abavus

la-noun

abavus m (genitive abavī); second declension

abavī (genitive)
abavus (nominative singular)
abavī (nominative plural)
abavī (genitive singular)
abavōrum (genitive plural)
abavō (dative singular)
abavīs (dative plural)
abavum (accusative singular)
abavōs (accusative plural)
abavō (ablative singular)
abavīs (ablative plural)
abave (singular vocative)
abavī (plural vocative)

Abavus dicitur, quia abest ab avo, & est avus avi

c. 2nd century, Sextus Pompeius Festus, De verborum significatione

Great-great-grandfather he's called, for he's distant from the grandfather & is the grandfather of the grandfather.


regina

rēgīna f (genitive rēgīnae, masculine rēx); first declension

rēgīna (canonical feminine)
rēgīnae (genitive)
rēx (masculine)
rēgīna (nominative singular)
rēgīnae (nominative plural)
rēgīnae (genitive singular)
rēgīnārum (genitive plural)
rēgīnae (dative singular)
rēgīnīs (dative plural)
rēgīnam (accusative singular)
rēgīnās (accusative plural)
rēgīnā (ablative singular)
rēgīnīs (ablative plural)
rēgīna (singular vocative)
rēgīnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: reina

Franco-Provençal: rêna

Friulian: reìne

Italian: regina

Maltese: reġina

Neapolitan: riggina

desctree

Old French: royne
French: reine
Norman: royne, ranne, reine
Walloon: royinne
→ Old East Slavic: ръ́ина (rŭ́ina)

Old Galician-Portuguese: reinha, reỹa, reynna, reýña, reyña, rreýña, rreyña, rainha, raynna, raỹa, rayña
Galician: raíña
Portuguese: rainha

Old Occitan: reina
Occitan: reina

Old Spanish: reyna
Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: regina, rigegna, raïna

Sardinian: reina, arreina

desc

Sicilian: rijina (obsolete), riggina (influenced by Italian)

Venetan: rexina

Walloon: royinne

→ Basque: erregina

→ English: Regina, regina

→ Interlingua: regina

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: regina

→ Romanian: regină

→ Translingual: Regina

Inherited from Proto-Italic *rēgīnā, see there for more. A feminine counterpart to rēx, rēgis (“king”).

‘cūr igitur rēgīna vocor prīncepsque deārum?

“Therefore, why am I being called queen and foremost of the goddesses? Why have they given me a golden scepter for my right hand?”


servus

la-noun

servus m (genitive servī, feminine serva); second declension

servī (genitive)
serva (feminine)
servus (nominative singular)
servī (nominative plural)
servī (genitive singular)
servōrum (genitive plural)
servō (dative singular)
servīs (dative plural)
servum (accusative singular)
servōs (accusative plural)
servō (ablative singular)
servīs (ablative plural)
serve (singular vocative)
servī (plural vocative)

Asturian: siervu

Catalan: serf

Friulian: sierf

Italian: servo

Occitan: sèrve

desctree

Old French: serf
Middle French: serf
French: serf
→ English: serf

Portuguese: servo

Romanian: șerb, → serv

Sicilian: serbu

Spanish: siervo

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ʊs̠]

From Old Latin servos, from Proto-Italic *serwos (“guardian”), from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo-s (“guardian”), possibly from *ser- (“watch over, protect”). Cognate with servō, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (haraⁱti, “he heeds, protects”). By surface analysis, Proto-Indo-European *ser- + -vus.

surf

Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ser-</i>

Quem patrem, qui servos est?

Captivi ("the captives") by Plautus (English and Latin text)

Father! What do you mean, when he’s a slave?


servus

la-adj

servus (feminine serva, neuter servum); first/second-declension adjective

serva (feminine)
servum (neuter)
servus (masculine nominative singular)
serva (feminine nominative singular)
servum (neuter nominative singular)
servī (masculine nominative plural)
servae (feminine nominative plural)
serva (neuter nominative plural)
servī (genitive masculine singular)
servae (feminine genitive singular)
servī (genitive neuter singular)
servōrum (genitive masculine plural)
servārum (feminine genitive plural)
servōrum (genitive neuter plural)
servō (dative masculine singular)
servae (dative feminine singular)
servō (dative neuter singular)
servīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
servum (accusative masculine singular)
servam (accusative feminine singular)
servum (accusative neuter singular)
servōs (accusative masculine plural)
servās (accusative feminine plural)
serva (accusative neuter plural)
servō (ablative masculine singular)
servā (ablative feminine singular)
servō (ablative neuter singular)
servīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
serve (masculine singular vocative)
serva (feminine singular vocative)
servum (neuter singular vocative)
servī (masculine plural vocative)
servae (feminine plural vocative)
serva (neuter plural vocative)

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ʊs̠]

slavish, servile (to the senses or to authority)

(of lands, buildings) subject or liable to servitude


era

la-noun

era f (genitive erae, masculine erus); first declension

erae (genitive)
erus (masculine)
era (nominative singular)
erae (nominative plural)
erae (genitive singular)
erārum (genitive plural)
erae (dative singular)
erīs (dative plural)
eram (accusative singular)
erās (accusative plural)
erā (ablative singular)
erīs (ablative plural)
era (singular vocative)
erae (plural vocative)

mistress (of a house, with respect to the servants)


genitor

genitor m (genitive genitōris, feminine genetrīx or genitrīx); third declension

genitōris (genitive)
genetrīx (feminine)
genitrīx (feminine)
genitor (nominative singular)
genitōrēs (nominative plural)
genitōris (genitive singular)
genitōrum (genitive plural)
genitōrī (dative singular)
genitōribus (dative plural)
genitōrem (accusative singular)
genitōrēs (accusative plural)
genitōre (ablative singular)
genitōribus (ablative plural)
genitor (singular vocative)
genitōrēs (plural vocative)

English: genitor

French: géniteur

Friulian: genitôr

Ido: genitoro

Italian: genitore

Ladino: jenitor (זﬞיניטור)

Portuguese: genitor

Romansch: genitur

Sicilian: genituri, ginituri

Spanish: genitor

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tōr (“parent”). Equivalent to genō + -tor.

subiit cārī genitōris imāgō

“the thought of [my] dear father came to mind”

ecce deûm genitor rutilās per nūbila flammās spargit

Behold the father of the gods scattering his reddening flames through the clouds

parent, father, sire, begetter, procreator


puer

puer m (genitive puerī, feminine puera); second declension

puerī (genitive)
puera (feminine)
puer (nominative singular)
puerī (nominative plural)
puerī (genitive singular)
puerōrum (genitive plural)
puerō (dative singular)
puerīs (dative plural)
puerum (accusative singular)
puerōs (accusative plural)
puerō (ablative singular)
puerīs (ablative plural)
puer (singular vocative)
puerī (plural vocative)

desc

→ English: puer, puer aeternus, puerile, puerilism, puerperium, puerility, puerperal, puerperous

→ Ido: puero

⇒ Romanian: prunc

From Proto-Italic *puweros, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂weros, from *peh₂w-. Cognate with Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌂𐌋𐌖𐌌 (puglum), Ancient Greek παῖς (paîs, “boy”).


avus

la-noun

avus m (genitive avī); second declension

avī (genitive)
avus (nominative singular)
avī (nominative plural)
avī (genitive singular)
avōrum (genitive plural)
avō (dative singular)
avīs (dative plural)
avum (accusative singular)
avōs (accusative plural)
avō (ablative singular)
avīs (ablative plural)
ave (singular vocative)
avī (plural vocative)

⇒ Aromanian: aush

Catalan: avi

Spanish: abuelo

French: aïeul

Lombard: av, ev

Italian: avo

⇒ Romanian: auș

Sardinian: abu, àviu, avu

Sicilian: avu

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os (“grandfather, uncle”).

inh

… māternō veniēns ab avō Cyllēnia prōlēs.

[... Mercury, that] child of [Mount] Cyllene, approaching from [the mountain of] his maternal grandfather, [Atlas].
(Mount Atlas is personified as the Titan Atlas, father of Maia, the mother of Mercury, who was born on Mount Cyllene.)


abbas

la-noun

abbās m (genitive abbātis, feminine abbātissa); third declension

abbās (canonical masculine)
abbātis (genitive)
abbātissa (feminine)
abbās (nominative singular)
abbātēs (nominative plural)
abbātis (genitive singular)
abbātum (genitive plural)
abbātī (dative singular)
abbātibus (dative plural)
abbātem (accusative singular)
abbātēs (accusative plural)
abbāte (ablative singular)
abbātibus (ablative plural)
abbās (singular vocative)
abbātēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: abate (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: abbate

Sicilian: abbati

Padanian:

Piedmontese: abà

Romagnol: abêt

Old Occitan:

Catalan: abat

Occitan: abat

West Iberian

Asturian: abá

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: abade
Galician: abade
Portuguese: abade

Old Spanish: abbat, abad

Spanish: abad (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings

→ Crimean Tatar: abbat

→ Danish: abbed

→ Finnish: apotti

→ Georgian: აბატი (abaṭi)

→ Indonesian: abbas

→ Latvian: abats

→ Lithuanian: abatas

→ Middle Dutch: abbet

Dutch: abt
Afrikaans: ab

→ Old English: abbat, abbod

Middle English: abbot, abbod

English: abbot
Gullah: aabut

→ Old Norse: ábóti

Icelandic: ábóti

Norwegian: abbed

→ Old French: abbet (see there for further descendants)

→ Old High German: abbāt

Middle High German: abbāt

German: Abt

Luxembourgish: Abt

→ Hungarian: apát

→ Czech: opat
→ Polish: opat

→ Macedonian: опат (opat)

→ Serbo-Croatian: опат

→ Slovak: opát

→ Slovene: opat

→ Ukrainian: опат (opat)

→ Old Irish: ap (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: abbati

Faroese: abbati

→ Old Saxon: *abbat

Middle Low German: abbet, abt

→ Old Swedish: abbot

Swedish: abbot

→ Proto-Brythonic: *abad

Breton: abad

Cornish: abas

Middle Welsh: abat

Welsh: abad

→ West Frisian: abt

From Ancient Greek ἀββα, ἀββᾶς (abba, abbâs, “father or abbot”), from Aramaic אבא (’abbā, “father”).


rex

la-noun

rēx m (genitive rēgis, feminine rēgīna); third declension

rēx (canonical masculine)
rēgis (genitive)
rēgīna (feminine)
rēx (nominative singular)
rēgēs (nominative plural)
rēgis (genitive singular)
rēgum (genitive plural)
rēgī (dative singular)
rēgibus (dative plural)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgēs (accusative plural)
rēge (ablative singular)
rēgibus (ablative plural)
rēx (singular vocative)
rēgēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: rè

Italian: re
→ Maltese: re

Neapolitan: rré

Sicilian: re, reji

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rà

Old Lombard: rex

Lombard: rè, re

Piedmontese: rèj

Friulian: re

Ladin: re

Ligurian: re

Romansch: retg, raig, rai

Venetan: re

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rê

desctree

Old French: roi, rex, rei, rai, roy
Middle French: roy
French: roi, roy (obsolete) (pre-1800)
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa
Norman:
Continental Normandy: rai, ré, rey
Guernsey: ré, roué
Jersey: rouai
Sark: rwe
Walloon: roy, rwè
→ Middle English: roy, roye
English: roy

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: rei, rey

Catalan: rei

Old Occitan: rei
Occitan: rei, rèi

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: rei, rey

Aragonese: rei

Old Leonese: rei, rey, re

Asturian: rei, reye

Leonese: rei

Mirandese: rei

Old Galician-Portuguese: rei
Fala: rei
Galician: rei
Portuguese: rei (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rey
Ladino: rey
Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: re, rei

→ Albanian: regj

→ Basque: errege

→ English: rex, Rex

→ Esperanto: reĝo

→ Koine Greek: ῥήξ (rhḗx)

→ Greek: ρήγας (rígas)

→ Albanian: rig

→ Romanian: rigă

→ Ido: rejo

→ Interlingua: rege

→ Italian: rege

→ Romanian: rege

→? Sicilian: reghi

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Balaeniceps rex, Tyrannosaurus rex

→ Volapük: reg

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
From Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”).

etymon

rēx

inh

(derogatory) despot, tyrant (during the time of the Republic when there were no kings and executive power was usually divided)


pater

la-noun

pater m (genitive patris); third declension

patris (genitive)
pater (nominative singular)
patrēs (nominative plural)
patris (genitive singular)
patrum (genitive plural)
patrī (dative singular)
patribus (dative plural)
patrem (accusative singular)
patrēs (accusative plural)
patre (ablative singular)
patribus (ablative plural)
pater (singular vocative)
patrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: pate

Old Italian: patre

Italian: padre
→ English: padre

Sicilian: patri

Western Romance:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: pèder, pär

Ligurian: paire, poæ

Old Lombard: patre

Lombard: pader, pare

desc

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: patr′, paddö, pà, pätri

Piedmontese: pare, peri

Venetan: pare

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pâre

desctree

Old French: pere, pedre
Bourguignon: peire
Middle French: pere
French: père
→ Dutch: pere
→ English: père
Norman: père, pére, péthe
Walloon: pere

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese:

Asturian: pá, pai, padre

Extremaduran: pairi

Leonese: pai

Mirandese: pai

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: pai

Old Galician-Portuguese: padre
Galician: padre
Portuguese: padre (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old Galician-Portuguese: pay
Galician: pai
Portuguese: pai (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: padre

Ladino:

Hebrew script: פאדרי

Latin script: padre

Spanish: padre
→ Chinese: 巴禮／巴礼
→ Classical Nahuatl: padre
→ English: padre
→ Mecayapan Nahuatl: pa̱lej
→ Tagalog: pari

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: paire
Occitan: paire

Catalan: pare

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: pari

Romansch: pader

→ Dutch: pater

→ English: pater
Tok Pisin: pater

→ Romanian: pater

→ Welsh: pader

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr?
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Proto-Italic *patēr
Latin pater
From Proto-Italic *patēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. As a titular suffix, shares cognate roots with Old Latin Diēspiter (“Father Jove”), Latin Iuppiter (“Jupiter”).


frater

la-noun

frāter m (genitive frātris); third declension

frāter (canonical masculine)
frātris (genitive)
frāter (nominative singular)
frātrēs (nominative plural)
frātris (genitive singular)
frātrum (genitive plural)
frātrī (dative singular)
frātribus (dative plural)
frātrem (accusative singular)
frātrēs (accusative plural)
frātre (ablative singular)
frātribus (ablative plural)
frāter (singular vocative)
frātrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: frati, frate

Istro-Romanian: fråte

Romanian: frate

Dalmatian:

frutro

Italo-Romance:

Italian: frate
→ English: fra

Neapolitan: frate

Sicilian: frati

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: frade

North Italian:

Friulian: fradi

Istriot: fra

Old Piedmontese: frère, frer

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: frær

Old Ligurian: frae

Ligurian: fræ, frai

Lombard: frar

Romansch: frar

desc

Venetan: frade, brade (influenced by germanic)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: frâre

Old French: frere (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: frare

Old Occitan: fraire (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: frade

Galician: frade

Portuguese: frade

Old Spanish: fradre, frade (early)

Borrowings:

→? Albanian: frat

→ Dutch: frater (learned)

→ Indonesian: frater

→ English: frater (learned)

→ German: Frater (learned)

From Proto-Italic *frātēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.


uxor

la-noun

uxor f (genitive uxōris); third declension

uxōris (genitive)
uxor (nominative singular)
uxōrēs (nominative plural)
uxōris (genitive singular)
uxōrum (genitive plural)
uxōrī (dative singular)
uxōribus (dative plural)
uxōrem (accusative singular)
uxōrēs (accusative plural)
uxōre (ablative singular)
uxōribus (ablative plural)
uxor (singular vocative)
uxōrēs (plural vocative)

desctree

Old French: oissor, oissour, uissor, usor
Middle French: oisour (early)

⇒ Aromanian: ãnsor

⇒ Romanian: însura

→ Interlingua: uxor

desc

→⇒ English: uxoricide, uxorious, uxorial

From Proto-Italic *uksōr which is of unknown origin. Possibly cognate with Old Armenian ամուսին (amusin). Alternatively a cognate to Latvian uõsis (“father-in-law”), Lithuanian uošvė (“mother-in-law”) and Ossetian ус (us, “woman”).


alumnus

la-noun

alumnus m (genitive alumnī, feminine alumna); second declension

alumnī (genitive)
alumna (feminine)
alumnus (nominative singular)
alumnī (nominative plural)
alumnī (genitive singular)
alumnōrum (genitive plural)
alumnō (dative singular)
alumnīs (dative plural)
alumnum (accusative singular)
alumnōs (accusative plural)
alumnō (ablative singular)
alumnīs (ablative plural)
alumne (singular vocative)
alumnī (plural vocative)

English: alumnus

Catalan: alumne

Italian: alunno

Portuguese: aluno

Romanian: alumn

Spanish: alumno

[äˈɫ̪ʊmnʊs̠]

* From Proto-Italic *alomanos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-o-mh₁no- (“being nourished”), mediopassive participle (see *-mh₁nos) of *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”) (whence alō).
* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”) + *-mno- (see *-mn̥).

der

pervenit ad Cranēn et rem docet, illa ‘timōrem
pōne: tuus sospes’ dīxit ‘alumnus erit.’
She comes to Cranê and tells her what has happened; [and to] that, Cranê replies: “Put fear aside; your nursling will be unharmed.”
(A nurse-maid summons Cranê’s aid because a baby has been attacked by striges; however, Ovid in these verses conflates names and mythologies: see Cardea.)


mater

la-noun

māter f (genitive mātris); third declension

māter (canonical feminine)
mātris (genitive)
māter (nominative singular)
mātrēs (nominative plural)
mātris (genitive singular)
mātrum (genitive plural)
mātrī (dative singular)
mātribus (dative plural)
mātrem (accusative singular)
mātrēs (accusative plural)
mātre (ablative singular)
mātribus (ablative plural)
māter (singular vocative)
mātrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: madre

Sicilian: matri

North Italian:

Friulian: mari

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: mare, mèr, mèdar, madra

Ligurian: moæ, mâre, mâje

Lombard: mader, madar, madra

Piedmontese: mare, mari, mèri

Istriot: mare

Ladin: mère

Venetan: mare

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: mâre

desctree

Old French: mere, medre
Bourguignon: meire
Middle French: mere
French: mère
Haitian Creole: mè
Norman: mère, méthe
Walloon: mere

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: mare

Gascon: mair

Occitan: maire

Limousin: mair

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: mai

Old Leonese:

Asturian: madre, ma

Extremaduran: mairi

Leonese: mai

Mirandese: mai, madre

Old Galician-Portuguese: madre
Galician: madre
Portuguese: madre

Fala: mairi

Old Galician-Portuguese: mãy
Fala: má
Galician: mai, nai
Portuguese: mãe (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: madre

Ladino:

Hebrew script: מאדרי

Latin script: madre

Spanish: madre
→ Tagalog: madre

Borrowings:

→ English: mater

→ Ido: matro
→ Esperanto: matro

→ Interlingua: matre

→ Middle English: matere

English: mater

From Proto-Italic *mātēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Cognate with Old English mōdor (English mother).

Nē, māter; suam.


virgo

la-noun

virgō f (genitive virginis); third declension

virgō (canonical feminine)
virginis (genitive)
virgō (nominative singular)
virginēs (nominative plural)
virginis (genitive singular)
virginum (genitive plural)
virginī (dative singular)
virginibus (dative plural)
virginem (accusative singular)
virginēs (accusative plural)
virgine (ablative singular)
virginibus (ablative plural)
virgō (singular vocative)
virginēs (plural vocative)

Albanian: virgjër

Aromanian: virghirã

Asturian: virxe

Catalan: verge

English: virgin

Piedmontese: verzo, vergio

Ligurian: verzo

French: vierge

Friulian: virgin

Galician: virxe

Italian: vergine

Lithuanian: mergelė (calque)

Occitan: verge

Papiamentu: vírgen

Portuguese: virgem

Romanian: virgin, vergură

Sicilian: vìrgini

Spanish: virgen, virgo

Walloon: viêdge

Uncertain; one hypothesis is that it is related to virga (“young shoot”).

a virgin; someone (female) who has never experienced sexual intercourse

(by extension, Ecclesiastical Latin, of the Church Fathers) a male virgin


virgo

[…] cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam propter unius ex illis X viris intemperiem in foro sua manu interemisset

54 BCE – 51 BCE, Cicero, De re publica 2.37.63

[…] that a certain Decimus Virginius was obliged, on account of the libidinous violence of one of these decemvirs, to stab his virgin daughter in the midst of the forum


serva

serva f (genitive servae, masculine servus); first declension

servae (genitive)
servus (masculine)
serva (nominative singular)
servae (nominative plural)
servae (genitive singular)
servārum (genitive plural)
servae (dative singular)
servīs (dative plural)
servam (accusative singular)
servās (accusative plural)
servā (ablative singular)
servīs (ablative plural)
serva (singular vocative)
servae (plural vocative)

From servus (“slave, servant”) + -a (feminine suffix).


puella

la-noun

puella f (genitive puellae, masculine puellus); first declension

puellae (genitive)
puellus (masculine)
puella (nominative singular)
puellae (nominative plural)
puellae (genitive singular)
puellārum (genitive plural)
puellae (dative singular)
puellīs (dative plural)
puellam (accusative singular)
puellās (accusative plural)
puellā (ablative singular)
puellīs (ablative plural)
puella (singular vocative)
puellae (plural vocative)

Old French: polle

→ English: puella, ⇒ puella aeterna, puella publica, puellile, puelline

Venetan: putèła

From puellus (“a little boy”), contracted from puerulus (“little boy, little slave”), the diminutive of puer (“boy”).

parvola puella

pueri atque puellae

pueri innuptaeque puellae


vir

vir m (genitive virī); second declension

virī (genitive)
vir (nominative singular)
virī (nominative plural)
virī (genitive singular)
virōrum (genitive plural)
virō (dative singular)
virīs (dative plural)
virum (accusative singular)
virōs (accusative plural)
virō (ablative singular)
virīs (ablative plural)
vir (singular vocative)
virī (plural vocative)

→ Italian: viro (learned)

From Proto-Italic *wiros, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós. Cognates include Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Old Prussian wijrs, Lithuanian vyras, Latvian vīrs, Old Irish fer, Old Norse verr, Ossetian ир (ir, “Ossetians”) and Old English wer (English were-; also see world).

Arma virumque cano.


papa

pāpa f (genitive pāpae); first declension

pāpa (canonical feminine)
pāpae (genitive)
pāpa (nominative singular)
pāpae (nominative plural)
pāpae (genitive singular)
pāpārum (genitive plural)
pāpae (dative singular)
pāpīs (dative plural)
pāpam (accusative singular)
pāpās (accusative plural)
pāpā (ablative singular)
pāpīs (ablative plural)
pāpa (singular vocative)
pāpae (plural vocative)

A nursery word imitative of the movement of the infant's lips during eating. Compare English pap, German Papp, Hungarian papi, Polish papu. Also see the derivative pappō.

onomatopoeic

imitative

Cum cibum ac pōtiōnem "buās" ac "pāpās" vocent, mātrem "mammam", patrem "tatam".

Since children call food "papa" and drink “bua”, mother "mamma" and father "tata". (Nonius Marcellus, De Compendiosa Doctrina, 81 M, 2-4)

(childish) yum yum, num-num, food (especially pap)


papa

la-noun

pāpa m (genitive pāpae, feminine pāpissa); first declension

pāpa (canonical masculine)
pāpae (genitive)
pāpissa (feminine)
pāpa (nominative singular)
pāpae (nominative plural)
pāpae (genitive singular)
pāpārum (genitive plural)
pāpae (dative singular)
pāpīs (dative plural)
pāpam (accusative singular)
pāpās (accusative plural)
pāpā (ablative singular)
pāpīs (ablative plural)
pāpa (singular vocative)
pāpae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: papë

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pab

Middle Welsh: pap

Welsh: pab

→ Middle Dutch: pape

Dutch: paap

→ Old English: pāpa (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: pape (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: pápa

→ Old Irish: pápa

Irish: pápa

Scottish Gaelic: pàpa

→ Italian: papa
→ Turkish: papa

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: papa

Galician: papa

Portuguese: papa
→ Swahili: papa

→ Romanian: papă

→ Spanish: papa
→ Tagalog: Papa

From early Byzantine Greek πάπας (pápas, title for priests & bishops, especially by 3rd c. the bishop of Alexandria), from πάππας (páppas, “papa, daddy”).

bor

The traditional exclamation in Rome after a papal election:

"Habemus papam!" ― "We have a [new] pope!"

(Ecclesiastical Latin) a pope (the Roman Catholic bishop of Rome)

(Ecclesiastical Latin) a patriarch (in primatial sees, notably Coptic Alexandria).


alumna

la-noun

alumna f (genitive alumnae, masculine alumnus); first declension

alumnae (genitive)
alumnus (masculine)
alumna (nominative singular)
alumnae (nominative plural)
alumnae (genitive singular)
alumnārum (genitive plural)
alumnae (dative singular)
alumnīs (dative plural)
alumnam (accusative singular)
alumnās (accusative plural)
alumnā (ablative singular)
alumnīs (ablative plural)
alumna (singular vocative)
alumnae (plural vocative)

English: alumna

Catalan: alumne

Italian: alunna

Portuguese: aluna

Romanian: alumnă

Spanish: alumna


pontifex

pontifex m (genitive pontificis); third declension

pontificis (genitive)
pontifex (nominative singular)
pontificēs (nominative plural)
pontificis (genitive singular)
pontificum (genitive plural)
pontificī (dative singular)
pontificibus (dative plural)
pontificem (accusative singular)
pontificēs (accusative plural)
pontifice (ablative singular)
pontificibus (ablative plural)
pontifex (singular vocative)
pontificēs (plural vocative)

→? Catalan: pontífex

→? Italian: pontefice

desctree

→ Middle French: pontife m (learned)
French: pontife m
→? Romanian: pontif m
→ English: pontiff

→ Portuguese: pontífice (learned)

→ Romanian: pontifice

→ Russian: понти́фик m (pontífik)

→ Spanish: pontífice

Often interpreted as a compound originally meaning “bridge-maker”, from Proto-Italic *pontifaks, equivalent to pōns m (“bridge”) + -fex (suffix representing a maker or producer), either metaphorically “one who negotiates between gods and men” or literally if at some point the social class which supplied the priests was more or less identical with engineers that were responsible for building bridges. Compare Sanskrit पथिकृत् (pathikṛ́t, “path-maker”), attested as an epithet of rishis in the Rig Veda.

cog

adiacet antīquus Tiberīnō lūcūs Helernī:

The ancient grove of Helernus is near by the Tiber [River]:
Even now the high priests bring sacrifices to there.
(See: Helernus; “Tiberinus” is an alternative name for the Tiber River.)

pontificēs illūc nunc quoque sacra ferunt.

an ancient Roman high priest, state minister, pontiff


abbatissa

la-noun

abbātissa f (genitive abbātissae, masculine abbās); first declension

abbātissa (canonical feminine)
abbātissae (genitive)
abbās (masculine)
abbātissa (nominative singular)
abbātissae (nominative plural)
abbātissae (genitive singular)
abbātissārum (genitive plural)
abbātissae (dative singular)
abbātissīs (dative plural)
abbātissam (accusative singular)
abbātissās (accusative plural)
abbātissā (ablative singular)
abbātissīs (ablative plural)
abbātissa (singular vocative)
abbātissae (plural vocative)

→ Breton: abadessa

Catalan: abadessa

→ Czech: abatyše

→ Danish: abbedisse

→ Dutch: abdis

→ English: abbatess

→ Finnish: abbedissa

→ Icelandic: abbadís

desc

Italian: badessa, abadessa, abbadessa (archaic)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abbedisse

Old French: abaesse, abeesse

French: abbesse

Norman: abbêsse

→ Middle English: abbesse

English: abbess

→ Middle High German: abtissine

→ Czech: jeptiška

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: abadessa
Galician: abadesa
Portuguese: abadessa

Old Spanish: abbadesa

Spanish: abadesa
→ Basque: abadesa
→ Hiligaynon: abadesa
→ Tagalog: abadesa

→ Polish: abtysa (learned)

Romanian: abatesă

→ Russian: аббатиса (abbatisa)

→ Swedish: abbedissa

→ Ukrainian: абатиса (abatysa)

→ Welsh: abades

[äbːäːˈt̪ɪs̠ːä]

[äbːäˈt̪isːä]

abbās (“abbot”) + -issa (“feminine noun-forming suffix”).

affix

(Late Latin) abbess, female head of an abbey


filius

la-noun

fīlius m (genitive fīliī or fīlī, feminine fīlia); second declension

fīlius (canonical masculine)
fīliī (genitive)
fīlī (genitive)
fīlia (feminine)
fīlius (nominative singular)
fīliī (nominative plural)
fīliī (genitive singular)
fīlī (genitive singular)
fīliōrum (genitive plural)
fīliō (dative singular)
fīliīs (dative plural)
fīlium (accusative singular)
fīliōs (accusative plural)
fīliō (ablative singular)
fīliīs (ablative plural)
fīlī (singular vocative)
fīliī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: hilj, hiljiu, hilju

Istro-Romanian: fiľ

Megleno-Romanian: il'u

Romanian: fiu

Dalmatian:

felj

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: figliu

Italian: figlio

Judeo-Italian: פִילְייוֹ (figlio)

Sicilian: figghiu

Padanian:

Friulian: fi

Istriot: feîo, fèio

Ligurian: fìggio

Piedmontese: fieul, fij

Romansch: figl, fegl

Venetan: fio

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fill

Franco-Provençal: fely, fily

desctree

Old French: fil
Bourguignon: fi
Walloon: fi

⇒ Old French: filz, fils, fis, fitz, fiz (nominative singular)
Middle French: filz
French: fils
Norman: fils, fis (Jersey)
→ English: Fitz- (via Anglo-Norman fitz)

Old Occitan: filh
Occitan: filh, fiu, hilh

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: fillo

Mozarabic: פליו (flyw)

Old Leonese: fiyo, fijo (Salamanca), fillo (Asturias)
Asturian: fíu, ḥiyu, fiyu
Leonese: fiyu
Extremaduran: iju
Mirandese: filho

Old Galician-Portuguese: filho, fi' (apocopic form), fillo
Fala: fillu
Galician: fillo
Portuguese: filho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: fijo
Ladino: ijo, fijo
Spanish: hijo (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: fillu

Logudorese: fizu, figiu

From Proto-Italic *fīlios, *feilios (the Latin can reflect either one, but Faliscan 𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏 (fīleo, hīleo), if original and not modeled on Latin fīlius, would point to *fīl-), from earlier *θeilios, from *dʰeh₁i-l-yo-s (“sucker”), a derivation from the verbal root *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”).
Related to fellō, fēmina, fētus, Old English delu (“nipple, teat”), dēon (“to suck, suckle”), Old Armenian դալ (dal). More at doe.


famulus

la-noun

famulus m (genitive famulī, feminine famula); second declension

famulī (genitive)
famula (feminine)
famulus (nominative singular)
famulī (nominative plural)
famulī (genitive singular)
famulōrum (genitive plural)
famulō (dative singular)
famulīs (dative plural)
famulum (accusative singular)
famulōs (accusative plural)
famulō (ablative singular)
famulīs (ablative plural)
famule (singular vocative)
famulī (plural vocative)

[ˈfämʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From earlier famelus, from Proto-Italic *famelos (“slave”) (whence Oscan 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌋 (famel, “slave”)), from earlier *θamelos; probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”). Probably as a backformation from the predecessor of familia (see there for details).

der

ūnā cum famulō tuō, pāpā nostrō, N.,

together with thy servant, our Pope, N.,


famulus

la-adj

famulus (feminine famula, neuter famulum); first/second-declension adjective

famula (feminine)
famulum (neuter)
famulus (masculine nominative singular)
famula (feminine nominative singular)
famulum (neuter nominative singular)
famulī (masculine nominative plural)
famulae (feminine nominative plural)
famula (neuter nominative plural)
famulī (genitive masculine singular)
famulae (feminine genitive singular)
famulī (genitive neuter singular)
famulōrum (genitive masculine plural)
famulārum (feminine genitive plural)
famulōrum (genitive neuter plural)
famulō (dative masculine singular)
famulae (dative feminine singular)
famulō (dative neuter singular)
famulīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
famulum (accusative masculine singular)
famulam (accusative feminine singular)
famulum (accusative neuter singular)
famulōs (accusative masculine plural)
famulās (accusative feminine plural)
famula (accusative neuter plural)
famulō (ablative masculine singular)
famulā (ablative feminine singular)
famulō (ablative neuter singular)
famulīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
famule (masculine singular vocative)
famula (feminine singular vocative)
famulum (neuter singular vocative)
famulī (masculine plural vocative)
famulae (feminine plural vocative)
famula (neuter plural vocative)

→ Albanian: famull

→ English: famulus

→ German: Famulus

→ Italian: famulo

→ Portuguese: fâmulo

→ Russian: фа́мулус (fámulus)

→ Spanish: fámulo

→ Svan: ფა̈მლი (pämli), ფამლი (pamli)

[ˈfämʊɫ̪ʊs̠]


eques

la-noun

eques m (genitive equitis); third declension

equitis (genitive)
eques (nominative singular)
equitēs (nominative plural)
equitis (genitive singular)
equitum (genitive plural)
equitī (dative singular)
equitibus (dative plural)
equitem (accusative singular)
equitēs (accusative plural)
equite (ablative singular)
equitibus (ablative plural)
eques (singular vocative)
equitēs (plural vocative)

From equus (“horse”) + -es (“-faring”). Compare pedes, mīles for similar formations.


filia

fīlia f (genitive fīliae, masculine fīlius); first declension

fīlia (canonical feminine)
fīliae (genitive)
fīlius (masculine)
fīlia (nominative singular)
fīliae (nominative plural)
fīliae (genitive singular)
fīliārum (genitive plural)
fīliae (dative singular)
fīliīs (dative plural)
fīliābus (dative plural)
fīliam (accusative singular)
fīliās (accusative plural)
fīliā (ablative singular)
fīliīs (ablative plural)
fīliābus (ablative plural)
fīlia (singular vocative)
fīliae (plural vocative)

Aragonese: filla

Aromanian: hilji, hilje

Asturian: fía

Bourguignon: feille

Catalan: filla

Corsican: figlia

Dalmatian: felja

Extremaduran: ija

Franco-Provençal: felye, filye

Friulian: fie

Istro-Romanian: fiľa

Italian: figlia

Judeo-Italian: פִֿילְײַה (figlia)

Ligurian: figgia

Old Lombard: filia

Lombard: fioeula

Lorrain: feille

Megleno-Romanian: il'ă

Mirandese: filha

Norman: fil'ye, fille, fîle

Occitan: filha

desctree

Old French: fille
Middle French: fille
French: fille
Haitian Creole: fi
Louisiana Creole: fiy
Norman: fille, fil'ye
Walloon: feye

Old Galician-Portuguese: filha, filla
Fala: filla
Galician: filla
Portuguese: filha

Old Occitan: filha, filla, hilha

Old Spanish: fija
Ladino: ija
Spanish: hija (see there for further descendants)

Picard: file

Piedmontese: fija

Romanian: fie

Romansch: figlia, feglia

Sardinian: filla, fiza, fitza

Sicilian: figghia, fiza

Venetan: fia

From fīlius (“son”). Displaced the Proto-Italic descendant of Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr, which is attested in Oscan 𐌚𐌖𐌕𐌝𐌓 (futír).


tata

la-noun

tata m (genitive tatae); first declension

tatae (genitive)
tata (nominative singular)
tatae (nominative plural)
tatae (genitive singular)
tatārum (genitive plural)
tatae (dative singular)
tatīs (dative plural)
tatam (accusative singular)
tatās (accusative plural)
tatā (ablative singular)
tatīs (ablative plural)
tata (singular vocative)
tatae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: tatã, tati

Istro-Romanian: tåtĕ

Megleno-Romanian: tată

Romanian: tată (“father, dad”)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: tuota, teta

Italian: tata, tato

→ Cimbrian: tatta

→ Mòcheno: tata

Neapolitan: tata

Old Occitan:

Old Catalan: taita (“dad”)

Catalan: tata (“dad, brother”) (dialectal)

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: tat (“grandfather”) (dialectal)

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: taie

West Iberian:

Portuguese: tatá

Old Spanish: taita (“dad”)

Spanish: tata, tato, taita

From Proto-Italic *tata, from Proto-Indo-European *tata-, ultimately onomatopoeic, mimicking baby talk.
Compare the similar atta, and also Cornish tat, tas, Breton tad and Breton tata, Ancient Greek τατᾶ (tatâ), τέττα (tétta), Bulgarian та́тко (tátko), Sanskrit तात (tāta), Kamkata-viri tót, tó, Tregami tát, Waigali tati.

dad, daddy, a term used by children for their father


socer

socer m (genitive socerī); second declension

socerī (genitive)
socer (nominative singular)
socerī (nominative plural)
socerī (genitive singular)
socerōrum (genitive plural)
socerō (dative singular)
socerīs (dative plural)
socerum (accusative singular)
socerōs (accusative plural)
socerō (ablative singular)
socerīs (ablative plural)
socer (singular vocative)
socerī (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *swekuros, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros.


levir

lēvir m (genitive lēvirī); second declension

lēvir (canonical masculine)
lēvirī (genitive)
lēvir (nominative singular)
lēvirī (nominative plural)
lēvirī (genitive singular)
lēvirōrum (genitive plural)
lēvirō (dative singular)
lēvirīs (dative plural)
lēvirum (accusative singular)
lēvirōs (accusative plural)
lēvirō (ablative singular)
lēvirīs (ablative plural)
lēvir (singular vocative)
lēvirī (plural vocative)

→ English: levir, ⇒ levirate (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂wḗr (“one's brother-in-law”). For initial l- compare lingua, lacrima. The expected *-ver was possibly altered under the influence of vir (“man”).

der

Coordinate term: glōs f


socrus

la-noun

socrus f (genitive socrūs); fourth declension

socrūs (genitive)
socrus (nominative singular)
socrūs (nominative plural)
socrūs (genitive singular)
socruum (genitive plural)
socruī (dative singular)
socribus (dative plural)
socrum (accusative singular)
socrūs (accusative plural)
socrū (ablative singular)
socribus (ablative plural)
socrus (singular vocative)
socrūs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *swekrus, earlier *swekrū, from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂ (“mother-in-law”).


la-proper noun

♀ m sg (genitive ♀ris); third declension

♀ris (genitive)
♀rēs (nominative plural)
♀ris (genitive singular)
♀rum (genitive plural)
♀rī (dative singular)
♀ribus (dative plural)
♀rem (accusative singular)
♀rēs (accusative plural)
♀re (ablative singular)
♀ribus (ablative plural)
♀rēs (plural vocative)
♀ēs (nominative plural)
♀is (genitive singular)
♀um (genitive plural)
♀ī (dative singular)
♀ibus (dative plural)
♀em (accusative singular)
♀ēs (accusative plural)
♀e (ablative singular)
♀ibus (ablative plural)
♀ēs (plural vocative)

Arte ſivè Chymice parata: ut Vitriolum ♃vis, ☽næ, ♂tis, ☉lis, ♀ris

1701, Johann Christoph Sommerhoff, Lexicon pharmaceutico-chymicum latino-germanicum & germanico-latinum [Pharmaceutico-Chemical Lexicon, Latin–German and German–Latin], page 399:

Those prepared by art or chemically: as vitriol of Jupiter, of the Moon, of Mars, of the Sun, of Venus


avunculus

la-noun

avunculus m (genitive avunculī); second declension

avunculī (genitive)
avunculus (nominative singular)
avunculī (nominative plural)
avunculī (genitive singular)
avunculōrum (genitive plural)
avunculō (dative singular)
avunculīs (dative plural)
avunculum (accusative singular)
avunculōs (accusative plural)
avunculō (ablative singular)
avunculīs (ablative plural)
avuncule (singular vocative)
avunculī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: unchi, unchiu

North Italian:

Old Venetan: avoncoli (plural, hapax)

⇒ Romansch: aug, ô, oc (Sutsilvan)

Gallo-Romance:

Old Franco-Provençal: uncle, onclo, hunclo

Franco-Provençal: onclle, oncllo

Oïl:

desc

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: ouncle, onclïe, onquille

Norman: aonclle (Guernsey), oncl'ye (Jersey), onque

Old French: oncle (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: avoncle, avonclo, oncle

Catalan: oncle, onclo

Old Occitan: avoncle, auncle, aoncle, oncle

Occitan: oncle

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: ungël, ungj

[äˈu̯ʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

By surface analysis, avus + -unculus. Actually from an n-stem noun suffixed with -culus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewh₂-on-, a dialectal diminutive of *h₂éwh₂ō (“grandfather, adult male relative other than one’s father”) (whence also Proto-Celtic *awontīr (“uncle”) and possibly Proto-Germanic *awô (“grandfather”), from *h₂éwh₂os (“older male relative”)), whence also avus (“grandfather”).


patruus

la-noun

patruus m (genitive patruī); second declension

patruī (genitive)
patruus (nominative singular)
patruī (nominative plural)
patruī (genitive singular)
patruōrum (genitive plural)
patruō (dative singular)
patruīs (dative plural)
patruum (accusative singular)
patruōs (accusative plural)
patruō (ablative singular)
patruīs (ablative plural)
patrue (singular vocative)
patruī (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tr̥wyos (“paternal uncle”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *fadurwijô (“paternal uncle”).


frater uterinus

la-noun

frāter uterīnus m (genitive frātris uterīnī); third declension

frāter uterīnus (canonical masculine)
frātris uterīnī (genitive)
frāter uterīnus (nominative singular)
frātrēs uterīnī (nominative plural)
frātris uterīnī (genitive singular)
frātrum uterīnōrum (genitive plural)
frātrī uterīnō (dative singular)
frātribus uterīnīs (dative plural)
frātrem uterīnum (accusative singular)
frātrēs uterīnōs (accusative plural)
frātre uterīnō (ablative singular)
frātribus uterīnīs (ablative plural)
frāter uterīne (singular vocative)
frātrēs uterīnī (plural vocative)

[ˈfräːt̪ɛr ʊt̪ɛˈriːnʊs̠]

Coordinate term: frāter cōnsanguineus

the son of someone’s mother who has a different father; maternal half brother


frater consanguineus

frāter cōnsanguineus m (genitive frātris cōnsanguineī); third declension

frāter cōnsanguineus (canonical masculine)
frātris cōnsanguineī (genitive)
frāter cōnsanguineus (nominative singular)
frātrēs cōnsanguineī (nominative plural)
frātris cōnsanguineī (genitive singular)
frātrum cōnsanguineōrum (genitive plural)
frātrī cōnsanguineō (dative singular)
frātribus cōnsanguineīs (dative plural)
frātrem cōnsanguineum (accusative singular)
frātrēs cōnsanguineōs (accusative plural)
frātre cōnsanguineō (ablative singular)
frātribus cōnsanguineīs (ablative plural)
frāter cōnsanguinee (singular vocative)
frātrēs cōnsanguineī (plural vocative)

[ˈfräːt̪ɛr kõːs̠äŋˈɡʷɪneʊs̠]

Coordinate term: frāter uterīnus

the son of someone’s father who has a different mother; paternal half brother


amita

amita f (genitive amitae); first declension

amitae (genitive)
amita (nominative singular)
amitae (nominative plural)
amitae (genitive singular)
amitārum (genitive plural)
amitae (dative singular)
amitīs (dative plural)
amitam (accusative singular)
amitās (accusative plural)
amitā (ablative singular)
amitīs (ablative plural)
amita (singular vocative)
amitae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: amia

Istriot: gnagna

Galloitalic

Lombard: àmeda, anda

Piedmontese: magna

Ligurian: àmia

desctree

Old French: ante, aunte (Anglo-Norman)
→ Middle English: aunte, ante, aunt, awnte, naunte
English: aunt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aunt
Middle French: tante
French: tante (see there for further descendants)
Norman: tante, tànte

Old Occitan: anda

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: agne, gnagne

Ladin: anda, amdä

Romansch: onda

Venetan: àmia, àmeda, gnagna

→ Cimbrian: amada, gnégna

Vulgar Latin: *mita

⇒ Romanian: mătușă (+ -ușă (diminutive suffix))

→ Albanian: emtë

Diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *amma, *ama (“mother”), a lost baby-word of the papa-type; compare amō (“I love”), Old High German amma (“wet nurse”).

onomatopoeic

baby


matertera

la-noun

mātertera f (genitive māterterae); first declension

mātertera (canonical feminine)
māterterae (genitive)
mātertera (nominative singular)
māterterae (nominative plural)
māterterae (genitive singular)
māterterārum (genitive plural)
māterterae (dative singular)
māterterīs (dative plural)
māterteram (accusative singular)
māterterās (accusative plural)
māterterā (ablative singular)
māterterīs (ablative plural)
mātertera (singular vocative)
māterterae (plural vocative)

[mäːˈt̪ɛrt̪ɛrä]

From māter (“mother”) and the contrastive suffix *-teros which is also found in magister and minister.


saga

sāga f (genitive sāgae); first declension

sāga (canonical feminine)
sāgae (genitive)
sāga (nominative singular)
sāgae (nominative plural)
sāgae (genitive singular)
sāgārum (genitive plural)
sāgae (dative singular)
sāgīs (dative plural)
sāgam (accusative singular)
sāgās (accusative plural)
sāgā (ablative singular)
sāgīs (ablative plural)
sāga (singular vocative)
sāgae (plural vocative)

Italian: saga

→ Translingual: Saga

Substantivisation of the female form of sāgus (“soothsaying”).

a female soothsayer, diviner, fortune-teller, prophetess, witch


consobrina

cōnsobrīna f (genitive cōnsobrīnae, masculine cōnsobrīnus); first declension

cōnsobrīna (canonical feminine)
cōnsobrīnae (genitive)
cōnsobrīnus (masculine)
cōnsobrīna (nominative singular)
cōnsobrīnae (nominative plural)
cōnsobrīnae (genitive singular)
cōnsobrīnārum (genitive plural)
cōnsobrīnae (dative singular)
cōnsobrīnīs (dative plural)
cōnsobrīnam (accusative singular)
cōnsobrīnās (accusative plural)
cōnsobrīnā (ablative singular)
cōnsobrīnīs (ablative plural)
cōnsobrīna (singular vocative)
cōnsobrīnae (plural vocative)


consobrinus

cōnsobrīnus m (genitive cōnsobrīnī, feminine cōnsobrīna); second declension

cōnsobrīnus (canonical masculine)
cōnsobrīnī (genitive)
cōnsobrīna (feminine)
cōnsobrīnus (nominative singular)
cōnsobrīnī (nominative plural)
cōnsobrīnī (genitive singular)
cōnsobrīnōrum (genitive plural)
cōnsobrīnō (dative singular)
cōnsobrīnīs (dative plural)
cōnsobrīnum (accusative singular)
cōnsobrīnōs (accusative plural)
cōnsobrīnō (ablative singular)
cōnsobrīnīs (ablative plural)
cōnsobrīne (singular vocative)
cōnsobrīnī (plural vocative)

Late Latin: cosinus

Old French: cosin

French: cousin

→ English: cousin

→ Dutch: kozijn

→ German: Cousin, Cousine

→ Swedish: kusin

→ Polish: kuzyn

→ Ukrainian: кузе́н (kuzén)

→ Russian: кузе́н (kuzén)

→ Turkish: kuzen

Lorrain: cugin

Norman: cousin, couôsîn, couôthîn

Walloon: cuzén

Aromanian: cusurin

Catalan: cosí

Occitan: cosin

Dalmatian: cosobrain

Franco-Provençal: cusin

Romansch: cusrin, cusregn, cusdrin

Friulian: cusin

Italian: consobrino, cugino

Portuguese: consobrinho

Sicilian: cucinu

Venetan: cuxin

Albanian: kushëri

Esperanto: kuzo, kuzino

Ido: kuzo, kuzino


virago

virāgō f (genitive virāginis); third declension

virāgō (canonical feminine)
virāginis (genitive)
virāgō (nominative singular)
virāginēs (nominative plural)
virāginis (genitive singular)
virāginum (genitive plural)
virāginī (dative singular)
virāginibus (dative plural)
virāginem (accusative singular)
virāginēs (accusative plural)
virāgine (ablative singular)
virāginibus (ablative plural)
virāgō (singular vocative)
virāginēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: virago

→ English: virago

→ French: virago

→ German: Virago

→ Portuguese: virago

[u̯ɪˈräːɡoː]


femina

fēmina f (genitive fēminae); first declension

fēmina (canonical feminine)
fēminae (genitive)
fēmina (nominative singular)
fēminae (nominative plural)
fēminae (genitive singular)
fēminārum (genitive plural)
fēminae (dative singular)
fēminīs (dative plural)
fēminam (accusative singular)
fēminās (accusative plural)
fēminā (ablative singular)
fēminīs (ablative plural)
fēmina (singular vocative)
fēminae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

femia

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: feamin

Romanian: famen

→ Albanian: femër, femën — Gheg

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: femina

Istriot: fimana

Italian: femmina

Neapolitan: femmena

Sicilian: fìmmina

Sardinian:

femina, emina, femia

Padanian:

Lombard: femna, fomna, fonna

Friulian: femine

Ladin: femena

Piedmontese: fomna, fombra, fomla

Romansch: femna

Venetan: fémena

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fèna

desctree

Old French: fame, fam, feme
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: fonne
Bourguignon: fanne, fonne
Champenois: fanme, fonme, fomme
Gallo: fame, fom
Lorrain: fomme
Middle French: femme (see there for further descendants)
Norman: femme, fâme, faume, faumme (Guernsey), foume (continental Normandy), fenme (Cotentin), foume, fenme
Picard: fanme, féme, feume
Walloon: feme
→ Middle English: femme, feme
English: femme, feme

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fembra

Old Occitan: femna, feme

Occitan: femna, (Gascon) hemna, frema

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: fema

Old Galician-Portuguese: femea, femẽa, femẽa
Galician: femia, fema, fémea
Portuguese: fêmeo, fêmea

Old Spanish: femna, fembra, fembra
Spanish: hembra
→ English: hembra

Borrowings:

→ Ido: femino

→ English: femina (perhaps via Italian)

→ Spanish: fémina

From Proto-Italic *fēmanā, from earlier *θēmanā, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-m̥h₁n-éh₂ (“[the one] nursing, breastfeeding”), the feminine mediopassive participle of *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck, suckle”). Related to fellō, fētus, fīlius.

der

conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni
aut metus acer erat; navis, quae forte paratae,
corripiunt, onerantque auro: portantur avari

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.361–364

Those came together that either felt ruthless hate or bitter fear for their tyrant. They seized ships that had incidentally already been arranged and loaded them with gold. The treasures of avaricious Pygmalion were carried to the sea; the leader of the action was a woman.

Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina facti.

Prius quam messim facies, porcam praecidaneam hoc modo fieri oportet. Cereri porca praecidanea porco femina, prius quam hasce fruges condantur: far, triticum, hordeum, fabam, semen rapicium. thure, vino Iano Iovi Iunoni praefato, prius quam porcum feminam immolabis.

234 BCE – 149 BCE, Cato the Elder, De Agri Cultura 134.1

Before you carry out the harvest, it is proper to offer the porca praecidanea in this manner. Offer to Ceres a female pig as porca praecidanea before these crops are stored: emmer, wheat, barley, beans, and rapeseed. With incense and wine, offer a prayer to Janus, Jupiter, and Juno before you sacrifice the female pig.

Nam primum aliae (bestiae) mares, aliae feminae sunt, quod perpetuitatis causa machinata natura est, deinde partes corporis et ad procreandum et ad concipiendum aptissimae, et in mari et in femina commiscendorum corporum mirae libidines; …

To begin with, some of them (animals) are of gender males, others females, the which is for nature's perpetuity wrought, whence of each their parts in procreation and conceiving be optimal, and so the wanton desires in male and female towards sexual union of their own body; …

“Paelicem” autem appellatam probrosamque habitam, quae iuncta consuetaque esset cum eo in cuius manu mancipioque alia matrimonii causa foret, hac antiquissima lege ostenditur, quam Numae regis fuisse accepimus: “Paelex aedem Iunonis ne tangito; si tangit, Iunoni crinibus demissis agnum feminam caedito.”

c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 4.3.3.6

1927 translation by John C. Rolfe
Moreover, a woman was called paelex, or “concubine,” and regarded as infamous, if she lived on terms of intimacy with a man who had another woman under his legal control in a state of matrimony, as is evident from this very ancient law, which we are told was one of king Numa’s: “Let no concubine touch the temple of Juno; if she touch it, let her, with hair unbound, offer up a ewe lamb to Juno.”


gener fratris

la-noun

gener frātris m (genitive generī frātris); second declension

gener frātris (canonical masculine)
generī frātris (genitive)
gener frātris (nominative singular)
generī frātris (nominative plural)
generī frātris (genitive singular)
generōrum frātris (genitive plural)
generō frātris (dative singular)
generīs frātris (dative plural)
generum frātris (accusative singular)
generōs frātris (accusative plural)
generō frātris (ablative singular)
generīs frātris (ablative plural)
gener frātris (singular vocative)
generī frātris (plural vocative)

[ˈɡɛnɛr ˈfräːt̪rɪs̠]

Literally "son-in-law of brother", from gener (“son-in-law”) + frātris, genitive of frāter (“brother”)

son-in-law of someone's brother; fraternal nephew-in-law


☾ a (canonical feminine)
☾ae (genitive)
☾a (nominative singular)
☾ae (nominative plural)
☾ae (genitive singular)
☾ārum (genitive plural)
☾ae (dative singular)
☾īs (dative plural)
☾am (accusative singular)
☾ās (accusative plural)
☾ā (ablative singular)
☾īs (ablative plural)
☾a (singular vocative)
☾ae (plural vocative)


♂tis (genitive)
♂tēs (nominative plural)
♂tis (genitive singular)
♂tum (genitive plural)
♂tī (dative singular)
♂tibus (dative plural)
♂tem (accusative singular)
♂tēs (accusative plural)
♂te (ablative singular)
♂tibus (ablative plural)
♂tēs (plural vocative)

1701, Johann Christoph Sommerhoff, Lexicon pharmaceutico-chymicum latino-germanicum & germanico-latinum [Pharmaceutico-Chemical Lexicon, Latin-German and German-Latin], page 399:


discipula

discipula f (genitive discipulae); first declension

discipulae (genitive)
discipula (nominative singular)
discipulae (nominative plural)
discipulae (genitive singular)
discipulārum (genitive plural)
discipulae (dative singular)
discipulīs (dative plural)
discipulam (accusative singular)
discipulās (accusative plural)
discipulā (ablative singular)
discipulīs (ablative plural)
discipula (singular vocative)
discipulae (plural vocative)

[d̪ɪs̠ˈkɪpʊɫ̪ä]

Feminine form of discipulus; discipulus + -a (feminine suffix).

female student, pupil, scholar or disciple


mulier

mulier f (genitive mulieris); third declension

mulieris (genitive)
mulier (nominative singular)
mulierēs (nominative plural)
mulieris (genitive singular)
mulierum (genitive plural)
mulierī (dative singular)
mulieribus (dative plural)
mulierem (accusative singular)
mulierēs (accusative plural)
muliere (ablative singular)
mulieribus (ablative plural)
mulier (singular vocative)
mulierēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: muljari, muljare, muljeari, muljeare, mljari, mljare, muieri

Istro-Romanian: muľerĕ

Megleno-Romanian: muľari

Romanian: muiere

Dalmatian:

mojer, molier, moler, mulir (Ragusan dialect)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: moglie, mogliera (Tuscan), muglieri (archaic)

Neapolitan: mugliera

Sicilian: mugghieri, muggheri, muglieri

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: muzere, mulleri (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: mujer, mujera

Old Ligurian: moier

Old Lombard: muglier

Lombard: mié

→? Romansch: muglier

Piedmontese: mujé

Romagnol: mój, mujéṟ (Central Romagna)

Friulian: muîr

Istriot: muier

Venetan: mojer, mojere

Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: moillier, muillier

Franco-Provençal: mulyer

Old French: muiler, moylier, muillier, mulier, moillier

Middle French: muillier, molier (hapax)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: muyller, muyler, muller, muyer, muler

Catalan: muller

desctree

Old Occitan: molher
Occitan: molhèr
→ Middle French: moulhé

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: muller

Old Leonese: muyer, mujer (Salamanca), muller (Asturias)
Asturian: muyer
Leonese: muyer, muyere
Mirandese: mulhier

Old Galician-Portuguese: moller, muller, molher
Fala: mullel
Galician: muller
Portuguese: mulher (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: mugier, muger, muller
Ladino: mujer
Spanish: mujer

Borrowings:

→ English: mulier

From Proto-Italic *moljes, of uncertain origin; it has been proposed that it might derive from mollior, comparative of mollis (“soft, tender”). Others propose it might be akin to mulgere and therefore mean “the milk-giver”. Contamination within either of these two terms can be possible.
The former is from Isidore's Etymologies: "Mulier vero a mollitie, tanquam mollier, detracta littera vel mutata, appellata est mulier".

mulier sapiēns es, Nausistrata.

c. 161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Phormio 5.9


magistra

la-noun

magistra f (genitive magistrae, masculine magister); first declension

magistrae (genitive)
magister (masculine)
magistra (nominative singular)
magistrae (nominative plural)
magistrae (genitive singular)
magistrārum (genitive plural)
magistrae (dative singular)
magistrīs (dative plural)
magistram (accusative singular)
magistrās (accusative plural)
magistrā (ablative singular)
magistrīs (ablative plural)
magistra (singular vocative)
magistrae (plural vocative)

[mäˈɡɪs̠t̪rä]

From magister (“teacher, master”) + -a (feminine suffix).


famula

la-noun

famula f (genitive famulae, masculine famulus); first declension

famulae (genitive)
famulus (masculine)
famula (nominative singular)
famulae (nominative plural)
famulae (genitive singular)
famulārum (genitive plural)
famulae (dative singular)
famulīs (dative plural)
famulam (accusative singular)
famulās (accusative plural)
famulā (ablative singular)
famulīs (ablative plural)
famula (singular vocative)
famulae (plural vocative)

Feminine form of famulus; famulus + -a (feminine suffix).

female servant; maid, handmaiden, maid-servant


magister

magister m (genitive magistrī, feminine magistra); second declension

magistrī (genitive)
magistra (feminine)
magister (nominative singular)
magistrī (nominative plural)
magistrī (genitive singular)
magistrōrum (genitive plural)
magistrō (dative singular)
magistrīs (dative plural)
magistrum (accusative singular)
magistrōs (accusative plural)
magistrō (ablative singular)
magistrīs (ablative plural)
magister (singular vocative)
magistrī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance

Romanian: măiestru, măestru

Padanian:

Friulian: mestri

Ligurian: méistro

Piedmontese: mèistr

Venetan: maestro

→ Cimbrian: maistro

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: maestru

Old Italian: mastro

Italian: maestro (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: maestro

Sicilian: mastru, majistru

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: maistre, maistro

Franco-Provençal: mêtro, maîtro, meîtro

Bressan: maîtrou

desctree

Old French: maistre, mestre
Middle French: maistre
French: maître (see there for further descendants)
Bourguignon: moître
Gallo: maître
Norman: maître
Picard: moaître
Walloon: mwaisse
→ Middle Breton: maestr
Breton: mestr
→ Middle English: maister, maistre, mayster, maystr, maistir
English: master (see there for further descendants)
English: mister (see there for further descendants)
Scots: maister
→ Middle Welsh: meistyr
Welsh: meistr
→ Old East Slavic: мастеръ (masterŭ)
Russian: мастер (master)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: mayestre, mayestro

Old Catalan: maestre

Catalan: mestre

Old Occitan: maestre
Occitan: mèstre
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: meestre, maestre (or via Old Catalan)
Galician: mestre
Portuguese: mestre
→ Spanish: maestre

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: maistru

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: maestru, maestre

Old Spanish: maesse

Spanish: maese, maeso, maestro

Borrowings

→ Albanian: mjeshtër, mjesht

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: maestr

Breton: mestr

Cornish: mester

Welsh: meistr

desc

→ Koine Greek: μαγίστωρ (magístōr), μάγιστρος (mágistros)

Byzantine Greek: μαΐστωρ (maḯstōr), μάστορας (mástoras)

Greek: μάστορας (mástoras)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *maistar (see there for further descendants)

→ Belarusian: магістр (mahistr)

→ Bulgarian: магистър (magistǎr)

→ Crimean Tatar: magistr

→ Czech: magistr

→ English: magister

→ Estonian: magister

→ Finnish: magisteri

→ French: magister

→ Old High German: magister

→ Middle High German: magister

→ German: Magister

→ Italian: magister

desctree

→ Old English: mæġester, magister, māġister, mæġster, mǣster
Middle English: maister, maistre, mayster, maystr, maistir (reinforced by Old French maistre)
English: master (see there for further descendants)
English: mister (see there for further descendants)
Scots: maister

→ Old Irish: magister
Irish: máistir
Manx: mainshtyr
Scottish Gaelic: maighstir

→ Lithuanian: magistras

→ Piedmontese: magìster

→ Polish: magister

→ Portuguese: magíster

→ Romanian: magistru

→ Romansch: magister

→ Russian: маги́стр (magístr)

→ Serbo-Croatian: magistar / магистар

→ Spanish: magíster

→ Swedish: magister
→ Finnish: maisteri

→ Ukrainian: магістр (mahistr)

[mäˈɡɪs̠t̪ɛr]

From Proto-Italic *magisteros. Equivalent to magis (“more or great”) + Proto-Indo-European *-teros. Compare minister.

master; a title of the Middle Ages, given to a person in authority or to one having a license from a university to teach philosophy and the liberal arts, teacher, instructor


soror

la-noun

soror f (genitive sorōris); third declension

sorōris (genitive)
soror (nominative singular)
sorōrēs (nominative plural)
sorōris (genitive singular)
sorōrum (genitive plural)
sorōrī (dative singular)
sorōribus (dative plural)
sorōrem (accusative singular)
sorōrēs (accusative plural)
sorōre (ablative singular)
sorōribus (ablative plural)
soror (singular vocative)
sorōrēs (plural vocative)

Via accusative sorōrem (~ *serōrem):

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: suroră

Dalmatian:

seraur

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: serore, sorore

North Italian:

Istriot: sorura

Old Lombard: seror

Lombard: seror

Old Venetan: sorore

Piedmontese: sëror (Biella, Val Sesia)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: seror

Old French: seror, serur

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: seror

Gascon: seror

→ Old Spanish: seror

Borrowings:

→ Interlingua: soror

→ Portuguese: soror

Via nominative sŏror:

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: sor

Dalmatian:

saur

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: soro, suoro

Sicilian: soru

North Italian:

Friulian: sûr

Lombard: sor

Old Emilian: sore

Old Ligurian: sor

Ligurian: seu

Old Venetan: sor

Old Piedmontese: suor

Piedmontese: seur, seure

Romansch: sour

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: suèr

Old French: suer

French: sœur

Norman: soeu

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: sor

→ Spanish: sor

Occitan:

Auvergnat: sòrre, suerre

Gascon: sòr

Languedocien: sòrre, sòr

Provençal: sòrre

Vivaro-Alpine: sór, sòrre

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: sorre (Logudorese), sorri (Campidanese)

Borrowings:

→ English: soror

Via Vulgar Latin *sŏra (< sŏror):

Balkan-Romance:

Aromanian: sorã

Megleno-Romanian: soră

Romanian: soră

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sora, suora ⇒ sorella

q

Neapolitan: sora (dialectal plural serure < *serōrēs < sorōrēs)

North Italian:

Piedmontese: seura

Romansch: sora

⇒ Venetan: sorela, soreła

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: suèra

From Proto-Italic *swezōr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.


actrix

la-noun

āctrīx f (genitive āctrīcis, masculine āctor); third declension

āctrīx (canonical feminine)
āctrīcis (genitive)
āctor (masculine)
āctrīx (nominative singular)
āctrīcēs (nominative plural)
āctrīcis (genitive singular)
āctrīcum (genitive plural)
āctrīcī (dative singular)
āctrīcibus (dative plural)
āctrīcem (accusative singular)
āctrīcēs (accusative plural)
āctrīce (ablative singular)
āctrīcibus (ablative plural)
āctrīx (singular vocative)
āctrīcēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: actriz

→ Catalan: actriu

→ English: actrix

Galician: actriz

Italian: attrice

→ Middle French: actrice

desctree

French: actrice
→ Bulgarian: актри́са (aktrísa)
→ Dutch: actrice
→ English: actrice
→ Norman: actrice
→ Ottoman Turkish: آقتریس (aktris)
Turkish: aktris
→ Russian: актри́са (aktrísa)
→ Azerbaijani: aktrisa
→ Uzbek: aktrisa
→ Yiddish: אַקטריסע (aktrise)
→ Swedish: aktris
→ Ukrainian: актри́са (aktrýsa)

Portuguese: atriz

→ Spanish: actriz

From āctus + -trīx, from agō (“do, act”).

actress, actor (female) (person who performs in a theatrical play or movie)


mamma

la-noun

mamma f (genitive mammae); first declension

mammae (genitive)
mamma (nominative singular)
mammae (nominative plural)
mammae (genitive singular)
mammārum (genitive plural)
mammae (dative singular)
mammīs (dative plural)
mammam (accusative singular)
mammās (accusative plural)
mammā (ablative singular)
mammīs (ablative plural)
mamma (singular vocative)
mammae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: mamã

→ English: mamma

French: maman

Portuguese: mamã

Ido: mama

→ Irish: mama

→ Galician: mama

Istriot: mama

Italian: mamma

Megleno-Romanian: mamă

Mozarabic: ממה (mmh)

Neapolitan: mamma

Old Galician-Portuguese: mamoa (from mammula)

Galician: mámoa

Portuguese: mamoa

→ Portuguese: mama

Romanian: mamă

Romansch: mamma, mama, mumma, moma

Sardinian: mama, mamma, immamma

Spanish: mama

Uncertain. Either a native childish term of onomatopoeic origin, or borrowed from Ancient Greek μάμμη (mámmē).

mammam dare

to give someone the breast, to suckle someone

(by extension) a protuberance on tree bark


flamen

flāmen n (genitive flāminis); third declension

flāmen (canonical neuter)
flāminis (genitive)
flāmen (nominative singular)
flāmina (nominative plural)
flāminis (genitive singular)
flāminum (genitive plural)
flāminī (dative singular)
flāminibus (dative plural)
flāmen (accusative singular)
flāmina (accusative plural)
flāmine (ablative singular)
flāminibus (ablative plural)
flāmen (singular vocative)
flāmina (plural vocative)

From flō (“I breathe, blow”) + -men (noun-forming suffix).


masculus

la-adj

masculus (feminine mascula, neuter masculum); first/second-declension adjective

mascula (feminine)
masculum (neuter)
masculus (masculine nominative singular)
mascula (feminine nominative singular)
masculum (neuter nominative singular)
masculī (masculine nominative plural)
masculae (feminine nominative plural)
mascula (neuter nominative plural)
masculī (genitive masculine singular)
masculae (feminine genitive singular)
masculī (genitive neuter singular)
masculōrum (genitive masculine plural)
masculārum (feminine genitive plural)
masculōrum (genitive neuter plural)
masculō (dative masculine singular)
masculae (dative feminine singular)
masculō (dative neuter singular)
masculīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
masculum (accusative masculine singular)
masculam (accusative feminine singular)
masculum (accusative neuter singular)
masculōs (accusative masculine plural)
masculās (accusative feminine plural)
mascula (accusative neuter plural)
masculō (ablative masculine singular)
masculā (ablative feminine singular)
masculō (ablative neuter singular)
masculīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mascule (masculine singular vocative)
mascula (feminine singular vocative)
masculum (neuter singular vocative)
masculī (masculine plural vocative)
masculae (feminine plural vocative)
mascula (neuter plural vocative)

[ˈmäs̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From mās ("male") + -culus (diminutive ending).


censor

la-noun

cēnsor m (genitive cēnsōris); third declension

cēnsor (canonical masculine)
cēnsōris (genitive)
cēnsor (nominative singular)
cēnsōrēs (nominative plural)
cēnsōris (genitive singular)
cēnsōrum (genitive plural)
cēnsōrī (dative singular)
cēnsōribus (dative plural)
cēnsōrem (accusative singular)
cēnsōrēs (accusative plural)
cēnsōre (ablative singular)
cēnsōribus (ablative plural)
cēnsor (singular vocative)
cēnsōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: censor

→ English: censor

→ French: censeur

→ German: Zensor

→ Italian: censore

desc

→ Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌓 (keenzstur), 𐌊𐌄𐌍𐌔𐌆𐌖𐌓 (kenszur)

→ Portuguese: censor

→ Romanian: cenzor

→ Russian: це́нзор (cénzor)

→ Spanish: censor

From cēnseō (“I assess, value, judge, tax, etc.”) + -tor (agentive suffix).

af

provincial magistrate with similar duties.

a critic, especially a severe one of morals and society


ancilla

la-noun

ancilla f (genitive ancillae); first declension

ancillae (genitive)
ancilla (nominative singular)
ancillae (nominative plural)
ancillae (genitive singular)
ancillārum (genitive plural)
ancillae (dative singular)
ancillīs (dative plural)
ancillam (accusative singular)
ancillās (accusative plural)
ancillā (ablative singular)
ancillīs (ablative plural)
ancilla (singular vocative)
ancillae (plural vocative)

[än̠ʲˈt͡ʃilːä]

From ancula (“maid”) + -lus (diminutive form).


amator

amātor m (genitive amātōris, feminine amātrīx); third declension

amātor (canonical masculine)
amātōris (genitive)
amātrīx (feminine)
amātor (nominative singular)
amātōrēs (nominative plural)
amātōris (genitive singular)
amātōrum (genitive plural)
amātōrī (dative singular)
amātōribus (dative plural)
amātōrem (accusative singular)
amātōrēs (accusative plural)
amātōre (ablative singular)
amātōribus (ablative plural)
amātor (singular vocative)
amātōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: amador

→ French: amateur (see there for further descendants)

Italian: amatore

Old French: ameor

Portuguese: amador

Romanian: amator

Spanish: amador

From amō (“love”, verb) + -tor (agent suffix).


dominatrix

la-noun

dominātrīx f (genitive dominātrīcis, masculine dominātor); third declension

dominātrīx (canonical feminine)
dominātrīcis (genitive)
dominātor (masculine)
dominātrīx (nominative singular)
dominātrīcēs (nominative plural)
dominātrīcis (genitive singular)
dominātrīcum (genitive plural)
dominātrīcī (dative singular)
dominātrīcibus (dative plural)
dominātrīcem (accusative singular)
dominātrīcēs (accusative plural)
dominātrīce (ablative singular)
dominātrīcibus (ablative plural)
dominātrīx (singular vocative)
dominātrīcēs (plural vocative)


meretrix

meretrīx f (genitive meretrīcis, masculine meretor); third declension

meretrīx (canonical feminine)
meretrīcis (genitive)
meretor (masculine)
meretrīx (nominative singular)
meretrīcēs (nominative plural)
meretrīcis (genitive singular)
meretrīcum (genitive plural)
meretrīcī (dative singular)
meretrīcibus (dative plural)
meretrīcem (accusative singular)
meretrīcēs (accusative plural)
meretrīce (ablative singular)
meretrīcibus (ablative plural)
meretrīx (singular vocative)
meretrīcēs (plural vocative)

Old Lombard: meltris

Old French: meautris

Occitan: meltris

→ Old English: myltestre, miltestre

→ Catalan: meretriu

→ English: meretrix

→ Galician: meretriz

→ Italian: meretrice

→ Portuguese: meretriz

→ Sicilian: miritrici

→ Spanish: meretriz

From mereō (“to earn (a living)”) + -trīx (“agent noun suffix”), literally “the earner”.


amma

la-noun

amma f (genitive ammae); first declension

ammae (genitive)
amma (nominative singular)
ammae (nominative plural)
ammae (genitive singular)
ammārum (genitive plural)
ammae (dative singular)
ammīs (dative plural)
ammam (accusative singular)
ammās (accusative plural)
ammā (ablative singular)
ammīs (ablative plural)
amma (singular vocative)
ammae (plural vocative)

From Classical Syriac ܐܸܡܵܐ (ʾemmā, “mother, abbess”) via Koine Greek ἀμμᾶς (ammâs), ἀμμὰ (ammà), perhaps reinforced by Etymology 1.

der

Coordinate term: abba

Vita Ammae Talidae

amma; a spiritual mother or abbess in early monasticism, a Desert Mother


amica

la-noun

amīca f (genitive amīcae, masculine amīcus); first declension

amīca (canonical feminine)
amīcae (genitive)
amīcus (masculine)
amīca (nominative singular)
amīcae (nominative plural)
amīcae (genitive singular)
amīcārum (genitive plural)
amīcae (dative singular)
amīcīs (dative plural)
amīcam (accusative singular)
amīcās (accusative plural)
amīcā (ablative singular)
amīcīs (ablative plural)
amīca (singular vocative)
amīcae (plural vocative)

Asturian: amiga

Catalan: amiga

Dalmatian: amaica

Franco-Provençal: amia

French: amie

Friulian: amie

Galician: amiga

Italian: amica

→ Romanian: amică

Old Piedmontese: amia

Piedmontese: amìa

Portuguese: amiga

Romansch: amia

Spanish: amiga

Dilexi tum te non tantum ut uulgus amicam, / sed pater ut gnatos diligit et generos.

c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 72.3–4

I loved you not so much as the common man does his concubine, but as a father loves his children and sons-in-law.


medicus

la-adj

mēdicus (feminine mēdica, neuter mēdicum); first/second-declension adjective

mēdicus (canonical)
mēdica (feminine)
mēdicum (neuter)
mēdicus (masculine nominative singular)
mēdica (feminine nominative singular)
mēdicum (neuter nominative singular)
mēdicī (masculine nominative plural)
mēdicae (feminine nominative plural)
mēdica (neuter nominative plural)
mēdicī (genitive masculine singular)
mēdicae (feminine genitive singular)
mēdicī (genitive neuter singular)
mēdicōrum (genitive masculine plural)
mēdicārum (feminine genitive plural)
mēdicōrum (genitive neuter plural)
mēdicō (dative masculine singular)
mēdicae (dative feminine singular)
mēdicō (dative neuter singular)
mēdicīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mēdicum (accusative masculine singular)
mēdicam (accusative feminine singular)
mēdicum (accusative neuter singular)
mēdicōs (accusative masculine plural)
mēdicās (accusative feminine plural)
mēdica (accusative neuter plural)
mēdicō (ablative masculine singular)
mēdicā (ablative feminine singular)
mēdicō (ablative neuter singular)
mēdicīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mēdice (masculine singular vocative)
mēdica (feminine singular vocative)
mēdicum (neuter singular vocative)
mēdicī (masculine plural vocative)
mēdicae (feminine plural vocative)
mēdica (neuter plural vocative)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *melica

Catalan: melca, melga

Galician: melga

Spanish: mielga


nata

la-noun

nāta f (genitive nātae); first declension

nāta (canonical feminine)
nātae (genitive)
nāta (nominative singular)
nātae (nominative plural)
nātae (genitive singular)
nātārum (genitive plural)
nātae (dative singular)
nātīs (dative plural)
nātam (accusative singular)
nātās (accusative plural)
nātā (ablative singular)
nātīs (ablative plural)
nāta (singular vocative)
nātae (plural vocative)

Spanish: nada


aedilis

aedīlis m (genitive aedīlis); third declension

aedīlis (canonical masculine)
aedīlis (genitive)
aedīlis (nominative singular)
aedīlēs (nominative plural)
aedīlis (genitive singular)
aedīlium (genitive plural)
aedīlī (dative singular)
aedīlibus (dative plural)
aedīlem (accusative singular)
aedīlēs (accusative plural)
aedīlīs (accusative plural)
aedīlī (ablative singular)
aedīlibus (ablative plural)
aedīlis (singular vocative)
aedīlēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: edil (learned)

→ English: aedile

→ French: édile

→ German: Ädil

→ Ancient Greek: αἰδίλης (aidílēs)

→ Portuguese: edil

→ Spanish: edil

[äe̯ˈd̪iːlʲɪs̠]

From Proto-Italic *aiðīlis. See aedēs (“building”) (< Proto-Italic *aiðes, genitive of *aits, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-s, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite; fire”)).


imitator

imitātor m (genitive imitātōris); third declension

imitātor (canonical masculine)
imitātōris (genitive)
imitātor (nominative singular)
imitātōrēs (nominative plural)
imitātōris (genitive singular)
imitātōrum (genitive plural)
imitātōrī (dative singular)
imitātōribus (dative plural)
imitātōrem (accusative singular)
imitātōrēs (accusative plural)
imitātōre (ablative singular)
imitātōribus (ablative plural)
imitātor (singular vocative)
imitātōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: imitador

English: imitator

French: imitateur

Galician: imitador

Italian: imitatore

Portuguese: imitador

Romanian: imitator

Russian: имита́тор (imitátor)

Spanish: imitador

[ɪmɪˈt̪äːt̪ɔr]


consul

cōnsul m (genitive cōnsulis); third declension

cōnsul (canonical masculine)
cōnsulis (genitive)
cōnsul (nominative singular)
cōnsulēs (nominative plural)
cōnsulis (genitive singular)
cōnsulum (genitive plural)
cōnsulī (dative singular)
cōnsulibus (dative plural)
cōnsulem (accusative singular)
cōnsulēs (accusative plural)
cōnsule (ablative singular)
cōnsulibus (ablative plural)
cōnsul (singular vocative)
cōnsulēs (plural vocative)

→ Czech: konšel

desctree

→ Old English: consul
Middle English: consul, consoul
English: consul
Scots: consul

Old Francoprovençal: cóssel, cóssol, cossiel

Franco-Provençal: coússol, coússel

→ French: consul
→ Romanian: consul
→ Thai: กงสุล (gong-sǔn)
→ Turkish: konsül
→ Persian: کنسول (konsul)

→ German: Konsul

→ Italian: console

Old Occitan: cossel

Occitan: cossèl

→ Portuguese: cônsul

→ Russian: ко́нсул (kónsul), ко́нсулъ (kónsul) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: konsul
→ Belarusian: ко́нсул (kónsul)
→ Crimean Tatar: konsul
→ Estonian: konsul
→ Georgian: კონსული (ḳonsuli)
→ Kazakh: консул (konsul)
→ Kyrgyz: консул (konsul)
→ Latvian: konsuls
→ Lithuanian: konsulas
→ Mongolian: консул (konsul)
→ Tajik: консул (konsul)
→ Turkmen: konsul
→ Ukrainian: ко́нсул (kónsul)
→ Uzbek: konsul

→ Sicilian: cùnzuli, cùnzulu

→ Spanish: cónsul

→ Swedish: konsul

From earlier consol. Root noun to cōnsulō.

O tempora, o mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit?

"Shame on the age and on its principles! The senate is aware of these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man lives. Lives? "

consul: either of the two highest-ranking officials of the Roman republic, elected annually


quaestor

la-noun

quaestor m (genitive quaestōris); third declension

quaestōris (genitive)
quaestor (nominative singular)
quaestōrēs (nominative plural)
quaestōris (genitive singular)
quaestōrum (genitive plural)
quaestōrī (dative singular)
quaestōribus (dative plural)
quaestōrem (accusative singular)
quaestōrēs (accusative plural)
quaestōre (ablative singular)
quaestōribus (ablative plural)
quaestor (singular vocative)
quaestōrēs (plural vocative)

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: κυαισίτωρ (kuaisítōr)

→? Faliscan: cuestod (nom.sg.)

→ Marsian: qestur (nom.pl.)

→ Oscan: kvaísstur (nom.sg.), kvaízstur, κϝαιστορ (kwaistor)

→ Umbrian: kvestur (nom.sg.), ⇒ kvestretie

[ˈkʷäe̯s̠t̪ɔr]

For Proto-Italic *kʷaistōr, as quaerō + -tor.

Caesar partitis copiis cum Gaio Fabio legato et Marco Crasso quaestore celeriterque effectis pontibus adit tripertito, aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero potitur.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6.6

Caesar, having divided his forces with C. Fabius, his lieutenant, and M. Crassus his questor, and having hastily constructed some bridges, enters their country in three divisions, burns their houses and villages, and gets possession of a large number of cattle and men.


copa

la-noun

cōpa f (genitive cōpae, masculine cōpō); first declension

cōpa (canonical feminine)
cōpae (genitive)
cōpō (masculine)
cōpa (nominative singular)
cōpae (nominative plural)
cōpae (genitive singular)
cōpārum (genitive plural)
cōpae (dative singular)
cōpīs (dative plural)
cōpam (accusative singular)
cōpās (accusative plural)
cōpā (ablative singular)
cōpīs (ablative plural)
cōpa (singular vocative)
cōpae (plural vocative)


fatuus

fatuus m (genitive fatuī, feminine fatua); second declension

fatuī (genitive)
fatua (feminine)
fatuus (nominative singular)
fatuī (nominative plural)
fatuī (genitive singular)
fatuōrum (genitive plural)
fatuō (dative singular)
fatuīs (dative plural)
fatuum (accusative singular)
fatuōs (accusative plural)
fatuō (ablative singular)
fatuīs (ablative plural)
fatue (singular vocative)
fatuī (plural vocative)

Asturian: fato

Catalan: fat, fatu

English: fatuous

French: fade, fada, fat

Galician: fato

Italian: fatuo

Portuguese: fátuo, fatela

Spanish: fatuo

Uncertain. Maybe from dialectal Proto-Indo-European *bʰat-. (See also battuō.) More likely, a derivative of *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”), particularly an abstract noun *bʰh₂-tu- (“speech”); thereby related to for.
According to one hypothesis, Fatuus was an alternative name of the god Faunus, who predicted the future.

Ita, rogo; paene effregisti, fatue, foribus cardines.

I do so ask you; you fool, you've almost broken the hinges from off the door.

(derogatory) fool, simpleton, jester, buffoon, blockhead


natus

nātus m (genitive nātī, feminine nāta); second declension

nātus (canonical masculine)
nātī (genitive)
nāta (feminine)
nātus (nominative singular)
nātī (nominative plural)
nātī (genitive singular)
nātōrum (genitive plural)
nātō (dative singular)
nātīs (dative plural)
nātum (accusative singular)
nātōs (accusative plural)
nātō (ablative singular)
nātīs (ablative plural)
nāte (singular vocative)
nātī (plural vocative)

Romanian: nat

Perfect active participle of nāscor (“I am born”). From older gnātus, from Proto-Italic *gnātos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós (“produced, given birth”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, give birth, beget”). The form genitus (used as the perfect passive participle of gignō) is a later creation, and forms a doublet.

etymon

nātus


domina

la-noun

domina f (genitive dominae, masculine dominus); first declension

dominae (genitive)
dominus (masculine)
domina (nominative singular)
dominae (nominative plural)
dominae (genitive singular)
dominārum (genitive plural)
dominae (dative singular)
dominīs (dative plural)
dominābus (dative plural)
dominam (accusative singular)
dominās (accusative plural)
dominā (ablative singular)
dominīs (ablative plural)
dominābus (ablative plural)
domina (singular vocative)
dominae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: doamnã

Catalan: dona

Corsican: donna, lonna, ronna

Dalmatian: dona

Emilian: dòna

→ English: domina

→ Esperanto: damo (via descendants)

→ Ido: damo

Friulian: done

Galician: dona

→ German: Domina

Istriot: duona

desctree

Italian: donna
→ English: donna
→ Swedish: donna

Old French: dame
Bourguignon: daime
Franc-Comtois: daime
→ Italian: dama
Lorrain: daime
→ Middle English: dame, damme, dam
English: dame; dam
Scots: dame, deem; dam
Middle French: dame
French: dame
→ Catalan: dama
→ Friulian: dame
→ Galician: dama
→ German: Dame
→ Persian: دام (dâm)
→ Italian: dama
→ Ottoman Turkish: دامه (dama)
Turkish: dama
→ Armenian: տամա (tama)
→ Polish: dama
→ Portuguese: dama
→ Romanian: damă
→ Spanish: dama
→ Middle Dutch: dame
Dutch: dame
Afrikaans: dame
Norman: dame
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dame
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dame
Picard: danme

Old Occitan: domna

Occitan: dòna, dauna, donaisèla

Portuguese: dona

Romanian: doamnă

Romansch: dunna

Sardinian: dòna

Sicilian: donna, ronna

Spanish: Doña, doña, dueña

Venetan: dona

Feminine of dominus. If Oscan διομανας (diomanas, gen. sg.) is cognate, one can reconstruct Proto-Italic *domVnā with an uncertain second vowel; see its entry for discussion.


ava

avae (genitive)
ava (nominative singular)
avae (nominative plural)
avae (genitive singular)
avārum (genitive plural)
avae (dative singular)
avīs (dative plural)
avam (accusative singular)
avās (accusative plural)
avā (ablative singular)
avīs (ablative plural)
ava (singular vocative)
avae (plural vocative)

Friulian: ave

Italian: ava

Sardinian: aba

Feminine counterpart to avus (“grandfather”) formed with *-éh₂, compare Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐍉 (awō, “grandmother”), although conceivably a secondary formation. Compare avia.


putus

la-noun

putus m (genitive putī); second declension

Earlier conjecture/variant reading in Pseudo-Virgil's Catalepton, where more recent editions read Pothus (“Desire”), i.e. personified Ancient Greek πόθος (póthos). The word would match the base form of pusillus, putillus (see the former for details) as well as a number of Italic and Indo-European cognates. For this reason it has found a circulation in etymological works and is included as a headword by De Vaan, but the single attestation is spurious, making this a ghost word. See Proto-Italic *putlos and Latin puer, pūsus, pullus.


amita magna

amita magna f (genitive amitae magnae); first declension

amitae magnae (genitive)
amita magna (nominative singular)
amitae magnae (nominative plural)
amitae magnae (genitive singular)
amitārum magnārum (genitive plural)
amitae magnae (dative singular)
amitīs magnīs (dative plural)
amitam magnam (accusative singular)
amitās magnās (accusative plural)
amitā magnā (ablative singular)
amitīs magnīs (ablative plural)
amita magna (singular vocative)
amitae magnae (plural vocative)


amita maxima

amita maxima f (genitive amitae maximae); first declension

amitae maximae (genitive)
amita maxima (nominative singular)
amitae maximae (nominative plural)
amitae maximae (genitive singular)
amitārum maximārum (genitive plural)
amitae maximae (dative singular)
amitīs maximīs (dative plural)
amitam maximam (accusative singular)
amitās maximās (accusative plural)
amitā maximā (ablative singular)
amitīs maximīs (ablative plural)
amita maxima (singular vocative)
amitae maximae (plural vocative)


amita maior

amita maior f (genitive amitae maiōris); first declension

amitae maiōris (genitive)
amita maior (nominative singular)
amitae maiōrēs (nominative plural)
amitae maiōris (genitive singular)
amitārum maiōrum (genitive plural)
amitae maiōrī (dative singular)
amitīs maiōribus (dative plural)
amitam maiōrem (accusative singular)
amitās maiōrēs (accusative plural)
amitās maiōrīs (accusative plural)
amitā maiōre (ablative singular)
amitā maiōrī (ablative singular)
amitīs maiōribus (ablative plural)
amita maior (singular vocative)
amitae maiōrēs (plural vocative)

[ˈämɪt̪ä ˈmäi̯ːɔr]


amatrix

amātrīx f (genitive amātrīcis, masculine amātor); third declension

amātrīx (canonical feminine)
amātrīcis (genitive)
amātor (masculine)
amātrīx (nominative singular)
amātrīcēs (nominative plural)
amātrīcis (genitive singular)
amātrīcum (genitive plural)
amātrīcī (dative singular)
amātrīcibus (dative plural)
amātrīcem (accusative singular)
amātrīcēs (accusative plural)
amātrīce (ablative singular)
amātrīcibus (ablative plural)
amātrīx (singular vocative)
amātrīcēs (plural vocative)

→ Middle French: amatrice

desctree

French: amatrice
→ Dutch: amatrice
→ English: amatrice


creatrix

la-noun

creātrīx f (genitive creātrīcis, masculine creātor); third declension

creātrīx (canonical feminine)
creātrīcis (genitive)
creātor (masculine)
creātrīx (nominative singular)
creātrīcēs (nominative plural)
creātrīcis (genitive singular)
creātrīcum (genitive plural)
creātrīcī (dative singular)
creātrīcibus (dative plural)
creātrīcem (accusative singular)
creātrīcēs (accusative plural)
creātrīce (ablative singular)
creātrīcibus (ablative plural)
creātrīx (singular vocative)
creātrīcēs (plural vocative)

→ English: creatrix

→ French: créatrice

→ Italian: creatrice

A female who brings forth or produces; a mother.


maritus

la-adj

marītus (feminine marīta, neuter marītum); first/second-declension adjective

marītus (canonical)
marīta (feminine)
marītum (neuter)
marītus (masculine nominative singular)
marīta (feminine nominative singular)
marītum (neuter nominative singular)
marītī (masculine nominative plural)
marītae (feminine nominative plural)
marīta (neuter nominative plural)
marītī (genitive masculine singular)
marītae (feminine genitive singular)
marītī (genitive neuter singular)
marītōrum (genitive masculine plural)
marītārum (feminine genitive plural)
marītōrum (genitive neuter plural)
marītō (dative masculine singular)
marītae (dative feminine singular)
marītō (dative neuter singular)
marītīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
marītum (accusative masculine singular)
marītam (accusative feminine singular)
marītum (accusative neuter singular)
marītōs (accusative masculine plural)
marītās (accusative feminine plural)
marīta (accusative neuter plural)
marītō (ablative masculine singular)
marītā (ablative feminine singular)
marītō (ablative neuter singular)
marītīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
marīte (masculine singular vocative)
marīta (feminine singular vocative)
marītum (neuter singular vocative)
marītī (masculine plural vocative)
marītae (feminine plural vocative)
marīta (neuter plural vocative)

Perhaps related with mās (“male, a male”). According to de Vaan from Proto-Indo-European *morei-, *mori- or *morih₂- (“young woman”), developing into a pre-Italic *mārī-, with possessive *-to-. Compare Welsh morwyn (“girl, maiden”) (< Proto-Celtic *moreinā-), Welsh merch (“daughter”) (< Proto-Celtic *merkā), Ancient Greek μεῖραξ (meîrax, “boy, girl”), Sanskrit मर्य (márya, “young man; foal”), Bactrian μαρηγο (marēgo, “servant”) (< Proto-Indo-European *meri̯o-), Lithuanian merga (“girl”) (< Proto-Indo-European *mergh-eh₂-), Lithuanian marti (“daughter-in-law”) (< Proto-Indo-European *mor-t-iH-).


maritus

la-noun

marītus m (genitive marītī, feminine marīta); second declension

marītus (canonical masculine)
marītī (genitive)
marīta (feminine)
marītus (nominative singular)
marītī (nominative plural)
marītī (genitive singular)
marītōrum (genitive plural)
marītō (dative singular)
marītīs (dative plural)
marītum (accusative singular)
marītōs (accusative plural)
marītō (ablative singular)
marītīs (ablative plural)
marīte (singular vocative)
marītī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: mariu

Aromanian: mãrit

Asturian: maríu

Catalan: marit

Corsican: maritu

Dalmatian: marait

Extremaduran: mariu

French: mari

Friulian: marît

Galician: marido

Istriot: mareî

Italian: marito

Leonese: maríu

Ligurian: màio, marîo

Middle English: mariet

Occitan: marit

Old French: mari

Portuguese: marido

Romanian: mărit

Sardinian: madiru

Sassarese: mariddu

Sicilian: maritu

Spanish: marido

Tarantino: marite

Venetan: marìo


rebellis

rebellis m (genitive rebellis, feminine rebellātrīx); third declension

rebellis (genitive)
rebellātrīx (feminine)
rebellis (nominative singular)
rebellēs (nominative plural)
rebellis (genitive singular)
rebellium (genitive plural)
rebellī (dative singular)
rebellibus (dative plural)
rebellem (accusative singular)
rebellēs (accusative plural)
rebellīs (accusative plural)
rebelle (ablative singular)
rebellibus (ablative plural)
rebellis (singular vocative)
rebellēs (plural vocative)

[rɛˈbɛlːʲɪs̠]

From rebellō (“I renew war”) + -is (although this usually forms adjectives from nouns, not from verbs), from re- (“again”) + bellō (“I wage war”).


eclampsia

eclampsia f (genitive eclampsiae); first declension

eclampsiae (genitive)
eclampsia (nominative singular)
eclampsiae (nominative plural)
eclampsiae (genitive singular)
eclampsiārum (genitive plural)
eclampsiae (dative singular)
eclampsiīs (dative plural)
eclampsiam (accusative singular)
eclampsiās (accusative plural)
eclampsiā (ablative singular)
eclampsiīs (ablative plural)
eclampsia (singular vocative)
eclampsiae (plural vocative)

→ English: eclampsia

[ɛˈkɫ̪ämps̠iä]

Borrowed from French éclampsie, from Ancient Greek ἔκλᾰμψῐς (éklampsis, “sudden development, violent onset”, literally “brightness”), from ἐκλᾰ́μπω (eklámpō, “to shine or beam forth; to burst forth violently”) + -σῐς (-sis, nominal suffix).


patronus

la-noun

patrōnus m (genitive patrōnī); second declension

patrōnus (canonical masculine)
patrōnī (genitive)
patrōnus (nominative singular)
patrōnī (nominative plural)
patrōnī (genitive singular)
patrōnōrum (genitive plural)
patrōnō (dative singular)
patrōnīs (dative plural)
patrōnum (accusative singular)
patrōnōs (accusative plural)
patrōnō (ablative singular)
patrōnīs (ablative plural)
patrōne (singular vocative)
patrōnī (plural vocative)

Catalan: patró

Sicilian: patronu, patrò

Corsican: patronu

Dutch: patroon

Old French: patrone

desctree

→ Middle English: patroun, patrone, patron, patroen, patrown
English: patron, pattern
Scots: patron, pawtron
Yola: patroon
→ Irish: pátrún

French: patron (see there for further descendants)

Friulian: paron

→ Middle High German: patrōn

German: Patron

Galician: padrón, patrón

Italian: padrone, patrono

Portuguese: padrão

Portuguese: patrono

Portuguese: patrão
→ Konkani: पात्रांव (pātrāuva)

Romanian: patron

Sicilian: patrunu

Spanish: patrón, padrón

Venetan: paron

→ Old Georgian: პატრონი (ṗaṭroni)

Middle Georgian: ბატონი (baṭoni)

→ Middle Armenian: պատրոն (patron)

From an unattested *patrō, -ōnis + -us, from
pater (“father, forefather”) + -ō ((colloquial) agent noun-forming suffix). Compare colōnus and avunculus. See also mātrōna.

Exspectō patrōnum.


administra

la-noun

administra f (genitive administrae, masculine administer); first declension

administrae (genitive)
administer (masculine)
administra (nominative singular)
administrae (nominative plural)
administrae (genitive singular)
administrārum (genitive plural)
administrae (dative singular)
administrīs (dative plural)
administram (accusative singular)
administrās (accusative plural)
administrā (ablative singular)
administrīs (ablative plural)
administra (singular vocative)
administrae (plural vocative)

[äd̪mɪˈnɪs̠t̪rä]

From administer (“assistant, helper, supporter”) + -a (feminine suffix).

af

assistant, helper, servant (female); handmaiden


conserva

la-noun

cōnserva f (genitive cōnservae); first declension

cōnserva (canonical feminine)
cōnservae (genitive)
cōnserva (nominative singular)
cōnservae (nominative plural)
cōnservae (genitive singular)
cōnservārum (genitive plural)
cōnservae (dative singular)
cōnservīs (dative plural)
cōnservam (accusative singular)
cōnservās (accusative plural)
cōnservā (ablative singular)
cōnservīs (ablative plural)
cōnserva (singular vocative)
cōnservae (plural vocative)

[kõːˈs̠ɛru̯ä]


liberta

līberta f (genitive lībertae); first declension

līberta (canonical feminine)
lībertae (genitive)
līberta (nominative singular)
lībertae (nominative plural)
lībertae (genitive singular)
lībertārum (genitive plural)
lībertae (dative singular)
lībertīs (dative plural)
lībertābus (dative plural)
lībertam (accusative singular)
lībertās (accusative plural)
lībertā (ablative singular)
lībertīs (ablative plural)
lībertābus (ablative plural)
līberta (singular vocative)
lībertae (plural vocative)

Feminine of lībertus (“freedman”); lībertus + -a (feminine suffix).


mima

mīma f (genitive mīmae); first declension

mīma (canonical feminine)
mīmae (genitive)
mīma (nominative singular)
mīmae (nominative plural)
mīmae (genitive singular)
mīmārum (genitive plural)
mīmae (dative singular)
mīmīs (dative plural)
mīmam (accusative singular)
mīmās (accusative plural)
mīmā (ablative singular)
mīmīs (ablative plural)
mīma (singular vocative)
mīmae (plural vocative)


atpatruus

atpatruus m (genitive atpatruī); second declension

atpatruī (genitive)
atpatruus (nominative singular)
atpatruī (nominative plural)
atpatruī (genitive singular)
atpatruōrum (genitive plural)
atpatruō (dative singular)
atpatruīs (dative plural)
atpatruum (accusative singular)
atpatruōs (accusative plural)
atpatruō (ablative singular)
atpatruīs (ablative plural)
atpatrue (singular vocative)
atpatruī (plural vocative)


procurator

prōcūrātor m (genitive prōcūrātōris); third declension

prōcūrātor (canonical masculine)
prōcūrātōris (genitive)
prōcūrātor (nominative singular)
prōcūrātōrēs (nominative plural)
prōcūrātōris (genitive singular)
prōcūrātōrum (genitive plural)
prōcūrātōrī (dative singular)
prōcūrātōribus (dative plural)
prōcūrātōrem (accusative singular)
prōcūrātōrēs (accusative plural)
prōcūrātōre (ablative singular)
prōcūrātōribus (ablative plural)
prōcūrātor (singular vocative)
prōcūrātōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: procurador

→ German: Prokuratur

→ Hungarian: prokurátor (obsolete) → prókátor

→ Italian: procuratore

→ Old French: procuratour

→ Middle English: procuratour, proctour

English: procurator, proctor

French: procurateur

→ Old Irish: procatóir

Irish: prócadóir

→ Polish: prokurator

→ Portuguese: procurador

→ Romanian: procurator

→ Spanish: procurador

From prōcūrō (“I manage, administer”) + -tor.

tax collector (during the imperial eras)


germanus

la-adj

germānus (feminine germāna, neuter germānum, adverb germānē); first/second-declension adjective

germānus (canonical)
germāna (feminine)
germānum (neuter)
germānē (adverb)
germānus (masculine nominative singular)
germāna (feminine nominative singular)
germānum (neuter nominative singular)
germānī (masculine nominative plural)
germānae (feminine nominative plural)
germāna (neuter nominative plural)
germānī (genitive masculine singular)
germānae (feminine genitive singular)
germānī (genitive neuter singular)
germānōrum (genitive masculine plural)
germānārum (feminine genitive plural)
germānōrum (genitive neuter plural)
germānō (dative masculine singular)
germānae (dative feminine singular)
germānō (dative neuter singular)
germānīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
germānum (accusative masculine singular)
germānam (accusative feminine singular)
germānum (accusative neuter singular)
germānōs (accusative masculine plural)
germānās (accusative feminine plural)
germāna (accusative neuter plural)
germānō (ablative masculine singular)
germānā (ablative feminine singular)
germānō (ablative neuter singular)
germānīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
germāne (masculine singular vocative)
germāna (feminine singular vocative)
germānum (neuter singular vocative)
germānī (masculine plural vocative)
germānae (feminine plural vocative)
germāna (neuter plural vocative)

Italian: germano

→ Old French: germain

French: germain

Norman: gèrmain

→ English: germane, german

→ Portuguese: germano

[ɡɛrˈmäːnʊs̠]

From germen (“sprout, bud”), perhaps for *germ(i)nānus. Not to be confused with the unrelated Germānus.


gener

la-noun

gener m (genitive generī); second declension

generī (genitive)
gener (nominative singular)
generī (nominative plural)
generī (genitive singular)
generōrum (genitive plural)
generō (dative singular)
generīs (dative plural)
generum (accusative singular)
generōs (accusative plural)
generō (ablative singular)
generīs (ablative plural)
gener (singular vocative)
generī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: dziniri, dzinire

Romanian: ginere

Italo-Romance:

Italian: genero

Neapolitan: jennero

Sicilian: jènniru

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: zèner, zènar, zèndar

Ligurian: zénou, zénne, zénio, zèndre

desc

Lombard: zèner, gèner, zènder, xéner, gèner, gèndro

Piedmontese: gënner, gëner, gène, zène, zèni, zëndri, zëner

Romagnol: zènar, zènnar, zènre

Friulian: zinar, ginar

Venetan: zendro, zènero, xènero

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: gendre, genre

Franco-Provençal: gendro

Old French: gendre (see there for further descendants)

Old Gascon: gier

Gascon: gèr, hiér, iendre

Occitan: gendre

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: xenru

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: genrro
Fala: ixhenru, xenru, xhenru
Galician: xenro
Portuguese: genro

Old Spanish: yerno

Spanish: yerno

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ghèneru, génniru

From Proto-Italic *genros, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵm̥ros, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem-. The current form can be derived from a byform *gemros, assimilating the nasal to make *genros, from which derives a second-declension r-stem.

hanc ego cum vellem generō dare, tempora taedīs

When I was wanting to give her to a son-in-law, I was looking for the times suited for marriage torches, and whichever [times] must be avoided.

aptā requīrēbam, quaeque cavenda forent.


legatus

la-noun

lēgātus m (genitive lēgātī); second declension

lēgātus (canonical masculine)
lēgātī (genitive)
lēgātus (nominative singular)
lēgātī (nominative plural)
lēgātī (genitive singular)
lēgātōrum (genitive plural)
lēgātō (dative singular)
lēgātīs (dative plural)
lēgātum (accusative singular)
lēgātōs (accusative plural)
lēgātō (ablative singular)
lēgātīs (ablative plural)
lēgāte (singular vocative)
lēgātī (plural vocative)

Catalan: legat, llegat

→ English: legate

French: légat

Galician: legado

Italian: legato

Occitan: legat

Portuguese: legado

→ Russian: легат (legat)

Spanish: legado

[ɫ̪eːˈɡäːt̪ʊs̠]

Perfect passive participle of lēgō (“send, despatch”).


caupona

caupōna f (genitive caupōnae, masculine caupō); first declension

caupōna (canonical feminine)
caupōnae (genitive)
caupō (masculine)
caupōna (nominative singular)
caupōnae (nominative plural)
caupōnae (genitive singular)
caupōnārum (genitive plural)
caupōnae (dative singular)
caupōnīs (dative plural)
caupōnam (accusative singular)
caupōnās (accusative plural)
caupōnā (ablative singular)
caupōnīs (ablative plural)
caupōna (singular vocative)
caupōnae (plural vocative)

[käu̯ˈpɔːnä]

From caupō (“tradesman, innkeeper, shopkeeper, tavern-keeper”) + -a (feminine suffix).

af

a female shopkeeper, landlady or hostess