te

The name of the Latin-script letter T/t.


de

Aragonese: de

Asturian: de

Aromanian: di

Old Catalan: de

Catalan: de

Corsican: di

Dalmatian: de

→ Esperanto: de

Franco-Provençal: de

Old French: de

Middle French: de

French: de

Friulian: di

Old Galician-Portuguese: de

Galician: de

Portuguese: de

→ Ido: de

→ Interlingua: de

Italian: di, de

Ladin: de

Ladino: de

Old Lombard: de

Lombard: de

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: d', d′, di

Mozarabic: ד (d)

Neapolitan: 'e

Old Occitan: de

Occitan: de

Romanian: de

Romansch: da

Sicilian: di

Old Spanish: de

Spanish: de

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin de
From Proto-Italic *dē, from an instrumental singular form of Proto-Indo-European *de. Also in suffixes -dam, -dum, -de, -dō (e.g. quondam, inde, unde, quandō), dōnec, Ancient Greek δέ (dé), δή (dḗ), English to.

etymon

de Germanis

de Britannis

(particularly coins) over, in reference to the people subjugated when celebrating a Roman victory


o

From Etruscan letter 𐌏 (o), from Ancient Greek letter ο (o, “omicron”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤏 (ʿ, “ayin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹.


er

>? Spanish: erre

>? French: erre

>? Italian: erre


zeta

→ Catalan: zeta (learned)

→ English: zeta (learned)

→ French: zêta (learned)

→ Romanian: zeta

Old French: zede

Middle English: zed, zedde, zede

desctree

English: zed
→ Greek: ζεντ (zent)
→ Hindi: ज़ेड (zeḍ)
→ Japanese: ゼット (zetto), ゼッド (zeddo)
→ Korean: 제드 (jedeu)
→ Malay: zed
→ Marathi: जेड (jeḍ)
→ Russian: зэд (zɛd)
→ Thai: แซด (sɛ̂t)
→ Welsh: sèd

French: zède

→ Galician: zeta (learned)

→ Icelandic: zeta (learned)

→ Spanish: zeta (learned)

→ Swedish: zäta (learned)

→ Arabic: زِيد (zīd), دْزِيتَا (dzītā)

→ Dutch: zet

→ Faroese: sett, setta

→ Finnish: tseta, tset, zeta, zet

→ German: Zet, Zett

→ Czech: zet

→ Russian: зэт (zɛt), цэт (cɛt)

→ Ukrainian: зет (zet)

→ Hawaiian: zeta

→ Hebrew: זֵד (zed)

Italian: zeta

→ Malay: zet

Occitan: izèda

→ Persian: زد (zed)

→ Polish: zet

[ˈd̪͡z̪eːt̪ä]

[ˈd̪͡z̪ɛːt̪ä]

The name of the Greek letter zeta (Ζ, ζ).


zeta

la-noun

zēta f (genitive zētae); first declension

zēta (canonical feminine)
zētae (genitive)
zēta (nominative singular)
zētae (nominative plural)
zētae (genitive singular)
zētārum (genitive plural)
zētae (dative singular)
zētīs (dative plural)
zētam (accusative singular)
zētās (accusative plural)
zētā (ablative singular)
zētīs (ablative plural)
zēta (singular vocative)
zētae (plural vocative)

In third- and fourth-century writings of the Late Latin period, Z often represented word-initial prevocalic di.

[ˈd̪͡z̪eːt̪ä]

[ˈd̪͡z̪ɛːt̪ä]

(Late Latin) manuscript variant of diaeta


pe

The name of the Latin-script letter P/p.


es

second-person singular present active indicative/imperative of edō


koppa

A Greek letter, corresponding to Latin q


acca

Catalan: hac

Corsican: acca

Italian: acca

Old French: ache

Middle French: ache

French: ache (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: ache

English: aitch (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: hache

Occitan: acha

Portuguese: agá (< *acá)

The earliest Latin name of H was ha. The loss of /h/ in common speech before the end of the Republican period made this name indistinct from a (“the letter A”), driving its replacement by *acca much later.
The OED sees *acca as a phonological normalisation of *ahha, a reinforcement of ha (compare the later development of michi, nichil). Sheldon instead sees here a fusion of ha + ka (“the letter K”). He notes that the practice of Latin grammarians was to separate the alphabet into vowels, "semivowels" (continuant consonants) and mutes. The list of mutes was B C D G H K P Q T, and in recitation of this sequence, ... ge ha ka pe..., the ha and ka could have accreted together. This would also explain the variant form *aca, found in Portuguese.


(now uncommon) A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called accentus gravis (“grave accent”) in Latin, and found on à, è, ò.


a

From Ancient Greek Α (A, “alpha”), likely through Etruscan.

littera a

(sometimes with littera) the first letter of the Latin alphabet.


Alternative form of ⸱, the word divider.


ypsilon

[yːpˈs̠iːɫ̪ɔn]


C[aius]·AVRELIVS / PARTꟵENIVS / ÓRNÁMENTꟾS·DEC[urionalibus] / HONÓRÁTVS·COL[oniae]·AVG[ustae] / NEMAVSꟾ·ꟾIIIIꟾVIR·AVG[ustalis] / COL[onia]·CÓPIA·CLAVD[ia]·AVG[usta]·LVGVD[uni] / ITEM·NÁRBÓNE·MÁRTIO / ET·FIR[ma]·IVL[ia]·SECVND[anorum] ARAVSIÓNE / ET·FORO·IVLIꟾ·PÁCÁTO / VBꟾQVE·GRÁTVITꟾS·HONÓRIBVS

diacritical mark
diacritical mark#English

Latin script
Appendix:Latin script#English

A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called apex (“apex”) in Latin, and found on Á/á, É/é, Í/í, Ó/ó and Ú/ú. It indicates that the vowels are long.


The ramulus a.k.a. palmula, a punctuation sign which looked like a palm branch and functioned sometimes as a word divider, sometimes to separate one inscription from the next.


signum productionis
signum productionis#Latin

A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called signum productionis (“macron”) in Latin, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ī/ī, Ō/ō and Ū/ū. (used in grammars and dictionaries)


punctum delens

pūnctum dēlēns n (genitive pūnctī dēlentis); second declension

pūnctum dēlēns (canonical neuter)
pūnctī dēlentis (genitive)
pūnctum dēlēns (nominative singular)
pūncta dēlentia (nominative plural)
pūnctī dēlentis (genitive singular)
pūnctōrum dēlentium (genitive plural)
pūnctō dēlentī (dative singular)
pūnctīs dēlentibus (dative plural)
pūnctum dēlēns (accusative singular)
pūncta dēlentia (accusative plural)
pūnctō dēlentī (ablative singular)
pūnctīs dēlentibus (ablative plural)
pūnctum dēlēns (singular vocative)
pūncta dēlentia (plural vocative)

→ English: punctum delens (learned)

[ˈpʊŋkt̪ʊ̃ˑ ˈd̪eːɫ̪ẽːs̠]

From pūnctum (“point, dot”) + dēlēns, present active participle of dēleō (“delete”).

(orthography) a punctum delens; mark made to indicate that a written character is an error to be ignored.


𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌔:𐌌𐌄𐌃:𐌅𐌇𐌄⁝𐌅𐌇𐌀𐌊𐌄𐌃:𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌀𐌔𐌉𐌏𐌉
MANIOS:MED:FHE⁝FHAKED:NVMASIOI


litteratura

litterātūra f (genitive litterātūrae); first declension

litterātūra (canonical feminine)
litterātūrae (genitive)
litterātūra (nominative singular)
litterātūrae (nominative plural)
litterātūrae (genitive singular)
litterātūrārum (genitive plural)
litterātūrae (dative singular)
litterātūrīs (dative plural)
litterātūram (accusative singular)
litterātūrās (accusative plural)
litterātūrā (ablative singular)
litterātūrīs (ablative plural)
litterātūra (singular vocative)
litterātūrae (plural vocative)

Catalan: literatura

Corsican: litteratura, littiratura

→ English: literature

French: littérature

Friulian: leterature

Galician: literatura

→ German: Literatur

Italian: letteratura

Lombard: leteradura, letteradura

Norman: littéthatuthe (Jersey)

Occitan: literatura

Piedmontese: leteratura, literatura

Portuguese: literatura

Romanian: literatură

→ Russian: литерату́ра (literatúra)

Spanish: literatura

→ Turkish: literatür

[lʲɪt̪ːɛräːˈt̪uːrä]

From littera (“letter”), from Etruscan, from Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “tablet”). Further etymology uncertain.


syllabarium

la-noun

syllabārium n (genitive syllabāriī or syllabārī); second declension

syllabārium (canonical neuter)
syllabāriī (genitive)
syllabārī (genitive)
syllabārium (nominative singular)
syllabāria (nominative plural)
syllabāriī (genitive singular)
syllabārī (genitive singular)
syllabāriōrum (genitive plural)
syllabāriō (dative singular)
syllabāriīs (dative plural)
syllabārium (accusative singular)
syllabāria (accusative plural)
syllabāriō (ablative singular)
syllabāriīs (ablative plural)
syllabārium (singular vocative)
syllabāria (plural vocative)

→? Arabic: شُلُنْبَر (šulunbar)

→ Catalan: sil·labari

→ English: syllabary

→ Finnish: syllabaari

→ French: syllabaire

→ German: Syllabar

→? Greek: συλλαβάριο (syllavário)

→ Polish: sylabariusz

→ Portuguese: silabário

→ Romanian: silabar

→ Spanish: silabario

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) alphabet book, a list showing the fundamental units of a writing system


used by scribes in the margin as highlighter mark.


i graeca

ī graeca (canonical feminine)
ī graeca (nominative singular)
ī graecae (nominative plural)
ī graecae (genitive singular)
ī graecārum (genitive plural)
ī graecae (dative singular)
ī graecīs (dative plural)
ī graecam (accusative singular)
ī graecās (accusative plural)
ī graecā (ablative singular)
ī graecīs (ablative plural)
ī graeca (singular vocative)
ī graecae (plural vocative)

[iː ˈɡräe̯kä]

[iː ˈɡrɛːkä]

Literally "Greek i"; as it mostly appeared in words of Greek origin and became pronounced identically to i.


apostrophus

apostrophus f (genitive apostrophī); second declension

apostrophī (genitive)
apostrophus (nominative singular)
apostrophī (nominative plural)
apostrophī (genitive singular)
apostrophōrum (genitive plural)
apostrophō (dative singular)
apostrophīs (dative plural)
apostrophum (accusative singular)
apostrophōs (accusative plural)
apostrophō (ablative singular)
apostrophīs (ablative plural)
apostrophe (singular vocative)
apostrophī (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: apostrof

→ Asturian: apóstrofe (learned)

→ Catalan: apòstrof (learned)

→ Czech: apostrof

→ Danish: apostrof

desctree

→ Dutch: apostrof, apostrophe (archaic)
→ Indonesian: apostrof
→ Papiamentu: apostròf

→ Esperanto: apostrofo

→ French: apostrophe (learned)
→ English: apostrophe
→ Romanian: apostrof
→ Russian: апо́строф (apóstrof)
→ Azerbaijani: apostrof
→ Persian: آپاستروف (âpâstruf)
→ Turkish: apostrof

→ German: Apostroph

→ Italian: apostrofo (learned)

→ Luxembourgish: Apostroph

→ Latvian: apostrofs

→ Lithuanian: apostròfas

→ Macedonian: апостроф (apostrof)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: apostrof

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: apostrof

→ Polish: apostrof

→ Portuguese: apóstrofo (learned)

→ Serbo-Croatian: àpostrof

→ Slovene: apostrọ̑f

→ Spanish: apóstrofo (learned)

[äˈpɔs̠t̪rɔpʰʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek ἀπόστροφος (apóstrophos, literally “turned back”), from ἀποστρέφω (apostréphō, “I turn away”).

der

(Late Latin, orthography) The symbol ''; apostrophe


accentus acutus

la-noun

accentus acūtus m (genitive accentūs acūtī); fourth declension

accentus acūtus (canonical masculine)
accentūs acūtī (genitive)
accentus acūtus (nominative singular)
accentūs acūtī (nominative plural)
accentūs acūtī (genitive singular)
accentuum acūtōrum (genitive plural)
accentuī acūtō (dative singular)
accentibus acūtīs (dative plural)
accentum acūtum (accusative singular)
accentūs acūtōs (accusative plural)
accentū acūtō (ablative singular)
accentibus acūtīs (ablative plural)
accentus acūte (singular vocative)
accentūs acūtī (plural vocative)

[äkˈkɛn̪t̪ʊs̠ äˈkuːt̪ʊs̠]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:accentus acutus.

(orthography and phonology) acute accent


accentus gravis

accentus gravis m (genitive accentūs gravis); fourth declension

accentūs gravis (genitive)
accentus gravis (nominative singular)
accentūs gravēs (nominative plural)
accentūs gravis (genitive singular)
accentuum gravium (genitive plural)
accentuī gravī (dative singular)
accentibus gravibus (dative plural)
accentum gravem (accusative singular)
accentūs gravēs (accusative plural)
accentūs gravīs (accusative plural)
accentū gravī (ablative singular)
accentibus gravibus (ablative plural)
accentus gravis (singular vocative)
accentūs gravēs (plural vocative)

[äkˈkɛn̪t̪ʊs̠ ˈɡräu̯ɪs̠]

[äkˈkɛn̪t̪uːs̠ ˈɡräu̯ɪs̠]

[äkˈkɛn̪t̪uːs̠ ˈɡräu̯iːs̠]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:accentus gravis.

(orthography and phonology) grave accent


accentus circumflexus

accentus circumflexus m (genitive accentūs circumflexī); fourth declension

accentūs circumflexī (genitive)
accentus circumflexus (nominative singular)
accentūs circumflexī (nominative plural)
accentūs circumflexī (genitive singular)
accentuum circumflexōrum (genitive plural)
accentuī circumflexō (dative singular)
accentibus circumflexīs (dative plural)
accentum circumflexum (accusative singular)
accentūs circumflexōs (accusative plural)
accentū circumflexō (ablative singular)
accentibus circumflexīs (ablative plural)
accentus circumflexe (singular vocative)
accentūs circumflexī (plural vocative)

→ English: circumflex accent (calque)

[äkˈkɛn̪t̪ʊs̠ kɪrkũːˈfɫ̪ɛks̠ʊs̠]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:accentus circumflexus.

circumflex accent
circumflex accent#English

(orthography and phonology) circumflex accent


þ᷏͛ þ᷏͛#Latin

(Medieval Latin) A diacritical mark of the Latin script in Latin, and found on c͛, f͛, g͛, h͛, m͛, n͛, p͛, s͛, t͛, u͛, v͛, X͛, x͛ and þ᷏͛. It indicates that the letters ⟨er⟩, ⟨re⟩ or ⟨rae⟩ have been omitted after the letter.


The ivy leaf, a decorative form of the interpunct.


For example, ⟨dicit᷑⟩ (dicitur) 'is said', ⟨uocat᷑⟩ (vocatur) 'is called'

(Medieval Latin) A diacritical mark of the Latin script in Latin, and found on t᷑. It indicates that the letters ⟨ur⟩ have been omitted after the letter.


(Medieval Latin) A diacritical mark of the Latin script in Latin, and found on b᷒, c᷒, h᷒, i᷒, j᷒, m᷒, n᷒, p᷒, r᷒, s᷒ and t᷒. It usually indicates that the letters ⟨us⟩ have been omitted after the letter, or otherwise the letters ⟨os⟩, ⟨ost⟩ or some longer sequence ending in one such form.


→ Old English: ◌̃

Middle English: ◌̃
English: ◌̃

Old French: ◌̃
Middle French: ◌̃

→ German: ◌̃

Portuguese: ◌̃

Spanish: ◌̃

Developed in cursive writing from n atop another letter.

cũ

ī̃fluente — īnfluente

ñ — nōn

quīcũque — quīcumque or quīcunque

Written on a letter, usually a vowel, in place of an omitted n or m.


It is stated by grammarians that a sicilicus or laterally inverted Ⅽ, Ↄ, was placed above a consonant which was to be regarded as a doubled letter.

1925, Sir John Edwin Sandys, A Companion to Latin Studies, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 743:

(Old Latin typography) The sicilicus, written atop a consonant to mark gemination, superseded in Classical Latin by doubling the letter representing the geminated consonant.


For example, ⟨nob᷐⟩ (nobis) 'to us', ⟨script᷐⟩ (scriptis) 'written', ⟨dict᷐⟩ (dictis) 'said'

(Medieval Latin) A diacritical mark of the Visigothic script in Latin. It indicates that the letters ⟨is⟩ have been omitted after the letter.


For example: ⟨uᷠ⟩ for unde 'from', ⟨aᷠ⟩ for ante 'before', ⟨quᷠ⟩ for quando 'when'.

(Medieval Latin) An abbreviation of the letter ⟨n⟩.


For example: ⟨ıͦıᷥ⟩ for duos 'two', ⟨ııͤıᷥ⟩ for tres 'three'

(Medieval Latin) An abbreviation of the letter s, specifically of long s ⟨ſ⟩.


For example: ⟨nᷝ⟩ for nihil 'nothing'

(Medieval Latin) An abbreviation of the letter ⟨l⟩.


For example: ⟨ııııoᷣᷣ⟩ for quatuor 'four'

(Medieval Latin) An abbreviation of the letter ⟨ꝛ⟩ (r rotunda).


A minimal way to mark word boundaries at a time when most text was scriptio continua. It would later be omitted, leaving a space.

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