malleus

la-noun

malleus m (genitive malleī); second declension

malleī (genitive)
malleus (nominative singular)
malleī (nominative plural)
malleī (genitive singular)
malleōrum (genitive plural)
malleō (dative singular)
malleīs (dative plural)
malleum (accusative singular)
malleōs (accusative plural)
malleō (ablative singular)
malleīs (ablative plural)
mallee (singular vocative)
malleī (plural vocative)

Albanian: maj

Aromanian: malj, maljiu

Basque: mailu

Catalan: mall

Old French: mail

French: mail

→ English: maul

Italian: maglio

Portuguese: malho

Galician: mallo

Romanian: mai

Romansch: magl

Sardinian:

Logudorese: mazu, màggiu, màgiu, maxu

Campidanese: mallu, màgliu

Sicilian: magghiu

Spanish: mallo

Walloon: maye

English: malleus

Serbo-Croatian: mȃlj / ма̑љ

[ˈmälːʲeʊs̠]

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-no-, from *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”), whence also molō (“I grind”). Compare similar semantic development from the same Proto-Indo-European root in Old Church Slavonic млатъ (mlatŭ, “hammer”), beside the verb млѣти (mlěti, “grind”).

[…] haud aliter quam cum spectante iuvenca
lactentis vituli dextra libratus ab aure

[…] just as when the young suckling calf spies by its right ear the danger poised to crash its resounding hammer blow.

tempora discussit claro cava malleus ictu.

sinistram manum misit ad clavum et dexteram ad fabrorum malleos […]

She put her hand to the nail, and her right hand to the workmen's hammer […]


scorpio

scorpiō m (genitive scorpiōnis); third declension

scorpiō (canonical masculine)
scorpiōnis (genitive)
scorpiō (nominative singular)
scorpiōnēs (nominative plural)
scorpiōnis (genitive singular)
scorpiōnum (genitive plural)
scorpiōnī (dative singular)
scorpiōnibus (dative plural)
scorpiōnem (accusative singular)
scorpiōnēs (accusative plural)
scorpiōne (ablative singular)
scorpiōnibus (ablative plural)
scorpiō (singular vocative)
scorpiōnēs (plural vocative)
scorpios (alternative)
scorpius (alternative)

→? Albanian: shkrap

Catalan: escorpí

Old French: scorpion

French: scorpion

→ Middle Dutch: scorpioen

Dutch: schorpioen

→ English: scorpion

→ Welsh: sgorpion

→ German: Skorpion

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌾𐍉 (skaurpjō)

→ Middle Irish: scoirp

Irish: scairp

Italian: scorpione

>? Italian: sgorbio

→ Middle Low German: schorpie

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skorpion

Portuguese: escorpião

Romanian: scorpion

Romansch: scorpiun

→ Russian: скорпио́н m (skorpión)

Sicilian: scurpiuni

Spanish: escorpión

a kind of prickly sea fish, possibly the scorpionfish or sculpin


lapis lazuli

lapis lazulī m (genitive lapidis lazulī); third declension

lapis lazulī (canonical masculine)
lapidis lazulī (genitive)
lapis lazulī (nominative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (nominative plural)
lapidis lazulī (genitive singular)
lapidum lazulī (genitive plural)
lapidī lazulī (dative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (dative plural)
lapidem lazulī (accusative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (accusative plural)
lapide lazulī (ablative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (ablative plural)
lapis lazulī (singular vocative)
lapidēs lazulī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪äpɪs̠ ˈɫ̪äz̪ːʊlʲiː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lep-
Proto-Italic *lapets
Latin lapis
Persian لاژورد
Classical Persian لَاجَوَرْد (lājaward)bor.
Arabic لََازُوَرْد (laāzuward)bor.
Latin lazulum
Latin lapis lazulī
Compound of lapis (“stone”) + lazulum (“heaven”).

etymon

lapis lazulī


sera

la-noun

sera f (genitive serae); first declension

serae (genitive)
sera (nominative singular)
serae (nominative plural)
serae (genitive singular)
serārum (genitive plural)
serae (dative singular)
serīs (dative plural)
seram (accusative singular)
serās (accusative plural)
serā (ablative singular)
serīs (ablative plural)
sera (singular vocative)
serae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian: saira

Galician: serra

French: serrer

>? Italian: saracinesca

quis furor est, quae nocte latent, in luce fateri,
et quae clam facias facta referre palam?
ignoto meretrix corpus iunctura Quiriti
opposita populum summovet ante sera;
tu tua prostitues famae peccata sinistrae
commissi perages indiciumque tui?
Translation by Christopher Marlowe
What madnesse ist to tell night prankes by day,
And hidden secrets openlie to bewray?
The strumpet with the stranger will not do,

Will you make shipwracke of your honest name,
And let the world be witnesse of the same?

Before the roome be deere, and doore put too.


sinus

sinus m (genitive sinūs); fourth declension

sinūs (genitive)
sinus (nominative singular)
sinūs (nominative plural)
sinūs (genitive singular)
sinuum (genitive plural)
sinuī (dative singular)
sinibus (dative plural)
sinum (accusative singular)
sinūs (accusative plural)
sinū (ablative singular)
sinibus (ablative plural)
sinus (singular vocative)
sinūs (plural vocative)

→ Aromanian: sin

Asturian: senu, sen

Catalan: si; → sina

→ English: sinus, sine

French: sein; → sinus

Friulian: sen

Hebrew: סינוס

Italian: seno

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: sẽo, seo
Galician: seo
Portuguese: seio

Piedmontese: sen

→ Portuguese: sino, seno (learned)

Romanian: sân

Romansch: sain

Sardinian: sinu

Sicilian: sinu

Spanish: seno

Venetan: sen

From Proto-Indo-European *sinos; akin to Albanian gji (“breast, bosom”).
The mathematical sense ‘chord of an arc, sine’ was introduced in the 12th century by Gherardo of Cremona as a semantic loan from Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “chord, sine”) (ultimately a loan from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “bowstring”)) by confusion with جَيْب (jayb, “bosom, fold in a garment”).

semantic loan

(literal) the hanging fold of a toga over the breast; a pocket, lap

a purse, money, which was carried in the bosom of the toga

Qui cum sedens ad mensam non haberet ad manum, ubi oblatum sibi munus reponeret, misit hoc in sinum sibi.

Beda Venerabilis, Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum III.2

Having nowhere to put what had been brought him when sitting at the table, he shoved it into his bosom.

a gulf, bay, bight
a basin, hollow, valley


fistula

la-noun

fistula f (genitive fistulae); first declension

fistulae (genitive)
fistula (nominative singular)
fistulae (nominative plural)
fistulae (genitive singular)
fistulārum (genitive plural)
fistulae (dative singular)
fistulīs (dative plural)
fistulam (accusative singular)
fistulās (accusative plural)
fistulā (ablative singular)
fistulīs (ablative plural)
fistula (singular vocative)
fistulae (plural vocative)

Old French: festre

⇒ French: felle, fêle

→ English: fester

Spanish: fistra

Italian: fistia, fistio, >? fistola

→ English: fistula

→ French: fistule

→ Romanian: fistulă

→ Galician: fístula

→ Portuguese: fístula

→ Russian: фистула (fistula)

→ Spanish: fístula

[ˈfɪs̠t̪ʊɫ̪ä]

Probably from the same root *fest- as found in festūca (“stalk, straw”) and fistūca (“pile driver, ram”), maybe connected to ferula (“fennel; staff”) by earlier *fes- (“hollow stalk”), all words of unknown origin. This makes any relationship to findō (“cleave, divide, split”) unlikely.


amphora

amphora f (genitive amphorae); first declension

amphorae (genitive)
amphora (nominative singular)
amphorae (nominative plural)
amphorae (genitive singular)
amphorum (genitive plural)
amphorārum (genitive plural)
amphorae (dative singular)
amphorīs (dative plural)
amphoram (accusative singular)
amphorās (accusative plural)
amphorā (ablative singular)
amphorīs (ablative plural)
amphora (singular vocative)
amphorae (plural vocative)
amfora (alternative)
ampora (alternative)

Catalan: àmfora

French: amphore

Galician: ánfora

Italian: anfora

Portuguese: ânfora

Spanish: ánfora

→ English: amphor

→ German: Amphore

→? Proto-West Germanic: *ambrī (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, units of liquid measure”). As a Roman unit, originally an elision of amphora quadrantal.

bor

(chiefly historical) amphora, a large vessel, especially one made of clay with two handles used for storing and transporting wine and oil


cochlea

la-noun

cochlea f (genitive cochleae); first declension

cochleae (genitive)
cochlea (nominative singular)
cochleae (nominative plural)
cochleae (genitive singular)
cochleārum (genitive plural)
cochleae (dative singular)
cochleīs (dative plural)
cochleam (accusative singular)
cochleās (accusative plural)
cochleā (ablative singular)
cochleīs (ablative plural)
cochlea (singular vocative)
cochleae (plural vocative)
coclea (alternative)
coclia (alternative)
cochlia (alternative)

→ Catalan: còclea

→ English: cochlea

→ Italian: coclea

→ Portuguese: cóclea

→ Spanish: cóclea

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κοχλῐ́ᾱς (kokhlĭ́ās, “snail with a spiral shell”).

bor

Archimedes' screw, water screw, screw pump (machine for drawing water by raising it)

(metonymically)
A kind of revolving door.


musculus

la-noun

mūsculus m (genitive mūsculī); second declension

mūsculus (canonical masculine)
mūsculī (genitive)
mūsculus (nominative singular)
mūsculī (nominative plural)
mūsculī (genitive singular)
mūsculōrum (genitive plural)
mūsculō (dative singular)
mūsculīs (dative plural)
mūsculum (accusative singular)
mūsculōs (accusative plural)
mūsculō (ablative singular)
mūsculīs (ablative plural)
mūscule (singular vocative)
mūsculī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: musclo, muscllo

Aromanian: mushclju

Asturian: muslu

Catalan: muscle, musclo

Corsican: musculu

Italian: muscolo

Occitan: muscle

desctree

Old French: moule, moucle, moulle, mouscle
French: moule
→ Middle Dutch: mosscele
Dutch: mossel

Romanian: mușchi

Spanish: muslo

→ Asturian: músculu

→ Albanian: muskul, mushk

→ Catalan: múscul

→ Danish: muskel

→ English: musculus (learned)

→ Middle French: muscle
French: muscle
→ Middle English: muscle
English: muscle

→ Friulian: muscul

→ Galician: músculo

→ German: Muskel

→ Proto-West Germanic: *muskulā (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: músculo

→ Romansch: muscul, muscal, muscla

→ Russian: мускул (muskul)

→ Sardinian: musculu

→ Spanish: músculo

→ Swedish: muskel

[ˈmuːs̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From mūs (“a mouse”) + -culus (diminutive suffix), literally “little mouse”. The “muscle” sense is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “mouse; muscle”).

semantic loan

(transferred sense)
A kind of small sailing vessel.


fides

la-noun

fidēs f (genitive fidis); third declension

fidēs (canonical feminine)
fidis (genitive)
fidēs (nominative singular)
fidēs (nominative plural)
fidis (genitive singular)
fidium (genitive plural)
fidī (dative singular)
fidibus (dative plural)
fidem (accusative singular)
fidēs (accusative plural)
fidīs (accusative plural)
fide (ablative singular)
fidibus (ablative plural)
fidēs (singular vocative)
fidēs (plural vocative)

(in the plural) lyre, lute, harp (by extension) (any of a number of ancient stringed musical instruments)


gladius

gladius m (genitive gladiī or gladī); second declension

gladiī (genitive)
gladī (genitive)
gladius (nominative singular)
gladiī (nominative plural)
gladiī (genitive singular)
gladī (genitive singular)
gladiōrum (genitive plural)
gladiō (dative singular)
gladiīs (dative plural)
gladium (accusative singular)
gladiōs (accusative plural)
gladiō (ablative singular)
gladiīs (ablative plural)
gladie (singular vocative)
gladiī (plural vocative)

Gallo-Italic:

Old Ligurian: iao (“sword”)

Old Lombard: giaio

⇒ Piedmontese: sgiái (“horror”)

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Old Catalan: glay, glai (“sword, fright”)

⇒ Catalan: esglai (“fright”)

Old Franco-Provençal: glaio

Old French: glai, glay (“sword, lance, sword-lily”)

French: glai (“sword-lily”) (regional)

Old Occitan: glai (“horror, ice”), glazi (“sword, carnage”) (probably from gladī NOM.PL)

Auvergnat: glasi (“sword”)

Limousin: glaize

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ghiado (“sword, cold”), >? glave (“swordfish”)

Neapolitan: jajo (“disgust, shiver”)

Borrowings:

→ Dutch: gladius

→ English: gladius

→ Italian: gladio

→ Portuguese: gládio

→ Spanish: gladio

→ Romanian: gladium

[ˈɡɫ̪äd̪iʊs̠]

Possibly from Gaulish *kladyos (“sword”), from Proto-Celtic *kladiwos (“sword”) (compare Old Irish claideb (“sword”), Welsh cleddyf (“sword”) from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”)). Cognate with Latin clādēs, clāva, percellō.

der

Mitte gladium in vaginam.

in gladium incumbere

quid tibi cum gladiō?


arcus

la-noun

arcus m (genitive arcūs); fourth declension

arcūs (genitive)
arcus (nominative singular)
arcūs (nominative plural)
arcūs (genitive singular)
arcuum (genitive plural)
arcuī (dative singular)
arcubus (dative plural)
arcum (accusative singular)
arcūs (accusative plural)
arcū (ablative singular)
arcubus (ablative plural)
arcus (singular vocative)
arcūs (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: alcu, arcu

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: arcu

Romanian: arc

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: arco

→ English: arco

Sicilian: arcu

→ Maltese: arku

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: arc

Romansch: artg, arch

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: erco

Piedmontese: erch, erche

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: arc

Occitan: arc

Old French:

desctree

arc
French: arc
→ Middle English: ark, arke
English: arc
→ Irish: arc
→ Maltese: ark
→ Welsh: arc

arche
French: arche
Norman: arche
→ Middle English: arch, arche
English: arch

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: arcu

Old Galician-Portuguese: arco, arquo
Fala: arcu, alcu
Galician: arco
Portuguese: arco
→ Indonesian: arku

Old Spanish: arco

Spanish: arco

→ Cebuano: arko

→ Chibcha: arco

→ Ilocano: arko

→ Tagalog: arko, ⇒ alakos

→ Basque: arku

Borrowings:

→ English: arcus

→ Esperanto: arko

→ Ido: arko

→ Indonesian: arkus

→ Middle Low German: ark

Low German: ark

→ Danish: ark

→ Icelandic: ark

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ark

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ark

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ark

→ Swedish: ark
→ Finnish: arkki

→ Russian: а́рка f (árka)

→ Latvian: arka f

→ Lithuanian: arka f

From Proto-Italic *arkuos (“bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷos (“bow, arrow”). Cognate to Old English earh, whence English arrow, as well as Proto-Slavic *orkyta (“willow”) and Ancient Greek ἄρκευθος (árkeuthos, “juniper”), owing to juniper and willow twigs being used to make bows due to their flexibility.

cog

bow (arc-shaped weapon used for archery)


plectrum

la-noun

plēctrum n (genitive plēctrī); second declension

plēctrum (canonical neuter)
plēctrī (genitive)
plēctrum (nominative singular)
plēctra (nominative plural)
plēctrī (genitive singular)
plēctrōrum (genitive plural)
plēctrō (dative singular)
plēctrīs (dative plural)
plēctrum (accusative singular)
plēctra (accusative plural)
plēctrō (ablative singular)
plēctrīs (ablative plural)
plēctrum (singular vocative)
plēctra (plural vocative)

→ English: plectrum

→ French: plectre

→ German: Plektrum

→ Italian: plettro

→ Portuguese: plectro

→ Spanish: plectro

[ˈpɫ̪eːkt̪rʊ̃ˑ]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πλῆκτρον (plêktron), from πλήσσω (plḗssō, “to strike, sting”), also analyzable as plēctō + -trum.


aurum

aurum n (genitive aurī); second declension

aurī (genitive)
aurum (nominative singular)
aurī (genitive singular)
aurō (dative singular)
aurum (accusative singular)
aurō (ablative singular)
aurum (singular vocative)
ausum (alternative)
ōrum (alternative)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: avru

Istro-Romanian: aur

Romanian: aur

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: oru

Dalmatian: jaur, yaur, uar, vuar, iuar

Italian: oro

→ Esperanto: oro

→ Sardinian: oru, oro

Neapolitan: oro

Sicilian: oru, àuru

Venetan: oro

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: aur

Ladin: or

Romansch: aur, or, ôr

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: òr, ôr

Ligurian: öo

Lombard: òr

Piedmontese: òr

Romagnol: or

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: or, eu, eur, ouâ

Occitan: aur

Old Catalan: or, aur

Catalan: or

desctree

Old French: or
Middle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)
French: or
Haitian Creole: lò
→ English: or
Walloon: ôr

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: oro

Old Galician-Portuguese: ouro
Fala: oiru
Galician: ouro
Portuguese: ouro (see there for further descendants)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: oru

Extremaduran: oru

Leonese: ouru, oru

Mirandese: ouro

Old Spanish: oro

Ladino: oro

Spanish: oro

Borrowings:

Ancient:

→ Albanian: ar

→ Old Irish: ór
Irish: ór
Manx: airh
Scottish Gaelic: òr

→ Proto-Brythonic: *awr
Breton: aour
Old Cornish: our
Cornish: owr
Old Welsh: our
Welsh: awr
Middle Welsh: eur (probably < Latin aureus)
Welsh: aur

Later:

→ English: aurum

→ Italian: auro, auro-

Rhoticization of Old Latin ausum, from Proto-Italic *auzom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éws-o-m (or less likely *h₂é-h₂us-om) (“gold”), from *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”). Cognate with Lithuanian áuksas, Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B yasā.

any object made of gold, such as a gold coin or a gold ring


telum

la-noun

tēlum n (genitive tēlī); second declension

tēlum (canonical neuter)
tēlī (genitive)
tēlum (nominative singular)
tēla (nominative plural)
tēlī (genitive singular)
tēlōrum (genitive plural)
tēlō (dative singular)
tēlīs (dative plural)
tēlum (accusative singular)
tēla (accusative plural)
tēlō (ablative singular)
tēlīs (ablative plural)
tēlum (singular vocative)
tēla (plural vocative)

Italian: telo

Vulgar Latin: *tēlāria

Galician: tieira

Spanish: telera

[ˈt̪eːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“beam, stake”) (whence also tignum).

der

Munire urbem, frumentum convehere, tela arma parare.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 29.4

To strengthen the defences of the city, to accumulate stores of corn, to prepare a supply of weapons and armour.


aes

la-noun

aes n (genitive aeris); third declension

aeris (genitive)
aes (nominative singular)
aera (nominative plural)
aeris (genitive singular)
aerum (genitive plural)
aerī (dative singular)
aeribus (dative plural)
aes (accusative singular)
aera (accusative plural)
aere (ablative singular)
aeribus (ablative plural)
aes (singular vocative)
aera (plural vocative)
ēs (alternative)

From Proto-Italic *aos, early *ajos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyos.
However, cf. Ringe (2017: 311, fn.32) who notes that “an alternative possibility is that [Proto-Germanic *aiz] actually reflects a preform *áys or *h₂áys, as Lat aes must (Michael Weiss, p.c.).”
Cognate with English ore.


cortina

cortīna f (genitive cortīnae); first declension

cortīna (canonical feminine)
cortīnae (genitive)
cortīna (nominative singular)
cortīnae (nominative plural)
cortīnae (genitive singular)
cortīnārum (genitive plural)
cortīnae (dative singular)
cortīnīs (dative plural)
cortīnam (accusative singular)
cortīnās (accusative plural)
cortīnā (ablative singular)
cortīnīs (ablative plural)
cortīna (singular vocative)
cortīnae (plural vocative)

→ Italian: cortina

→ Middle French: courtine

Uncertain. Sometimes attributed to Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“turn; bend”), via a hypothetical passive past participle *kṛto- (“bent”), but this is dubious. Attested from Plautus onward.


palma

la-noun

palma f (genitive palmae); first declension

palmae (genitive)
palma (nominative singular)
palmae (nominative plural)
palmae (genitive singular)
palmārum (genitive plural)
palmae (dative singular)
palmīs (dative plural)
palmam (accusative singular)
palmās (accusative plural)
palmā (ablative singular)
palmīs (ablative plural)
palma (singular vocative)
palmae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: palmã

Megleno-Romanian: palmă

Romanian: palmă

Gallo-Italic

Piedmontese: palma

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: palma

Dalmatian: puolma

Italian: palma

→ Maltese: palm

Sicilian: parma, pamma

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: palma, palmell

Occitan: palma, pauma

desctree

Old French: paume, palme, pasme, paulme
Middle French: paulme
French: paume
Norman: paûmé

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: palme

Sardinian: palma, parma, prama

Venetan: palma

West Iberian

Asturian: palma

Old Galician-Portuguese: palma

Galician: palma

Portuguese: palma
→ English: palma

Spanish: palma
→ English: palma

Borrowings

→ Azerbaijani: palma

→ Belarusian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Bulgarian: палма (palma)

→ Cornish: palv

→ Czech: palm

→ Estonian: palm

→ Georgian: პალმა (ṗalma)

→ Hungarian: pálma

→ Lao: ປາມ (pām)

→ Latvian: palm

→ Lithuanian: palmė

→ Macedonian: палма (palma)

→ Malayalam: പം (paṁ)

→ Old Dutch: palma

Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm
→ Caribbean Javanese: palem
→ Indonesian: palem

→ Old English: palm (“palm tree”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: palme

French: palme
→ Romanian: palm

Norman: palme

→ Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm

→ Old High German: palm m, palma f
Middle High German: palme, balme
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Palme, Pallem
German: Palme

→ Old Norse: palmi

Faroese: pálmi

Icelandic: pálmi

Danish: palme

Norwegian Bokmål: palme

Norwegian Nynorsk: palme

Old Swedish: palma

Swedish: palm
→ Finnish: palmu

→ Polish: palma

→ Russian: пальма (palʹma) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: palma, палма

→ Slovak: palma

→ Slovene: palma

→ Turkish: palmiye

→ Turkmen: palma

→ Ukrainian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Uyghur: پالما (palma)

→ Uzbek: palma

→ Welsh: palf

From Proto-Italic *palamā, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē), Old Irish lám, Old English folm, and Albanian shpall.

(Medieval Latin) a linear measure, palm, of various exact values throughout Europe but usually one quarter of the local foot.


ascia

la-noun

ascia f (genitive asciae); first declension

asciae (genitive)
ascia (nominative singular)
asciae (nominative plural)
asciae (genitive singular)
asciārum (genitive plural)
asciae (dative singular)
asciīs (dative plural)
asciam (accusative singular)
asciās (accusative plural)
asciā (ablative singular)
asciīs (ablative plural)
ascia (singular vocative)
asciae (plural vocative)

Asturian: azada, axada, xada

Catalan: aixa, aixada

French: aissette, asse, asseau, essette

Galician: aixada, aixola, eixoa

Italian: ascia

Old French: aisse

Portuguese: archa, enxada

Sicilian: ascia

Spanish: aja, azada

Venetan: assa

According to one version, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷs-ih₂- (“axe”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp, pointed”) (see axe).
According to de Vaan, it is not plausible since a sequence *ks is usually retained in intervocalic Latin, which implies borrowing from an unidentified source. It is possible that the consonant cluster underwent metathesis in a different (IE?) language before the word entered Latin.


lamina

lāmina f (genitive lāminae); first declension

lāmina (canonical feminine)
lāminae (genitive)
lāmina (nominative singular)
lāminae (nominative plural)
lāminae (genitive singular)
lāminārum (genitive plural)
lāminae (dative singular)
lāminīs (dative plural)
lāminam (accusative singular)
lāminās (accusative plural)
lāminā (ablative singular)
lāminīs (ablative plural)
lāmina (singular vocative)
lāminae (plural vocative)
lammina (alternative)
lamna (alternative)

desctree

French: lame
→ Catalan: llama
→ Italian: lama
→ Persian: لام (lâm, “microscope slide”)

Friulian: lame

Romanian: lamură, lamă

Romansch: loma, lama

Sicilian: lanna, landa, landia, lannia (Calabria)
→ Italian: landa (see there for further descendants)
→ Maltese: landa

Venetan: lama

→ Catalan: làmina (learned)

→ English: lamina (learned)

→ French: lamine (learned)

→ Galician: lamia

→ Galician: lámina (learned)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *lammā (see there for further descendants)

→ Greek: λάμα (láma)

→ Italian: lamina (learned)

→ Portuguese: lâmina (learned)

→ Romanian: lamină (learned)

→ Spanish: lámina (learned)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *stelh₃- (“broad, to broaden”). See lātus, latus.

der

(literally, Classical Latin) a thin piece or sheet of metal, wood, marble, etc.; a plate, leaf, layer

a red-hot plate used as torture devices for slaves

(transferred sense)
money, coin, gold, precious metal

(transferred sense)
(anatomy) the flap of the ear

money coin, minted by the Pontiffs of Rome


aclys

la-noun

āclys f (genitive āclydis); third declension

āclys (canonical feminine)
āclydis (genitive)
āclys (nominative singular)
āclydes (nominative plural)
āclydēs (nominative plural)
āclydis (genitive singular)
āclydum (genitive plural)
āclydī (dative singular)
āclydibus (dative plural)
āclyda (accusative singular)
āclydem (accusative singular)
āclydas (accusative plural)
āclydēs (accusative plural)
āclyde (ablative singular)
āclydibus (ablative plural)
āclys (singular vocative)
āclydes (plural vocative)
āclydēs (plural vocative)
āclis (alternative)

First attested in Virgil’s Aeneid, taken from the Ancient Greek ἀγκῠλῐ́ς (ankŭlĭ́s, “hook”, “barb”).

der

Teretes sunt aclydes illis
tela, sed haec lento mos est aptare flagello.
Their arms are tapered javelins, which they wear bound by a coiling thong. ― tr.: T.C. Williams, The Æneid of Virgil translated into English verse (1908), bk vii, p. 253

29–19 BC, P. Vergilius Maro (aut.), J.B. Greenough (ed.), Aeneis in The Bucolics, Æneid, and Georgics of Virgil (1900), bk vii, ll. 730f.

Iamque Ebusus Phoenissa movet, movet Arbacus arma,

c.''' AD 83–96, Ti. Catius Asconius Silius Italicus (aut.), J.D. Duff (ed.), Punica I (1927), bk iii, ll. 362f (p. 140)

Now Phoenician Ebusus rises in arms; and the Arbacians, fierce fighters with the dart or slender javelin. ― tr.: ibidem, p. 141

Aclydes, iacula brevia.

c.''' AD 205–220, Nonius Marcellus (aut.), W.M. Lindsay (ed.), De Conpendiosa Doctrina libri XX (1903), vol. III, bk xix, 554 M., l. 3 (p. 889)

Cur modo præcipites Aclydas ſeponis ab arcu?

1531, Franciscus Bonadus, Eximii prophetarum antiſtitis regia Dauidis oracula, p. 116:

Why do you now lay the swift javelins apart from the bow?


forceps

la-noun

forceps m (genitive forcipis); third declension

forcipis (genitive)
forceps (nominative singular)
forcipēs (nominative plural)
forcipis (genitive singular)
forcipum (genitive plural)
forcipī (dative singular)
forcipibus (dative plural)
forcipem (accusative singular)
forcipēs (accusative plural)
forcipe (ablative singular)
forcipibus (ablative plural)
forceps (singular vocative)
forcipēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: fòrceps

→ English: forceps (learned)

→ French: forceps (learned)

→ Romanian: forceps

→ German: Forzeps (learned)

Galician: fórceps

Italian: forcipe

Portuguese: fórceps, fórcipe

Sicilian: fòrcipi

Spanish: fórceps

→ Turkish: forseps (learned)

From Proto-Italic *formokaps through syncope. By surface analysis, formus (“warm”) + -ceps (“taker”).


runa

la-noun

rūna f (genitive rūnae); first declension

rūna (canonical feminine)
rūnae (genitive)
rūna (nominative singular)
rūnae (nominative plural)
rūnae (genitive singular)
rūnārum (genitive plural)
rūnae (dative singular)
rūnīs (dative plural)
rūnam (accusative singular)
rūnās (accusative plural)
rūnā (ablative singular)
rūnīs (ablative plural)
rūna (singular vocative)
rūnae (plural vocative)


carrus

carrus m (genitive carrī); second declension

carrī (genitive)
carrus (nominative singular)
carrī (nominative plural)
carrī (genitive singular)
carrōrum (genitive plural)
carrō (dative singular)
carrīs (dative plural)
carrum (accusative singular)
carrōs (accusative plural)
carrō (ablative singular)
carrīs (ablative plural)
carre (singular vocative)
carrī (plural vocative)
carrum (alternative)
charrus (alternative)

→ Albanian: *karr

Albanian: qerre

Albanian: kerr

→ Ancient Greek: κάρρον (kárrhon)

Aromanian: car

Asturian: carru

Catalan: carro

→ Czech: kára

→ Dutch: kar

Friulian: cjâr, cjar

→ German: Karre

Italian: carro

Occitan: car, carri, carro

desctree

→ Old Armenian: կառք (kaṙkʻ), կառ (kaṙ) — uncommon, in the singular
→ Armenian: կառք (kaṙkʻ)

Old French: char

French: char

Old French: carre
→ Middle English: carre, car, kerre
English: car (see there for further descendants)
Scots: car
Yola: car

Old Galician-Portuguese: carro
Fala: carru
Galician: carro
Portuguese: carro

Old Spanish: carro
Spanish: carro
→ Cebuano: karo
→ Tagalog: karo

→ Polish: kareta

→ Russian: карета (kareta)

Romagnol: car

Romanian: car, încărca

Sardinian: carru

Sicilian: carru

Venetan: car, caro, caret

→ Old Norse: kerra f
Icelandic: kerra
Faroese: kerra
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjerre; (dialectal) kjerra, kjørr, kjarra
Norwegian Bokmål: kjerre
Swedish: kärra
Danish: kærre

Borrowed from Gaulish *karros, from Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós, zero-grade form of *ḱers- (“to run”). Doublet of currus.


tympanum

la-noun

tympanum n (genitive tympanī); second declension

tympanī (genitive)
tympanum (nominative singular)
tympana (nominative plural)
tympanī (genitive singular)
tympanōrum (genitive plural)
tympanō (dative singular)
tympanīs (dative plural)
tympanum (accusative singular)
tympana (accusative plural)
tympanō (ablative singular)
tympanīs (ablative plural)
tympanum (singular vocative)
tympana (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: timpà

→ English: tympanum, timpani

→ French: tympan

→ Galician: tímpano

→ Irish: tiompán

→ Italian: timpano; tempano (Lucca), tempono (Arezzo)

→ Neapolitan: timpanu (Calabria)

→ Old English: timpan

→ Portuguese: tímpano

Provençal: temp(l)o

Romanian: tâmpină, tîmpină, întâmpina

Sardinian: trimpanu

→ Spanish: tímpano, tembal; timple (Murcia)

[ˈt̪ʏmpänʊ̃ˑ]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τῠ́μπᾰνον (tŭ́mpănon, “a kettledrum, drum”), from τῠ́πτω (tŭ́ptō, “to strike, beat, smite”).

bor

(literally, music) drum, timbrel, tambour, tambourine

(figurative) timbrel as a figure of something effeminate or enervating


blida

la-noun

blīda f (genitive blīdae); first declension

blīda (canonical feminine)
blīdae (genitive)

→ Middle Dutch: blide

Dutch: blijde

→ Middle High German: blīde

German: Blide, Bleide

→ Middle Low German: blîde

→ Danish: blide

→ Swedish: blida

According to Niermeyer, from Byzantine Greek βάλις, βάλιδος (bális, bálidos), related to Ancient Greek βάλλω (bállō, “I throw”). Attested in Latin since the 13th century.

bor

βάλις, βάλιδος

levatis circumquaque [apud Kenylworthe] machinis novem, que vocantur blidis, lapides jacere non cessabant, confringentes ex his domos et turres ligneas; muros et opus lapideum prosternere volentes, in nullo dampnificare poterant

before 1266, Ricardus Anglicus de Morins, Annales Prioratus de Dunstaplia, (edited by Hearne in 1733, as cited in DMLBS)

At Kenilworth, after taking nine machines called blidae (trebuchets) everywhere around, they would not stop throwing rocks, shattering houses and towers made of wood, but even though they wanted to open walls and other work made of rock, they could not damage them.


poculum

la-noun

pōculum n (genitive pōculī); second declension

pōculum (canonical neuter)
pōculī (genitive)
pōculum (nominative singular)
pōcula (nominative plural)
pōculī (genitive singular)
pōculōrum (genitive plural)
pōculō (dative singular)
pōculīs (dative plural)
pōculum (accusative singular)
pōcula (accusative plural)
pōculō (ablative singular)
pōculīs (ablative plural)
pōculum (singular vocative)
pōcula (plural vocative)
poclum (alternative)

→ English: poculum

Galician: púcaro

Italian: poculo

Portuguese: púcaro

→ Spanish: búcaro

→ Italian: bucchero, buccaro (archaic)

→ English: bucchero

Spanish: póculo

[ˈpoːkʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *pōtlom, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₃tlom, derived from the root *peh₃- (“to drink”) (whence also bibō).
Cognate with Old Irish ól, and Sanskrit पात्र (pātra).

Vīsne pōculum merī?


plana

plāna f (genitive plānae); first declension

plāna (canonical feminine)
plānae (genitive)
plāna (nominative singular)
plānae (nominative plural)
plānae (genitive singular)
plānārum (genitive plural)
plānae (dative singular)
plānīs (dative plural)
plānam (accusative singular)
plānās (accusative plural)
plānā (ablative singular)
plānīs (ablative plural)
plāna (singular vocative)
plānae (plural vocative)
plānātōrium (alternative)

plāna

Bresciano: piona

Catalan: plana

Comasco: piana, piona

Old French: plaine

→ Middle English: plaine, plaine

English: plane

→ Irish: plána

Friulian: plana

Istriot: spiana

Ladin: plana

Lombard: piana

Neapolitan: chiana

Sardinian: prana

Piedmontese: piana

Portuguese: plaina

Old Occitan: plana

Sicilian: chiana

Spanish: llana, plana

Trentino: piona

Venetan: piana

Veronese: piona

→ Greek: πλάνη (pláni)

*plānea

Northern Italian: piagna

→ Greek: πλάνια (plánia)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پلانیه (planya)

Turkish: planya

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бла̏ња

Latin script: blȁnja

Italian: pialla

Habet desuper solarium curticulam similiter tunimo interclusam, pomerium contiguum, diversi generis arborum pemorosum; infra vivarium cum piscibus I. hortum bene compositum I. vestimenta ad lectum parandum I. drappos ad discum parandum I. toaclam I. Utensilia, concas aereas II. pocularem I. baccinum I. caldaria aerea II. ferrum I. sartaginem I. cramalium I. andedam I. terebros II. scalprum I. asciam I. runcinam I. planam I. falces II. falciolas III. fussoria II. palas ferro paratas II. Utensilia lignea sufficienter.

c. 800, “Caroli Magni Breviarium rerum fiscalinum”, in Julius Ludwig Ideler, editor, Leben und Wandel Karls des Großen. Einleitung, Urschrift, Erläuterung, Urkundensammlung, in zwei Bänden, volume 2, published 1839, page 239 l. 6:

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) smoothing plane


horologium

hōrologium n (genitive hōrologiī or hōrologī); second declension

hōrologium (canonical neuter)
hōrologiī (genitive)
hōrologī (genitive)
hōrologium (nominative singular)
hōrologia (nominative plural)
hōrologiī (genitive singular)
hōrologī (genitive singular)
hōrologiōrum (genitive plural)
hōrologiō (dative singular)
hōrologiīs (dative plural)
hōrologium (accusative singular)
hōrologia (accusative plural)
hōrologiō (ablative singular)
hōrologiīs (ablative plural)
hōrologium (singular vocative)
hōrologia (plural vocative)
ōrilegium (alternative)
ōrolegium (alternative)

Czech: orloj

desctree

Dutch: horloge, horlogie (archaic), horologie, orloge, orlogie (obsolete)
Afrikaans: horlosie
Negerhollands: horlooschi, holosi, holochi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: holosi (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: holósi
→ Caribbean Javanese: arloji
→ Indonesian: arloji
→ Petjo: airlodji
→ Papiamentu: oloshi, horlosji, holósji
→ Sranan Tongo: oloisi
→ Aukan: oloisi
→ Kari'na: olosi
→ Saramaccan: olóísi
→ Trió: oroisi, joroisi

Emilian: arlói

English: horologium

Esperanto: horloĝo

Franco-Provençal: relojo

Friulian: orloi

Galician: reloxo

Istriot: rilojo

Italian: orologio

Lombard: leroi

Norman: hôlouoge (Jersey)

Occitan: relòtge

Old Catalan: relotge

→ Aragonese: reloch

→ Asturian: reló

→ Basque: erloju

Catalan: rellotge

→ Spanish: reloj
Chavacano: reloj
→ Cebuano: relo
→ Ilocano: relo
→ Kapampangan: relu
→ Pangasinan: relo
→ Portuguese: relógio
→ Tagalog: relo

Old French: orloge

French: horloge

Norman: oriloge

English: horologe

Portuguese: relógio, horológio

Romanian: orologiu

desc

Sardinian: arrelógiu, rellozu, arrelórgiu, rológiu

desctree

Sicilian: raloggiu, ruloggiu, ralogiu, riloggiu, rologgiu (italianzed, misspelled)
Maltese: arloġġ

Venetan: rełogio

Walloon: ôrlodje

[hoːrɔˈɫ̪ɔɡiʊ̃ˑ]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁-?
Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥
Ancient Greek ὥρα (hṓra)
Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-
Ancient Greek λέγω (légō)
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Ancient Greek -ιος (-ios)?
Ancient Greek -ιον (-ion)
Ancient Greek ὡρολόγιον (hōrológion)bor.
Latin horologium
From Ancient Greek ὡρολόγιον (hōrológion). See mēnologium.

etymon

device used to measure the time of day, particularly


pyxis

la-noun

pyxis f (genitive pyxidis); third declension

pyxidis (genitive)
pyxis (nominative singular)
pyxidēs (nominative plural)
pyxidis (genitive singular)
pyxidum (genitive plural)
pyxidī (dative singular)
pyxidibus (dative plural)
pyxidem (accusative singular)
pyxidēs (accusative plural)
pyxide (ablative singular)
pyxidibus (ablative plural)
pyxis (singular vocative)
pyxidēs (plural vocative)
puxis (alternative)
pixis (alternative)

→ Catalan: pixis, píxide

→ English: pyxis, pyx

→ German: Pyxis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís).

A small box, for holding medicines or toiletries.


pistola

pistōla f (genitive pistōlae); first declension

pistōla (canonical feminine)
pistōlae (genitive)
pistōla (nominative singular)
pistōlae (nominative plural)
pistōlae (genitive singular)
pistōlārum (genitive plural)
pistōlae (dative singular)
pistōlīs (dative plural)
pistōlam (accusative singular)
pistōlās (accusative plural)
pistōlā (ablative singular)
pistōlīs (ablative plural)
pistōla (singular vocative)
pistōlae (plural vocative)
pistōlium (alternative)

[pɪs̠ˈt̪oːɫ̪ä]

Borrowed from Middle French pistole or Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese pistola. The penultimate syllable is long because it carries stress.


stannum

la-noun

stannum n (genitive stannī); second declension

stannī (genitive)
stannum (nominative singular)
stanna (nominative plural)
stannī (genitive singular)
stannōrum (genitive plural)
stannō (dative singular)
stannīs (dative plural)
stannum (accusative singular)
stanna (accusative plural)
stannō (ablative singular)
stannīs (ablative plural)
stannum (singular vocative)
stanna (plural vocative)
stagnum (alternative)

Asturian: estañu

Catalan: estany

French: étain

Friulian: stagn

Galician: estaño, estano

Italian: stagno

Occitan: estanh

Portuguese: estanho

Romanian: staniu

Sardinian: istagnu, stàngiu

Sicilian: stagnu

Spanish: estaño

[ˈs̠t̪änːʊ̃ˑ]

Probably of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *stagnos; see also Irish stán.


falx

falx f (genitive falcis); third declension

falcis (genitive)
falx (nominative singular)
falcēs (nominative plural)
falcis (genitive singular)
falcium (genitive plural)
falcī (dative singular)
falcibus (dative plural)
falcem (accusative singular)
falcēs (accusative plural)
falcīs (accusative plural)
falce (ablative singular)
falcibus (ablative plural)
falx (singular vocative)
falcēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: falz

Aromanian: falcã, falche

Old Leonese: foce, fouce

Asturian: foz, fouz, foiz, ḥoce, ḥoz

Leonese: fouz

Mirandese: fouce

Catalan: falç

Emilian: fèlz

→ English: falx

Fala: foici

Franco-Provençal: folx

Friulian: fals

Italian: falce

Ladin: fauc

Lombard: falc, folcc

Neapolitan: falcè

Old French: fauz

French: faux

Karipúna Creole French: fos

Picard: feuque

Walloon: foque (obsolete)

Old Occitan: fals

Occitan: falç, fauç, haus, fâ

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: fouce
Fala: foici, fueici
Galician: fouce
Portuguese: foice, fouce (dated or dialectal)

Romanian: falcă, falce

Romansch: faulsch

desc

Sardinian: falche, falle, farche, farci, frache, fraci

Sicilian: fauci

Spanish: hoz

Venetan: falẑ

>? Vulgar Latin: falcina

→ Albanian: felqinë

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg- (“to sting; needle”), whence also Proto-Celtic *delgos (“needle; pin”), Proto-Germanic *dalkaz (“pin, brooch; dagger”), Lithuanian dilgùs (“stinging, burning”), dilgėlė̃, dìlgė f (“nettle”), dìlgti, dìlgstu (“to be stung by nettles”), dal̃gis (“scythe”). Both the -a- and the -c- are unexpected, which might suggest a borrowing from a neighbouring Indo-European language of Italy.


corbis

la-noun

corbis m or f (genitive corbis); third declension

corbis (genitive)
corbis (nominative singular)
corbēs (nominative plural)
corbis (genitive singular)
corbium (genitive plural)
corbī (dative singular)
corbibus (dative plural)
corbem (accusative singular)
corbim (accusative singular)
corbēs (accusative plural)
corbīs (accusative plural)
corbe (ablative singular)
corbī (ablative singular)
corbibus (ablative plural)
corbis (singular vocative)
corbēs (plural vocative)

Latin: corbicula

→ English: corbicula

> French: corbeille (inherited)

> Portuguese: corbelha (inherited)

⇒ Italian: corbello

→? Proto-West Germanic: *korb (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Some refer it to Latin curvus, others to Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos) or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerbʰ- (“to turn (around), wind”) (cognate with scirpus); it could be also a Semitic borrowing, comparing Ge'ez ከረቦ (käräbo, “basket”), Amharic ከረቦ (käräbo, “basket”), considering the variant Ge'ez ከበሮ (käbäro, “basket”) possibly related to Ge'ez ከፈር (käfär, “basket”), Tigrinya ከፈር (käfär, “basket”), Arabic قَفِير (qafīr, “basket”). Alternatively, possibly borrowed from early Proto-West Germanic *korb, from Proto-Germanic *kurbaz, from earlier *krebô (“basket”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“bundle”).

der

De Tiburtino veniet agro haedulus, qui plus lactis habet quam sanguinis, et montani asparagi. grandia ova adsunt ipsis cum matribus, et uvae servatae parte anni quales fuerant in vitibus, Syriumque pirum, de corbibus et odoris mala recentis.

From my farm at Tiburtinum comes a baby goat, whose veins hold more milk than blood; mountain asparagus, big eggs, and the mothers that laid them, as well as grapes, preserved for six months, but still as fresh as when they were gathered; baskets of Syrian pears and fresh, sweet-smelling apples.


tegula

la-noun

tēgula f (genitive tēgulae); first declension

tēgula (canonical feminine)
tēgulae (genitive)
tēgula (nominative singular)
tēgulae (nominative plural)
tēgulae (genitive singular)
tēgulārum (genitive plural)
tēgulae (dative singular)
tēgulīs (dative plural)
tēgulam (accusative singular)
tēgulās (accusative plural)
tēgulā (ablative singular)
tēgulīs (ablative plural)
tēgula (singular vocative)
tēgulae (plural vocative)

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: tiola, tìvola

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: teula

Franco-Provençal: tiola

Old French: tiule (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: teule

Sicilian: tìgula, Tìguli, Tìvuli

Vulgar Latin: tegla

Dalmatian: tacla

Italo-Romance:

Italian: tegghia

desc

⇒ Italian: teglia (through de-vulgarization)

Sicilian: tegghia

North-Italian:

Friulian: tecje, tečhe (alternative orthography)

Piedmontese: teja

Venetan: técia

Gallo-Romance:

Champenois: teille

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: teya

Old Galician-Portuguese: telha

Galician: tella

Portuguese: telha

Spanish: teja

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tegella

Italian: tiella

Portuguese: tigela

Sicilian: tijeḍḍa

Borrowings:

→? Italian: tegola (semi-learned)

→ Albanian: tjegull

→ Andalusian Arabic: تاقرة (tāqra, “milking-pail”)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: tagra (“a liquid measure”)

→ Old Spanish: tagara (“bowl”)

→ Old Leonese: tagara, tagarra (“bowl”)

→ Galician: tarro (“jar”)

→ Portuguese: tarro (“pot; milking-pail”)

→ Spanish: tarro (“jar; pot”)

→ Moroccan Arabic: طارو (ṭārru, “garbage-can”)

→ Moroccan Arabic: تاكرة (tāgra, “tajine”)

→ Proto-Germanic: *tigulǭ (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: tégla

→ English: tegula

→ Greek: τούγλα (toúgla)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: طوغله (tuğla), توغله (tuğla)
Turkish: tuğla
→ Albanian: tullë
→ Armenian: թուղլա (tʻuġla)
→ Laz: თუღლა (tuğla), თუღულა (tuğula) — Arkabi

→ Macedonian: тегла (tegla)

→ Portuguese: tégula

→ Serbo-Croatian: тегла (tegla)

→ Slovak: tehla

[ˈt̪eːɡʊɫ̪ä]

From Proto-Italic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”). By surface analysis, tegō (“to cover”) + -ula. For the meaning development compare German Kachel. Though the sense “frying-pan” has been said to be derived from Ancient Greek τάγηνον (tágēnon), τήγανον (tḗganon), this is formally difficult; the distinction between it and “rooftile” may thus be seen as unfounded.
The long vowel is difficult to explain, but according to some authors it is an artifact of early simplification of the cluster *gdʰ in *teg-dʰlom (see -bulum for the suffix); compare rēgula. Contrast the later formation tegulum, with a short vowel.

surf

Glires: isicio porcino, item pulpis ex omni membro glirium trito, cum pipere, nucleis, lasere, liquamine farcies glires, et sutos in tegula positos mittes in furnum aut farsos in clibano coques.

Dormice: Fill the dormice with minced meat of pork and all parts of the dormice, ground pepper, pinenuts, laser, fish-sauce, and put them sewn together and laid upon a tile-pan into the oven, or cook them stuffed in the clibanus.

a tile, whether to lay the roof (rooftile) or to bake food upon it (baking tile, frying pan)


follis

la-noun

follis m (genitive follis); third declension

follis (genitive)
follis (nominative singular)
follēs (nominative plural)
follis (genitive singular)
follium (genitive plural)
follī (dative singular)
follibus (dative plural)
follem (accusative singular)
follēs (accusative plural)
follīs (accusative plural)
folle (ablative singular)
follibus (ablative plural)
follis (singular vocative)
follēs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: foali

Istro-Romanian: foie

Megleno-Romanian: foali

Romanian: foale

Italo-Romance

Italian: folle

Sicilian: foḍḍi

Old French: fol (see there for further descendants)

French: fou

Norman: fo

Old Occitan: fol
Occitan: hòu, fòl, fòu

Sardinian: fodhe

Venetan: folo, foło, fol

West Iberian

Asturian: fuelle

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: fol

Portuguese: fole

Spanish: follar, hollar, fuelle

→ Alemannic German: Folle

→ Proto-Brythonic: *foll

Middle Welsh: ffoll

→ Ancient Greek: φόλλις (phóllis)

→ Aramaic: ܦܘܠܣܐ / פולסא /ܦܠܣ / פילס (fuləsā, filas)

→ Arabic: فِلْس (fils) (see there for further descendants)

→ English: follis

Probably inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰolǵʰ-n-is, o-grade i-stem derivative of *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”) with an *-n- suffix (though De Vaan is skeptical of any etymology and leaves the origin open). Cognates include Sanskrit बर्हिस् (barhís, “straw, sacrificial straw”), Old English belġ (“bulge, bag, purse”) (English belly) and belġan (“to swell with anger”), Old Prussian balsinis (“cushion”) and Old Irish bolg (“belly; bag; bellows”).
Or simply from Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-n-is, ultimately from the same root, i.e. *bʰel- (“to blow”), from which *bʰelǵʰ- appears to be derived.


pellis

la-noun

pellis f (genitive pellis); third declension

pellis (genitive)
pellis (nominative singular)
pellēs (nominative plural)
pellis (genitive singular)
pellium (genitive plural)
pellī (dative singular)
pellibus (dative plural)
pellem (accusative singular)
pellēs (accusative plural)
pellīs (accusative plural)
pelle (ablative singular)
pellibus (ablative plural)
pellis (singular vocative)
pellēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheali

Romanian: piele

Dalmatian:

pial

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pelle

Sicilian: peddi

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pedde, peddi (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Friulian: piel

Romagnol: pël

Romansch: pel

Venetan: pełe

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pél

desctree

Old French: pel
Angevin: piau
Bourguignon: peâ
Champenois: pé, piau
Franc-Comtois: pée
Middle French: peau
French: peau
Norman: pé
Poitevin-Saintongeais: pea
Picard: pieu, piau
Walloon: pea

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: pell

Occitan: pèl

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: piel

Old Galician-Portuguese: pele

Portuguese: pele

Spanish: piel

Borrowings:

→ English: pell

→ Old Irish: pell

Irish: peall

Scottish Gaelic: peall

→ Old Norse: pilz

Icelandic: pils

Norwegian Bokmål: pels

Norwegian Nynorsk: pels

From Proto-Italic *pelnis, from Proto-Indo-European *pel-ni-s (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”), from *pel- (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέλμᾰ (pélmă, “sole of the foot”), Old English fell (“fell, skin, hide; garment of skin”).


iugum

la-noun

iugum n (genitive iugī); second declension

iugī (genitive)
iugum (nominative singular)
iuga (nominative plural)
iugī (genitive singular)
iugōrum (genitive plural)
iugō (dative singular)
iugīs (dative plural)
iugum (accusative singular)
iuga (accusative plural)
iugō (ablative singular)
iugīs (ablative plural)
iugum (singular vocative)
iuga (plural vocative)
jugum (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: giug

Romanian: jug

Dalmatian:

zaug

Italo-Romance:

Italian: giogo

→ Sicilian: giugu

Neapolitan: jugo

Sicilian: jugu, juvu

North Italian:

Emilian: zu, zof, zov

Friulian: jôf, jôv

Ligurian: zôvo

Lombard: zof, xof, giov

Piedmontese: giou, gio, xof, xovo

Romagnol: zof, zov, zouf

Romansch: giuf

desc

Venetan: dóvo, dógo, dóo, zóo, dhovo, dóf

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: jog

Old French: jug, jou, jof

French: joug

Walloon: djeu

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: chuvo

Catalan: jou, jeu, jova

Occitan: jo, joc

Gascon: jun

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: yugo

Asturian: xugu

Galician: xugo

Portuguese: jugo

Spanish: yugo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: giú, giubu, giuu, giuvu, yuu

Borrowings:

→ English: jugum

Esperanto: jugo

Tashelhit: tayuga

From Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm, from *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) + *-óm. Cognate with Sanskrit युग (yuga), Ancient Greek ζῠγόν (zŭgón), and Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk). Equivalent to a substantivization of the adjective iugus (“belonging together”).

(transferred sense)
in Kent, a yoke of land, quarter sulung

L. quidem Tarutius Firmanus, familiaris noster, in primis Chaldaeicis rationibus eruditus, urbis etiam nostrae natalem diem repetebat ab iis Pardibus, quibus eam a Romulo conditam accepimus, Romamque, in iugo cum esset Luna, natam esse dicebat, nec eius fata canere dubitabat.

a scalebeam; (metonymically) a pair of scales; (astronomy) the Libra


sella

la-noun

sella f (genitive sellae); first declension

sellae (genitive)
sella (nominative singular)
sellae (nominative plural)
sellae (genitive singular)
sellārum (genitive plural)
sellae (dative singular)
sellīs (dative plural)
sellam (accusative singular)
sellās (accusative plural)
sellā (ablative singular)
sellīs (ablative plural)
sella (singular vocative)
sellae (plural vocative)
sedda (alternative)

→ Albanian: shalë

Aromanian: shauã

Asturian: siella, siya

Catalan: sella

Dalmatian: siala

English: sella

French: selle

Friulian: siele

Galician: sela

→ Hebrew: אסלה (asla)

Italian: sella

Occitan: sèla

Portuguese: sela

Romanian: șa, șale

Romansch: sella, siala, seala, sela

Sardinian: sedha, sedda

Sicilian: seḍḍa

desctree

Spanish: silla
→ Cebuano: síya
→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: siya
→ Galician: silla
→ Hiligaynon: siya
→ Ladino: siya
→ Portuguese: silha
→ Southeastern Tepehuan: xiir
→ Tagalog: silya, siya
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: siya

Venetan: sela, seła

From Proto-Italic *sedlā, from Proto-Indo-European *sed-, whence sedeō (“I sit”). The same formation as Proto-Germanic *sadulaz, Proto-Slavic *sedъlo.

(historical) A kind of open or enclosed sedan chair


ponto

la-noun

pontō m (genitive pontōnis); third declension

pontō (canonical masculine)
pontōnis (genitive)
pontō (nominative singular)
pontōnēs (nominative plural)
pontōnis (genitive singular)
pontōnium (genitive plural)
pontōnī (dative singular)
pontōnibus (dative plural)
pontōnem (accusative singular)
pontōnēs (accusative plural)
pontōnīs (accusative plural)
pontōne (ablative singular)
pontōnibus (ablative plural)
pontō (singular vocative)
pontōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: pontó

English: pontoon

Esperanto: pontono

French: ponton

Galician: pontón

German: Ponton

Irish: pontún

Italian: pontone

Portuguese: pontão

Spanish: pontón


tina

tīna f (genitive tīnae); first declension

tīna (canonical feminine)
tīnae (genitive)
tīna (nominative singular)
tīnae (nominative plural)
tīnae (genitive singular)
tīnārum (genitive plural)
tīnae (dative singular)
tīnīs (dative plural)
tīnam (accusative singular)
tīnās (accusative plural)
tīnā (ablative singular)
tīnīs (ablative plural)
tīna (singular vocative)
tīnae (plural vocative)

Albanian: tinë

Catalan: tina, tinell

French: tine, tinet

Galician: tinalla

Italian: tina

Portuguese: tina

Spanish: tina, tinaja

From Etruscan 𐌈𐌉𐌍𐌀 (θina, “type of vessel”).


caldarium

caldārium n (genitive caldāriī or caldārī); second declension

caldārium (canonical neuter)
caldāriī (genitive)
caldārī (genitive)
caldārium (nominative singular)
caldāria (nominative plural)
caldāriī (genitive singular)
caldārī (genitive singular)
caldāriōrum (genitive plural)
caldāriō (dative singular)
caldāriīs (dative plural)
caldārium (accusative singular)
caldāria (accusative plural)
caldāriō (ablative singular)
caldāriīs (ablative plural)
caldārium (singular vocative)
caldāria (plural vocative)
calidārium (alternative)

→ Albanian: kaldar

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: καλδάριον (kaldárion), καρδάριν (kardárin)

Greek: καρδάρι (kardári)

⇒ Greek: καρδάρα (kardára)

→ Bulgarian: ка́рда (kárda), га́рда (gárda)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كردل (gerdel), كردر (gerder), كردهل (gerdel)
Turkish: gerdel
→ Arabic: جَرْدَل (jardal)
→ Armenian: կէռտէլ (kēṙtēl)
→ Greek: γκερδέλι (gkerdéli), γερδέλι (gerdéli)

→ English: caldarium

→ French: caldarium

→ Italian: calidario

Megleno-Romanian: căldar

[käɫ̪ˈd̪äːriʊ̃ˑ]

From caldus (“warm in temperature”, alternative form of calidus) + -ārium (improperly for an adjective), via *caldārius.

affix

alternative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">calidus</i>


clepsydra

la-noun

clepsydra f (genitive clepsydrae); first declension

clepsydrae (genitive)
clepsydra (nominative singular)
clepsydrae (nominative plural)
clepsydrae (genitive singular)
clepsydrārum (genitive plural)
clepsydrae (dative singular)
clepsydrīs (dative plural)
clepsydram (accusative singular)
clepsydrās (accusative plural)
clepsydrā (ablative singular)
clepsydrīs (ablative plural)
clepsydra (singular vocative)
clepsydrae (plural vocative)
clipsadra (alternative)

English: clepsydra

Italian: clessidra

[ˈkɫ̪ɛps̠ʏd̪rä]

From Ancient Greek κλεψύδρα (klepsúdra, “pipette, water clock”).


uter

la-noun

uter m (genitive utris); third declension

utris (genitive)
uter (nominative singular)
utrēs (nominative plural)
utria (nominative plural)
utris (genitive singular)
utrium (genitive plural)
utrī (dative singular)
utribus (dative plural)
utrem (accusative singular)
utrīs (accusative plural)
utrēs (accusative plural)
utria (accusative plural)
utre (ablative singular)
utribus (ablative plural)
uter (singular vocative)
utrēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: utri

Catalan: odre

→ French: outre

Galician: odre

Italian: otre

Piedmontese: oiro

Portuguese: odre

Sicilian: utri

Spanish: odre

For *udris, from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“water”). Compare with Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría, “water-pot, pitcher”). Related to vitrum.

cog

bag made of hide (inflated for flotation)


marra

la-noun

marra f (genitive marrae); first declension

marrae (genitive)
marra (nominative singular)
marrae (nominative plural)
marrae (genitive singular)
marrārum (genitive plural)
marrae (dative singular)
marrīs (dative plural)
marram (accusative singular)
marrās (accusative plural)
marrā (ablative singular)
marrīs (ablative plural)
marra (singular vocative)
marrae (plural vocative)

Corsican: marra, merra

French: marre

Galician: marra

Italian: marra

Uncertain. Possibly from Semitic via Ancient Greek μάρρον (márrhon); compare Akkadian 𒄑𒈥 (marru [^(GEŠ)MAR]), Classical Syriac ܡܪܐ (marra), and Arabic مَرّ (marr).


hama

hama f (genitive hamae); first declension

hamae (genitive)
hama (nominative singular)
hamae (nominative plural)
hamae (genitive singular)
hamārum (genitive plural)
hamae (dative singular)
hamīs (dative plural)
hamam (accusative singular)
hamās (accusative plural)
hamā (ablative singular)
hamīs (ablative plural)
hama (singular vocative)
hamae (plural vocative)
ama (alternative)
amās (alternative)
amō (alternative)
ayma (alternative)
haima (alternative)

→ Middle Dutch: ame, aem

desctree

Dutch: aam
→ English: aam
→ Russian: аа́м (aám)
→? Old Swedish: aam
→ Finnish: aami

Afrikaans: aam

→ Middle Low German: ame, am

→ Estonian: aam

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́μη (ắmē).

a water-bucket or pail (especially one for extinguishing fires), a firebucket

(Medieval Latin) a vessel for holding wine

a vessel for holding wine
a wine-cup, a goblet

(by extension) a general measure of other liquids

a vessel for holding wine
a measure of wine
a general measure of other liquids


flagellum

la-noun

flagellum n (genitive flagellī); second declension

flagellī (genitive)
flagellum (nominative singular)
flagella (nominative plural)
flagellī (genitive singular)
flagellōrum (genitive plural)
flagellō (dative singular)
flagellīs (dative plural)
flagellum (accusative singular)
flagella (accusative plural)
flagellō (ablative singular)
flagellīs (ablative plural)
flagellum (singular vocative)
flagella (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: frazial

desc

Italian: fragello, flagello (latinized?)

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: fièl, fiaèl

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: flleyél, flél ⇒ eflleyél

Old French: flaiel, flael, flayau

French: fléau

Norman: fléel

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Occitan:

Auvergnat: flagèl

Gascon: hlagèth, lagèth ⇒ eslagèth, ehlagèth

Languedocien: flagèl

Limousin: flageu, flagèl, fleu

Provençal: flagèu, flèu

Vivaro-Alpine: fleu, flel, flageu

→ Old Breton: flagell

→ Catalan: flagell, flagel

→ English: flagellum, flagellate

→ Welsh: fflagelwm

→ French: flagelle

→ Galician: flaxelo

→? Proto-West Germanic: *flagil (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Byzantine Greek: φραγέλλιον (phragéllion)
→ Aramaic:
Jewish Literary Aramaic: פְּרַגְלָא (fragəlā)
Classical Syriac: ܦܪܳܓܶܠܳܐ (frāgĕlā)
→ Arabic: فِرْجَوْن (firjawn), فِرْجَوْل (firjawl) — less often
→ Classical Syriac: ܦܪܓܘܢܐ
→ Ottoman Turkish: فرجول (fircevl)
→ Coptic: ⲫⲣⲁⲅⲉⲗⲗⲓⲟⲛ (phragellion)

→ Old Irish: sroigell
Irish: sroigheall

→ Occitan: flagèl

→ Portuguese: flagelo

→ Romanian: flagel

→ Spanish: flagelo

→ Swedish: flagell

→ Welsh: fflangell, possibly ffrewyll

[fɫ̪äˈɡɛlːʲʊ̃ˑ]

[…] nē lāneum latusculum manūsque mollicellās
inusta turpiter tibī flagella cōnscribillent […]

c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 25.9–13

[…] so that your soft side and your tender hands
burning lashes may not shamefully scribble on […]

whip for driving animals (riding horses, cattle etc.)

[…] utque sub aequoribus dēprēnsum pōlypus hostem

[…] and how under the seas the polyp holds fast the captured enemy
with tentacles dispatched from every side.

continet ex omnī dīmissīs parte flagellīs.

Crās amōrum cōpulātrīx inter umbrās arborum

c. 4th century, Tiberianus, Pervigilium Veneris 5–6

Tomorrow the binder of loves amongst the shades of trees
weaves green cottages from myrtle branches.

implicat casās virentēs dē flagellō myrteō.


canoa

la-noun

canōa f (genitive canōae); first declension

canōa (canonical feminine)
canōae (genitive)
canōa (nominative singular)
canōae (nominative plural)
canōae (genitive singular)
canōārum (genitive plural)
canōae (dative singular)
canōīs (dative plural)
canōam (accusative singular)
canōās (accusative plural)
canōā (ablative singular)
canōīs (ablative plural)
canōa (singular vocative)
canōae (plural vocative)

Duo Indi conueniebant in canoam, [...]

1635, loannes Eusebius Nierembergius, Historia Naturae, page 262:

Canoa, est nauis ex vnica abore excauata...

1672, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Geographiae et hydrographiae reformatae..., page 508:

A canoe, is a boat hollowed out from a single tree...

[...] ingenti vi canoarum a Mexicanis ceterisque palustribus oppidis contra classem venientibus.

1780, Joannes Genesius Sepulveda, Joannis Genesii Sepulvedae cordubensis opera cum edita turn inedita ..., page XXII:


marsupium

marsūpium n (genitive marsūpiī or marsūpī); second declension

marsūpium (canonical neuter)
marsūpiī (genitive)
marsūpī (genitive)
marsūpium (nominative singular)
marsūpia (nominative plural)
marsūpiī (genitive singular)
marsūpī (genitive singular)
marsūpiōrum (genitive plural)
marsūpiō (dative singular)
marsūpiīs (dative plural)
marsūpium (accusative singular)
marsūpia (accusative plural)
marsūpiō (ablative singular)
marsūpiīs (ablative plural)
marsūpium (singular vocative)
marsūpia (plural vocative)
marsuppium (alternative)

→ English: marsupium (learned)

→ Italian: marsupio (learned)

→ Portuguese: marsúpio (learned)

→ Spanish: marsupio (learned)

From Ancient Greek μαρσίππιον (marsíppion), diminutive of μάρσιππος (mársippos, “pouch”).

sortem mitte nōbīscum, marsūpium ūnum sit omnium nostrum

Cast in thy lot with us, let us all have one purse. (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.; 1752 CE)


calculo

la-verb

calculō (present infinitive calculāre, perfect active calculāvī, supine calculātum); first conjugation

calculō (canonical)
calculāre (infinitive present)
calculāvī (active perfect)
calculātum (supine)
calculō (active first-person indicative present singular)
calculās (active indicative present second-person singular)
calculat (active indicative present singular third-person)
calculāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
calculātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
calculant (active indicative plural present third-person)
calculābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
calculābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
calculābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
calculābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
calculābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
calculābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
calculābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
calculābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
calculābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
calculābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
calculābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
calculābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
calculāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
calculāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
calculāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
calculāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
calculāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
calculāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
calculāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
calculāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
calculāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
calculāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
calculāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
calculāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
calculāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
calculāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
calculāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
calculāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
calculāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
calculāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
calculāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
calculor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
calculāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
calculāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
calculātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
calculāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
calculāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
calculantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
calculābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
calculābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
calculābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
calculābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
calculābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
calculābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
calculābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
calculābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
calculāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
calculābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
calculābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
calculābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
calculābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
calculābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
calculem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
calculēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
calculet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
calculēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
calculētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
calculent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
calculārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
calculārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
calculāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
calculārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
calculārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
calculārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
calculāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
calculāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
calculāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
calculāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
calculāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
calculāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
calculāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
calculāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
calculāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
calculāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
calculāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
calculāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
calculer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
calculēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
calculēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
calculētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
calculēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
calculēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
calculentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
calculārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
calculārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
calculārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
calculārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
calculārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
calculārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
calculārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
calculā (active imperative present second-person singular)
calculāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
calculātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
calculātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
calculātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
calculantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
calculāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
calculāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
calculātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
calculātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
calculantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
calculāre (active infinitive present)
calculārī (infinitive passive present)
calculāns (active participle present)
calculātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
calculātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
calculātūrus (active future participle)
calculandus (future participle passive)
calculāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
calculātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
calculātus (participle passive perfect)
calculātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
calculātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
calculandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
calculandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
calculandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
calculandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
calculātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
calculātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

[ˈkäɫ̪kʊɫ̪oː]

By surface analysis, calculus (“stone used for reckoning on a counting board; calculating, reckoning”) + -ō. Alternatively compare Sanskrit कलते (kalate), कालयति (kālayati), कलयति (kalayati), कोलति (kolati), from the root कल् (kal, “to sound, count”).


piso

la-noun

pīsō m (genitive pīsōnis); third declension

pīsō (canonical masculine)
pīsōnis (genitive)
pīsō (nominative singular)
pīsōnēs (nominative plural)
pīsōnis (genitive singular)
pīsōnum (genitive plural)
pīsōnī (dative singular)
pīsōnibus (dative plural)
pīsōnem (accusative singular)
pīsōnēs (accusative plural)
pīsōne (ablative singular)
pīsōnibus (ablative plural)
pīsō (singular vocative)
pīsōnēs (plural vocative)

From the root of pīnsō, pistus + -ō, -ōn- (noun-forming suffix).

Adversus umores et subitos inpetus oculorum et epiphoras radices betae maxime nigrae ex aqua tepida lavabis et expressas sabano siccabis, deinde tundes in pisone marmoreo et sucum inde linteo intorto exprimes, tum leviter ad carbones despumatum tepefacies et naribus infundes, ita ut is cui medeberis aquam tepidam in ore contineat, et si unus oculus laborabit, diversae partis nares infundes et melle Attico continges.

c. 400 CE, Marcellus Empiricus, De medicamentis liber 8

...next you will pound them in a marble mortar...

mortar (hollow vessel used with a pestle)


matara

matara f (genitive matarae); first declension

matarae (genitive)
matara (nominative singular)
matarae (nominative plural)
matarae (genitive singular)
matarārum (genitive plural)
matarae (dative singular)
matarīs (dative plural)
mataram (accusative singular)
matarās (accusative plural)
matarā (ablative singular)
matarīs (ablative plural)
matara (singular vocative)
matarae (plural vocative)
mataris (alternative)
materis (alternative)
madaris (alternative)

Italian: mattero

Cum milites Romani exercitum Gallicum oppugnavissent, bellatores Gallici impetum mataris arcuerunt

When the Roman soldiers attacked the Gaulish army, the Gallic warriors repelled the attack with javelins


bursa

bursa f (genitive bursae); first declension

bursae (genitive)
bursa (nominative singular)
bursae (nominative plural)
bursae (genitive singular)
bursārum (genitive plural)
bursae (dative singular)
bursīs (dative plural)
bursam (accusative singular)
bursās (accusative plural)
bursā (ablative singular)
bursīs (ablative plural)
bursa (singular vocative)
bursae (plural vocative)
byrsa (alternative)

Catalan: bossa, borsa

Dalmatian: buarsa

→ English: bursa, purse (in part, through Old English)

→ German: Bursche

→ Irish: bursa

desctree

Italian: borsa
→ Amharic: ቦርሳ (borsa)
→ Arabic: بورصة
→ Armenian: բորսա (borsa)
→ Ottoman Turkish: پارسه (parsa), پارسا (parsa)
Turkish: parsa
→ Ottoman Turkish: بورسه (borsa), بورسا (borsa)
Turkish: borsa
→ Slovene: borša
→ Tigrinya: ቦርሳ (borsa)

Old French: borse
Middle French: bourse
French: bourse
→ English: bourse
→ Persian: بورس (burs)
→ Romanian: bursă
→ Turkish: burs
Norman: bourse
English: burse
→ Middle Dutch: borse
Dutch: beurs
Afrikaans: beurs
Negerhollands: beers
→ Danish: børs
→ German: Börse
→ Norwegian: børs
→ Papiamentu: bèshi, bersji
→ Russian: би́ржа (bírža) (possibly via German) (see there for further descendants)
→ Swedish: börs
→ West Frisian: beurs

Old Galician-Portuguese: bolssa
Galician: bolsa
Portuguese: bolsa
→ English: bulse

Romanian: boașă, boașe

Romansch: bursa, buorsa

Sicilian: bursa, vursa

Spanish: bolsa

→ Ukrainian: бу́рса (búrsa)

Late Latin (4th century); from the Ancient Greek βύρσα (búrsa, “hide, wine-skin”).

der

(by extension, Medieval Latin) purse, especially one made of skin or leather


mola

la-noun

mola f (genitive molae); first declension

molae (genitive)
mola (nominative singular)
molae (nominative plural)
molae (genitive singular)
molārum (genitive plural)
molae (dative singular)
molīs (dative plural)
molam (accusative singular)
molās (accusative plural)
molā (ablative singular)
molīs (ablative plural)
mola (singular vocative)
molae (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: moa, mola, mora

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: moarã

Megleno-Romanian: moară

Romanian: moară

Italo-Romance:

Italian: mola

Neapolitan: mola

Sicilian: mola

Venetan: moła

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: muele

Ladin: mola

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: mola

French: meule

Occitan: mòla

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: muela

Galician: moa

Mirandese: muola

Portuguese: mó

Spanish: muela

From Proto-Italic *molā, from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”). Cognate with Latin mollis, Ancient Greek μύλη (múlē), English meal. See also English maelstrom.

mola asināria

Roman stone hand mill, worked by a donkey or mule

mola salsa (literally “salted flour”)

Ipsa molā manibusque piīs altāria iuxtā, ….

And [Dido] herself [stands] near the altars, with the holy meal in her pious hands, ….

(transferred sense) (sacred) flour, coarse-ground meal used in sacrifices


carruca

la-noun

carrūca f (genitive carrūcae); first declension

carrūca (canonical feminine)
carrūcae (genitive)
carrūca (nominative singular)
carrūcae (nominative plural)
carrūcae (genitive singular)
carrūcārum (genitive plural)
carrūcae (dative singular)
carrūcīs (dative plural)
carrūcam (accusative singular)
carrūcās (accusative plural)
carrūcā (ablative singular)
carrūcīs (ablative plural)
carrūca (singular vocative)
carrūcae (plural vocative)
carūca (alternative)

→ Albanian: karrocë

→ Ancient Greek: καροῦχα (karoûkha)

→ English: carruca

French: charrue

→ Galician: charrúa

Italian: carruca, carrozza, carroccia

Norman: carrue

Norman: tchérue (Guernsey), tchéthue (Jersey), kyerüü (Sark)

Romanian: căruță

Spanish: carruca

From carrus, probably from Transalpine Gaulish.


acies

aciēs f (genitive aciēī); fifth declension

aciēs (canonical feminine)
aciēī (genitive)
aciēs (nominative singular)
aciēs (nominative plural)
aciēī (genitive singular)
aciērum (genitive plural)
aciēī (dative singular)
aciēbus (dative plural)
aciem (accusative singular)
aciēs (accusative plural)
aciē (ablative singular)
aciēbus (ablative plural)
aciēs (singular vocative)
aciēs (plural vocative)

desc

Extremaduran: haci (merged with haci < fasces)

Old Galician-Portuguese: az

Old Spanish: azes, az

Spanish: haz (merged with haz < fasces)

Sardinian: (< *acia)

Campidanese: atza

Logudorese: atta, atha

→ English: acies

→ Italian: acie

→ Portuguese: ácie

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp, pointed”). By surface analysis, aceō + -iēs. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀκίς (akís, “point, pointed object”), ἀκή (akḗ, “point”) and Proto-Germanic *agjō (whence English edge).
See also word origin of ace.


mucro

la-noun

mucrō m (genitive mucrōnis); third declension

mucrō (canonical masculine)
mucrōnis (genitive)
mucrō (nominative singular)
mucrōnēs (nominative plural)
mucrōnis (genitive singular)
mucrōnum (genitive plural)
mucrōnī (dative singular)
mucrōnibus (dative plural)
mucrōnem (accusative singular)
mucrōnēs (accusative plural)
mucrōne (ablative singular)
mucrōnibus (ablative plural)
mucrō (singular vocative)
mucrōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: mugró

English: mucro

Portuguese: mucrão

Perhaps individualizing n-stem derivative of a lost adjective *mūkro- (“pointed, sharp”), from a Proto-Italic *meuk-ro-, *mouk-ro-, derivative of a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂mewḱ-, also seen in Ancient Greek ἀμύσσω (amússō, “I tear, rip”), ἀμυκάλαι (amukálai, “arrowtips”), and perhaps also in Lithuanian mùšti (“strike”).

cog

A sharp point, especially the point of a sword.


spatha

la-noun

spatha f (genitive spathae); first declension

spathae (genitive)
spatha (nominative singular)
spathae (nominative plural)
spathae (genitive singular)
spathārum (genitive plural)
spathae (dative singular)
spathīs (dative plural)
spatham (accusative singular)
spathās (accusative plural)
spathā (ablative singular)
spathīs (ablative plural)
spatha (singular vocative)
spathae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: spatã

Istro-Romanian: spåte

Megleno-Romanian: spată

Romanian: spată, spate

Dalmatian:

sputa

Italo-Romance:

Italian: spata, spada

→ Polish: szpada, szpaga

→ Russian: шпага (špaga)

Neapolitan: spata

Sicilian: spata

North-Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: spâ

Piedmontese: spa

Friulian: spade

Istriot: spada

Romansch: spada, speda

Venetan: spada

→ Serbo-Croatian: špȃda

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: èpèye, èpèya, èpèa, èpê

desctree

Old French: espee, spede (9th century), espethe (early Anglo-Norman)
Middle French: espee
French: épée
→ English: epee

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: espasa

Old Occitan: espaza, espada

Occitan: espasa, espada

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: espada

Mirandese: spada

Old Galician-Portuguese: espada

Galician: espada

Portuguese: espada (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: espada

Spanish: espada

→ Cebuano: espada

→ Karao: ispada

→ Tagalog: espada

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ispada, spada

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: shpatë

→ Basque: ezpata

Later borrowings:

→ English: spatha, spathe

From Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “any broad blade, of wood or metal”).

der

spatha; a long, two-edged, straight sword, 75cm to 1m, typically carried by Roman cavalry officers

batten; broad piece of wood used in weaving to compress the woof threads


calamus

la-noun

calamus m (genitive calamī); second declension

calamī (genitive)
calamus (nominative singular)
calamī (nominative plural)
calamī (genitive singular)
calamōrum (genitive plural)
calamō (dative singular)
calamīs (dative plural)
calamum (accusative singular)
calamōs (accusative plural)
calamō (ablative singular)
calamīs (ablative plural)
calame (singular vocative)
calamī (plural vocative)

Albanian: kallam

Italian: calamo

Old French: chaume

French: chaume

Romanian: carâmb

→ Catalan: càlam

→ English: calamus

→ French: calame

→ Galician: cálamo

→ German: Kalmus

desc

→⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: kalmerot, kalmusrot, kamrot

→ Portuguese: cálamo

→ Spanish: cálamo

[ˈkäɫ̪ämʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos. Doublet of culmus. Compare calamīna.

Calamus gladio fortior

(by extension) an object made from a reed, such as a reed pen, arrow, or fishing rod


autocinetum

la-noun

autocīnētum n (genitive autocīnētī); second declension

autocīnētum (canonical neuter)
autocīnētī (genitive)
autocīnētum (nominative singular)
autocīnēta (nominative plural)
autocīnētī (genitive singular)
autocīnētōrum (genitive plural)
autocīnētō (dative singular)
autocīnētīs (dative plural)
autocīnētum (accusative singular)
autocīnēta (accusative plural)
autocīnētō (ablative singular)
autocīnētīs (ablative plural)
autocīnētum (singular vocative)
autocīnēta (plural vocative)

[äu̯t̪ɔkiːˈneːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Ancient Greek αὐτοκῑ́νητος (autokī́nētos); of Greek origin and no hybrid like for example English automobile, which comes from Greek and Latin mōbilis.

bor

αὐτοκῑ́νητος

He got into his car and backed out of number four’s drive.

2003, J. K. Rowling, translated by Peter Needham, Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis, London: Bloomsbury, translation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, page 2:


cisium

la-noun

cisium n (genitive cisiī or cisī); second declension

cisiī (genitive)
cisī (genitive)
cisium (nominative singular)
cisia (nominative plural)
cisiī (genitive singular)
cisī (genitive singular)
cisiōrum (genitive plural)
cisiō (dative singular)
cisiīs (dative plural)
cisium (accusative singular)
cisia (accusative plural)
cisiō (ablative singular)
cisiīs (ablative plural)
cisium (singular vocative)
cisia (plural vocative)


cista

cista f (genitive cistae); first declension

cistae (genitive)
cista (nominative singular)
cistae (nominative plural)
cistae (genitive singular)
cistārum (genitive plural)
cistae (dative singular)
cistīs (dative plural)
cistam (accusative singular)
cistās (accusative plural)
cistā (ablative singular)
cistīs (ablative plural)
cista (singular vocative)
cistae (plural vocative)

Asturian: cesta

→ English: cist (learned)

French: ciste

Galician: cesta

Italian: cesta; → cista (learned)

Portuguese: cesta → cista (learned)

Romansch: cesta, chaista, chista

Spanish: cesta

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kistu (see there for further descendants)

English: chest


ensis

ēnsis m (genitive ēnsis); third declension

ēnsis (canonical masculine)
ēnsis (genitive)
ēnsis (nominative singular)
ēnsēs (nominative plural)
ēnsis (genitive singular)
ēnsium (genitive plural)
ēnsī (dative singular)
ēnsibus (dative plural)
ēnsem (accusative singular)
ēnsēs (accusative plural)
ēnsīs (accusative plural)
ēnse (ablative singular)
ēnsibus (ablative plural)
ēnsis (singular vocative)
ēnsēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Ensis

From Proto-Italic *ensis (“sword”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ensi- (“sword, large knife”) (de Vaan, 2008).
According to de Vaan, all alleged Indo-European cognates are uncertain: Ancient Greek ἄορ (áor, “(hanger for a) sword”), Sanskrit असि (asi, “sword”), Avestan 𐬀𐬵𐬏 (ahū, “sword, knife”), Palaic 𒄩𒅆𒄿𒊏 (ḫa-ši-i-ra /hasīra/, “dagger”).

cog

...sīc fātus deinde comantem / Androgeī galeam clipeīque īnsigne decōrum / induitur, laterīque Argīuum accommodat ēnsem.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.391–393

2007 translation by Frederick Ahl
… This said, he donned Androgeos' helmet, / Crested with plumes, then he strapped on his shield, quite superbly emblazoned, / Fitted an Argive sword at his hip, readjusting the buckle.

At nōn Actoridēn Erytum, cui lāta bipennis / tēlum erat, hāmātō Perseus petit ēnse...

Yet does not Perseus attack Erytus, son of Actor, for whom a broad double-sided battle-axe was his weapon, with his hooked sword...

Ōrīōn. Hunc ā zōnā et reliquō corpore aequinoctiālis circulus dīuidit, cum Taurō dēcertantem collocātum, dextrā manū clāuam tenentem et incīnctum ēnse spectantem ad occāsum, et occidentem exortā Scorpiōnis posteriōre parte et Sagittāriō exoriente, cum Cancrō autem tōtō corpore pariter exsurgentem. Hic habet in capite stēllās III clārās, in utrīsque humerīs singulās, in dextrō cubitō obscūram I, in manū similem I, in zōnā III, in eō quō gladius eius dēfōrmātur III obscūrās, in utrīsque genibus singulās clārās, in pedibus singulās. Omnīnō XVII.

c. 150 CE – 200 CE, Hyginus, De Astronomia 3.33

Orion. His belt and the rest of his body are separated [from the upper part of him] by the equator. He is placed as though in confrontation with the Bull, holding a club in his right hand, and with a sword at his waist; he is looking toward the west. He sets at the rising of the hind part of the Scorpion, and rises with his whole body at the same time as the Crab. He has three bright stars on his head, one star on each shoulder, a faint star on his right elbow, a similar star on his hand, three stars on his belt, three faint ones where his sword is depicted, one bright one on each knee, and one each at his feet. In all, seventeen.


crotalum

la-noun

crotalum n (genitive crotalī); second declension

crotalī (genitive)
crotalum (nominative singular)
crotala (nominative plural)
crotalī (genitive singular)
crotalōrum (genitive plural)
crotalō (dative singular)
crotalīs (dative plural)
crotalum (accusative singular)
crotala (accusative plural)
crotalō (ablative singular)
crotalīs (ablative plural)
crotalum (singular vocative)
crotala (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: cròtal

→ French: crotale

→ English: crotalum

→ Italian: crotalo

→ English: crotalo

→ Portuguese: crótalo

→ Spanish: crótalo

[ˈkrɔt̪äɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek κρόταλον (krótalon, “clapper, castanet, rattle”).


cyathus

la-noun

cyathus m (genitive cyathī); second declension

cyathī (genitive)
cyathus (nominative singular)
cyathī (nominative plural)
cyathī (genitive singular)
cyathōrum (genitive plural)
cyathō (dative singular)
cyathīs (dative plural)
cyathum (accusative singular)
cyathōs (accusative plural)
cyathō (ablative singular)
cyathīs (ablative plural)
cyathe (singular vocative)
cyathī (plural vocative)

English: cyathus

[ˈkyät̪ʰʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek κύαθος (kúathos, “ladle”).

kyathos, a small wine ladle and serving beaker in ancient Greece and Rome


cuprum

cuprum n (genitive cuprī); second declension

cuprī (genitive)
cuprum (nominative singular)
cupra (nominative plural)
cuprī (genitive singular)
cuprōrum (genitive plural)
cuprō (dative singular)
cuprīs (dative plural)
cuprum (accusative singular)
cupra (accusative plural)
cuprō (ablative singular)
cuprīs (ablative plural)
cuprum (singular vocative)
cupra (plural vocative)
cyprum (alternative)

West Iberian

Asturian: cobre

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: cobre

Portuguese: cobre

Spanish: cobre

→ Basque: kobre

Catalan: coure

desc

Old French: cuivre, quivre, queivre, coivre

Bourguignon: cueuvre, cuvre

Champenois: cuevre

French: cuivre

→ Breton: kouevr

Occitan: coire

Borrowings

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kopr (see there for further descendants)

→ Malay: kuprum

→ Romanian: cupru

→⇒ English: cupro-, cupric

→⇒ Italian: cupro-, cuprico

From cyprium (“copper”), elliptical for aes Cyprium, Cyprium aes (literally “Cypriote copper”), after the large reserves of the metal found on the island of Cyprus.


lancea

la-noun

lancea f (genitive lanceae); first declension

lanceae (genitive)
lancea (nominative singular)
lanceae (nominative plural)
lanceae (genitive singular)
lanceārum (genitive plural)
lanceae (dative singular)
lanceīs (dative plural)
lanceam (accusative singular)
lanceās (accusative plural)
lanceā (ablative singular)
lanceīs (ablative plural)
lancea (singular vocative)
lanceae (plural vocative)
lancia (alternative)

Ancient Greek: λαγκία (lankía)

Asturian: llanza, llancia

Catalan: llança

Danish: lanse

Dutch: lans

English: lance

Esperanto: lanco

Faroese: lansi

desctree

Old French: lance
Franc-Comtois: laince
Middle French: lance
French: lance
→ Middle English: launce
English: lance
→ Middle High German: lanze
German: Lanze

Friulian: lance

Galician: lanza

German: Lanze

Hungarian: lándzsa

Ido: lanco

Italian: lancia

Mirandese: lhança

Occitan: lança

Portuguese: lança

Romanian: lance

Sardinian: lantza

Sicilian: lanza

Spanish: lanza

Swedish: lans

Venetan: lansa

[ˈlän̠ʲt͡ʃeä]

Ultimately from Celtic or Celtiberian, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂k- (“to hit”). Compare with Ancient Greek λόγχη (lónkhē). See also plācō, plāgō, plangō and plēctō.

The Roman auxiliaries' short javelin; a light spear or lance.


verutum

la-noun

verūtum n (genitive verūtī); second declension

verūtum (canonical neuter)
verūtī (genitive)
verūtum (nominative singular)
verūta (nominative plural)
verūtī (genitive singular)
verūtōrum (genitive plural)
verūtō (dative singular)
verūtīs (dative plural)
verūtum (accusative singular)
verūta (accusative plural)
verūtō (ablative singular)
verūtīs (ablative plural)
verūtum (singular vocative)
verūta (plural vocative)

[u̯ɛˈruːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

A light javelin used primarily by the Vēlitēs.


situla

situla f (genitive situlae); first declension

situlae (genitive)
situla (nominative singular)
situlae (nominative plural)
situlae (genitive singular)
situlārum (genitive plural)
situlae (dative singular)
situlīs (dative plural)
situlam (accusative singular)
situlās (accusative plural)
situlā (ablative singular)
situlīs (ablative plural)
situla (singular vocative)
situlae (plural vocative)
situlus (alternative)
siclus (alternative)
situlum (alternative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: secchia

North Italian:

Friulian: segle

Ladin: segla, sedla

Ligurian: séggia

Piedmontese: sia, sija, segia, sigia ⇒ sigèla, sigilin

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: sèlye

French: seille (regional)

Occitan: selha

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: sella

Portuguese: selha

Borrowings:

→? Albanian: shek

→ Byzantine Greek: σίτλα (sítla) (see there for further descendants)

→ English: situla

→ French: situle

→ Italian: situla

→ Portuguese: sítula

→ Romanian: situlă

→ Spanish: sítula

Dalmatian:

sidlo

→ Serbo-Croatian: си̏дло, sȉdlo

Italo-Romance:

Italian: secchio

Neapolitan: sicchio, secchio, sicchiu

Sicilian: sicchiu

North Italian:

⇒ Piedmontese: sion

desctree

Venetan: sécio
→ Serbo-Croatian: си̏ћ, sȉć

Gallo-Romance:

Gascon: selh (Béarnais)

Poitevin-Saintongeais: seil

Borrowings:

→? Middle High German: sīdel

German: Seidel

Czech: žejdlík

Possibly from the same Proto-Indo-European root common to Lithuanian síetas (“sieve”) and Middle Irish sithlad (“the act of sieving”).

cog

[ˈs̠ɪt̪ʊɫ̪ä]

a bucket or pail, especially one used to draw water from a well

(Ecclesiastical Latin) a vessel for holding holy water

a vessel used to hold water
a vessel for holding holy water

(Medieval Latin) a measure of capacity for liquids

a vessel used to hold water
a measure of capacity for liquids

a voting urn (for drawing lots or holding voting tablets); loosely, a ballot box

a basin, jar, urn, vel sim. on a monument


harpa

la-noun

harpa f (genitive harpae); first declension

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: harpe
Middle French: harpe
French: harpe
→ Romanian: harpă
Norman: harpe (Jersiais)
Picard: hârpe (Athois)
Walloon: ârpe (Forrières)

Old Occitan: arpa

Catalan: arpa

Occitan: urpa (Aranese), arpa

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: arpa

Old Galician-Portuguese: arpa

Portuguese: harpa

Galician: arpa

Spanish: arpa

Italo-Romance

Italian: arpa

→ Sardinian: arpa

Borrowed from Frankish *harpā. First attested in Fortunatus, 7th c. (plaudat tibi barbarus harpa).


pistillum

la-noun

pistillum n (genitive pistillī); second declension

pistillī (genitive)
pistillum (nominative singular)
pistilla (nominative plural)
pistillī (genitive singular)
pistillōrum (genitive plural)
pistillō (dative singular)
pistillīs (dative plural)
pistillum (accusative singular)
pistilla (accusative plural)
pistillō (ablative singular)
pistillīs (ablative plural)
pistillum (singular vocative)
pistilla (plural vocative)

Italian: pestello

desctree

Old French: pestel
→ Middle English: pestel, pestell, pistel, pestelle, pestylle, pestill, pestyl
English: pestle
Middle French: pestel

Old Occitan: pestel

→ English: pistillum

→ French: pistil
→ English: pistil
→ Romanian: pistil

→ Italian: pistillo

→ Spanish: pistilo

[pɪs̠ˈt̪ɪlːʲʊ̃ˑ]

A diminutive formation from the root of pīnsō and pistō. Perhaps from *pistlelo-, diminutive of *pistlo- (the ancestor of pīlum (“pounder, pestle”)), from *pis- and the instrument noun suffix *tlo-. Alternatively from *pistrelo-, with the -tr- variant of the instrument noun suffix. On the one hand, the base *pistrum is not attested, and the phonetically regular outcome of *pistrelo- would probably be pistellum rather than pistillum. On the other hand, reconstructing a *-s-tl- sequence in the base at the time the diminutive was derived is chronologically problematic since *-tl- was changed to *-kl-* from early on in Italic (as seen in the Latin instrument suffix -culum).


seria

la-noun

sēria f (genitive sēriae); first declension

sēria (canonical feminine)
sēriae (genitive)
sēria (nominative singular)
sēriae (nominative plural)
sēriae (genitive singular)
sēriārum (genitive plural)
sēriae (dative singular)
sēriīs (dative plural)
sēriam (accusative singular)
sēriās (accusative plural)
sēriā (ablative singular)
sēriīs (ablative plural)
sēria (singular vocative)
sēriae (plural vocative)

Maybe from a Mediterranean substrate borrowing.


culter

culter m (genitive cultrī); second declension

cultrī (genitive)
culter (nominative singular)
cultrī (nominative plural)
cultrī (genitive singular)
cultrōrum (genitive plural)
cultrō (dative singular)
cultrīs (dative plural)
cultrum (accusative singular)
cultrōs (accusative plural)
cultrō (ablative singular)
cultrīs (ablative plural)
culter (singular vocative)
cultrī (plural vocative)

Old French: coltre, coutre

French: coutre

Italian: coltro, cultro

Portuguese: cultro

Catalan: coltell

Spanish: cuitre

⇒ Esperanto: koltro

→ Old Welsh: cultir

Middle Welsh: culldyr, kulldyr

Welsh: cwlltr, cwlltwr

→ Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

Old English: culter, cultor, cultur
Middle English: culter, colter, coltre, coltur, coulter, cultir, cultour, cultre, cultur, culture, koltre, kulter
English: colter, coulter (obsolete culter)
Scots: couter, cooter

Middle Dutch: couter

Dutch: kouter

Middle Low German: kolter

→ German: Kolter

Uncertain. Explanations include:
* From a formation equivalent to Proto-Indo-European *(s)kolh₂_/₃-trom, from the root *(s)kelH- (“to cut”).
* From the root *(s)ker- (“to shear, cut off”) to a preform *kor-tro- which has undergone dissimilation */rtr/ > /ltr/.
Both of the above etymologies assume a change in the suffix *-trom (and in gender), which otherwise would yield Latin *-trum.


ampulla

la-noun

ampulla f (genitive ampullae); first declension

ampullae (genitive)
ampulla (nominative singular)
ampullae (nominative plural)
ampullae (genitive singular)
ampullārum (genitive plural)
ampullae (dative singular)
ampullīs (dative plural)
ampullam (accusative singular)
ampullās (accusative plural)
ampullā (ablative singular)
ampullīs (ablative plural)
ampulla (singular vocative)
ampullae (plural vocative)

Asturian: ampolla, empolla

Catalan: ampolla

desc

Old French: ampolle, ampole, ampule, ampoule

desctree

French: ampoule
→ English: ampoule
→ Moore: ãmpulli
→ Persian: آمپول (âmpul)
→ Turkish: ampul
→ Laz: ამფული (ampuli)

Galician: ampola

Irish: ampaill

Italian: ampolla

Portuguese: ampola, empola, âmbula

desc

Sardinian: ampudda, impodda, ampudha, ampulla, impudha

Sicilian: mpuḍḍa

Spanish: ampolla, ámpula

Venetan: anpola

→ English: ampulla (learned)

→ German: Ampulle (learned)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *ampullā (see there for further descendants)

→ Polish: ampla, ampuła (learned)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ampula, ампула (learned)

→ Russian: а́мпула (ámpula) (learned)

(Medieval Latin, generally) liturgical flask


frontale

la-noun

frontāle n (genitive frontālis); third declension

frontāle (canonical neuter)
frontālis (genitive)
frontāle (nominative singular)
frontālia (nominative plural)
frontālis (genitive singular)
frontālium (genitive plural)
frontālī (dative singular)
frontālibus (dative plural)
frontāle (accusative singular)
frontālia (accusative plural)
frontālī (ablative singular)
frontālibus (ablative plural)
frontāle (singular vocative)
frontālia (plural vocative)

[frɔn̪ˈt̪äːɫ̪ɛ]


carabina

carabīna f (genitive carabīnae); first declension

carabīna (canonical feminine)
carabīnae (genitive)
carabīna (nominative singular)
carabīnae (nominative plural)
carabīnae (genitive singular)
carabīnārum (genitive plural)
carabīnae (dative singular)
carabīnīs (dative plural)
carabīnam (accusative singular)
carabīnās (accusative plural)
carabīnā (ablative singular)
carabīnīs (ablative plural)
carabīna (singular vocative)
carabīnae (plural vocative)


malleolus

malleolus m (genitive malleolī); second declension

malleolī (genitive)
malleolus (nominative singular)
malleolī (nominative plural)
malleolī (genitive singular)
malleolōrum (genitive plural)
malleolō (dative singular)
malleolīs (dative plural)
malleolum (accusative singular)
malleolōs (accusative plural)
malleolō (ablative singular)
malleolīs (ablative plural)
malleole (singular vocative)
malleolī (plural vocative)

Catalan: mallol, → mal·lèol

→ English: malleolus

→ French: malléole

Galician: amalló

Italian: magliolo, → malleolo

Romanian: măior

Spanish: majuelo, → maléolo

[mälˈlʲeɔɫ̪ʊs̠]

From malleus (“a hammer, mallet”) + -olus.

diminutive of malleus:
(weaponry) A kind of fire-dart.

diminutive of malleus:
A kind of fire-dart.


lebes

lebēs m (genitive lebētis); third declension

lebēs (canonical masculine)
lebētis (genitive)
lebēs (nominative singular)
lebētēs (nominative plural)
lebētis (genitive singular)
lebētum (genitive plural)
lebētī (dative singular)
lebētibus (dative plural)
lebētem (accusative singular)
lebētēs (accusative plural)
lebētas (accusative plural)
lebēte (ablative singular)
lebētibus (ablative plural)
lebēs (singular vocative)
lebētēs (plural vocative)

A copper basin, kettle, cauldron, used either for washing or boiling.


lectica

lectīca f (genitive lectīcae); first declension

lectīca (canonical feminine)
lectīcae (genitive)
lectīca (nominative singular)
lectīcae (nominative plural)
lectīcae (genitive singular)
lectīcārum (genitive plural)
lectīcae (dative singular)
lectīcīs (dative plural)
lectīcam (accusative singular)
lectīcās (accusative plural)
lectīcā (ablative singular)
lectīcīs (ablative plural)
lectīca (singular vocative)
lectīcae (plural vocative)

English: lectica

Italian: lettiga

Romanian: lectică

Spanish: lechiga

[ɫ̪ɛkˈt̪iːkä]

stretcher, a litter used for transporting the ill or injured


lembus

lembus m (genitive lembī); second declension

lembī (genitive)
lembus (nominative singular)
lembī (nominative plural)
lembī (genitive singular)
lembōrum (genitive plural)
lembō (dative singular)
lembīs (dative plural)
lembum (accusative singular)
lembōs (accusative plural)
lembō (ablative singular)
lembīs (ablative plural)
lembe (singular vocative)
lembī (plural vocative)

→ Italian: lembo (learned)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λέμβος (lémbos), perhaps Illyrian in origin.

is lembus nostrae navi insidias dabat

A cutter, yacht; a ship built for speed.


lenunculus

lēnunculus m (genitive lēnunculī); second declension

lēnunculus (canonical masculine)
lēnunculī (genitive)
lēnunculus (nominative singular)
lēnunculī (nominative plural)
lēnunculī (genitive singular)
lēnunculōrum (genitive plural)
lēnunculō (dative singular)
lēnunculīs (dative plural)
lēnunculum (accusative singular)
lēnunculōs (accusative plural)
lēnunculō (ablative singular)
lēnunculīs (ablative plural)
lēnuncule (singular vocative)
lēnunculī (plural vocative)

[ɫ̪eːˈnʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

Apparently an alteration of *lembunculus, a diminutive of lembus.


libella

lībella f (genitive lībellae); first declension

lībella (canonical feminine)
lībellae (genitive)
lībella (nominative singular)
lībellae (nominative plural)
lībellae (genitive singular)
lībellārum (genitive plural)
lībellae (dative singular)
lībellīs (dative plural)
lībellam (accusative singular)
lībellās (accusative plural)
lībellā (ablative singular)
lībellīs (ablative plural)
lībella (singular vocative)
lībellae (plural vocative)

→ English: libella

desctree

⇒ New Latin: lībellula
Catalan: libèl·lula
French: libellule
→ Galician: libélula (learned)
→ German: Libelle
Italian: libellula
→ Portuguese: libélula (learned)
Romanian: libelulă
Spanish: libélula

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *lībellus m

Catalan: llivell m (now dialectal)

Italian: livello m

q

Old French: livel, nyviel, nevel, nivel m (the probable source of all n- forms via dissimilation)

French: niveau m

→ Danish: niveau n

→ Dutch: niveau n

→ German: Niveau n

→ Norwegian Bokmål: nivå n

→ Romanian: nivel n

→ Swedish: nivå c

→ Albanian: nivel

→ Asturian: nivel m

→ Catalan: nivell m

→ Cornish: nivel

→ Middle English: level

desctree

English: level
→ German: Level
→ Irish: leibhéal
→ Japanese: レベル (reberu)
→ Korean: 레벨 (rebel)
→ Welsh: lefel

→ Esperanto: nivelo

→ Galician: nivel m

→ Ido: nivelo

→ Romanian: nivel

→ Portuguese: nível m

→ Romansch: nivel, nivo m

→ Spanish: nivel m

Romansch: livel m

Piedmontese: livel m

Sicilian: liveḍḍa f, liveḍḍu m

Venetan: łiveło m

[lʲiːˈbɛlːʲä]