calx

la-noun

calx f (genitive calcis); third declension

calcis (genitive)
calx (nominative singular)
calcēs (nominative plural)
calcis (genitive singular)
calcium (genitive plural)
calcī (dative singular)
calcibus (dative plural)
calcem (accusative singular)
calcēs (accusative plural)
calcīs (accusative plural)
calce (ablative singular)
calcibus (ablative plural)
calx (singular vocative)
calcēs (plural vocative)

Direct reflexes:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: couce m
Galician: couce m
Portuguese: coice m

Old Spanish: coçe

Spanish: coz f

Piedmontese: causs, còuss

Derived forms:

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calcīcāre

Catalan: calcigar

Occitan: calcigar

Sardinian: accaccigai

⇒ Medieval Latin: calcatrippa

→ Old English: calcatrippe

English: caltrop

Uncertain, with possibilities including:
* An extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kel- (“to bend”).
* Non-Indo-European (possibly Etruscan) origin; however, de Vaan notes the lack of a "concrete comparandum" for this.
* From Proto-Indo-European *klHk(ᵂ)-(n)-, related to Serbo-Croatian kuk (“thigh, hip”), Bulgarian кълка (kǎlka, “hip”), Russian колк (kolk, “bony stump”), Latvian kulksnis (“hock”), Lithuanian kulksnis (“ankle”), Old Prussian culczi (“hip”).


saxum

la-noun

saxum n (genitive saxī); second declension

saxī (genitive)
saxum (nominative singular)
saxa (nominative plural)
saxī (genitive singular)
saxōrum (genitive plural)
saxō (dative singular)
saxīs (dative plural)
saxum (accusative singular)
saxa (accusative plural)
saxō (ablative singular)
saxīs (ablative plural)
saxum (singular vocative)
saxa (plural vocative)

Galician: seixo

Istriot: sasso

Italian: sasso

Ligurian: sàscio

Portuguese: seixo

Spanish: sajo, saxo

[ˈs̠äks̠ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *saksom, of unknown derivation. De Vaan rejects any connections with Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), leaving it as unknown. This is due to the presence of the vowel a in the Latin word, reasoning that to obtain that vowel in that position, a laryngeal must be posited. The root *sek- does not have a laryngeal, ruling out a Proto-Indo-European derivation.
Despite this, it cannot be separated from Proto-Germanic *sahsą.

Aaron Stone, season 1 episode 16:
Responsum est sub saxo.
The answer is under the rock.

stone, rock (a large, rough fragment of rock)


lapis

lapis m (genitive lapidis); third declension

lapidis (genitive)
lapis (nominative singular)
lapidēs (nominative plural)
lapidis (genitive singular)
lapidum (genitive plural)
lapidī (dative singular)
lapidibus (dative plural)
lapidem (accusative singular)
lapidēs (accusative plural)
lapide (ablative singular)
lapidibus (ablative plural)
lapis (singular vocative)
lapidēs (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Romanian: lespede (possibly)

Spanish: laude

Borrowed:

→ Albanian: laps

→ Catalan: llapis, làpida

→ Galician: lapis

→ Romagnol: àbiș

→ Italian: lapis, lapide

→ Maltese: lapes

→ Piedmontese: làpis

→ Portuguese: lápide, lápis

→ Russian: ляпис (ljapis)

→ Spanish: lápida, lápiz

→ Venetian: łàpis

From Proto-Italic *lapets. May be connected with Ancient Greek λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), either from Proto-Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”) (compare secō – saxum; rumpō – rupēs) or, more likely, a Mediterranean substrate language.

cog

et lapis iste quem erexi in titulum vocabitur Domus Dei

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 28:22:

And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house


petra

la-noun

petra f (genitive petrae); first declension

petrae (genitive)
petra (nominative singular)
petrae (nominative plural)
petrae (genitive singular)
petrārum (genitive plural)
petrae (dative singular)
petrīs (dative plural)
petram (accusative singular)
petrās (accusative plural)
petrā (ablative singular)
petrīs (ablative plural)
petra (singular vocative)
petrae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheatrã

Romanian: piatră

Dalmatian:

pitra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: petra

Gallurese: petra

Italian: pietra

Neapolitan: preta

Sassarese: predda

Sicilian: petra

Padanian:

Friulian: piere

Istriot: pera

Ligurian: pria

Lombard: preja, preda

Piedmontese: preja, pera, pria, pira

Venetian: piera

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pedra

Franco-Provençal: piérra

Occitan: pèira, peira

desctree

Old French: pierre
Middle French: pierre
French: pierre (see there for further descendants)
Walloon: pire

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: piedra

Old Galician-Portuguese: pedra
Fala: pedra, peira
Galician: pedra
Portuguese: pedra (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: piedra

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: petra, pedra, preda, perda

Borrowings:

→ English: petra

→ Interlingua: petra

A late borrowing from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra, “rock”), further etymology unknown.

sāl petræ

stone salt; that is, found as an incrustation


tofus

la-noun

tōfus m (genitive tōfī); second declension

tōfus (canonical masculine)
tōfī (genitive)
tōfus (nominative singular)
tōfī (nominative plural)
tōfī (genitive singular)
tōfōrum (genitive plural)
tōfō (dative singular)
tōfīs (dative plural)
tōfum (accusative singular)
tōfōs (accusative plural)
tōfō (ablative singular)
tōfīs (ablative plural)
tōfe (singular vocative)
tōfī (plural vocative)

Catalan: tou (“soft”)

French: tuf

→ English: tuff

Italian: tufo

→ English: tufa

→ German: Tuff

Polish: tuf

Probably borrowed from Oscan, and possibly derived from Proto-Italic *tūβos, from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). See τύφη (plant for stuffing bolsters).


lapis lazuli

la-noun

lapis lazulī m (genitive lapidis lazulī); third declension

lapis lazulī (canonical masculine)
lapidis lazulī (genitive)
lapis lazulī (nominative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (nominative plural)
lapidis lazulī (genitive singular)
lapidum lazulī (genitive plural)
lapidī lazulī (dative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (dative plural)
lapidem lazulī (accusative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (accusative plural)
lapide lazulī (ablative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (ablative plural)
lapis lazulī (singular vocative)
lapidēs lazulī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪äpɪs̠ ˈɫ̪äz̪d̪͡z̪ʊlʲiː]


silex

silex m or f (genitive silicis); third declension

silicis (genitive)
silex (nominative singular)
silicēs (nominative plural)
silicis (genitive singular)
silicum (genitive plural)
silicī (dative singular)
silicibus (dative plural)
silicem (accusative singular)
silicēs (accusative plural)
silice (ablative singular)
silicibus (ablative plural)
silex (singular vocative)
silicēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: sílex

English: silex

French: silex

Italian: selce, silice

Portuguese: sílex, sílice

Romanian: silex

Sicilian: sìlici

Spanish: sílex, sílice

[ˈs̠ɪɫ̪ɛks̠]

Uncertain. Sometimes compared to silīgō and siliqua, both of unclear origin as well. De Vaan suggests that these are derivatives of silex, which have undergone a semantic shift “pebble” > “small pod”.


lapillus

lapillus m (genitive lapillī); second declension

lapillī (genitive)
lapillus (nominative singular)
lapillī (nominative plural)
lapillī (genitive singular)
lapillōrum (genitive plural)
lapillō (dative singular)
lapillīs (dative plural)
lapillum (accusative singular)
lapillōs (accusative plural)
lapillō (ablative singular)
lapillīs (ablative plural)
lapille (singular vocative)
lapillī (plural vocative)

→ Italian: lapillo

[ɫ̪äˈpɪlːʲʊs̠]

Diminutive from lapis (“stone”) + -illus, likely originally formed on the oblique stem as lapid- + -lus.


carbo

carbō m (genitive carbōnis); third declension

carbō (canonical masculine)
carbōnis (genitive)
carbō (nominative singular)
carbōnēs (nominative plural)
carbōnis (genitive singular)
carbōnum (genitive plural)
carbōnī (dative singular)
carbōnibus (dative plural)
carbōnem (accusative singular)
carbōnēs (accusative plural)
carbōne (ablative singular)
carbōnibus (ablative plural)
carbō (singular vocative)
carbōnēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: cãrbuni

Asturian: carbón

Catalan: carbó, carboni

→ French: carbone (see there for further descendants)

→ English: carbon

Friulian: cjarbon, cjarvon, čharvon

Italian: carbone

Neapolitan: cravone

Norman: tchèrbon, tcherbaon

Occitan: carbon

Old Galician-Portuguese: carvon

Galician: carbón

Portuguese: carvão

Piedmontese: carbon

Old French: charbon

French: charbon

Romanian: cărbune

desc

Romansch: charvun, carvung, cravun, charbun

Sardinian: calvone, carvone, carbone, crabone, carboni

Sicilian: carvuni, carbuni, cravuni, crauni

Spanish: carbón

Venetian: carbon

Walloon: tcherbon

Unsure. The status of Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“heat", "fire", also "to burn”) is uncertain. Probably related to Old English heorþ (“hearth”), Old Norse hyrr (“fire”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”), Old High German harsta (“roasting”), Russian курить (kuritʹ, “to smoke, burn, fumigate”) and церен (ceren, “brazier”), Old Church Slavonic курити (kuriti, “to smoke”) and крада (krada, “hearth, fireplace”), Lithuanian kurtì (“to heat”), karštas (“hot”) and krosnis (“oven”), Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa, “burnt, black”) and कूडयति (kūḍayati, “singes”), and maybe Latin cremāre (“to burn”).

unknown

Unsure


rudus

la-noun

rūdus n (genitive rūderis); third declension

rūdus (canonical neuter)
rūderis (genitive)
rūdus (nominative singular)
rūdera (nominative plural)
rūderis (genitive singular)
rūderum (genitive plural)
rūderī (dative singular)
rūderibus (dative plural)
rūdus (accusative singular)
rūdera (accusative plural)
rūdere (ablative singular)
rūderibus (ablative plural)
rūdus (singular vocative)
rūdera (plural vocative)

desc

taxonomic name: Rhizopogon rudus, Stenodynerus rudus, Unio rudus, ⇒ ruda

Italian: rudere

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrew- (“to tear up, dig up”). Cognate with rudis.


tessella

la-noun

tessella f (genitive tessellae); first declension

tessellae (genitive)
tessella (nominative singular)
tessellae (nominative plural)
tessellae (genitive singular)
tessellārum (genitive plural)
tessellae (dative singular)
tessellīs (dative plural)
tessellam (accusative singular)
tessellās (accusative plural)
tessellā (ablative singular)
tessellīs (ablative plural)
tessella (singular vocative)
tessellae (plural vocative)

From tessera (“die, cube, square tablet”) + -la (diminutive suffix).


scopulus

la-noun

scopulus m (genitive scopulī); second declension

scopulī (genitive)
scopulus (nominative singular)
scopulī (nominative plural)
scopulī (genitive singular)
scopulōrum (genitive plural)
scopulō (dative singular)
scopulīs (dative plural)
scopulum (accusative singular)
scopulōs (accusative plural)
scopulō (ablative singular)
scopulīs (ablative plural)
scopule (singular vocative)
scopulī (plural vocative)

desc

Italian: scoppio (“cliff”) (medieval hapax, Umbria)

Vulgar Latin: *scoculum (see there for further descendants)

→ Italian: scopulo (learned)

[ˈs̠kɔpʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek σκόπελος (skópelos, “lookout place: hence peak, headland, promontory”), from σκοπέω (skopéō). Compare specula and specus, from the same root.

bor

Aenēās scopulum intereā cōnscendit, et omnem

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.180–181

Meanwhile Aeneas scales the cliff, and searches the whole panorama [of the] wide open sea


Syene

la-proper noun

Syēnē f sg (genitive Syēnēs); first declension

Syēnē (canonical feminine singular)
Syēnēs (genitive)
Syēnē (nominative singular)
Syēnēs (genitive singular)
Syēnae (dative singular)
Syēnēn (accusative singular)
Syēnē (ablative singular)
Syēnē (singular vocative)
Syēnae (locative singular)

French: Syène

(poetic, metonymically) syenite (the red hornblende granite of Syene, for which it was famous)


cautes

la-noun

cautēs f (genitive cautis); third declension

cautēs (canonical feminine)
cautis (genitive)
cautēs (nominative singular)
cautēs (nominative plural)
cautis (genitive singular)
cautium (genitive plural)
cautī (dative singular)
cautibus (dative plural)
cautem (accusative singular)
cautēs (accusative plural)
cautīs (accusative plural)
caute (ablative singular)
cautibus (ablative plural)
cautēs (singular vocative)
cautēs (plural vocative)

Likely a hypercorrection of cōtēs, the plural of cōs (“whetstone, sharpening stone”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”), so originally meaning “sharp points, promontories”. See plaudō~plōdō for another possible example of the same hypercorrection. Cognates include Latin catus (“clever, cunning”), cōs (“whetstone”), cuneus (“wedge”) and Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos, “cone”).
A different suggestion relates it to English heap and Tocharian B kauc (“up, high”), from an irregular-shaped root, as well as with English high, a connection rejected by modern etymologists. The three different stop consonants t~p~k under this suggestion likewise remain unexplained.

der

“… sed dūrīs genuit tē cautibus horrēns / Caucasus, Hyrcānaeque admōrunt ūbera tigrēs.”
“But the hard, horrible Caucasus bore you on [its] jagged cliffs, and Hyrcanian tigresses took you to their teats.”
(Dido portrays Aeneas as being hard-hearted and inhuman. Syncopation: admorunt = admoverunt.)

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.366–367

a rough, craggy or pointed rock, or cliff; rock, crag


herna

la-noun

herna f (genitive hernae); first declension

hernae (genitive)
herna (nominative singular)
hernae (nominative plural)
hernae (genitive singular)
hernārum (genitive plural)
hernae (dative singular)
hernīs (dative plural)
hernam (accusative singular)
hernās (accusative plural)
hernā (ablative singular)
hernīs (ablative plural)
herna (singular vocative)
hernae (plural vocative)

Uncertain; proposed derivations include:
* From a root common to Ancient Greek χοιράς (khoirás, “like a hog; rock”) and Ζάραξ (Zárax, “name of a mountain”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”). Cognates include Latin hīrtus (“rough, rude”) and horreō (“I tremble”).


cyanos

la-noun

cȳanos m (genitive cȳanī); second declension

cȳanos (canonical masculine)
cȳanī (genitive)
cȳanos (nominative singular)
cȳanī (nominative plural)
cȳanī (genitive singular)
cȳanōrum (genitive plural)
cȳanō (dative singular)
cȳanīs (dative plural)
cȳanon (accusative singular)
cȳanōs (accusative plural)
cȳanō (ablative singular)
cȳanīs (ablative plural)
cȳane (singular vocative)
cȳanī (plural vocative)

Spanish: aciano

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κύανος (kúanos).

a precious stone (a type of lapis lazuli)


marmor Pentelicum

marmor Pentelicum n (genitive marmōris Pentelicī); third declension

marmōris Pentelicī (genitive)
marmor Pentelicum (nominative singular)
marmōra Pentelica (nominative plural)
marmōris Pentelicī (genitive singular)
marmōrum Pentelicōrum (genitive plural)
marmōrī Pentelicō (dative singular)
marmōribus Pentelicīs (dative plural)
marmor Pentelicum (accusative singular)
marmōra Pentelica (accusative plural)
marmōre Pentelicō (ablative singular)
marmōribus Pentelicīs (ablative plural)
marmor Pentelicum (singular vocative)
marmōra Pentelica (plural vocative)

→ English: Pentelic marble (calque)

marmor (“marble”) + Pentelicus (“Pentelic”).

com

Fragmenta duo tabulae marmoris Pentelici inventa in arce Athenarum.

1888, Guilelmus Dittenberger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum, volume 1, page 301:

Two fragments of Pentelic marble tablets found in the citadel of Athens.