certo

la-verb

certō (present infinitive certāre, perfect active certāvī, supine certātum); first conjugation

certō (canonical)
certāre (infinitive present)
certāvī (active perfect)
certātum (supine)
certō (active first-person indicative present singular)
certās (active indicative present second-person singular)
certat (active indicative present singular third-person)
certāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
certātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
certant (active indicative plural present third-person)
certābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
certābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
certābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
certābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
certābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
certābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
certābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
certābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
certābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
certābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
certābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
certābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
certāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
certāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
certāstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
certāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
certāt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
certāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
certāmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
certāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
certāstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
certāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
certāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
certārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
certāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
certāram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
certāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
certārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
certāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
certārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
certāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
certārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
certāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
certārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
certāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
certārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
certāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
certārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
certāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
certāris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
certāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
certārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
certāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
certārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
certāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
certāritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
certāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
certārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
certor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
certāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
certāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
certātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
certāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
certāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
certantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
certābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
certābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
certābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
certābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
certābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
certābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
certābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
certābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
certāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
certābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
certābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
certābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
certābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
certābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
certem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
certēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
certet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
certēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
certētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
certent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
certārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
certārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
certārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
certārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
certāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
certārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
certāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
certāssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
certāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certāssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
certāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certāsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
certāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
certāssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
certāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certāssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
certāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certāssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
certer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
certēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
certēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
certētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
certēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
certēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
certentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
certārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
certārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
certārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
certārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
certārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
certārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
certārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
certā (active imperative present second-person singular)
certāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
certātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
certātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
certātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
certantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
certāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
certāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
certātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
certātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
certantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
certāre (active infinitive present)
certāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
certāsse (active infinitive perfect)
certātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
certārī (infinitive passive present)
certārier (infinitive passive present)
certātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
certātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
certāns (active participle present)
certātūrus (active future participle)
certātus (participle passive perfect)
certandus (future participle passive)
certandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
certandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
certandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
certandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
certātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
certātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Albanian: qërtoj

Aromanian: ntsertu, ntsirtari

Italian: certare

Portuguese: certar

Romanian: certa, certare

Sardinian: chertare, certari, certai


Samuel

la-proper noun

Samūēl m sg (variously declined, genitive Samūēl or Samūēlis); indeclinable, third declension

Samūēl (canonical masculine singular)
Samūēl (genitive)
Samūēlis (genitive)
Samūēl (nominative singular)
Samūēl (genitive singular)
Samūēlis (genitive singular)
Samūēl (dative singular)
Samūēlī (dative singular)
Samūēl (accusative singular)
Samūēlem (accusative singular)
Samūēl (ablative singular)
Samūēle (ablative singular)
Samūēl (singular vocative)

Italian: Samuele

[s̠äˈmuːeːɫ̪]

[ˈs̠ämueːɫ̪]

From Ancient Greek Σαμουήλ (Samouḗl), from Biblical Hebrew שְׁמוּאֵל (šəmūʾḗl).


birra

la-noun

birra f (genitive birrae); first declension

birrae (genitive)
birra (nominative singular)
birrae (nominative plural)
birrae (genitive singular)
birrārum (genitive plural)
birrae (dative singular)
birrīs (dative plural)
birram (accusative singular)
birrās (accusative plural)
birrā (ablative singular)
birrīs (ablative plural)
birra (singular vocative)
birrae (plural vocative)

1557, Scaliger, Iulius Caesar, Exotericarum exercitationum Liber XV, de subtilitate, ad Hieronymum Cardanum, section 87, pages 320–322:

1557, Scaliger, Iulius Caesar, Exotericarum exercitationum Liber XV, de subtilitate, ad Hieronymum Cardanum, section 153.5, pages 524–525:


vespillo

vespillō m (genitive vespillōnis); third declension

vespillō (canonical masculine)
vespillōnis (genitive)
vespillō (nominative singular)
vespillōnēs (nominative plural)
vespillōnis (genitive singular)
vespillōnum (genitive plural)
vespillōnī (dative singular)
vespillōnibus (dative plural)
vespillōnem (accusative singular)
vespillōnēs (accusative plural)
vespillōne (ablative singular)
vespillōnibus (ablative plural)
vespillō (singular vocative)
vespillōnēs (plural vocative)

[u̯ɛs̠ˈpɪlːʲoː]

Uncertain. Possibly a derivative of vespa (“wasp”). Festus describes vespa and vespula as synonyms of vespillo in this sense, but denies a connection to the 'wasp' lexeme and instead gives a (likely folk etymology) derivation of these three terms from vesper (“evening”). Thus, a semantic connection with wasps was apparently not obvious to Festus. Regardless, some modern etymologists have favored this derivation; Benveniste 1923-1924:124f argued that wasps were noted for carrying the body of their prey to their nests. The second element may be the diminutive suffix -illus, followed by -ō, -ōnis m (suffix forming appellations) making the overall structure vespa + -illus + -ō.
De Vaan cites Watkins 1969 for a proposal that the word comes instead from a PIE root for 'clothing' or 'shroud' and is cognate to Hittite [script needed] (wašpaš, “clothes”).

cog

Vespae et vespillones dicuntur, qui funerandis corporibus officium gerunt, non a minutis illis volucribus, sed quia vespertino tempore eos efferunt, qui funebri pompa duci propter inopiam nequeunt. Hi etiam vespulae vocantur.

1839 [8th century CE], Paulus Diaconus, edited by Karl Otfried Müller, Excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi De significatione verborum, page 368, line 17:

They are called vespae and vespillones, who perform the function of burying corpses, not from those little flying creatures, but because they carry out in the evening [vespertino tempore] those who because of poverty cannot be carried in a funeral procession. They are also called vespulae.


censor

la-noun

cēnsor m (genitive cēnsōris); third declension

cēnsor (canonical masculine)
cēnsōris (genitive)
cēnsor (nominative singular)
cēnsōrēs (nominative plural)
cēnsōris (genitive singular)
cēnsōrum (genitive plural)
cēnsōrī (dative singular)
cēnsōribus (dative plural)
cēnsōrem (accusative singular)
cēnsōrēs (accusative plural)
cēnsōre (ablative singular)
cēnsōribus (ablative plural)
cēnsor (singular vocative)
cēnsōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: censor

→ English: censor

→ French: censeur

→ German: Zensor

→ Italian: censore

desc

→ Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌓 (keenzstur), 𐌊𐌄𐌍𐌔𐌆𐌖𐌓 (kenszur)

→ Portuguese: censor

→ Romanian: cenzor

→ Russian: це́нзор (cénzor)

→ Spanish: censor

From cēnseō (“I assess, value, judge, tax, etc.”) + -tor (agentive suffix).

af

provincial magistrate with similar duties.

a critic, especially a severe one of morals and society


coquus

la-noun

coquus m (genitive coquī, feminine coqua); second declension

coquī (genitive)
coqua (feminine)
coquus (nominative singular)
coquī (nominative plural)
coquī (genitive singular)
coquōrum (genitive plural)
coquō (dative singular)
coquīs (dative plural)
coquum (accusative singular)
coquōs (accusative plural)
coquō (ablative singular)
coquīs (ablative plural)
coque (singular vocative)
coquī (plural vocative)

Catalan: coc

Italian: cuoco

French: queux

North Italian:

Friulian: cogo

Romagnol: cug

Venetan: cógo

Gascon: còc

Sicilian: cocu

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kok (see there for further descendants)

→ Welsh: cog

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cociō

Catalan: cosó

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *pékʷeti
Proto-Italic *kʷekʷō
Latin coquō
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Italic *-os
Latin -us
Latin coquus
From coquō + -us.

etymon

Grumio in culina delicias multas coxit quando coquus erat.

Grumio used to cook many delights in the kitchen when he was a cook.


ancilla

la-noun

ancilla f (genitive ancillae); first declension

ancillae (genitive)
ancilla (nominative singular)
ancillae (nominative plural)
ancillae (genitive singular)
ancillārum (genitive plural)
ancillae (dative singular)
ancillīs (dative plural)
ancillam (accusative singular)
ancillās (accusative plural)
ancillā (ablative singular)
ancillīs (ablative plural)
ancilla (singular vocative)
ancillae (plural vocative)

[än̠ʲˈt͡ʃilːä]

From ancula (“maid”) + -lus (diminutive form).


vigil

vigil m (genitive vigilis); third declension

vigilis (genitive)
vigil (nominative singular)
vigilēs (nominative plural)
vigilis (genitive singular)
vigilum (genitive plural)
vigilī (dative singular)
vigilibus (dative plural)
vigilem (accusative singular)
vigilēs (accusative plural)
vigile (ablative singular)
vigilibus (ablative plural)
vigil (singular vocative)
vigilēs (plural vocative)

French: vigile

Irish: feighil

Italian: vigile

Piedmontese: vìgil

Portuguese: vígil

Romanian: vigil, veghe

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, lively, awake”), whence vigeō.

der

watchman, guard, sentinel; constable, fireman; angel


urna

la-noun

ūrna f (genitive ūrnae); first declension

ūrna (canonical feminine)
ūrnae (genitive)
ūrna (nominative singular)
ūrnae (nominative plural)
ūrnae (genitive singular)
ūrnārum (genitive plural)
ūrnae (dative singular)
ūrnīs (dative plural)
ūrnam (accusative singular)
ūrnās (accusative plural)
ūrnā (ablative singular)
ūrnīs (ablative plural)
ūrna (singular vocative)
ūrnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: urna

Catalan: urna

English: urn, urna

Esperanto: urno

French: urne

Galician: urna

Georgian: ურნა (urna)

German: Urne

Italian: urna

Norwegian: urne (Bokmål), urne (Nynorsk)

Portuguese: urna

Romanian: urnă

Russian: у́рна (úrna)

Spanish: urna

Typically derived from ūrō (“burn, singe”), in reference to the firing of the clay in their creation.

𐌄𐌂𐌏𐌖𐌓𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌃𐌉𐌀𐌔𐌌𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌓[𐌂𐌏𐌔𐌌]𐌄𐌃𐌖𐌇𐌄[𐌂𐌄𐌃]
ECOVRNATITAVENDIASMAMAR[COSM]EDVHE[CED]
eco urna tita vendias mamar[cos m]ed vhe[ced]
I am the urn of Tita Vendia. Mamar[cos had me made].

urn, a moderately sized vessel for drawing water

(chiefly historical) ballot box, particularly the urns used in gathering Roman ballots under the Republic

urn, a moderately sized vessel used to store the ashes of the cremated dead

bank, coin jar, a jar or urn used to store money

(historical) urna, a Roman unit of liquid measure equivalent to about 13 L


suavis

la-adj

suāvis (neuter suāve, comparative suāvior, superlative suāvissimus, adverb suāve or suāviter); third-declension two-termination adjective

suāvis (canonical)
suāve (neuter)
suāvior (comparative)
suāvissimus (superlative)
suāve (adverb)
suāviter (adverb)
suāvis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
suāve (neuter nominative singular)
suāvēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
suāvia (neuter nominative plural)
suāvis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
suāvium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
suāvī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
suāvibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
suāvem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
suāve (accusative neuter singular)
suāvēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
suāvīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
suāvia (accusative neuter plural)
suāvī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
suāvibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
suāvis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
suāve (neuter singular vocative)
suāvēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
suāvia (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: suau

Italian: soave, suave (archaic)

Old French: soef

Middle French: souef

Norman: souef

→ Middle English: suave

English: suave

→ Middle French: suave

French: suave

→ Portuguese: suave

→ Spanish: suave

[ˈs̠u̯äːu̯ɪs̠]

[s̠uˈäːu̯ɪs̠]

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *swéh₂dus (“sweet”). The extension of the u-stem into an i-stem is regular (compare brevis, tenuis) and must have occurred before the loss of *-d- in medial *-dw-.


Esdras

la-proper noun

Esdrās m sg (genitive Esdrae); first declension

Esdrās (canonical masculine singular)
Esdrae (genitive)
Esdrās (nominative singular)
Esdrae (genitive singular)
Esdrae (dative singular)
Esdrān (accusative singular)
Esdrā (ablative singular)
Esdrā (singular vocative)

English: Esdras

[ˈɛs̠d̪räːs̠]


panis

la-noun

pānis m (genitive pānis); third declension

pānis (canonical masculine)
pānis (genitive)
pānis (nominative singular)
pānēs (nominative plural)
pānis (genitive singular)
pānium (genitive plural)
pānum (genitive plural)
pānī (dative singular)
pānibus (dative plural)
pānem (accusative singular)
pānēs (accusative plural)
pānīs (accusative plural)
pāne (ablative singular)
pānibus (ablative plural)
pānis (singular vocative)
pānēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: pãni, pãne, peni, peni, pãni, pãne

Istro-Romanian: păre

Megleno-Romanian: pǫini, poini

Romanian: pâine, pâne

Dalmatian:

pun, pen, puan

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: pane, panu

Italian: pane

Neapolitan: pane

Sicilian: pani

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: pan

Ligurian: pan

Lombard: pan, pagn

Piedmontese: pan

Romagnol: pen, pâ

Friulian: pan

Istriot: pan

Ladin: pan

Romansch: paun, pan, pang, pàn

Venetan: pan

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pa

Franco-Provençal: pan

Old French: pain (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: pan

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: pan

Asturian: pan

Leonese: pan

Mirandese: pan

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: pan
Fala: pan
Galician: pan
Portuguese: pão (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: pan
Ladino: pan
Spanish: pan (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pane, pani (Campidanese)

Borrowings:

→ Ancient Greek: πᾶνις (pânis)

desc

→ Old Armenian: պան (pan) (or directly from Latin) (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin. Usually explained as a derivation of Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to graze”), via earlier Proto-Italic *pāstnis (compare pāstillus (“cake, pastille”) and supine pāstum). However, compare pānus, pānicum (“ear of millet”).

Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie.


Jonathan

[ˈi̯ɔnät̪ʰän]

[ˈjɔːnät̪än]


hasta

la-noun

hasta f (genitive hastae); first declension

hastae (genitive)
hasta (nominative singular)
hastae (nominative plural)
hastae (genitive singular)
hastārum (genitive plural)
hastae (dative singular)
hastīs (dative plural)
hastam (accusative singular)
hastās (accusative plural)
hastā (ablative singular)
hastīs (ablative plural)
hasta (singular vocative)
hastae (plural vocative)

Catalan: ast

Corsican: asta

Friulian: aste

Galician: hasta

Italian: asta

Lombard: asta

Old French: haste

Piedmontese: asta

Portuguese: hasta, haste

Spanish: asta

Disputed. Usually conjectured to be from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰasto- or *ǵʰasdʰo- (“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”) (see below for Indo-European cognates), but the phonetics are problematic. Likely of ultimately non-Indo-European substrate origin.
Cognates include Irish gad (“withe”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍃 (gazds, “spine, aculeus”) and Old Norse gaddr (“spear, goad”) (loaned into English as gad); the Celtic and Germanic forms point to a PIE pre-form *ǵʰasdʰo-. A relationship with Sanskrit हस्त (hasta, “hand”) (see hir) is unlikely. A relationship with Albanian heshtë, ushtë and shtijë (all meaning “spear”) is uncertain.
Also compared to Umbrian 𐌇𐌏𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (hostatu, acc.pl.m.), 𐌇𐌏𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌓 (hostatir, dat.pl.m), of unknown meaning, but the root vowel /o/ does not match the Latin /a/.

Petere aliquem hastā.

Victumne putāstī / Thēsea, dīre Creōn? Adsum, nec sanguine fessum / crēde; sitit meritōs etiamnum haec hasta cruōrēs.

c. 45 CE – 96 CE, Statius, Thebaid 12.593–595

Did you think Theseus is defeated, cruel Creon? I am here, and do not believe I'm tired of blood, even my spear is still thirsty for righteous slaughter.

a spear, lance, pike, carried by soldiers and used for thrusting


ruta

rūta f (genitive rūtae); first declension

rūta (canonical feminine)
rūtae (genitive)
rūta (nominative singular)
rūtae (nominative plural)
rūtae (genitive singular)
rūtārum (genitive plural)
rūtae (dative singular)
rūtīs (dative plural)
rūtam (accusative singular)
rūtās (accusative plural)
rūtā (ablative singular)
rūtīs (ablative plural)
rūta (singular vocative)
rūtae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ), from a Peloponnesian language.


Abraham

la-proper noun

Ābrahām m (variously declined, genitive Ābrahām or Ābrahae); indeclinable, first declension

Ābrahām (canonical masculine)
Ābrahām (genitive)
Ābrahae (genitive)
Ābrahām (nominative singular)
Ābrahām (genitive singular)
Ābrahae (genitive singular)
Ābrahām (dative singular)
Ābrahae (dative singular)
Ābrahām (accusative singular)
Ābrahām (ablative singular)
Ābrahā (ablative singular)
Ābrahām (singular vocative)

[ˈäːbrä(ɦ)äːm]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀβραάμ (Abraám).

etymon

Ābrahām

bor+

nec ultra vocabitur nomen tuum Abram, sed appellaberis Abraham quia patrem multarum gentium constitui te.

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 17:5:


circus

la-noun

circus m (genitive circī); second declension

circī (genitive)
circus (nominative singular)
circī (nominative plural)
circī (genitive singular)
circōrum (genitive plural)
circō (dative singular)
circīs (dative plural)
circum (accusative singular)
circōs (accusative plural)
circō (ablative singular)
circīs (ablative plural)
circe (singular vocative)
circī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: țerc

Romanian: cerc

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: cerco

→ Sardinian: tzircu

Sicilian: circu

→ Maltese: ċirku

Padanian:

Piedmontese: cerc

Gallo-Romance:

Norman: cher

Occitan: cerc

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: cercu

Galician: cerco

Portuguese: cerco

Spanish: cerco

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: circu (Campidanese), chircu (Nuorese)

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: qark

Asturian: circu

Catalan: circ

Dutch: circus (see there for further descendants)

English: circus

French: cirque (see there for further descendants)

Friulian: circ

Galician: circo

German: Circus, Zirkus (see there for further descendants)

Italian: circo

Occitan: circ

Polish: cyrk

Portuguese: circo

Romanian: circ

Spanish: circo

Swedish: cirkus

Likely borrowed from Ancient Greek κρίκος (kríkos), κίρκος (kírkos, “ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).

der

a racecourse or space where games are held, especially one that is round


Maria

la-proper noun

Marīa f (genitive Marīae); first declension

Marīa (canonical feminine)
Marīae (genitive)
Marīa (nominative singular)
Marīae (nominative plural)
Marīae (genitive singular)
Marīārum (genitive plural)
Marīae (dative singular)
Marīīs (dative plural)
Marīam (accusative singular)
Marīās (accusative plural)
Marīā (ablative singular)
Marīīs (ablative plural)
Marīa (singular vocative)
Marīae (plural vocative)

Old Lombard: Maria

Lombard: Marìa

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: Maria

Italian: Maria

Sicilian: Mària, Marìa

Old French: Marie (see there for further descendants)

French: Marie

Norman: Marie

Walloon: Mareye

Old Occitan:

Catalan: Maria

Occitan: Maria

Sardinian: Maria

West Iberian

Old Leonese:

Asturian: María

Mirandese: Marie

Old Galician-Portuguese: Maria

Galician: María

Portuguese: Maria

Spanish: María

Borrowings

→ Afrikaans: Maria

→ Albanian: Mari, Mëri, Mrikë

→ Basque: Maria, Miren

→ Breton: Mari

→ Czech: Marie

→ Danish: Maria, Marie
→ Greenlandic: Maaria, Maalia

→ Dutch: Maria, Marja, Marjo

→ English: Maria

→ Estonian: Maarja, Mari, Maria

→ Faroese: Maria, Marja

→ Finnish: Maaria, Maria, Marjo, Marja
→ Northern Sami: Márjá, Máddjá

→ French: Maria

→ Georgian: მარია (maria)

→ German: Marie, Maria

→ Greenlandic: Maaria

→ Hawaiian: Malia

→ Hungarian: Mária

→ Icelandic: María

desctree

→ Irish: Máire
→ English: Maire, Moira, Maura

→ Latvian: Marija

→ Lithuanian: Marija

→ Norman: Maria

→ Norwegian: Maria, Marie

→ Old Irish: Maire

Irish: Muire

Manx: Moirrey, Voirrey

Scottish Gaelic: Moire

→ Old Saxon: Maria

→ Lower Sorbian: Marja

→ Upper Sorbian: Marja

→ Romanian: Maria

→ Scottish Gaelic: Màiri

→ Swedish: Maria, Marja

→ Welsh: Mair, Mari

→ West Frisian: Maria

From Ancient Greek Μαρίᾱ (Maríā), Μαριάμ (Mariám), from Aramaic מרים (maryām), corresponding to the Biblical Hebrew מרים (miryám).


Verbum

la-proper noun

Verbum n sg (genitive Verbī); second declension

Verbī (genitive)
Verbum (nominative singular)
Verbī (genitive singular)
Verbō (dative singular)
Verbum (accusative singular)
Verbō (ablative singular)
Verbum (singular vocative)

From verbum, a calque of Ancient Greek λόγος (lógos).

(Ecclesiastical Latin) the Word (epithet of Christ, the Second Person of the Trinity)


scorpio

la-noun

scorpiō m (genitive scorpiōnis); third declension

scorpiō (canonical masculine)
scorpiōnis (genitive)
scorpiō (nominative singular)
scorpiōnēs (nominative plural)
scorpiōnis (genitive singular)
scorpiōnum (genitive plural)
scorpiōnī (dative singular)
scorpiōnibus (dative plural)
scorpiōnem (accusative singular)
scorpiōnēs (accusative plural)
scorpiōne (ablative singular)
scorpiōnibus (ablative plural)
scorpiō (singular vocative)
scorpiōnēs (plural vocative)

→? Albanian: shkrap

Catalan: escorpí

Old French: scorpion

French: scorpion

→ Middle Dutch: scorpioen

Dutch: schorpioen

→ English: scorpion

→ Welsh: sgorpion

→ German: Skorpion

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌾𐍉 (skaurpjō)

→ Middle Irish: scoirp

Irish: scairp

Italian: scorpione

>? Italian: sgorbio

→ Middle Low German: schorpie

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skorpion

Portuguese: escorpião

Romanian: scorpion

Romansch: scorpiun

→ Russian: скорпио́н m (skorpión)

Sicilian: scurpiuni

Spanish: escorpión

a kind of prickly sea fish, possibly the scorpionfish or sculpin


vox

vōx f (genitive vōcis); third declension

vōx (canonical feminine)
vōcis (genitive)
vōx (nominative singular)
vōcēs (nominative plural)
vōcis (genitive singular)
vōcum (genitive plural)
vōcī (dative singular)
vōcibus (dative plural)
vōcem (accusative singular)
vōcēs (accusative plural)
vōce (ablative singular)
vōcibus (ablative plural)
vōx (singular vocative)
vōcēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: boatsi, boatse, botsi

Asturian: voz

Catalan: veu

Corsican: boce, voce

Dalmatian: baud

→ Esperanto: voĉo

Old French: vois, voiz

Anglo-Norman: voiz, voys, voice

→ Middle English: voice, voys, vois

English: voice

Middle French: voix

French: voix

Norman: vouaix

Walloon: vwès

Istriot: boûz, vuze

Italian: voce

Neapolitan: voce

Occitan: votz

Old Galician-Portuguese: voz

Galician: voz

Portuguese: voz

Old Spanish: voz

Ladino: boz

Spanish: voz

→ Basque: boz

Piedmontese: vus

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: vôs

Romansch: vusch

Romanian: boace; → voce

desc

Sardinian: boche, voche, boghe, voghe, boxi

Sicilian: vuci

Venetan: vóxe

From Proto-Italic *wōks, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (“speech, voice”) (with stem vōc- for voqu- from the nominative case), an o-grade root noun of *wekʷ- (“to speak”). Cognates include Sanskrit वाच् (vā́c) and Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps).

der

speech, remark, expression, (turn of) phrase

(grammar) voice; indicating the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses


caput

la-noun

caput n (genitive capitis); third declension

capitis (genitive)
caput (nominative singular)
capita (nominative plural)
capitis (genitive singular)
capitum (genitive plural)
capitī (dative singular)
capitibus (dative plural)
caput (accusative singular)
capita (accusative plural)
capite (ablative singular)
capitibus (ablative plural)
caput (singular vocative)
capita (plural vocative)

Direct reflexes:

Sardinian: cabudu, cabude, cabide

⇒ Vulgar Latin: capus (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: caput

→ Portuguese: caput

Reflexes of capita and, via back-formation, a new singular *capitum:

Balkans:

Aromanian: capiti, capit, capitu

Istro-Romanian: cåpete

Megleno-Romanian: capiti

Romanian: capete, capăt

Italy and environs:

Central Italian: capita; capitu, capito

Lombard: caved

Sardinian: cabida

From *capucla, feminine of *capuclum, for *caputulum:

Italian: capocchia

From *caputia:

Italian: capoccia

From Proto-Italic *kaput, from Proto-Indo-European *káput-. Cognates include German Haupt and English head.

capita rerum

(writing) A division, section, paragraph, chapter.


lapis lazuli

lapis lazulī m (genitive lapidis lazulī); third declension

lapis lazulī (canonical masculine)
lapidis lazulī (genitive)
lapis lazulī (nominative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (nominative plural)
lapidis lazulī (genitive singular)
lapidum lazulī (genitive plural)
lapidī lazulī (dative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (dative plural)
lapidem lazulī (accusative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (accusative plural)
lapide lazulī (ablative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (ablative plural)
lapis lazulī (singular vocative)
lapidēs lazulī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪äpɪs̠ ˈɫ̪äz̪d̪͡z̪ʊlʲiː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lep-
Proto-Italic *lapets
Latin lapis
Persian لاژورد
Classical Persian لَاجَوَرْد (lājaward)bor.
Arabic لََازُوَرْد (laāzuward)bor.
Latin lazulum
Latin lapis lazulī
Compound of lapis (“stone”) + lazulum (“heaven”).

etymon

lapis lazulī


mo

(Medieval Latin, historical) Abbreviation of monētārius (moneyer, minter) in its various forms.


Abel

la-proper noun

Abē̆l m sg (variously declined, genitive Abē̆lis or Abē̆l); indeclinable, third declension

Abē̆l (canonical masculine singular)
Abē̆lis (genitive)
Abē̆l (genitive)
Abē̆l (nominative singular)
Abē̆lis (genitive singular)
Abē̆l (genitive singular)
Abē̆lī (dative singular)
Abē̆l (dative singular)
Abē̆lem (accusative singular)
Abē̆l (accusative singular)
Abē̆le (ablative singular)
Abē̆l (ablative singular)
Abē̆l (singular vocative)

→ Old English: Abel
English: Abel

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἅβελ (Hábel), itself from Biblical Hebrew הֶ֫בֶל (heḇel). The vowel, while short by etymology, is shown to be carrying stress by the descended Italian Abele and Spanish Abel.


meretrix

la-noun

meretrīx f (genitive meretrīcis, masculine meretor); third declension

meretrīx (canonical feminine)
meretrīcis (genitive)
meretor (masculine)
meretrīx (nominative singular)
meretrīcēs (nominative plural)
meretrīcis (genitive singular)
meretrīcum (genitive plural)
meretrīcī (dative singular)
meretrīcibus (dative plural)
meretrīcem (accusative singular)
meretrīcēs (accusative plural)
meretrīce (ablative singular)
meretrīcibus (ablative plural)
meretrīx (singular vocative)
meretrīcēs (plural vocative)

Old Lombard: meltris

Old French: meautris

Occitan: meltris

→ Old English: myltestre, miltestre

→ Catalan: meretriu

→ English: meretrix

→ Galician: meretriz

→ Italian: meretrice

→ Portuguese: meretriz

→ Sicilian: miritrici

→ Spanish: meretriz

From mereō (“to earn (a living)”) + -trīx (“agent noun suffix”), literally “the earner”.


alium

la-noun

ālium n (genitive āliī or ālī); second declension

ālium (canonical neuter)
āliī (genitive)
ālī (genitive)
ālium (nominative singular)
ālia (nominative plural)
āliī (genitive singular)
ālī (genitive singular)
āliōrum (genitive plural)
āliō (dative singular)
āliīs (dative plural)
ālium (accusative singular)
ālia (accusative plural)
āliō (ablative singular)
āliīs (ablative plural)
ālium (singular vocative)
ālia (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: alj, aljiu

Megleno-Romanian: al'

Romanian: ai

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: aggio

Piedmontese: aj

Romagnol: àj

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: aglia

Dalmatian: ail, alj, agl, aill

Italian: aglio

Neapolitan: aglio

Tarantino: aglie

Sicilian: agghia

Old French:

desctree

French: ail
Haitian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Mauritian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Moore: lay (from l’ail)

Picard: al

Walloon: a

Old Occitan:

Catalan: all

Occitan: alh

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: ai

Romansch: agl

Sardinian: àllu, azu

Campidanese: allu

Venetan: ajo

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: allo

Asturian: ayu

Old Galician-Portuguese: alho
Galician: allo
Portuguese: alho (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: ajo (see there for further descendants)

Unknown according to de Vaan (2008). May be connected to āla (“wing”), on the image of the garlic bulb being divided into "wings"; for a similar derivation from garlic being "cloven" cf. the etymology of German Knoblauch (“garlic”). It has also been compared with the Greek gloss of ἄλλην (állēn) as 'vegetables' "among the Italians", which may stem from another Italic language, and if so, has no direct bearing on the etymological consideration of Latin ālium.
Based only on the form allium, Kroonen (2012) suggests that it may be a borrowing from the root of Ancient Greek ἄγλις (áglis), specifically via a byform *adlī-. See the Ancient Greek entry for more.
According to Roberts, from Proto-Indo-European *ālu- (“bitter plant”).

unk

Unknown


amphora

la-noun

amphora f (genitive amphorae); first declension

amphorae (genitive)
amphora (nominative singular)
amphorae (nominative plural)
amphorae (genitive singular)
amphorum (genitive plural)
amphorārum (genitive plural)
amphorae (dative singular)
amphorīs (dative plural)
amphoram (accusative singular)
amphorās (accusative plural)
amphorā (ablative singular)
amphorīs (ablative plural)
amphora (singular vocative)
amphorae (plural vocative)

Catalan: àmfora

French: amphore

Galician: ánfora

Italian: anfora

Portuguese: ânfora

Spanish: ánfora

→ English: amphor

→ German: Amphore

→? Proto-West Germanic: *ambrī (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, units of liquid measure”). As a Roman unit, originally an elision of amphora quadrantal.

bor

(chiefly historical) amphora, a large vessel, especially one made of clay with two handles used for storing and transporting wine and oil


dico

la-verb

dīcō (present infinitive dīcere, perfect active dīxī, supine dictum); third conjugation, irregular short imperative

dīcō (canonical)
irregular short imperative (canonical)
dīcere (infinitive present)
dīxī (active perfect)
dictum (supine)
dīcō (active first-person indicative present singular)
dīcis (active indicative present second-person singular)
dīcit (active indicative present singular third-person)
dīcimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
dīcitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
dīcunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
dīcēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dīcēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dīcēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dīcēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
dīcēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dīcēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dīcam (active first-person future indicative singular)
dīcēbō (active archaic first-person future indicative singular)
dīcēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
dīcet (active future indicative singular third-person)
dīcēbit (active archaic future indicative singular third-person)
dīcēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
dīcētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
dīcent (active future indicative plural third-person)
dīxī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
dīxistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dīxtī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dīxit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
dīximus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
dīxistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
dīxērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dīxēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dīxeram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
dīxerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
dīxerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
dīxerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
dīxerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
dīxerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
dīxerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
dīxeris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
dīxerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
dīxerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
dīxeritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
dīxerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
dīxō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
dīxis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
dīxit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
dīximus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
dīxitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
dīxint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
dīcor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
dīceris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dīcere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dīcitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
dīcimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
dīciminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
dīcuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
dīcēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
dīcēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dīcēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dīcēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
dīcēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
dīcēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
dīcēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
dīcar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
dīcēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dīcēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dīcētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
dīcēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
dīcēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
dīcentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
dīcam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dīcās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dīcat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dīcāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dīcātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dīcant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dīcerem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dīcerēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dīceret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dīcerēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dīcerētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dīcerent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dīxerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
dīxerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dīxerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dīxerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
dīxerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dīxerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dīxissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
dīxissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dīxisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dīxissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
dīxissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dīxissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dīxim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
dīxīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
dīxīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
dīxīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
dīxītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
dīxint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
dīcar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dīcāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dīcāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dīcātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dīcāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dīcāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dīcantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dīcerer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
dīcerēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dīcerēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dīcerētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dīcerēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
dīcerēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dīcerentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dīc (active imperative present second-person singular)
dīce (active archaic imperative present second-person singular)
dīcite (active imperative plural present second-person)
dīcitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
dīcitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
dīcitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
dīcuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
dīcere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
dīciminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
dīcitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
dīcitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
dīcuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
dīcere (active infinitive present)
dīxisse (active infinitive perfect)
dīxe (active infinitive perfect)
dictūrum esse (active future infinitive)
dīcī (infinitive passive present)
dīcier (infinitive passive present)
dictum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
dictum īrī (future infinitive passive)
dīcēns (active participle present)
dictūrus (active future participle)
dictus (participle passive perfect)
dīcendus (future participle passive)
dīcundus (future participle passive)
dīcendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
dīcendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
dīcendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
dīcendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
dictum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
dictū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: dzãc, dzãtsiri

Istro-Romanian: zic

Megleno-Romanian: zic, ziceri, zițiri

Romanian: zice, zicere

Dalmatian:

dicro, decro, dekro

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: dì

Gallurese: dì

Italian: dire

Neapolitan: dicere

Sassarese: dì

Sicilian: diri, dìciri

North Italian:

Friulian: dî

Istriot: deî

Ladin: dì, dir

Ligurian: dî

Piedmontese: dì

desc

Romansch: dir, deir (Surmiran), dür (Puter, Vallader), gir, dir (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter, Vallader), deir (Surmiran), deir, dir (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Rumantsch Grischun), dür (Puter, Vallader)

Venetan: dir

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: dére

French: dire

→ Esperanto: diri

Norman: dithe (Jersey)

Walloon: dire

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: dir, dire (Northern, Alghero), diure (Alghero)

Occitan: dire, díder, díser, díguer

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: dezir, deçir, dizir

Aragonese: decir, dicir

Old Leonese:

Asturian: dicir

Extremaduran: dizil

Leonese: dicire

Mirandese: dezir, dexir

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: dizer
Galician: dicir, dizer (reintegrationist), decer
Portuguese: dizer

Old Spanish: dezir, deçir, dicer, dizer, dizir
Ladino: dezir, dizer, dizir
Spanish: decir

Borrowings:

→ English: dictum, ipse dixit

→ French: dixit

From Proto-Italic *deikō, from Proto-Indo-European *déyḱti (“to show, point out”) (reformed as a thematic verb). The perfect forms are derived from Proto-Indo-European *dḗyḱst.
Cognates include Oscan 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌊𐌖𐌌 (deíkum, “to show, point out”), Sanskrit दिशति (diśáti), Ancient Greek δείκνυμι (deíknumi) and Old English tǣċan (English teach).

cog

dīcitur ante ārās media inter nūmina dīvum
multa Iovem manibus supplex ōrāsse supīnīs
It is said [that King Iarbas] – before the altars, amid divine presences all around – often prostrated himself, with hands raised in supplication, to implore Jupiter.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.204–205

dixitque Deus fiat lux et facta est lux

And God said: Be light made. And light was made.

Salūtem dīcit.

He says hi. (literally, “He says health.”)


curator

la-noun

cūrātor m (genitive cūrātōris); third declension

cūrātor (canonical masculine)
cūrātōris (genitive)
cūrātor (nominative singular)
cūrātōrēs (nominative plural)
cūrātōris (genitive singular)
cūrātōrum (genitive plural)
cūrātōrī (dative singular)
cūrātōribus (dative plural)
cūrātōrem (accusative singular)
cūrātōrēs (accusative plural)
cūrātōre (ablative singular)
cūrātōribus (ablative plural)
cūrātor (singular vocative)
cūrātōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Bulgarian: кура́тор (kurátor)

→ Byzantine Greek: κουράτωρ (kourátōr)

→ Catalan: curador

→ Czech: kurátor

→ Dutch: curator

→ English: curator

→ Finnish: kuraattori

→ French: curateur

→ Friulian: curadôr

→ Galician: curador

→ Georgian: კურატორი (ḳuraṭori)

→ German: Curator, Kurator

→ Italian: curatore

→ Macedonian: куратор (kurator)

→ Norwegian:

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kurator

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kurator

→ Polish: kurator

→ Portuguese: curador

→ Romanian: curator

→ Russian: кура́тор (kurátor)

→ Serbo-Croatian: kùrātor, ку̀ра̄тор

→ Spanish: curador

→ Crimean Tatar: kurator

who pays heed about the state of an object, warden, overseer, watchman, lookout


Jud.

(biblical) Abbreviation of Jūdicēs: Jud., Judg.


cepa

cēpa f (genitive cēpae); first declension

cēpa (canonical feminine)
cēpae (genitive)
cēpa (nominative singular)
cēpae (nominative plural)
cēpae (genitive singular)
cēpārum (genitive plural)
cēpae (dative singular)
cēpīs (dative plural)
cēpam (accusative singular)
cēpās (accusative plural)
cēpā (ablative singular)
cēpīs (ablative plural)
cēpa (singular vocative)
cēpae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tseapã

Romanian: ceapă

→ Albanian: qepë

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ceba

Occitan: ceba

Old French: cive (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→⇒ English: cepaceous

→ Old English: ciepe

A borrowing from an unknown, possibly Anatolian source, cf. Hesychian Ancient Greek κάπια (kápia, “onions”) claimed for Ceryneia and the complex of Arabic قُبَّعَة (qubbaʕa, “bulbous hat”). Given the borrowing of Proto-Slavic *lukъ (“onion”), it is probable that the Italians at the date of their expansion also only knew ramsons, as a kind of ālium. At least it is known that spring onion was only introduced in the modern period from China, while the bulb onion is also Asiatic, such that ancient Africa knew the cultivated onion only in the north, by generic names like Egyptian ḥḏw, it having expanded beyond the Great Desert only by the Arabs under their name بَصَل (baṣal).

unk

unknown


alveolus

la-noun

alveolus m (genitive alveolī); second declension

alveolī (genitive)
alveolus (nominative singular)
alveolī (nominative plural)
alveolī (genitive singular)
alveolōrum (genitive plural)
alveolō (dative singular)
alveolīs (dative plural)
alveolum (accusative singular)
alveolōs (accusative plural)
alveolō (ablative singular)
alveolīs (ablative plural)
alveole (singular vocative)
alveolī (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: nullë

→ Catalan: alvèol

→ English: alveolus

→ French: alvéole

Irish: ailbheolas

→ Italian: alveolo

→ Portuguese: alvéolo

→ Romanian: alveolă

→ Russian: альвео́ла (alʹveóla)

→ Spanish: alvéolo

→ Venetan: alvèolo, albòl

Vulgar Latin: *albiolus, *albiola

→ Italian: albiolo

Romanian: albioară

[äɫ̪ˈu̯eɔɫ̪ʊs̠]

From alveus (“a hollow, cavity”) + -olus (diminutive nominal suffix).

suffix

(board games) a small gaming board upon which the dice are thrown


gladius

la-noun

gladius m (genitive gladiī or gladī); second declension

gladiī (genitive)
gladī (genitive)
gladius (nominative singular)
gladiī (nominative plural)
gladiī (genitive singular)
gladī (genitive singular)
gladiōrum (genitive plural)
gladiō (dative singular)
gladiīs (dative plural)
gladium (accusative singular)
gladiōs (accusative plural)
gladiō (ablative singular)
gladiīs (ablative plural)
gladie (singular vocative)
gladiī (plural vocative)

Gallo-Italic:

Old Ligurian: iao (“sword”)

Old Lombard: giaio

⇒ Piedmontese: sgiái (“horror”)

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Old Catalan: glay, glai (“sword, fright”)

⇒ Catalan: esglai (“fright”)

Old Franco-Provençal: glaio

Old French: glai, glay (“sword, lance, sword-lily”)

French: glai (“sword-lily”) (regional)

Old Occitan: glai (“horror, ice”), glazi (“sword, carnage”) (probably from gladī NOM.PL)

Auvergnat: glasi (“sword”)

Limousin: glaize

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ghiado (“sword, cold”)

Neapolitan: jajo (“disgust, shiver”)

Borrowings:

→ Dutch: gladius

→ English: gladius

→ Portuguese: gládio

→ Spanish: gladio

→ Romanian: gladium

[ˈɡɫ̪äd̪iʊs̠]

Possibly from Gaulish *kladyos (“sword”), from Proto-Celtic *kladiwos (“sword”) (compare Old Irish claideb (“sword”), Welsh cleddyf (“sword”) from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”)). Cognate with Latin clādes, clāva, percellō.

der

Mitte gladium in vaginam.

in gladium incumbere

quid tibi cum gladiō?


acer

la-adj

ācer (feminine ācris, neuter ācre, comparative ācrior, superlative ācerrimus, adverb ācriter); third-declension three-termination adjective

ācer (canonical)
ācris (feminine)
ācre (neuter)
ācrior (comparative)
ācerrimus (superlative)
ācriter (adverb)
ācer (masculine nominative singular)
ācris (feminine nominative singular)
ācre (neuter nominative singular)
ācrēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
ācria (neuter nominative plural)
ācris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
ācrium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
ācrī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
ācribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
ācrem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
ācre (accusative neuter singular)
ācrēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
ācrīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
ācria (accusative neuter plural)
ācrī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
ācribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
ācer (masculine singular vocative)
ācris (feminine singular vocative)
ācre (neuter singular vocative)
ācrēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
ācria (neuter plural vocative)

Ancient borrowings:

→ Old Irish: aicher

Irish: aichear

Later borrowings:

→ Catalan: acre

→⇒ English: acrid, acrylic

→ Esperanto: akra

→ French: âcre

→ Italian: acre

→ Portuguese: acre

→ Spanish: acre

From Proto-Italic *akris, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱrós (“sharp”). The change from o-stem to i-stem declension is irregular and not fully explained. Likewise, Latin has irregular lengthening of the vowel. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros).


acer

la-noun

acer n (genitive aceris); third declension

aceris (genitive)
acer (nominative singular)
acera (nominative plural)
aceris (genitive singular)
acerum (genitive plural)
acerī (dative singular)
aceribus (dative plural)
acer (accusative singular)
acera (accusative plural)
acere (ablative singular)
aceribus (ablative plural)
acer (singular vocative)
acera (plural vocative)

Catalan: auró

Esperanto: acero

French: érable

Italian: acero

Portuguese: ácer

Romanian: arțar

Spanish: ácere, arce

Translingual: Acer

Same as Etymology 1, with reference to multi-pointed leaves.


arcus

arcus m (genitive arcūs); fourth declension

arcūs (genitive)
arcus (nominative singular)
arcūs (nominative plural)
arcūs (genitive singular)
arcuum (genitive plural)
arcuī (dative singular)
arcubus (dative plural)
arcum (accusative singular)
arcūs (accusative plural)
arcū (ablative singular)
arcubus (ablative plural)
arcus (singular vocative)
arcūs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: arcu

English: arch

Esperanto: arko

desctree

Old French: arc
→ Middle English: ark, arke
English: arc
French: arc

Padanian:

Friulian: arc

Ligurian: erco

Piedmontese: erch, erche

Romansch: artg, arch

Middle Low German: ark

Low German: ark

Norwegian Bokmål: ark

Occitano-Romance:

Occitan: arc

Catalan: arc

Romanian: arc

Russian: а́рка f (árka)

Sardinian: alcu, arcu

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: arco

Sicilian: arcu

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: arcu

Old Spanish: arco

Spanish: arco

Old Galician-Portuguese: arco, arquo
Fala: arcu, alcu
Galician: arco
Portuguese: arco

From Proto-Italic *arkuos (“bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷos (“bow, arrow”). Cognate to Old English earh, whence English arrow, as well as Proto-Slavic *orkyta (“willow”) and Ancient Greek ἄρκευθος (árkeuthos, “juniper”), owing to juniper and willow twigs being used to make bows due to their flexibility.

cog

bow (arc-shaped weapon used for archery)


cohors

la-noun

cohors f (genitive cohortis); third declension

cohortis (genitive)
cohors (nominative singular)
cohortēs (nominative plural)
cohortis (genitive singular)
cohortium (genitive plural)
cohortī (dative singular)
cohortibus (dative plural)
cohortem (accusative singular)
cohortēs (accusative plural)
cohortīs (accusative plural)
cohorte (ablative singular)
cohortibus (ablative plural)
cohors (singular vocative)
cohortēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: cort; → cohort

→ English: cohort

Franco-Provençal: côrt

→ French: cohorte

Friulian: cort; → coorte

Galician: corte; → Galician: cohorte

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: κοόρτης (koórtēs), κοόρτη (koórtē), κόρτη (kórtē), κόρτης (kórtēs), κώρτη (kṓrtē), κώρτης (kṓrtēs), χόρτη (khórtē), χώρτη (khṓrtē)

desctree

→ Arabic: شُرْطَة (šurṭa)
→ Classical Syriac: ܫܘܽܪܛܳܐ (šurṭā), ܫܽܪܛܳܐ (šurṭā)

→ Romanian: cort

Italian: corte; → coorte

Occitan: cort; → coòrta

Old French: cort
French: cour
→ Middle English: court, cort, corte, cortt, courte, curt, curth
English: court (see there for further descendants)
Scots: court, coort

Portuguese: corte; → coorte

Romanian: curte; → cohortă

→ Russian: кого́рта (kogórta)

Sicilian: curti

Spanish: corte; → cohorte

→ Ukrainian: кого́рта (kohórta)

From Proto-Italic *kom + *horti-, the latter a ti-derivative of what is likely the same root underlying *hortos (“enclosure”). By surface analysis, co- + -hors.


cedo

la-verb

cēdō (present infinitive cēdere, perfect active cessī, supine cessum); third conjugation

cēdō (canonical)
cēdere (infinitive present)
cessī (active perfect)
cessum (supine)
cēdō (active first-person indicative present singular)
cēdis (active indicative present second-person singular)
cēdit (active indicative present singular third-person)
cēdimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
cēditis (active indicative plural present second-person)
cēdunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
cēdēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
cēdēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
cēdēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
cēdēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
cēdēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
cēdēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
cēdam (active first-person future indicative singular)
cēdēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
cēdet (active future indicative singular third-person)
cēdēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
cēdētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
cēdent (active future indicative plural third-person)
cessī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
cessistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
cessit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
cessimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
cessistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
cessērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
cessēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
cesseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
cesserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
cesserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
cesserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
cesserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
cesserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
cesserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
cesseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
cesserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
cesserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
cesseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
cesserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
cēdor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
cēderis (indicative passive present second-person singular)
cēdere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
cēditur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
cēdimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
cēdiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
cēduntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
cēdēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
cēdēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
cēdēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
cēdēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
cēdēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
cēdēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
cēdēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
cēdar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
cēdēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
cēdēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
cēdētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
cēdēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
cēdēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
cēdentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
cēdam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
cēdās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
cēdat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
cēdāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
cēdātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
cēdant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
cēderem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
cēderēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cēderet (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cēderēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
cēderētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cēderent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cesserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
cesserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cesserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cesserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
cesserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cesserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cessissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
cessissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cessisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cessissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
cessissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cessissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cēdar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
cēdāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
cēdāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
cēdātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
cēdāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
cēdāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
cēdantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
cēderer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
cēderēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
cēderēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
cēderētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
cēderēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
cēderēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
cēderentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
cēde (active imperative present second-person singular)
cēdite (active imperative plural present second-person)
cēditō (active future imperative second-person singular)
cēditō (active future imperative singular third-person)
cēditōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
cēduntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
cēdere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
cēdiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
cēditor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
cēditor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
cēduntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
cēdere (active infinitive present)
cessisse (active infinitive perfect)
cessūrum esse (active future infinitive)
cēdī (infinitive passive present)
cessum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
cessum īrī (future infinitive passive)
cēdēns (active participle present)
cessūrus (active future participle)
cessus (participle passive perfect)
cēdendus (future participle passive)
cēdundus (future participle passive)
cēdendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
cēdendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
cēdendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
cēdendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
cessum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
cessū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ Catalan: cedir

→ Dutch: cederen

→ English: cede

→ French: céder

→ Romanian: ceda

→ Galician: ceder

→ Italian: cedere

→ Dalmatian: čedur

→ Portuguese: ceder

→ Sicilian: cèdiri

→ Spanish: ceder

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Italic *kezdō, further derivation disputed.
* Perhaps it is from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyesdʰ- (“to drive away; to go away”). Cognates include Sanskrit सेधति (sedhati, “to drive, chase away”) and Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “will chase away”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćyazd-, *ćižd-.
* Others derive it from *ḱe (“this, here”) + *sed- (“to sit down”). For the semantic development "to sit down" > "to go and sit" > "to go" compare the cognates English set out, Sanskrit उपसीदति (upasīdati, “to approach”), and Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodós, “road”).
* Others derive the ending from -dō (“to put”).

m+

(intransitive) to result, turn out, happen, yield

(intransitive, of time) to pass, elapse (in the 3rd person, with time as subject)

(transitive) to concede, give up, allow, permit something to someone, grant, surrender, yield


inquisitor

la-noun

inquīsītor m (genitive inquīsītōris, feminine inquīsītrix); third declension

inquīsītor (canonical masculine)
inquīsītōris (genitive)
inquīsītrix (feminine)
inquīsītor (nominative singular)
inquīsītōrēs (nominative plural)
inquīsītōris (genitive singular)
inquīsītōrum (genitive plural)
inquīsītōrī (dative singular)
inquīsītōribus (dative plural)
inquīsītōrem (accusative singular)
inquīsītōrēs (accusative plural)
inquīsītōre (ablative singular)
inquīsītōribus (ablative plural)
inquīsītor (singular vocative)
inquīsītōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: inquisidor

Galician: inquisidor

Italian: inquisitore

Occitan: inquisidor

→ Old French: inquisiteur

French: inquisiteur

→ English: inquisitor

→ Portuguese: inquisidor

Russian: инквизи́тор (inkvizítor)

→ Spanish: inquisidor

[ɪŋkʷiːˈs̠iːt̪ɔr]

Agent noun of inquīrō (“inquire, investigate”) (past participle inquīsītus) + + -tor.


medicus

medicus m (genitive medicī); second declension

medicī (genitive)
medicus (nominative singular)
medicī (nominative plural)
medicī (genitive singular)
medicōrum (genitive plural)
medicō (dative singular)
medicīs (dative plural)
medicum (accusative singular)
medicōs (accusative plural)
medicō (ablative singular)
medicīs (ablative plural)
medice (singular vocative)
medicī (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

medco

Italo-Romance:

desc

Italian: medico, medeco (regional variant); Medici

Neapolitan: miedeco

Sicilian: medicu

North Italian:

Friulian: miedi

Ligurian: mêgo

Romansch: medi, miedi, meidi

Venetan: medego, miedego

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: metge

Franco-Provençal: mêjo

Old French: mege, miege, mirie, mire

French: mège, meige, mire (all archaic)

Walloon: méde

Occitan: mètge

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: medicu, meicu, megu, meigu

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: mélicu

Ancient borrowings

→ Proto-Albanian: *mʲeðək

Albanian: mjek

→ Proto-Brythonic: *meðɨg

Breton: mezeg

Cornish: medhek

Welsh: meddyg

Later borrowings:

→ Aromanian: medicu

→ Dutch: medicus

→ English: medic

→ Polish: medyk

→ Portuguese: médico

→ Romanian: medic

→ Russian: медик (medik)

→ Spanish: médico

→ Asturian: médicu

[ˈmɛd̪ɪkʊs̠]

quod vespillo facit, fecerat et medicus.

Nuper erat medicus, nunc est vespillo Diaulus

(Lately was Diaulus a doctor, now he is an undertaker. What the undertaker now does the doctor too did before.) — Martial I.xlvii (translation by Walter Ker).


medicus

la-adj

mēdicus (feminine mēdica, neuter mēdicum); first/second-declension adjective

mēdicus (canonical)
mēdica (feminine)
mēdicum (neuter)
mēdicus (masculine nominative singular)
mēdica (feminine nominative singular)
mēdicum (neuter nominative singular)
mēdicī (masculine nominative plural)
mēdicae (feminine nominative plural)
mēdica (neuter nominative plural)
mēdicī (genitive masculine singular)
mēdicae (feminine genitive singular)
mēdicī (genitive neuter singular)
mēdicōrum (genitive masculine plural)
mēdicārum (feminine genitive plural)
mēdicōrum (genitive neuter plural)
mēdicō (dative masculine singular)
mēdicae (dative feminine singular)
mēdicō (dative neuter singular)
mēdicīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mēdicum (accusative masculine singular)
mēdicam (accusative feminine singular)
mēdicum (accusative neuter singular)
mēdicōs (accusative masculine plural)
mēdicās (accusative feminine plural)
mēdica (accusative neuter plural)
mēdicō (ablative masculine singular)
mēdicā (ablative feminine singular)
mēdicō (ablative neuter singular)
mēdicīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
mēdice (masculine singular vocative)
mēdica (feminine singular vocative)
mēdicum (neuter singular vocative)
mēdicī (masculine plural vocative)
mēdicae (feminine plural vocative)
mēdica (neuter plural vocative)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *melica

Catalan: melca, melga

Galician: melga

Spanish: mielga


telum

la-noun

tēlum n (genitive tēlī); second declension

tēlum (canonical neuter)
tēlī (genitive)
tēlum (nominative singular)
tēla (nominative plural)
tēlī (genitive singular)
tēlōrum (genitive plural)
tēlō (dative singular)
tēlīs (dative plural)
tēlum (accusative singular)
tēla (accusative plural)
tēlō (ablative singular)
tēlīs (ablative plural)
tēlum (singular vocative)
tēla (plural vocative)

Italian: telo

Vulgar Latin: *tēlāria

Galician: tieira

Spanish: telera

[ˈt̪eːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“beam, stake”) (whence also tignum).

der

Munire urbem, frumentum convehere, tela arma parare.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 29.4

To strengthen the defences of the city, to accumulate stores of corn, to prepare a supply of weapons and armour.


ictus

la-noun

ictus m (genitive ictūs); fourth declension

ictūs (genitive)
ictus (nominative singular)
ictūs (nominative plural)
ictūs (genitive singular)
ictuum (genitive plural)
ictuī (dative singular)
ictibus (dative plural)
ictum (accusative singular)
ictūs (accusative plural)
ictū (ablative singular)
ictibus (ablative plural)
ictus (singular vocative)
ictūs (plural vocative)

Galician: eito, → ictus

→ English: ictus, ictal

Portuguese: eito, → icto

From ī̆cō (“to strike”) + -tus (suffix forming action nouns from verbs).


Solomon

la-proper noun

Solomōn m sg (genitive Solomōnis); third declension

Solomōn (canonical masculine singular)
Solomōnis (genitive)
Solomōn (nominative singular)
Solomōnis (genitive singular)
Solomōnī (dative singular)
Solomōnem (accusative singular)
Solomōne (ablative singular)
Solomōn (singular vocative)

→ English: Solomon

[ˈs̠ɔɫ̪ɔmoːn]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Σολομών (Solomṓn), from Biblical Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (šĕlōmōʰ), from שָׁלוֹם (šālōm, “peace”).


acerbus

la-adj

acerbus (feminine acerba, neuter acerbum, comparative acerbior, superlative acerbissimus, adverb acerbē); first/second-declension adjective

acerba (feminine)
acerbum (neuter)
acerbior (comparative)
acerbissimus (superlative)
acerbē (adverb)
acerbus (masculine nominative singular)
acerba (feminine nominative singular)
acerbum (neuter nominative singular)
acerbī (masculine nominative plural)
acerbae (feminine nominative plural)
acerba (neuter nominative plural)
acerbī (genitive masculine singular)
acerbae (feminine genitive singular)
acerbī (genitive neuter singular)
acerbōrum (genitive masculine plural)
acerbārum (feminine genitive plural)
acerbōrum (genitive neuter plural)
acerbō (dative masculine singular)
acerbae (dative feminine singular)
acerbō (dative neuter singular)
acerbīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
acerbum (accusative masculine singular)
acerbam (accusative feminine singular)
acerbum (accusative neuter singular)
acerbōs (accusative masculine plural)
acerbās (accusative feminine plural)
acerba (accusative neuter plural)
acerbō (ablative masculine singular)
acerbā (ablative feminine singular)
acerbō (ablative neuter singular)
acerbīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
acerbe (masculine singular vocative)
acerba (feminine singular vocative)
acerbum (neuter singular vocative)
acerbī (masculine plural vocative)
acerbae (feminine plural vocative)
acerba (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: acerb

Dalmatian: garb

English: acerb, acerbic

Esperanto: acerba

French: acerbe

Friulian: garp

Galician: acerbo

Italian: acerbo

Portuguese: acerbo

Romanian: acerb

Sardinian: acherbu, acerbu, chervu

Spanish: acerbo

Inherited from Proto-Italic *akriðos; equivalent to ācer (“sharp”) + -idus.

(of taste) harsh, bitter, unripe, sour, premature, not yet marriageable


durus

dūrus (feminine dūra, neuter dūrum, comparative dūrior, superlative dūrissimus, adverb dūrē or dūriter); first/second-declension adjective

dūrus (canonical)
dūra (feminine)
dūrum (neuter)
dūrior (comparative)
dūrissimus (superlative)
dūrē (adverb)
dūriter (adverb)
dūrus (masculine nominative singular)
dūra (feminine nominative singular)
dūrum (neuter nominative singular)
dūrī (masculine nominative plural)
dūrae (feminine nominative plural)
dūra (neuter nominative plural)
dūrī (genitive masculine singular)
dūrae (feminine genitive singular)
dūrī (genitive neuter singular)
dūrōrum (genitive masculine plural)
dūrārum (feminine genitive plural)
dūrōrum (genitive neuter plural)
dūrō (dative masculine singular)
dūrae (dative feminine singular)
dūrō (dative neuter singular)
dūrīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
dūrum (accusative masculine singular)
dūram (accusative feminine singular)
dūrum (accusative neuter singular)
dūrōs (accusative masculine plural)
dūrās (accusative feminine plural)
dūra (accusative neuter plural)
dūrō (ablative masculine singular)
dūrā (ablative feminine singular)
dūrō (ablative neuter singular)
dūrīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
dūre (masculine singular vocative)
dūra (feminine singular vocative)
dūrum (neuter singular vocative)
dūrī (masculine plural vocative)
dūrae (feminine plural vocative)
dūra (neuter plural vocative)

desc

→ Proto-Brythonic: *dʉr (“hard; hard metal, steel”)

Middle Welsh: dur

Welsh: dur

Catalan: dur

Dalmatian: doir

→ English: dure

Franco-Provençal: dur

French: dur

Friulian: dûr

Galician: duro

Istriot: doûro

Italian: duro

Ligurian: dûo

Lombard: dür

desctree

→ Middle Irish: dúr
Irish: dúr
Scottish Gaelic: dùr
→ Scots: dour
→ English: dour

Norman: dû

Occitan: dur

Portuguese: duro

Romanian: dur

Romansch: dir

Sardinian: duru

Sicilian: duru

Spanish: duro

Venetan: duro, dur

Walloon: deur

From Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long”), from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūrá, “distant, far, long”), though there are semantic problems if the change “long” > “enduring” (see dūrō) is not accepted.
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *deru-, *drew- (“hard, fast”). Cognate with Lithuanian drū́tas (“firm, strong”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”).


scribo

la-verb

scrībō (present infinitive scrībere, perfect active scrīpsī, supine scrīptum); third conjugation

scrībō (canonical)
scrībere (infinitive present)
scrīpsī (active perfect)
scrīptum (supine)
scrībō (active first-person indicative present singular)
scrībis (active indicative present second-person singular)
scrībit (active indicative present singular third-person)
scrībimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
scrībitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
scrībunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
scrībēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
scrībēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
scrībēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
scrībēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
scrībēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
scrībēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
scrībam (active first-person future indicative singular)
scrībēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
scrībet (active future indicative singular third-person)
scrībēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
scrībētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
scrībent (active future indicative plural third-person)
scrīpsī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
scrīpsistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
scrīpsit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
scrīpsimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
scrīpsistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
scrīpsērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
scrīpsēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
scrīpseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
scrīpserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
scrīpserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
scrīpserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
scrīpserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
scrīpserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
scrīpserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
scrīpseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
scrīpserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
scrīpserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
scrīpseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
scrīpserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
scrībor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
scrīberis (indicative passive present second-person singular)
scrībere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
scrībitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
scrībimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
scrībiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
scrībuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
scrībēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
scrībēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
scrībēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
scrībēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
scrībēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
scrībēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
scrībēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
scrībar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
scrībēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
scrībēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
scrībētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
scrībēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
scrībēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
scrībentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
scrībam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
scrībās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
scrībat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
scrībāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
scrībātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
scrībant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
scrīberem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
scrīberēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
scrīberet (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
scrīberēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
scrīberētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
scrīberent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
scrīpserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
scrīpserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
scrīpserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
scrīpserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
scrīpserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
scrīpserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
scrīpsissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
scrīpsissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
scrīpsisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
scrīpsissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
scrīpsissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
scrīpsissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
scrībar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
scrībāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
scrībāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
scrībātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
scrībāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
scrībāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
scrībantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
scrīberer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
scrīberēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
scrīberēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
scrīberētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
scrīberēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
scrīberēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
scrīberentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
scrībe (active imperative present second-person singular)
scrībite (active imperative plural present second-person)
scrībitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
scrībitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
scrībitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
scrībuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
scrībere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
scrībiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
scrībitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
scrībitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
scrībuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
scrībere (active infinitive present)
scrīpsisse (active infinitive perfect)
scrīptūrum esse (active future infinitive)
scrībī (infinitive passive present)
scrīptum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
scrīptum īrī (future infinitive passive)
scrībēns (active participle present)
scrīptūrus (active future participle)
scrīptus (participle passive perfect)
scrībendus (future participle passive)
scrībundus (future participle passive)
scrībendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
scrībendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
scrībendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
scrībendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
scrīptum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
scrīptū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: scriu

Romanian: scrie

Dalmatian:

scrivru

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: scriva

Italian: scrivere

Neapolitan: scrivere

Sicilian: scrìviri

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: iscri, iscribere, iscriere, iscriri, iscrivere, scriri

North Italian:

Friulian: scrivi

Istriot: screîvi, scrèivi

Ladin: scriver, scrì

Lombard: scrier

Romansch: scriver, screiver

Venetan: scrivar, scriver

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: escriure

Franco-Provençal: ècrire

Old French: escrivre (see there for further descendants)

Gascon: escríber

Occitan: escriure

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: escriure

Old Galician-Portuguese: escrever

Portuguese: escrever (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Germanic: *skrībaną (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Old Irish: scríbaid
Irish: scríobh
Manx: screeu
Scottish Gaelic: sgrìobh

Reflexes of an assumed variant *scrībīre

Aragonese: escribir, escrebir

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: escribir, escrebir

Extremaduran: escrevil

Leonese: escribire

Mirandese: screbir

Old Galician-Portuguese: escrivir

Fala: escribil

desc

Galician: escribir, escrebir, escrever (reintegrationist)

Old Spanish: escrivir

Ladino: eskrivir

Spanish: escribir, escrebir

Papiamentu: skirbi

From Proto-Italic *skreiβō (with scrīptus for *scriptus after scrīpsī), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreybʰ-. Cognates include Ancient Greek σκάριφος (skáriphos).


deleo

la-verb

dēleō (present infinitive dēlēre, perfect active dēlēvī, supine dēlētum); second conjugation

dēleō (canonical)
dēlēre (infinitive present)
dēlēvī (active perfect)
dēlētum (supine)
dēleō (active first-person indicative present singular)
dēlēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
dēlet (active indicative present singular third-person)
dēlēmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
dēlētis (active indicative plural present second-person)
dēlent (active indicative plural present third-person)
dēlēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dēlēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dēlēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dēlēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
dēlēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dēlēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dēlēbō (active first-person future indicative singular)
dēlēbis (active future indicative second-person singular)
dēlēbit (active future indicative singular third-person)
dēlēbimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
dēlēbitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
dēlēbunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
dēlēvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
dēlēvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēlēvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēlēvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
dēlēvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēlēvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēlēvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēlēveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
dēlēverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
dēlēverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
dēlēverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
dēlēverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
dēlēverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
dēlēverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
dēlēveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēlēverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēlēverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
dēlēveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēlēverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēleor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
dēlēris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dēlēre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dēlētur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
dēlēmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
dēlēminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
dēlentur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
dēlēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
dēlēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dēlēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dēlēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
dēlēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
dēlēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
dēlēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
dēlēbor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
dēlēberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dēlēbere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dēlēbitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
dēlēbimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
dēlēbiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
dēlēbuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
dēleam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dēleās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēleat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dēleāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dēleātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dēleant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dēlērem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dēlērēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēlēret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēlērēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dēlērētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēlērent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēlēverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
dēlēverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēlēverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēlēverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
dēlēverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēlēverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēlēvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
dēlēvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēlēvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēlēvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
dēlēvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēlēvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēlear (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dēleāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēleāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēleātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dēleāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dēleāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dēleantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dēlērer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
dēlērēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēlērēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēlērētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dēlērēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
dēlērēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dēlērentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dēlē (active imperative present second-person singular)
dēlēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
dēlētō (active future imperative second-person singular)
dēlētō (active future imperative singular third-person)
dēlētōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
dēlentō (active future imperative plural third-person)
dēlēre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
dēlēminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
dēlētor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
dēlētor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
dēlentor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
dēlēre (active infinitive present)
dēlēvisse (active infinitive perfect)
dēlētūrum esse (active future infinitive)
dēlērī (infinitive passive present)
dēlētum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
dēlētum īrī (future infinitive passive)
dēlēns (active participle present)
dēlētūrus (active future participle)
dēlētus (participle passive perfect)
dēlendus (future participle passive)
dēlendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
dēlendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēlendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēlendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēlētum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
dēlētū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Asturian: dilir

Catalan: delir

q

Old French: delir (early Old French, attested once in the tenth century)

→ Portuguese: delir

→ Spanish: desleír (learned)

desctree

→ English: delete
→ Portuguese: deletar, delete

→ French: délébile

→? Proto-West Germanic: *diligōn (see there for further descendants)

[ˈd̪eːɫ̪eoː]

Traditionally taken as a back-formation from dēlēvī, originally the perfect tense of dēlinō (“to wipe off”), from dē- + linō (“to daub, smear”). However, de Vaan is skeptical of the derivation due to the lack of concurrent attestation of dēlinō with linō and lēvī (all attestations of dēlinō come later), and prefers Meiser's derivation from a causative dē- + *oleō, the root being Proto-Indo-European *h₃elh₁- (“to destroy”), comparing Hittite [script needed] (hallanna/i-ᶦ, “to trample down”), Ancient Greek ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi, “to wreck, destroy”). Possibly also related to Ancient Greek δηλέομαι (dēléomai, “to destroy, annihilate, spoil”).

cog

234 - 149 B.C.E. — Cato the Elder
Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam

Furthermore I think Carthage must be destroyed

to delete (e.g. Ecclesiastical: from the book of life)


a

From Ancient Greek Α (A, “alpha”), likely through Etruscan.

littera a

(sometimes with littera) the first letter of the Latin alphabet.


Lucas

la-proper noun

Lūcās m sg (genitive Lūcae); first declension

Lūcās (canonical masculine singular)
Lūcae (genitive)
Lūcās (nominative singular)
Lūcae (genitive singular)
Lūcae (dative singular)
Lūcān (accusative singular)
Lūcā (ablative singular)
Lūcā (singular vocative)

→ Aromanian: Luca (learned)

→ Catalan: Lluc (learned)

→ English: Lucas

→ French: Luc (learned)

→ Irish: Lúcás

→ German: Lukas

→ Italian: Luca (learned)

→ Portuguese: Lucas (learned)

→ Romanian: Luca (learned)

→ Spanish: Lucas (learned)

[ˈɫ̪uːkäːs̠]


volumen

la-noun

volūmen n (genitive volūminis); third declension

volūmen (canonical neuter)
volūminis (genitive)
volūmen (nominative singular)
volūmina (nominative plural)
volūminis (genitive singular)
volūminum (genitive plural)
volūminī (dative singular)
volūminibus (dative plural)
volūmen (accusative singular)
volūmina (accusative plural)
volūmine (ablative singular)
volūminibus (ablative plural)
volūmen (singular vocative)
volūmina (plural vocative)

Asturian: valume, volume

Albanian: vëllim

Catalan: volum

Danish: volumen

Galician: volume

Italian: volume

→ Old French: volume

French: volume

→ English: volume

Polish: wolumen

Serbo-Croatian: volumen

Spanish: volumen

Portuguese: volume

[u̯ɔˈɫ̪uːmɛn]

For *volvimen, *volvumen, from volvō (“roll, turn about”) + -men (noun-forming suffix); hence literally "a thing that is rolled".


foedus

la-noun

foedus n (genitive foederis); third declension

foederis (genitive)
foedus (nominative singular)
foedera (nominative plural)
foederis (genitive singular)
foederum (genitive plural)
foederī (dative singular)
foederibus (dative plural)
foedus (accusative singular)
foedera (accusative plural)
foedere (ablative singular)
foederibus (ablative plural)
foedus (singular vocative)
foedera (plural vocative)

⇒ English: federal, foedus rerum

⇒ French: fédéral, fédérale

⇒ Italian: federale

⇒ Spanish: federal

⇒ Portuguese: federal

Inherited from Proto-Italic *feiðos (“faithful”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ-os, from *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”). Same root as fīdō, fidēs, fīdus, and Proto-Germanic *bīdaną. Perhaps a corruption from an o-stem.


lupanar

la-noun

lupānar n (genitive lupānāris); third declension

lupānar (canonical neuter)
lupānāris (genitive)
lupānar (nominative singular)
lupānāria (nominative plural)
lupānāris (genitive singular)
lupānārium (genitive plural)
lupānārī (dative singular)
lupānāribus (dative plural)
lupānar (accusative singular)
lupānāria (accusative plural)
lupānārī (ablative singular)
lupānāribus (ablative plural)
lupānar (singular vocative)
lupānāria (plural vocative)

→ English: lupanar

→ French: lupanar

→ Italian: lupanare

→ Polish: lupanar

→ Portuguese: lupanar

→ Romanian: lupanar

→ Spanish: lupanar

[ɫ̪ʊˈpäːnäːr]

[ɫ̪ʊˈpäːnär]

Apocope of earlier *lupānāre, a neuter relative adjective equivalent to lupa (“a she-wolf → prostitute”) + -ānus + -āris (both relative adjective suffixes).

af

qui in lupanari accubat.


ascia

la-noun

ascia f (genitive asciae); first declension

asciae (genitive)
ascia (nominative singular)
asciae (nominative plural)
asciae (genitive singular)
asciārum (genitive plural)
asciae (dative singular)
asciīs (dative plural)
asciam (accusative singular)
asciās (accusative plural)
asciā (ablative singular)
asciīs (ablative plural)
ascia (singular vocative)
asciae (plural vocative)

Asturian: azada, axada, xada

Catalan: aixa, aixada

French: aissette, asse, asseau, essette

Galician: aixada

Italian: ascia

Old French: aisse

Portuguese: archa, enxada

Sicilian: ascia

Spanish: aja, azada

Venetan: asa

According to one version, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷs-ih₂- (“axe”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp, pointed”) (see axe).
According to de Vaan, it is not plausible since a sequence *ks is usually retained in intervocalic Latin, which implies borrowing from an unidentified source. It is possible that the consonant cluster underwent metathesis in a different (IE?) language before the word entered Latin.


sutor

sūtor m (genitive sūtōris, feminine sūtrīx); third declension

sūtor (canonical masculine)
sūtōris (genitive)
sūtrīx (feminine)
sūtor (nominative singular)
sūtōrēs (nominative plural)
sūtōris (genitive singular)
sūtōrum (genitive plural)
sūtōrī (dative singular)
sūtōribus (dative plural)
sūtōrem (accusative singular)
sūtōrēs (accusative plural)
sūtōre (ablative singular)
sūtōribus (ablative plural)
sūtor (singular vocative)
sūtōrēs (plural vocative)

Old French: suor

Middle French: sueur

→ Proto-West Germanic: *sūtārī (see there for further descendants)

From suō (“I sew, stitch, join, fasten together”).

77, Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 35.86 http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/35*.html (translation Eugene Ehrlich, Say It in Latin, →ISBN
Ne supra crepidam sutor iudicaret. — The cobbler should not judge above the sandal.


gubernator

gubernātor m (genitive gubernātōris, feminine gubernātrīx); third declension

gubernātor (canonical masculine)
gubernātōris (genitive)
gubernātrīx (feminine)
gubernātor (nominative singular)
gubernātōrēs (nominative plural)
gubernātōris (genitive singular)
gubernātōrum (genitive plural)
gubernātōrī (dative singular)
gubernātōribus (dative plural)
gubernātōrem (accusative singular)
gubernātōrēs (accusative plural)
gubernātōre (ablative singular)
gubernātōribus (ablative plural)
gubernātor (singular vocative)
gubernātōrēs (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: govèrnor

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: gvernatåur

Lombard: governatur

Piedmontese: guvernatur

Sicilian: governaturi

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: guvernatore, guvernadore

Italian: governatore

Istriot: guvarnadur

desctree

Old French: gouvreneur, governeor, governur
Middle French: gouverneur
French: gouverneur (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Dutch: gouverneur
Dutch: gouverneur, goeverneur (before 1996)
Afrikaans: goewerneur
Negerhollands: guwerneer
→ Lokono: gouverneur
→ Indonesian: gubernur
Limburgish: goevernäör
→ German: Gouverneur
Norman: gouvernaeux, gouverneux (Guernsey), gouvèrneux (Jersey)
Walloon: gouverneûr
→ Middle English: governour, governor, governoure, governowre, governur
English: governor (see there for further descendants)
Scots: governour
Yola: governere

Old Occitan: governador

Occitan: governador

Old Catalan: governador

Catalan: governador

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: guviernadôr

Ladin: goernador

Romansch: guvernatur

Sabir: gobernator

Sardinian: cuberradore

West Iberian

Old Leonese:

Asturian: gobernador, gobernaor

Mirandese: gobernador

Old Galician-Portuguese: governador

Galician: gobernador

Portuguese: governador (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: gouernador

Ladino: gobernador

Spanish: gobernador (see there for further descendants)

→ Bulgarian: губернатор (gubernator)

→ English: gubernator

→ Georgian: გუბერნატორი (gubernaṭori)

→ Hindi: गवर्नर (gavarnar)

→ Latvian: gubernators

→ Macedonian: губернатор (gubernator)

→ Polish: gubernator

→ Ukrainian: губерна́тор (hubernátor)

→ Romanian: guvernator

→ Russian: губерна́тор (gubernátor)

→ Tajik: губернатор (gubernator)

[ɡʊbɛrˈnäːt̪ɔr]

From gubernō (“to pilot, govern”) + -tor.

In tranquillo esse quisque gubernator potest.

Unknown origin, often attributed to Publilius Syrus (1st Century BCE)

In a calm sea anyone can be the helmsman.