō (dative singular)
hircīs (dative plural)
hircum (accusative singular)
hircōs (accusative plural)
hircō (ablative singular)
hircīs (ablative plural)
hirce (singular vocative)
hircī (plural vocative)

Catalan: erc

→⇒ English: hircine, hircinous, hircose

Galician: hirco

Italian: irco

Sicilian: ircu

Spanish: hirco

Unknown. As with other Indo-European words for “goat”, a reliable Proto-Indo-European etymon cannot be formally reconstructed. Nonetheless, compare Old High German irah, irh (“buck”), which Pokorny says is borrowed from the Latin. Possibly related to hirpus (“wolf”) and/or hirtus (“hairy, shaggy”); according to Pokorny, all three are from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”).
Varro, in De Lingua Latina cites a Sabine form: fircus.

der

(by extension) the rank smell of the armpits


odor

la-noun

odor m (genitive odōris); third declension

odōris (genitive)
odor (nominative singular)
odōrēs (nominative plural)
odōris (genitive singular)
odōrum (genitive plural)
odōrī (dative singular)
odōribus (dative plural)
odōrem (accusative singular)
odōrēs (accusative plural)
odōre (ablative singular)
odōribus (ablative plural)
odor (singular vocative)
odōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: golor

Catalan: olor

→ Czech: odér

→ Esperanto: odoro

→ Ido: odoro

Friulian: odôr, nulôr

Italian: odore

Occitan: odor, olor

Old French: odor

Anglo-Norman: odour

→ Middle English: odour

English: odor, odour

French: odeur

→ Swedish: odör

Portuguese: odor

Romanian: >? urdoare, → odor, odoare

Romansch: odur, udur, odour

Sicilian: uduri

Spanish: olor

Venetan: odor, udor

Via rhotacism from Old Latin odōs (plural: odōses), from Proto-Italic *odōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éd-os, from *h₃ed- (“to smell”).


flavus

la-adj

flāvus (feminine flāva, neuter flāvum, comparative flāvior, superlative flāvissimus); first/second-declension adjective

flāvus (canonical)
flāva (feminine)
flāvum (neuter)
flāvior (comparative)
flāvissimus (superlative)
flāvus (masculine nominative singular)
flāva (feminine nominative singular)
flāvum (neuter nominative singular)
flāvī (masculine nominative singular)
flāvae (feminine nominative plural)
flāva (neuter nominative plural)
flāvī (genitive masculine singular)
flāvae (feminine genitive singular)
flāvī (genitive neuter singular)
flāvōrum (genitive masculine singular)
flāvārum (feminine genitive plural)
flāvōrum (genitive neuter plural)
flāvō (dative masculine singular)
flāvae (dative feminine singular)
flāvō (dative neuter singular)
flāvīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
flāvum (accusative masculine singular)
flāvam (accusative feminine singular)
flāvum (accusative neuter singular)
flāvōs (accusative masculine singular)
flāvās (accusative feminine plural)
flāva (accusative neuter plural)
flāvō (ablative masculine singular)
flāvā (ablative feminine singular)
flāvō (ablative neuter singular)
flāvīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
flāve (masculine singular vocative)
flāva (feminine singular vocative)
flāvum (neuter singular vocative)
flāvī (masculine singular vocative)
flāvae (feminine plural vocative)
flāva (neuter plural vocative)

desc

flāvulus (diminutive) ⇒ Neapolitan: (Irpino dialect) javolo (“pallid”)

>? French: flou (disputed; see etymology for discussion)

→ Esperanto: flava

→ Ido: flava

→ Italian: flavo

→ Portuguese: flavo

→ Spanish: flavo

[ˈfɫ̪äːu̯ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *flāwos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₁wós, from *bʰleh₁- (“yellow, blue”) (which may be related to *bʰel- (“light, bright”, whence Russian бе́лый (bélyj), Sanskrit भर्ग (bharga), English blue) + *-wós (whence Latin -vus). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *blāwos (“yellow”) and Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (“blue”).

af

whence Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-vus</i>


lac

la-noun

lac n sg (genitive lactis); third declension

lactis (genitive)
lac (nominative singular)
lactis (genitive singular)
lactī (dative singular)
lac (accusative singular)
lacte (ablative singular)
lac (singular vocative)

Late Latin: lactis (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ English: lactic, lact(o)-

→ Esperanto: lakto

Ido: lakto

→ Interlingua: lacte

From lact by simplification of a word-final sequence of two plosives (the variant nominative/accusative form lacte shows the addition of a vowel as an alternative). The etymology is controversial: there is no consensus on the cognate set, the manner of descent (inheritance vs. borrowing), or the form and ultimate origin of the etymon. Possible cognates include Ancient Greek γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ- (gála, gắlăkt-/gắlăk-, “milk”), Old Armenian կաթն (katʻn, “milk”) (or perhaps only its variant form Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ), reconstructed as the ancestor of modern dialectal Armenian կախց (kaxcʻ)) Hittite 𒂵𒆷𒀝𒋻 (galaktar, “balm, resin”), Albanian dhallë (“buttermilk”), Romanian zară (“buttermilk”) and Waigali zōr (“milk”).
More information
Pokorny reconstructs the Latin and Greek words as inherited from Proto-Indo-European *glakt n from a root *glag- or *glak-. De Vaan derives the Latin, Greek and Armenian forms from Proto-Indo-European *gl̥gt-, and follows Meiser in explaining the loss of initial *g- in Latin as a result of long-distance dissimilation. Per Nielsen, the Latin and Greek words can be derived from *glakt-, Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ) can be derived from *g(a)l(ḱ)t- (requiring an initial non-palatal velar), and Albanian dhallë can perhaps be derived from *ǵal(K)- (requiring an initial palatal velar); on the basis of the variability in the initial consonant and the unusual root structure, Nielsen considers the root to be non-Indo-European in origin.
There have been attempts to derive the word instead from the root *h₂melǵ- (“milk”).
* Garnier, Sagart and Sagot 2017 cite Garnier 2016's reconstruction of a verb *ambĭ-blactāre (“to milk with both hands”) > *amblactāre, supposing this was subsequently reanalyzed as *amb-lactāre and lost the prefix to yield the attested verb lactāre. The noun lac(t) would then derive by back-formation from the verb lactāre.

cog

γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ-

Forte sub umbrosis nemorosae vallibus Idae
candidus, armenti gloria, taurus erat,
signatus tenui media inter cornua nigro;

2 CE, Publius Ovidius Naso, Ars Amatoria I.290

As fortune had it, in the shadowy valleys of forested Ida,
there was a white bull, the glory of its herd,
marked by slightly black colour between its horns;
the blemish was (only) one, the rest were milk-white.


supercilium

la-noun

supercilium n (genitive superciliī or supercilī); second declension

superciliī (genitive)
supercilī (genitive)
supercilium (nominative singular)
supercilia (nominative plural)
superciliī (genitive singular)
supercilī (genitive singular)
superciliōrum (genitive plural)
superciliō (dative singular)
superciliīs (dative plural)
supercilium (accusative singular)
supercilia (accusative plural)
superciliō (ablative singular)
superciliīs (ablative plural)
supercilium (singular vocative)
supercilia (plural vocative)

Aromanian: sprindzeanã

Catalan: sobrecella

Corsican: sopracigliu

French: sourcil

Friulian: sorecee

Italian: sopracciglio, ⇒? cipiglio

Norman: soucile

Occitan: subrecilha

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: sobrencelha, sobrancelha
Galician: sobrecella
Portuguese: sobrancelha

Romanian: sprânceană

Romansch: survantscheglia

Sicilian: supraccigghiu

Spanish: sobreceja, sobrecejo

Borrowings:

→ English: supercilium

→ Portuguese: supercílio

[s̠ʊpɛrˈkɪlʲiʊ̃ˑ]

From super- (“above, over”) + cilium (“an eyelid”).

af

(anatomy, usually in the plural) The eyebrow.

The prominent part of a thing, the brow, ridge, summit.


gustus

la-noun

gustus m (genitive gustūs); fourth declension

gustūs (genitive)
gustus (nominative singular)
gustūs (nominative plural)
gustūs (genitive singular)
gustuum (genitive plural)
gustuī (dative singular)
gustibus (dative plural)
gustum (accusative singular)
gustūs (accusative plural)
gustū (ablative singular)
gustibus (ablative plural)
gustus (singular vocative)
gustūs (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: gustu

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: gustu, yustu

Romanian: gust

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: gusto (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: gustu

Venetan: gusto

⇒ Cimbrian: güsten

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: gust

Romansch: gust, gost

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: gust

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: gust (possibly a learned borrowing)

Occitan: gost

desctree

Old French: goust
Middle French: goust
French: goût (see there for further descendants)
→ Dutch: goeste (archaic)
→ West Flemish: goeste
Norman: goût

Walloon: gosse

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: gosto

Galician: gusto, gosto

Portuguese: gosto

Old Spanish: gosto

Borrowings

→ Hungarian: gusztus

→ Middle English: gust, guste

English: gust

Scots: gust

→ Polish: gust

→ Spanish: gusto

[ˈɡʊs̠t̪ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *gustus, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“taste”). Cognate with gustō.


candidus

la-adj

candidus (feminine candida, neuter candidum, comparative candidior, superlative candidissimus); first/second-declension adjective

candida (feminine)
candidum (neuter)
candidior (comparative)
candidissimus (superlative)
candidus (masculine nominative singular)
candida (feminine nominative singular)
candidum (neuter nominative singular)
candidī (masculine nominative singular)
candidae (feminine nominative plural)
candida (neuter nominative plural)
candidī (genitive masculine singular)
candidae (feminine genitive singular)
candidī (genitive neuter singular)
candidōrum (genitive masculine singular)
candidārum (feminine genitive plural)
candidōrum (genitive neuter plural)
candidō (dative masculine singular)
candidae (dative feminine singular)
candidō (dative neuter singular)
candidīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
candidum (accusative masculine singular)
candidam (accusative feminine singular)
candidum (accusative neuter singular)
candidōs (accusative masculine singular)
candidās (accusative feminine plural)
candida (accusative neuter plural)
candidō (ablative masculine singular)
candidā (ablative feminine singular)
candidō (ablative neuter singular)
candidīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
candide (masculine singular vocative)
candida (feminine singular vocative)
candidum (neuter singular vocative)
candidī (masculine singular vocative)
candidae (feminine plural vocative)
candida (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: càndid

→ English: candid

→ Spanish: cándido

→ French: candide

→ Galician: cándido

Italian: candido

Piedmontese: candi

→ Portuguese: cândido

→ Romanian: candid

[ˈkän̪d̪ɪd̪ʊs̠]

Toga candida.


retina

la-noun

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension

rētīna (canonical feminine)
rētīnae (genitive)
rētīna (nominative singular)
rētīnae (nominative plural)
rētīnae (genitive singular)
rētīnārum (genitive plural)
rētīnae (dative singular)
rētīnīs (dative plural)
rētīnam (accusative singular)
rētīnās (accusative plural)
rētīnā (ablative singular)
rētīnīs (ablative plural)
rētīna (singular vocative)
rētīnae (plural vocative)

→ Middle English: rethina

English: retina

Ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“a net-like tunic”), referring to the fibrillar texture of the eye's retina. The phrase is attested since at least the 12th century, and this noun usage since the 13th c.

Et dicit Avicenna quarto de Animalibus, quod retina ducit nutrimentum secundum veritatem ad partes oculi

13th c., Roger Bacon, Opus maius 5.1.2.3

And Avicenna says in his fourth book on Animals that the retina actually takes nutrients to the parts of the eye

(Medieval Latin, anatomy) the retina of an eye


rufus

la-adj

rūfus (feminine rūfa, neuter rūfum); first/second-declension adjective

rūfus (canonical)
rūfa (feminine)
rūfum (neuter)
rūfus (masculine nominative singular)
rūfa (feminine nominative singular)
rūfum (neuter nominative singular)
rūfī (masculine nominative singular)
rūfae (feminine nominative plural)
rūfa (neuter nominative plural)
rūfī (genitive masculine singular)
rūfae (feminine genitive singular)
rūfī (genitive neuter singular)
rūfōrum (genitive masculine singular)
rūfārum (feminine genitive plural)
rūfōrum (genitive neuter plural)
rūfō (dative masculine singular)
rūfae (dative feminine singular)
rūfō (dative neuter singular)
rūfīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
rūfum (accusative masculine singular)
rūfam (accusative feminine singular)
rūfum (accusative neuter singular)
rūfōs (accusative masculine singular)
rūfās (accusative feminine plural)
rūfa (accusative neuter plural)
rūfō (ablative masculine singular)
rūfā (ablative feminine singular)
rūfō (ablative neuter singular)
rūfīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
rūfe (masculine singular vocative)
rūfa (feminine singular vocative)
rūfum (neuter singular vocative)
rūfī (masculine singular vocative)
rūfae (feminine plural vocative)
rūfa (neuter plural vocative)

>? Catalan: rúfol

→ English: rufous

Italian: rufo

Spanish: rufo

From Proto-Italic *rouðos. The medial -f- indicates a borrowing from a Sabellic language such as Oscan 𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌔 (rufriis), Umbrian 𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌓𐌖 (rufru), or from a sister variety such as Faliscan, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). It might have penetrated urban Latin by virtue of the fact that it was used as an attribute for oxen sold in the markets in Rome. The word rōbus, which ended up being limited to oxen instead, represents the regular outcome of the same etymon.


suavis

suāvis (neuter suāve, comparative suāvior, superlative suāvissimus, adverb suāve or suāviter); third-declension two-termination adjective

suāvis (canonical)
suāve (neuter)
suāvior (comparative)
suāvissimus (superlative)
suāve (adverb)
suāviter (adverb)
suāvis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
suāve (neuter nominative singular)
suāvēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
suāvia (neuter nominative plural)
suāvis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
suāvium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
suāvī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
suāvibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
suāvem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
suāve (accusative neuter singular)
suāvēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
suāvīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
suāvia (accusative neuter plural)
suāvī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
suāvibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
suāvis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
suāve (neuter singular vocative)
suāvēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
suāvia (neuter plural vocative)

Occitano-Romance:

Occitan: suau

Catalan: suau

Aragonese: suau

Italian: soave, suave (archaic)

Old French: soef

Middle French: souef

Norman: souef

→ Middle English: suave

English: suave

→ Middle French: suave

French: suave

→ Portuguese: suave

→ Spanish: suave

[ˈs̠u̯äːu̯ɪs̠]

[s̠uˈäːu̯ɪs̠]

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *swéh₂dus (“sweet”). The extension of the u-stem into an i-stem is regular (compare brevis, tenuis) and must have occurred before the loss of *-d- in medial *-dw-.


fetor

la-noun

fētor m (genitive fētōris); third declension

fētor (canonical masculine)
fētōris (genitive)
fētor (nominative singular)
fētōrēs (nominative plural)
fētōris (genitive singular)
fētōrum (genitive plural)
fētōrī (dative singular)
fētōribus (dative plural)
fētōrem (accusative singular)
fētōrēs (accusative plural)
fētōre (ablative singular)
fētōribus (ablative plural)
fētor (singular vocative)
fētōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: fedor

Catalan: fetor

English: fetor, foetor

Esperanto: fetoro

Italian: fetore

Old French: feteur

Galician: fedor

Polish: fetor

Portuguese: fedor

Sicilian: fetu

Spanish: hedor, fetor

From fēteō (“to stink, smell bad”) + -or.


niger

la-adj

niger (feminine nigra, neuter nigrum, superlative nigerrimus); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)

nigra (feminine)
nigrum (neuter)
nigerrimus (superlative)
in -er (masculine nominative singular)
niger (masculine nominative singular)
nigra (feminine nominative singular)
nigrum (neuter nominative singular)
nigrī (masculine nominative singular)
nigrae (feminine nominative plural)
nigra (neuter nominative plural)
nigrī (genitive masculine singular)
nigrae (feminine genitive singular)
nigrī (genitive neuter singular)
nigrōrum (genitive masculine singular)
nigrārum (feminine genitive plural)
nigrōrum (genitive neuter plural)
nigrō (dative masculine singular)
nigrae (dative feminine singular)
nigrō (dative neuter singular)
nigrīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
nigrum (accusative masculine singular)
nigram (accusative feminine singular)
nigrum (accusative neuter singular)
nigrōs (accusative masculine singular)
nigrās (accusative feminine plural)
nigra (accusative neuter plural)
nigrō (ablative masculine singular)
nigrā (ablative feminine singular)
nigrō (ablative neuter singular)
nigrīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
niger (masculine singular vocative)
nigra (feminine singular vocative)
nigrum (neuter singular vocative)
nigrī (masculine singular vocative)
nigrae (feminine plural vocative)
nigra (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: negru, negur, neguru

Istro-Romanian: negru

Megleno-Romanian: negru

Romanian: negru

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: negru, neru

Italian: negro, nero

Neapolitan: niro

Sicilian: nìuru, niuru, nivuru

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: naigher

Ligurian: neigro

Lombard: negar, negher

Piedmontese: neir, négher

Romagnol: négar, nìgar

Friulian: neri

Istriot: nìgro, nìgaro

Ladin: neigher

Romansch: nair, neir, ner, negher

Venetan: nero

→ Dalmatian: niar

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: nêr

desctree

Old French: noir, neir
Champenois: nor
Middle French: noir (see there for further descendants)
Norman: nièr, né, naer, nei
Walloon: noer

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: negre

→ Aragonese: negre

Gascon: nere

Old Occitan: negre, ner, neir
Occitan: negre, ner, nèir

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: negro

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: negru, ñegru, nigru, ñiegru

Extremaduran: negru

Leonese: negru

Mirandese: negro

Old Galician-Portuguese: negro
Galician: negro
Portuguese: negro
Papiamentu: negru

Spanish: negro (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Ido: nigra

→ Interlingua: nigre

Uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- (“bare, naked”) if this root is assumed also to be the source of *nókʷts (“night”) (Latin nox), thus “black” would attest the intermediate meaning between “bare” and “night”. Possibly cognate with Umbrian niru (“(possibly) dark, black”), though this form (thought to be accusative singular) is not mentioned in de Vaan.

der

Nigrum in candida vertere.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:niger.

wan, shining black (as opposed to āter, dull black)


azureus

la-adj

azureus (feminine azurea, neuter azureum); first/second-declension adjective

azurea (feminine)
azureum (neuter)
azureus (masculine nominative singular)
azurea (feminine nominative singular)
azureum (neuter nominative singular)
azureī (masculine nominative singular)
azureae (feminine nominative plural)
azurea (neuter nominative plural)
azureī (genitive masculine singular)
azureae (feminine genitive singular)
azureī (genitive neuter singular)
azureōrum (genitive masculine singular)
azureārum (feminine genitive plural)
azureōrum (genitive neuter plural)
azureō (dative masculine singular)
azureae (dative feminine singular)
azureō (dative neuter singular)
azureīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
azureum (accusative masculine singular)
azuream (accusative feminine singular)
azureum (accusative neuter singular)
azureōs (accusative masculine singular)
azureās (accusative feminine plural)
azurea (accusative neuter plural)
azureō (ablative masculine singular)
azureā (ablative feminine singular)
azureō (ablative neuter singular)
azureīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
azuree (masculine singular vocative)
azurea (feminine singular vocative)
azureum (neuter singular vocative)
azureī (masculine singular vocative)
azureae (feminine plural vocative)
azurea (neuter plural vocative)

[äz̪ˈd̪͡z̪ʊreʊs̠]

Ultimately from Arabic لَازُوَرْد (lāzuward, “lapis lazuli”), from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard, “lapis lazuli”)

der

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Of a deep blue colour.


acer

la-adj

ācer (feminine ācris, neuter ācre, comparative ācrior, superlative ācerrimus, adverb ācriter); third-declension three-termination adjective

ācer (canonical)
ācris (feminine)
ācre (neuter)
ācrior (comparative)
ācerrimus (superlative)
ācriter (adverb)
ācer (masculine nominative singular)
ācris (feminine nominative singular)
ācre (neuter nominative singular)
ācrēs (feminine masculine nominative)
ācria (neuter nominative plural)
ācris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
ācrium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
ācrī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
ācribus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
ācrem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
ācre (accusative neuter singular)
ācrēs (accusative feminine masculine)
ācrīs (accusative feminine masculine)
ācria (accusative neuter plural)
ācrī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
ācribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
ācer (masculine singular vocative)
ācris (feminine singular vocative)
ācre (neuter singular vocative)
ācrēs (feminine masculine vocative)
ācria (neuter plural vocative)

Ancient borrowings:

→ Old Irish: aicher

Irish: aichear

Later borrowings:

→ Catalan: acre

→⇒ English: acrid, acrylic

→ Esperanto: akra

→ French: âcre

→ Italian: acre

→ Portuguese: acre

→ Spanish: acre

From Proto-Italic *akris, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱrós (“sharp”). The change from o-stem to i-stem declension is irregular and not fully explained. Likewise, Latin has irregular lengthening of the vowel. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros).


acer

la-noun

acer n (genitive aceris); third declension

aceris (genitive)
acer (nominative singular)
acera (nominative plural)
aceris (genitive singular)
acerum (genitive plural)
acerī (dative singular)
aceribus (dative plural)
acer (accusative singular)
acera (accusative plural)
acere (ablative singular)
aceribus (ablative plural)
acer (singular vocative)
acera (plural vocative)

Catalan: auró

Esperanto: acero

French: érable

Italian: acero

Portuguese: ácer

Romanian: arțar

Spanish: ácere, arce

Translingual: Acer

Same as Etymology 1, with reference to multi-pointed leaves.


coccum

coccum n (genitive coccī); second declension

coccī (genitive)
coccum (nominative singular)
cocca (nominative plural)
coccī (genitive singular)
coccōrum (genitive plural)
coccō (dative singular)
coccīs (dative plural)
coccum (accusative singular)
cocca (accusative plural)
coccō (ablative singular)
coccīs (ablative plural)
coccum (singular vocative)
cocca (plural vocative)

>? Aromanian: cocã, coacã

Catalan: coc

Old French: coque

French: coque (see there for further descendants)

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: coco

Portuguese: coco (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: cocciu

Borrowings

→? Albanian: kokë

→ Italian: cocco

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kox

Cornish: kogh

Welsh: coch

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cocceus

→ Albanian: kuq

⇒ New Latin: coccus

→ Catalan: coc

→ English: coccus

→ French: coccus

→ Georgian: კოკი (ḳoḳi)

→ German: Kokke

→ Italian: cocco

→ Portuguese: coco

→ Romanian: coc

→ Russian: кокк (kokk)

→ Spanish: coco

→ Swedish: kocker

→ Finnish: kokki

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos, “grain, seed, berry”).

bor+

a scarlet dye, or the cloth dyed with it, carmine


aurum

la-noun

aurum n (genitive aurī); second declension

aurī (genitive)
aurum (nominative singular)
aurī (genitive singular)
aurō (dative singular)
aurum (accusative singular)
aurō (ablative singular)
aurum (singular vocative)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: avru

Istro-Romanian: aur

Romanian: aur

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: oru

Dalmatian: jaur, yaur, uar, vuar, iuar

Italian: oro

→ Esperanto: oro

→ Sardinian: oru, oro

Neapolitan: oro

Sicilian: oru, àuru

Venetan: oro

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: aur

Ladin: or

Romansch: aur, or, ôr

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: òr, ôr

Ligurian: öo

Lombard: òr

Piedmontese: òr

Romagnol: or

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: or, eu, eur, ouâ

Occitan: aur

Old Catalan: or, aur

Catalan: or

desctree

Old French: or
Middle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)
French: or
Haitian Creole: lò
→ English: or
Walloon: ôr

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: oro

Old Galician-Portuguese: ouro
Fala: oiru
Galician: ouro
Portuguese: ouro (see there for further descendants)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: oru

Extremaduran: oru

Leonese: ouru, oru

Mirandese: ouro

Old Spanish: oro

Ladino: oro

Spanish: oro

Borrowings:

Ancient:

→ Albanian: ar

→ Old Irish: ór
Irish: ór
Manx: airh
Scottish Gaelic: òr

→ Proto-Brythonic: *awr
Breton: aour
Old Cornish: our
Cornish: owr
Old Welsh: our
Welsh: awr
Middle Welsh: eur (probably < Latin aureus)
Welsh: aur

Later:

→ English: aurum

→ Italian: auro, auro-

Rhoticization of Old Latin ausum, from Proto-Italic *auzom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éws-o-m (or less likely *h₂é-h₂us-om) (“gold”), from *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”). Cognate with Lithuanian áuksas, Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B yasā.


aspecto

la-verb

aspectō (present infinitive aspectāre, perfect active aspectāvī, supine aspectātum); first conjugation

aspectō (canonical)
aspectāre (infinitive present)
aspectāvī (active perfect)
aspectātum (supine)
aspectō (active first-person indicative present singular)
aspectās (active indicative present second-person singular)
aspectat (active indicative present singular third-person)
aspectāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
aspectātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
aspectant (active indicative plural present third-person)
aspectābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
aspectābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
aspectābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
aspectābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
aspectābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
aspectābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
aspectābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
aspectābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
aspectābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
aspectābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
aspectābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
aspectābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
aspectāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
aspectāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
aspectāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
aspectāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
aspectāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
aspectāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
aspectāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
aspectāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
aspectāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
aspectāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
aspectāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
aspectāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
aspectāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
aspectāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
aspectāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
aspectāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
aspectāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
aspectāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
aspectāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
aspector (first-person indicative passive present singular)
aspectāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
aspectāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
aspectātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
aspectāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
aspectāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
aspectantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
aspectābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
aspectābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
aspectābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
aspectābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
aspectābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
aspectābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
aspectābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
aspectābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
aspectābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
aspectāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
aspectābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
aspectābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
aspectābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
aspectābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
aspectem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
aspectēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
aspectet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
aspectēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
aspectētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
aspectent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
aspectārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
aspectārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
aspectāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
aspectārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
aspectārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
aspectārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
aspectāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
aspectāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
aspectāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
aspectāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
aspectāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
aspectāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
aspectāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
aspectāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
aspectāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
aspectāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
aspectāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
aspectāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
aspecter (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
aspectēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
aspectēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
aspectētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
aspectēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
aspectēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
aspectentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
aspectārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
aspectārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aspectārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aspectārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aspectārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
aspectārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aspectārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aspectā (active imperative present second-person singular)
aspectāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
aspectātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
aspectātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
aspectātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
aspectantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
aspectāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
aspectāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
aspectātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
aspectātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
aspectantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
aspectāre (active infinitive present)
aspectārī (infinitive passive present)
aspectāns (active participle present)
aspectātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
aspectātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
aspectātūrus (active future participle)
aspectandus (future participle passive)
aspectāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
aspectātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
aspectātus (participle passive perfect)
aspectātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
aspectātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
aspectandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
aspectandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
aspectandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
aspectandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
aspectātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
aspectātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Aromanian: ashteptu, ashtiptari

French: aspecter

Friulian: spietâ

Istriot: spattà

Italian: aspettare

Neapolitan: aspettà

Romanian: aștepta, așteptare

Romansch: spetgar

Sardinian: aisetare

desc

Sicilian: aspittari, spittari, astittari

Venetan: aspetar, spetar

to look at with respect or desire; pay attention to


acerbus

la-adj

acerbus (feminine acerba, neuter acerbum, comparative acerbior, superlative acerbissimus, adverb acerbē); first/second-declension adjective

acerba (feminine)
acerbum (neuter)
acerbior (comparative)
acerbissimus (superlative)
acerbē (adverb)
acerbus (masculine nominative singular)
acerba (feminine nominative singular)
acerbum (neuter nominative singular)
acerbī (masculine nominative singular)
acerbae (feminine nominative plural)
acerba (neuter nominative plural)
acerbī (genitive masculine singular)
acerbae (feminine genitive singular)
acerbī (genitive neuter singular)
acerbōrum (genitive masculine singular)
acerbārum (feminine genitive plural)
acerbōrum (genitive neuter plural)
acerbō (dative masculine singular)
acerbae (dative feminine singular)
acerbō (dative neuter singular)
acerbīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
acerbum (accusative masculine singular)
acerbam (accusative feminine singular)
acerbum (accusative neuter singular)
acerbōs (accusative masculine singular)
acerbās (accusative feminine plural)
acerba (accusative neuter plural)
acerbō (ablative masculine singular)
acerbā (ablative feminine singular)
acerbō (ablative neuter singular)
acerbīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
acerbe (masculine singular vocative)
acerba (feminine singular vocative)
acerbum (neuter singular vocative)
acerbī (masculine singular vocative)
acerbae (feminine plural vocative)
acerba (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: acerb

Dalmatian: garb

→ English: acerb, acerbic

→ Esperanto: acerba

→ French: acerbe

Friulian: garp

→ Galician: acerbo

→ Italian: acerbo

→ Portuguese: acerbo

→ Romanian: acerb

Sardinian: acherbu, acerbu, chervu

→ Spanish: acerbo

Inherited from Proto-Italic *akriðos; equivalent to ācer (“sharp”) + -idus.

(of taste) harsh, bitter, unripe, sour, premature, not yet marriageable


durus

dūrus (feminine dūra, neuter dūrum, comparative dūrior, superlative dūrissimus, adverb dūrē or dūriter); first/second-declension adjective

dūrus (canonical)
dūra (feminine)
dūrum (neuter)
dūrior (comparative)
dūrissimus (superlative)
dūrē (adverb)
dūriter (adverb)
dūrus (masculine nominative singular)
dūra (feminine nominative singular)
dūrum (neuter nominative singular)
dūrī (masculine nominative singular)
dūrae (feminine nominative plural)
dūra (neuter nominative plural)
dūrī (genitive masculine singular)
dūrae (feminine genitive singular)
dūrī (genitive neuter singular)
dūrōrum (genitive masculine singular)
dūrārum (feminine genitive plural)
dūrōrum (genitive neuter plural)
dūrō (dative masculine singular)
dūrae (dative feminine singular)
dūrō (dative neuter singular)
dūrīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
dūrum (accusative masculine singular)
dūram (accusative feminine singular)
dūrum (accusative neuter singular)
dūrōs (accusative masculine singular)
dūrās (accusative feminine plural)
dūra (accusative neuter plural)
dūrō (ablative masculine singular)
dūrā (ablative feminine singular)
dūrō (ablative neuter singular)
dūrīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
dūre (masculine singular vocative)
dūra (feminine singular vocative)
dūrum (neuter singular vocative)
dūrī (masculine singular vocative)
dūrae (feminine plural vocative)
dūra (neuter plural vocative)

desc

→ Proto-Brythonic: *dʉr (“hard; hard metal, steel”)

Middle Welsh: dur

Welsh: dur

Catalan: dur

Dalmatian: doir

→ English: dure

Franco-Provençal: dur

French: dur

Friulian: dûr

Galician: duro

Istriot: doûro

Italian: duro

Ligurian: dûo

Lombard: dür

desctree

→ Middle Irish: dúr
Irish: dúr
Scottish Gaelic: dùr
→ Scots: dour
→ English: dour

Norman: dû

Occitan: dur

Portuguese: duro

Romanian: dur

Romansch: dir

Sardinian: duru

Sicilian: duru

Spanish: duro

Venetan: duro, dur

Walloon: deur

From Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long”), from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūrá, “distant, far, long”), though there are semantic problems if the change “long” > “enduring” (see dūrō) is not accepted.
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *deru-, *drew- (“hard, fast”). Cognate with Lithuanian drū́tas (“firm, strong”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”).


sensus

la-noun

sēnsus m (genitive sēnsūs); fourth declension

sēnsus (canonical masculine)
sēnsūs (genitive)
sēnsus (nominative singular)
sēnsūs (nominative plural)
sēnsūs (genitive singular)
sēnsuum (genitive plural)
sēnsuī (dative singular)
sēnsibus (dative plural)
sēnsum (accusative singular)
sēnsūs (accusative plural)
sēnsū (ablative singular)
sēnsibus (ablative plural)
sēnsus (singular vocative)
sēnsūs (plural vocative)

→ Corsican: sensu (learned)

→ Galician: senso (learned)

→ Italian: senso (learned)

desctree

→ Old French: sens, sen, san (learned) (also partly from Frankish *sinn)
Middle French: sens, senz, cens
French: sens
Picard: sins
→ Middle English: sense, sence, sens
English: sense, sence
→ Afrikaans: sense

Old Galician-Portuguese: siso, seso

Galician: siso

Portuguese: siso

Old Spanish:

Spanish: seso

→ Portuguese: senso (learned)

→ Romanian: sens (learned)

Sicilian: senzu

→ Old Irish: síans, séns (learned)
Irish: sians

→ Old Irish: séis

From sentiō (“feel, hear, see, perceive”) + -tus (action noun suffix).

af

[ˈs̠ẽːs̠ʊs̠]

faculty or power of perceiving; perception, feeling, sensation, sense

(physically) perception, feeling, sensation

capability of feeling, ability to perceive; sense

(mentally) feeling, sentiment, emotion, affection; sense, understanding, capacity; humor, inclination, disposition, frame of mind

(usually in full sēnsus commūnis) common feelings of humanity; moral sense, taste, discretion, tact in intercourse with men

Quod equidem in vestrae gloriae sensibus caelesti conlatum munere mystica regenerationis vestrae purgatio patenter innuit.

c. 672 CE – 735 CE, Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum II.11

This, by god's workings, the mystical purification of your regeneration shows clearly how it has been bestowed upon your highness' mind.

(transferred sense, poetic) (of the thinking faculty) sense, understanding, mind, reason

mentally; transferred sense; transferred sense

(abstract) sense, idea, notion, meaning, signification

mentally; transferred sense; particularly of discourse

(concrete) thought expressed in words; sentence, period


foedus

la-adj

foedus (feminine foeda, neuter foedum, comparative foedior, superlative foedissimus, adverb foedē); first/second-declension adjective

foeda (feminine)
foedum (neuter)
foedior (comparative)
foedissimus (superlative)
foedē (adverb)
foedus (masculine nominative singular)
foeda (feminine nominative singular)
foedum (neuter nominative singular)
foedī (masculine nominative singular)
foedae (feminine nominative plural)
foeda (neuter nominative plural)
foedī (genitive masculine singular)
foedae (feminine genitive singular)
foedī (genitive neuter singular)
foedōrum (genitive masculine singular)
foedārum (feminine genitive plural)
foedōrum (genitive neuter plural)
foedō (dative masculine singular)
foedae (dative feminine singular)
foedō (dative neuter singular)
foedīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
foedum (accusative masculine singular)
foedam (accusative feminine singular)
foedum (accusative neuter singular)
foedōs (accusative masculine singular)
foedās (accusative feminine plural)
foeda (accusative neuter plural)
foedō (ablative masculine singular)
foedā (ablative feminine singular)
foedō (ablative neuter singular)
foedīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
foede (masculine singular vocative)
foeda (feminine singular vocative)
foedum (neuter singular vocative)
foedī (masculine singular vocative)
foedae (feminine plural vocative)
foeda (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: feu

Italian: fedo

Old Galician-Portuguese: feo

Galician: feo

Portuguese: feio

Spanish: feo

From Proto-Italic *foiðos (“afraid”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to frighten; be afraid”).

der

(physically) filthy, foul, disgusting, loathsome, ugly, unseemly, detestable, abominable, horrible


nidor

la-noun

nīdor m (genitive nīdōris); third declension

nīdor (canonical masculine)
nīdōris (genitive)
nīdor (nominative singular)
nīdōrēs (nominative plural)
nīdōris (genitive singular)
nīdōrum (genitive plural)
nīdōrī (dative singular)
nīdōribus (dative plural)
nīdōrem (accusative singular)
nīdōrēs (accusative plural)
nīdōre (ablative singular)
nīdōribus (ablative plural)
nīdor (singular vocative)
nīdōrēs (plural vocative)

English: nidor

Italian: nidore

Portuguese: nidor

From Proto-Italic *knīdōs, from Proto-Indo-European *knīdos-. It has been speculated that the word is cognate with Homeric Ancient Greek κνίση (knísē, “smell of roasting fat”) and Attic κνῖσα (knîsa), but Beekes finds this phonetically unlikely. Likewise for κνίζω (knízō, “I pound, scratch, chop”) and κνίδη (knídē, “nettle”) through an earlier dual sense of smelling and scratching.

cog

the steam or smell from roasting, burning or boiling (especially animals)


cilium

la-noun

cilium n (genitive ciliī or cilī); second declension

ciliī (genitive)
cilī (genitive)
cilium (nominative singular)
cilia (nominative plural)
ciliī (genitive singular)
cilī (genitive singular)
ciliōrum (genitive plural)
ciliō (dative singular)
ciliīs (dative plural)
cilium (accusative singular)
cilia (accusative plural)
ciliō (ablative singular)
ciliīs (ablative plural)
cilium (singular vocative)
cilia (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

čeja

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ciglio

Sicilian: cigghiu, gigghiu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: chizu, cillu, chiza

North Italian:

Friulian: cee

Istriot: sia

Lombard: zida

>? Piedmontese: sign

Romagnol: zida

Romansch: tschegl

Venetan: segia, zheja, cegia, çéi

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: cella

Old French: cil, cille

French: cil

Occitan: cilh, celh, cilha, celha

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: cella

Asturian: ceya

Galician: cella

Portuguese: celha

Spanish: ceja, cejo

Borrowings:

→ English: cilium

→ Ido: cilio

→ Portuguese: cílio

→ Romanian: ciliu

→ Spanish: cilio

→ Swedish: cilie

From Proto-Italic *keljom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel-yo-m, which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”). Alternatively, compare Ancient Greek κῠ́λᾱ (kŭ́lā, “the parts under the eyes”) (though Beekes doubts this connection and derives the latter from Pre-Greek).

cog

(anatomy) eyelid
(transferred sense) lower eyelid

(Medieval Latin, usually in the plural) eyelash


cora

la-noun

cora f (genitive corae); first declension

corae (genitive)
cora (nominative singular)
corae (nominative plural)
corae (genitive singular)
corārum (genitive plural)
corae (dative singular)
corīs (dative plural)
coram (accusative singular)
corās (accusative plural)
corā (ablative singular)
corīs (ablative plural)
cora (singular vocative)
corae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόρη (kórē).


viridis

la-adj

viridis (neuter viride, comparative viridior, superlative viridissimus); third-declension two-termination adjective

viride (neuter)
viridior (comparative)
viridissimus (superlative)
viridis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
viride (neuter nominative singular)
viridēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
viridia (neuter nominative plural)
viridis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
viridium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
viridī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
viridibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
viridem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
viride (accusative neuter singular)
viridēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
viridīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
viridia (accusative neuter plural)
viridī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
viridibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
viridis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
viride (neuter singular vocative)
viridēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
viridia (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: virid (learned)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: veardi, vearde, verdi

Istro-Romanian: verde

Megleno-Romanian: veardi, verdi

Romanian: verde

Dalmatian:

viard

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: verde, verdi

Gallurese: veldi

Italian: verde

Neapolitan: verde

Sassarese: verdhi

Sicilian: virdi

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: vèrde

Lombard: verd

Piedmontese: verd

Romagnol: vérd

Friulian: vert, verd

Istriot: virdo

Ladin: vërt

Romansch: verd, veard (Sutsilvan)

Venetan: vérdo

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: verd

Franco-Provençal: vèrd

Old French: vert (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: verd

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: verde, berde

Old Leonese:

Asturian: verde

Leonese: verde

Mirandese: berde

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: verde
Fala: verdi
Galician: verde
Portuguese: verde (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: verde
Ladino: vedre
Spanish: verde (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: birde, vidre, bidre

⇒ Vulgar Latin: (see there for further descendants)

*viridia

*viridizāre

*viriditia

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: verdhë

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨrð (see there for further descendants)

[ˈu̯ɪrɪd̪ɪs̠]


argenteus

la-adj

argenteus (feminine argentea, neuter argenteum); first/second-declension adjective

argentea (feminine)
argenteum (neuter)
argenteus (masculine nominative singular)
argentea (feminine nominative singular)
argenteum (neuter nominative singular)
argenteī (masculine nominative singular)
argenteae (feminine nominative plural)
argentea (neuter nominative plural)
argenteī (genitive masculine singular)
argenteae (feminine genitive singular)
argenteī (genitive neuter singular)
argenteōrum (genitive masculine singular)
argenteārum (feminine genitive plural)
argenteōrum (genitive neuter plural)
argenteō (dative masculine singular)
argenteae (dative feminine singular)
argenteō (dative neuter singular)
argenteīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
argenteum (accusative masculine singular)
argenteam (accusative feminine singular)
argenteum (accusative neuter singular)
argenteōs (accusative masculine singular)
argenteās (accusative feminine plural)
argentea (accusative neuter plural)
argenteō (ablative masculine singular)
argenteā (ablative feminine singular)
argenteō (ablative neuter singular)
argenteīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
argentee (masculine singular vocative)
argentea (feminine singular vocative)
argenteum (neuter singular vocative)
argenteī (masculine singular vocative)
argenteae (feminine plural vocative)
argentea (neuter plural vocative)

Inherited:

Old Galician-Portuguese: arenço

Old Spanish: arienço

Spanish: arienzo

Borrowed:

→ English: argenteous, argenteus

→ Italian: argenteo

→ Portuguese: argênteo

→ Spanish: argénteo

[ärˈɡɛn̪t̪eʊs̠]


aureus

aureus (feminine aurea, neuter aureum); first/second-declension adjective

aurea (feminine)
aureum (neuter)
aureus (masculine nominative singular)
aurea (feminine nominative singular)
aureum (neuter nominative singular)
aureī (masculine nominative singular)
aureae (feminine nominative plural)
aurea (neuter nominative plural)
aureī (genitive masculine singular)
aureae (feminine genitive singular)
aureī (genitive neuter singular)
aureōrum (genitive masculine singular)
aureārum (feminine genitive plural)
aureōrum (genitive neuter plural)
aureō (dative masculine singular)
aureae (dative feminine singular)
aureō (dative neuter singular)
aureīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
aureum (accusative masculine singular)
auream (accusative feminine singular)
aureum (accusative neuter singular)
aureōs (accusative masculine singular)
aureās (accusative feminine plural)
aurea (accusative neuter plural)
aureō (ablative masculine singular)
aureā (ablative feminine singular)
aureō (ablative neuter singular)
aureīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
auree (masculine singular vocative)
aurea (feminine singular vocative)
aureum (neuter singular vocative)
aureī (masculine singular vocative)
aureae (feminine plural vocative)
aurea (neuter plural vocative)

aurum (“gold”) + -eus (“-ous”, derivational suffix).

suffix

Of the color of gold, gold-colored; shining or glittering like gold

Nec mora, cōnsēdit mediō sublīmis Olympō

[With] no delay, she took her seat on high in the midst of Olympus:
magnificent, [and so] conspicuous in her purple garment.
(Refers to the goddess Maiestas, Majestas, or Majesty.)

(figuratively) of physical and mental greatness or attraction: golden, beautiful, splendid, magnificent, excellent


aureus

la-noun

aureus m (genitive aureī); second declension

aureī (genitive)
aureus (nominative singular)
aureī (nominative plural)
aureī (genitive singular)
aureōrum (genitive plural)
aureō (dative singular)
aureīs (dative plural)
aureum (accusative singular)
aureōs (accusative plural)
aureō (ablative singular)
aureīs (ablative plural)
auree (singular vocative)
aureī (plural vocative)

→ Welsh: aur

desctree

→ Proto-Germanic: *aurijaz
Old Norse: eyrir
Icelandic: eyrir
Faroese: oyra
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyre m
Old Swedish: ø̄ri, ø̄re
Swedish: öre
Old Danish: øræ
Danish: øre
Norwegian Bokmål: øre
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øre
Gutnish: öre
→ Finnish: äyri

New Latin: aureus

→ Catalan: auri

→ English: aureus

→ Galician: áureo

→ Italian: aureo

→ Portuguese: áureo

→ Spanish: áureo

→ Translingual: aureo-

(numismatics) gold coin equivalent to 25 denarii, aureus (up to the 4th century AD)


pullus

la-noun

pullus m (genitive pullī); second declension

pullī (genitive)
pullus (nominative singular)
pullī (nominative plural)
pullī (genitive singular)
pullōrum (genitive plural)
pullō (dative singular)
pullīs (dative plural)
pullum (accusative singular)
pullōs (accusative plural)
pullō (ablative singular)
pullīs (ablative plural)
pulle (singular vocative)
pullī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pulj, pulju, puljiu

Istro-Romanian: puľ

Megleno-Romanian: puľu

Romanian: pui

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pollo

→ Sicilian: pollu

Marchigiano: puju

Padanian:

Lombard: pói

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pôl

Old French: pol, pul, poul

→ Middle English: pulle

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: pollo

Ribagorçan: poll, pol

Catalan: poll

Languedocien: pol

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pollu, pullu

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: polo

Portuguese: polo

Spanish: pollo
→ Portuguese: polho

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pudhu, puddu

Sicilian: puḍḍu

⇒ Late Latin: pullanus

Old French:

⇒ Middle French: poulenet

desctree

→? Scots: powny
→ English: pony (see there for further descendants)
→ Scottish Gaelic: pònaidh

⇒ Vulgar Latin: pulla f

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pulã

Romanian: pulă

Dalmatian:

pula

Italo-Romance:

Umbro: pulla

Padanian:

Lombard: pola, póia

Romansch: pula

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pola

Old French: poule
French: poule
→ English: poule
⇒ Old French: polaille, poulaille
French: poulaille
→ Middle English: pullayle
Norman: poule
Walloon: poye

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: polla

Occitan: pola

Gascon: pora, potha

Languedocien: polha (meridional)

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: polla

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pudha, pudda

Sicilian: puḍḍa, pulla

→ Albanian: pulë

⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullāmen

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pollame

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: polain

Anglo-Norman: pulein

French: poulain

Norman: poulain

→ English: Pulliam

Insular Romance:

Sicilian: puḍḍami

→ Middle English: poleyn
English: pullen (obsolete)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullaster, pullastrum (cf. pullastra

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: pollastro

Laziale: pellàstre

Padanian:

Emilian: pulàstar

Ligurian: polàstro

Lombard: polàster

Piedmontese: polastr, polast

Venetan: polàstro

Insular Romance:

Sicilian: puḍḍastru, puḍḍastra

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pollastre
→ Spanish: pollastre

Occitan: polastre (“big chicken”)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulletrus

Padanian:

Emilian: pulér, pulédar, puliér

Ligurian: polêo, poliêro

Lombard: poléder

Piedmontese: polé

Romagnol: pulédar, puledre

Italo-Romance:

Italian: puledro

Neapolitan: pulletro, pullitro

Tuscan: puledro, pullero

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulleus (attributive)

Aromanian: puljiu, pulj

Romanian: pui
→? Hungarian: pulya

⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullīnus
Padanian:
Piedmontese: poin, pojin
Southern Gallo-Romance:
Catalan: pollí
Occitan: polin
Gascon: porin
Ibero-Romance:
Asturian: pollín

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pullittus (diminutive)

Padanian:

Romansch: poulet

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: polèt

Old French: poulet (see there for further descendants)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pollet

Occitan: polet

Gascon: poret

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pūllicella

Old French: pulcella, pulcele, pucele
Middle French: pucelle
French: pucelle
→ English: pucelle
→ Italian: pulzella
→ Yiddish: פּילצל (piltsl)

desc

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pulliter, *pullitrum, *pullitrus

Italo-Romance:

Italian: poltro

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: potro

Asturian: potru, podru

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: potro

Portuguese: potro

Old Galician-Portuguese: *poldro

Galician: poldro

Portuguese: poldro

>? Catalan: poltre

Insular Romance:

Sicilian: putru, puḍḍitru

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulitrella f

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pultrella

Old French: *poutrelle

desctree

⇒? Old French: poutre (apocope)
French: poutre

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pullere

Asturian: espolletar

Friulian: poleç

Occitan: polhe

Romansch: pulschain

Borrowings

→ Arabic: (via some Berber language)

Libyan Arabic: فِلُّوس (fillūs)

Maltese: fellus

Moroccan Arabic: فلوس (fallūs)

Tunisian Arabic: فلوس (fellūs)

→ Byzantine Greek: -ποῦλος (-poûlos)

desc

Greek: -πουλος (-poulos), -όπουλος (-ópoulos)

→ Tashelhit: afullus

→? Ancient Greek: ποῦλλος (poûllos)

⇒ Koine Greek: πουλλίον (poullíon, diminutive)

Byzantine Greek: πουλλίν (poullín)

Greek: πουλί (poulí)

→? Central Franconian: Pöll

→? Luxembourgish: Pëll

→? Dutch: pulle, pul
Berbice Creole Dutch: polo

Disputed; two etymologies are plausible:
* From Proto-Italic *polnos, from Proto-Indo-European *polH-on- (“offspring, (animal) young”); compare Ancient Greek πῶλος (pôlos, “foal; young girl”), Proto-Germanic *fulô (“foal”), Albanian pjellë (“child”) and pelë (“mare”), Old Armenian ուլ (ul, “kid, fawn”). The verbal root is likely found in Albanian pjell (“to beget”), which implies a connection to pellō (“to drive, push”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- with a semantic shift of “to push (out)” > “to beget”, if not a distinct root *pelH- (“to give birth”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *put-, also found in Latin putus (“boy”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás (“boy”) and perhaps Sanskrit पोत (pota, “young animal”) (which would indicate *pewt-, though more likely borrowed from Dravidian) and Lithuanian putýtis (“young bird, young animal”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *putslos, which he considers a variant of *putlos (“boy”). The presence of an earlier apical consonant in the stem in Latin is evidenced by the -s- in the diminutive adjective pusillus. Some authors connect these to the root *peh₂w- (“small”) (compare Latin paulus, paullus (“small”) and paucus (“little, few”), Old English fēaw (“little, few”)), but the morphology is unclear and the complete disappearance of the laryngeal is hard to explain.
Alternatively onomatopoeic, like Swedish pulla.


pullus

la-adj

pullus (feminine pulla, neuter pullum); first/second-declension adjective

pulla (feminine)
pullum (neuter)
pullus (masculine nominative singular)
pulla (feminine nominative singular)
pullum (neuter nominative singular)
pullī (masculine nominative singular)
pullae (feminine nominative plural)
pulla (neuter nominative plural)
pullī (genitive masculine singular)
pullae (feminine genitive singular)
pullī (genitive neuter singular)
pullōrum (genitive masculine singular)
pullārum (feminine genitive plural)
pullōrum (genitive neuter plural)
pullō (dative masculine singular)
pullae (dative feminine singular)
pullō (dative neuter singular)
pullīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
pullum (accusative masculine singular)
pullam (accusative feminine singular)
pullum (accusative neuter singular)
pullōs (accusative masculine singular)
pullās (accusative feminine plural)
pulla (accusative neuter plural)
pullō (ablative masculine singular)
pullā (ablative feminine singular)
pullō (ablative neuter singular)
pullīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
pulle (masculine singular vocative)
pulla (feminine singular vocative)
pullum (neuter singular vocative)
pullī (masculine singular vocative)
pullae (feminine plural vocative)
pulla (neuter plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *polHwós (maybe a weak form of *pélHus) or *polHnós, from the root *pelH- (“pale, gray”), thereby related to palleō, though the formal details are debated.

(transferred sense):
(in poetry) sad, mournful


gravis

gravis (neuter grave, comparative gravior, superlative gravissimus, adverb graviter); third-declension two-termination adjective

grave (neuter)
gravior (comparative)
gravissimus (superlative)
graviter (adverb)
gravis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
grave (neuter nominative singular)
gravēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
gravia (neuter nominative plural)
gravis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
gravium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
gravī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
gravibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
gravem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
grave (accusative neuter singular)
gravēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
gravīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
gravia (accusative neuter plural)
gravī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
gravibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
gravis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
grave (neuter singular vocative)
gravēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
gravia (neuter plural vocative)

Italian: grave

Old Galician-Portuguese: grave

Portuguese: grave

Old Spanish: grave

Spanish: grave

Sicilian: gravi

Borrowings:

→ Middle French: grave (learned)

→ English: grave

French: grave

→ Romanian: grav (also from French)

→ Swedish: grav

From Proto-Italic *gʷraus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us, an u-stem adjective regularly enlarged into the i-stem, compare brevis, dulcis, mollis, tenuis, etc. Cognate with Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus, “heavy”), Persian گران (gerân) and Sanskrit गुरु (gurú). See also Latin brūtus.


badius

badius (feminine badia, neuter badium); first/second-declension adjective

badia (feminine)
badium (neuter)
badius (masculine nominative singular)
badia (feminine nominative singular)
badium (neuter nominative singular)
badiī (masculine nominative singular)
badiae (feminine nominative plural)
badia (neuter nominative plural)
badiī (genitive masculine singular)
badiae (feminine genitive singular)
badiī (genitive neuter singular)
badiōrum (genitive masculine singular)
badiārum (feminine genitive plural)
badiōrum (genitive neuter plural)
badiō (dative masculine singular)
badiae (dative feminine singular)
badiō (dative neuter singular)
badiīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
badium (accusative masculine singular)
badiam (accusative feminine singular)
badium (accusative neuter singular)
badiōs (accusative masculine singular)
badiās (accusative feminine plural)
badia (accusative neuter plural)
badiō (ablative masculine singular)
badiā (ablative feminine singular)
badiō (ablative neuter singular)
badiīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
badie (masculine singular vocative)
badia (feminine singular vocative)
badium (neuter singular vocative)
badiī (masculine singular vocative)
badiae (feminine plural vocative)
badia (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: bai

Old French: bai

→ English: bay

French: bai

→ Italian: baio

Galician: baio

Occitan: bai

Portuguese: baio, baço

Spanish: bayo, bazo

Superficially appears to be from late Proto-Indo-European *bodyos (“yellow, brown”) (though de Vaan rejects medial *-dy-, instead preferring *b⁽ʰ⁾odʰyos) with unrounding of *bo- to Latin *ba-, as it is clearly cognate to Old Irish buide (“yellow”) (from Proto-Celtic *bodyos). However, the word's limited distribution, difficult phonetics and absence of a known root source all render Proto-Indo-European origin unlikely. Rather there may be a borrowing relationship between Italic and Celtic or even a substrate source; ultimate origin unknown. The source may well be Gaulish *badios; compare Latin Baius. The semantic narrowing in Latin to a word for horses also favors the Celtic origin as a Kulturwort.

inh

(usually of horses) reddish brown, chestnut colored, bay


dulcis

la-adj

dulcis (neuter dulce, comparative dulcior, superlative dulcissimus, adverb dulcē or dulciter); third-declension two-termination adjective

dulce (neuter)
dulcior (comparative)
dulcissimus (superlative)
dulcē (adverb)
dulciter (adverb)
dulcis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
dulce (neuter nominative singular)
dulcēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
dulcia (neuter nominative plural)
dulcis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
dulcium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
dulcī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
dulcibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
dulcem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
dulce (accusative neuter singular)
dulcēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
dulcīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
dulcia (accusative neuter plural)
dulcī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
dulcibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
dulcis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
dulce (neuter singular vocative)
dulcēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
dulcia (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: dultsi

Istro-Romanian: duľțe

Megleno-Romanian: dulți

Romanian: dulce

Dalmatian:

dolc

Italo-Romance:

Italian: dolce

Neapolitan: doce

Sicilian: duci, aruci

Tuscan: dorce

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: durche

North Italian:

Friulian: dolç

Ligurian: dôçe

Lombard: dolz

Piedmontese: doss

Romansch: dultsch

Venetan: dólso, dolse

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: dolç

Franco-Provençal: dox

Old French: douz (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: doç

Vulgar Latin:

*indulcīre (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: dulce, duze

Asturian: dulce

Mozarabic: دَلجِ (dalji)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: doce, doçe
Fala: doci
Galician: doce
Portuguese: doce (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Spanish: duz, duce, dulce (Latin influence?)

Spanish: dulce

[ˈd̪ʊɫ̪kɪs̠]

From Proto-Italic *dulkwis (“sweet”), most likely akin to Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”), both traditionally derived from a tentative Proto-Indo-European *dl̥kús (“sweet”), although the fall of -u- in the Latin form would be left unexplained, and the Greek form is problematic as well. Given that Latin and Greek are linguistically quite distant while being very close geographically, it is likely the word does not go back to PIE as it may have been borrowed from a common unknown source, possibly related to lac (“milk”).

ref

The expected outcome would have been **dulquis, with the u-stem regularly extended into an i- one, as in brevis, tenuis, etc.<ref name=deVaan/>

cāna prius gelidō dēsint absinthia Pontō
et careat dulcī Trīnacris Hybla thymō

Sooner would pale wormwood be missing from icy Pontus or Sicilian Hybla lack its sweet-scented thyme


sapor

la-noun

sapor m (genitive sapōris); third declension

sapōris (genitive)
sapor (nominative singular)
sapōrēs (nominative plural)
sapōris (genitive singular)
sapōrum (genitive plural)
sapōrī (dative singular)
sapōribus (dative plural)
sapōrem (accusative singular)
sapōrēs (accusative plural)
sapōre (ablative singular)
sapōribus (ablative plural)
sapor (singular vocative)
sapōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: sabor

Friulian: savôr

Italian: sapore

Lombard: savor

Occitan: sabor

desctree

Old French: savour, savor
French: saveur
→ Romanian: savoare
→ Middle English: savour
English: savour, savor

Piedmontese: savor

Portuguese: sabor

desc

Sardinian: sabore, sabori, sapore, saore

Sicilian: sapuri

Spanish: sabor

Venetan: saore, saor

→ Ido: saporo

desctree

→ Middle English: sapour, sapoure
English: sapor, sapour

From sapiō (“taste of, have a flavor of”) + -or.

af

proderit et tunsum gallae admiscere saporem […]
It is good too to blend a taste of pounded oak-apples […]

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 4.267


vitrum

la-noun

vitrum n (genitive vitrī); second declension

vitrī (genitive)
vitrum (nominative singular)
vitra (nominative plural)
vitrī (genitive singular)
vitrōrum (genitive plural)
vitrō (dative singular)
vitrīs (dative plural)
vitrum (accusative singular)
vitra (accusative plural)
vitrō (ablative singular)
vitrīs (ablative plural)
vitrum (singular vocative)
vitra (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: vitra

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: vaider

Lombard: védar, veder, védér, vedri

Piedmontese: véder

Romagnol: védar, vóidar

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: vetru

Dalmatian: viatro

Italian: vetro

Sicilian: vitru

Old Occitan:

Catalan: vidre

Occitan: veire

Old French: voirre

French: verre, → vitre

⇒ French: verrine
→ English: verrine

⇒ French: vitrine (see there for further descendants)

Norman: vitre, verre

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: veri

Ladin: vierech

Romansch: vaider

desc

Sardinian: bídri, bidru, birdi, bírdiu, birdu, bridu, fidru, vidru

Venetan: véro, viéro

West Iberian:

Aragonese: veire

Non-Romance borrowings:

desctree

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨdr
Middle Breton: guezr
Breton: gwer
Middle Cornish: gweder
Cornish: gweder
Middle Welsh: gwydyr
Welsh: gwydr

⇒ English: vitreous, vitrify

→ Esperanto: vitro

→ German: in vitro

→ Greek: βιτρίνα (vitrína)

→ Swedish: vitrös

[ˈu̯ɪt̪rʊ̃ˑ]

Nominalised from Proto-Indo-European *wed-ro- (literally “water-like”), from the root *wed- (“water”). For the semantic development compare Persian آبگینه (âbgina, “glass”). The plant and its dye were named after the color of glass in antiquity.

inh

woad, a blue dye used by the Britons made from that plant


spadix

la-adj

spādīx (genitive spādīcis); third-declension one-termination adjective

spādīx (canonical)
spādīcis (genitive)
spādīx (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
spādīcēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
spādīcia (neuter nominative plural)
spādīcis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
spādīcium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
spādīcī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
spādīcibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
spādīcem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
spādīx (accusative neuter singular)
spādīcēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
spādīcia (accusative neuter plural)
spādīcī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
spādīcibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
spādīx (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
spādīcēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
spādīcia (neuter plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σπᾱ́δῑξ (spā́dīx).


canus

cānus (feminine cāna, neuter cānum); first/second-declension adjective

cānus (canonical)
cāna (feminine)
cānum (neuter)
cānus (masculine nominative singular)
cāna (feminine nominative singular)
cānum (neuter nominative singular)
cānī (masculine nominative singular)
cānae (feminine nominative plural)
cāna (neuter nominative plural)
cānī (genitive masculine singular)
cānae (feminine genitive singular)
cānī (genitive neuter singular)
cānōrum (genitive masculine singular)
cānārum (feminine genitive plural)
cānōrum (genitive neuter plural)
cānō (dative masculine singular)
cānae (dative feminine singular)
cānō (dative neuter singular)
cānīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
cānum (accusative masculine singular)
cānam (accusative feminine singular)
cānum (accusative neuter singular)
cānōs (accusative masculine singular)
cānās (accusative feminine plural)
cāna (accusative neuter plural)
cānō (ablative masculine singular)
cānā (ablative feminine singular)
cānō (ablative neuter singular)
cānīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
cāne (masculine singular vocative)
cāna (feminine singular vocative)
cānum (neuter singular vocative)
cānī (masculine singular vocative)
cānae (feminine plural vocative)
cāna (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: canu

Italian: cano

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cão, cãa
Galician: Cao
Portuguese: cão
Portuguese: cã

Old Spanish: cano

Spanish: cano

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: cano
Galician: cano

From Proto-Italic *kaznos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s- (“bright grey”) (compare Welsh cannu (“to whiten”), ceinach (“hare”), English hare, Latin cascus (“old”), Ancient Greek ξανθός (xanthós, “yellow”), Old Prussian sasnis (“hare”), Pashto خړ (xëṛ, “grey”), Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare”)).

cog

‘Magna fuit quondam capitis reverentia cānī,

‘‘At one time, there was great respect of a gray head,
and the wrinkling of old age was with value in itself.’’
(The voice is that of the muse Urania.)


ostrum

la-noun

ostrum n (genitive ostrī); second declension

ostrī (genitive)
ostrum (nominative singular)
ostra (nominative plural)
ostrī (genitive singular)
ostrōrum (genitive plural)
ostrō (dative singular)
ostrīs (dative plural)
ostrum (accusative singular)
ostra (accusative plural)
ostrō (ablative singular)
ostrīs (ablative plural)
ostrum (singular vocative)
ostra (plural vocative)

Italian: ostro

[ˈɔs̠t̪rʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ὄστρεον (óstreon, “oyster”).


purpureus

la-adj

purpureus (feminine purpurea, neuter purpureum); first/second-declension adjective

purpurea (feminine)
purpureum (neuter)
purpureus (masculine nominative singular)
purpurea (feminine nominative singular)
purpureum (neuter nominative singular)
purpureī (masculine nominative singular)
purpureae (feminine nominative plural)
purpurea (neuter nominative plural)
purpureī (genitive masculine singular)
purpureae (feminine genitive singular)
purpureī (genitive neuter singular)
purpureōrum (genitive masculine singular)
purpureārum (feminine genitive plural)
purpureōrum (genitive neuter plural)
purpureō (dative masculine singular)
purpureae (dative feminine singular)
purpureō (dative neuter singular)
purpureīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
purpureum (accusative masculine singular)
purpuream (accusative feminine singular)
purpureum (accusative neuter singular)
purpureōs (accusative masculine singular)
purpureās (accusative feminine plural)
purpurea (accusative neuter plural)
purpureō (ablative masculine singular)
purpureā (ablative feminine singular)
purpureō (ablative neuter singular)
purpureīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
purpuree (masculine singular vocative)
purpurea (feminine singular vocative)
purpureum (neuter singular vocative)
purpureī (masculine singular vocative)
purpureae (feminine plural vocative)
purpurea (neuter plural vocative)

English: purple

Italian: purpureo

Either from purpura (“purple”) + -eus or borrowed from Ancient Greek πορφύρεος (porphúreos).

(figuratively) brilliant, shining, beautiful


livens

līvēns (genitive līventis); third-declension one-termination adjective

līvēns (canonical)
līventis (genitive)
līvēns (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
līventēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
līventia (neuter nominative plural)
līventis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
līventium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
līventī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
līventibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
līventem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
līvēns (accusative neuter singular)
līventēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
līventīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
līventia (accusative neuter plural)
līvente (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
līventī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
līventibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
līvēns (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
līventēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
līventia (neuter plural vocative)


griseus

grīseus (feminine grīsea, neuter grīseum); first/second-declension adjective

grīseus (canonical)
grīsea (feminine)
grīseum (neuter)
grīseus (masculine nominative singular)
grīsea (feminine nominative singular)
grīseum (neuter nominative singular)
grīseī (masculine nominative singular)
grīseae (feminine nominative plural)
grīsea (neuter nominative plural)
grīseī (genitive masculine singular)
grīseae (feminine genitive singular)
grīseī (genitive neuter singular)
grīseōrum (genitive masculine singular)
grīseārum (feminine genitive plural)
grīseōrum (genitive neuter plural)
grīseō (dative masculine singular)
grīseae (dative feminine singular)
grīseō (dative neuter singular)
grīseīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
grīseum (accusative masculine singular)
grīseam (accusative feminine singular)
grīseum (accusative neuter singular)
grīseōs (accusative masculine singular)
grīseās (accusative feminine plural)
grīsea (accusative neuter plural)
grīseō (ablative masculine singular)
grīseā (ablative feminine singular)
grīseō (ablative neuter singular)
grīseīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
grīsee (masculine singular vocative)
grīsea (feminine singular vocative)
grīseum (neuter singular vocative)
grīseī (masculine singular vocative)
grīseae (feminine plural vocative)
grīsea (neuter plural vocative)

→ Middle Dutch: gris, grise (reborrowing)

Dutch: grijs

Borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *grīs, found in Medieval Latin. See French gris and older Latin ravus.


odoro

la-verb

odōrō (present infinitive odōrāre, perfect active odōrāvī, supine odōrātum); first conjugation

odōrō (canonical)
odōrāre (infinitive present)
odōrāvī (active perfect)
odōrātum (supine)
odōrō (active first-person indicative present singular)
odōrās (active indicative present second-person singular)
odōrat (active indicative present singular third-person)
odōrāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
odōrātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
odōrant (active indicative plural present third-person)
odōrābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
odōrābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
odōrābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
odōrābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
odōrābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
odōrābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
odōrābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
odōrābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
odōrābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
odōrābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
odōrābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
odōrābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
odōrāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
odōrāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
odōrāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
odōrāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
odōrāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
odōrāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
odōrāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
odōrāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
odōrāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
odōrāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
odōrāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
odōrāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
odōrāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
odōrāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
odōrāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
odōrāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
odōrāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
odōrāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
odōrāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
odōror (first-person indicative passive present singular)
odōrāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
odōrāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
odōrātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
odōrāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
odōrāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
odōrantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
odōrābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
odōrābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
odōrābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
odōrābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
odōrābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
odōrābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
odōrābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
odōrābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
odōrābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
odōrāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
odōrābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
odōrābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
odōrābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
odōrābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
odōrem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
odōrēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
odōret (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
odōrēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
odōrētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
odōrent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
odōrārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
odōrārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
odōrāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
odōrārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
odōrārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
odōrārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
odōrāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
odōrāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
odōrāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
odōrāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
odōrāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
odōrāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
odōrāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
odōrāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
odōrāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
odōrāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
odōrāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
odōrāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
odōrer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
odōrēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
odōrēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
odōrētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
odōrēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
odōrēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
odōrentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
odōrārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
odōrārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
odōrārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
odōrārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
odōrārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
odōrārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
odōrārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
odōrā (active imperative present second-person singular)
odōrāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
odōrātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
odōrātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
odōrātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
odōrantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
odōrāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
odōrāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
odōrātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
odōrātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
odōrantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
odōrāre (active infinitive present)
odōrārī (infinitive passive present)
odōrāns (active participle present)
odōrātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
odōrātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
odōrātūrus (active future participle)
odōrandus (future participle passive)
odōrāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
odōrātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
odōrātus (participle passive perfect)
odōrātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
odōrātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
odōrandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
odōrandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
odōrandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
odōrandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
odōrātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
odōrātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

(poetic or Late Latin) to perfume (make fragrant)