Abaddon

→ German: Abaddon

desc

→ Middle English: Abadon, Abbadon, Labadon, Laabadon

English: Abaddon

→ Spanish: Abadón

[äˈbäd̪ːoːn]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀβαδδών (Abaddṓn).

et habebant super se regem angelum abyssi cui nomen hebraice Abaddon graece autem Apollyon et latine habet nomen Exterminans
And they had over them a king, the angel of the bottomless pit; whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, and in Greek Apollyon; in Latin Exterminans. ― Douay–Rheims translation

ante''' AD 405, anonymous revisor(s) of the Vetus Latina, Biblia Sacra Vulgatae Editionis, Apocalypsis 9:11

(Late Latin) the name of the angel of Tartarus


abomasum

la-noun

abomāsum n (genitive abomāsī); second declension

abomāsum (canonical neuter)
abomāsī (genitive)
abomāsum (nominative singular)
abomāsa (nominative plural)
abomāsī (genitive singular)
abomāsōrum (genitive plural)
abomāsō (dative singular)
abomāsīs (dative plural)
abomāsum (accusative singular)
abomāsa (accusative plural)
abomāsō (ablative singular)
abomāsīs (ablative plural)
abomāsum (singular vocative)
abomāsa (plural vocative)

→ English: abomasum

→ Italian: abomaso

→ Malay: abomasum

→ Portuguese: abomaso

→ Spanish: abomaso

[äbɔˈmäːs̠ʊ̃ˑ]

ab- (“away from”) + omāsum (“tripe of a bullock”).


abacus

la-noun

abacus m (genitive abacī); second declension

abacī (genitive)
abacus (nominative singular)
abacī (nominative plural)
abacī (genitive singular)
abacōrum (genitive plural)
abacō (dative singular)
abacīs (dative plural)
abacum (accusative singular)
abacōs (accusative plural)
abacō (ablative singular)
abacīs (ablative plural)
abace (singular vocative)
abacī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: àbac

→ English: abacus

⇒ Esperanto: abako

→ French: abaque

→ Romanian: abac

→ Galician: ábaco

→ German: Abakus

→ Irish: abacas

→ Italian: abaco

→ Malay: abakus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus

→ Portuguese: ábaco

→ Russian: аба́к (abák)

→ Spanish: ábaco

From Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).

Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis quadrigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde propalam, ut nemini dubium esset eo die utique affuturum.

c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum Neronis XXII.period1

But in the early stages of his rule he used to play every day on a gaming board with ivory chariots. He would also travel from his retreat to the Circus games, even the least important ones, at first in secret and then openly. As a result, no one was in any doubt that he would be present in Rome that day at least.


Israel

la-proper noun

Isrāēl m sg (variously declined, genitive Isrāēl or Isrāēlis); indeclinable, third declension

Isrāēl (canonical masculine singular)
Isrāēl (genitive)
Isrāēlis (genitive)
Isrāēl (nominative singular)
Isrāēl (genitive singular)
Isrāēlis (genitive singular)
Isrāēl (dative singular)
Isrāēlī (dative singular)
Isrāēl (accusative singular)
Isrāēlem (accusative singular)
Isrāēl (ablative singular)
Isrāēle (ablative singular)
Isrāēl (singular vocative)

Asturian: Israel

Catalan: Israel

→ Old Dutch: israel

Middle Dutch: israel

desctree

Dutch: Israël
Afrikaans: Israel
→ Indonesian: Israel

→ English: Israel, Yisrael, Israhel
→ Japanese: イスラエル (Isuraeru)

French: Israël

Galician: Israel

→ German: Israel

→ Old Irish: Israhél, Israél
Irish: Iosrael
Manx: Israel
Scottish Gaelic: Iosrael

Norman: Israël

Portuguese: Israel

Romanian: Israel

Spanish: Israel

[ɪs̠ˈräːeːɫ̪]

Borrowed from Koine Greek Ἰσρᾱήλ (Isrāḗl), from Biblical Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yiśrāʾēl). The spelling Istrāhēl, from Ἰστρᾱήλ (Istrāḗl), was predominant until the dissemination of Jerome’s Vulgate (5th century CE), which popularized Isrāhēl. The h was gradually lost thereafter.

bor+

At ille: Nequaquam, inquit, Iacob appellabitur nomen tuum, sed Israhel: quoniam si contra Deum fortis fuisti quanto magis contra homines praevalebis.

(Late Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin) Israel, another name of the patriarch Jacob


colon

la-noun

cōlon n (genitive cōlī); second declension

cōlon (canonical neuter)
cōlī (genitive)
cōlon (nominative singular)
cōla (nominative plural)
cōlī (genitive singular)
cōlōrum (genitive plural)
cōlō (dative singular)
cōlīs (dative plural)
cōlon (accusative singular)
cōla (accusative plural)
cōlō (ablative singular)
cōlīs (ablative plural)
cōlon (singular vocative)
cōla (plural vocative)

→ English: colon


dictionarium

dictiōnārium n (genitive dictiōnāriī); second declension

dictiōnārium (canonical neuter)
dictiōnāriī (genitive)
dictiōnārium (nominative singular)
dictiōnāria (nominative plural)
dictiōnāriī (genitive singular)
dictiōnāriōrum (genitive plural)
dictiōnāriō (dative singular)
dictiōnāriīs (dative plural)
dictiōnārium (accusative singular)
dictiōnāria (accusative plural)
dictiōnāriō (ablative singular)
dictiōnāriīs (ablative plural)
dictiōnārium (singular vocative)
dictiōnāria (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: diccionariu (learned)

→ Aromanian: dictsiunar (learned)

→ Bourguignon: diccionâre (learned)

→ Catalan: diccionari (learned)

→ Corsican: dizziunariu (learned)

→ Fala: diccionariu (learned)

→ Galician: dicionario (learned)

desctree

→ Italian: dizionario (learned)
→ Neapolitan: dizziunario
→ Sardinian: ditzionàriu

→ Middle English: dixionare (learned)
English: dictionary

→ Middle French: dictionnaire (learned)
French: dictionnaire
Haitian Creole: diksyonè
Louisiana Creole: diksyonær, diksyonè, diksyonèr
→ Dutch: dictionaire
→ German: Diktionär
→ Franco-Provençal: diccionèro
→ Romanian: dicționar
→ Turkish: diksiyoner

→ Hungarian: szótár (calque)

→ Neapolitan: dezziunario (learned)

desc

→ Norman: dictionnaithe (learned) (Jersey)

→ Occitan: diccionari (learned)

→ Piedmontese: dissionari (learned)

desctree

→ Portuguese: dicionário (learned)
→ Tetum: disionáriu

→ Romanian: dicționar (learned)

→ Romansch: dicziunari (learned)

→ Sardinian: dizionariu (learned)

→ Scots: dictionar (learned)

→ Sicilian: dizziunariu (learned)
→ Maltese: dizzjunarju

→ Spanish: diccionario (learned)
→ Tagalog: diksiyonaryo

[d̪ɪkt̪ioːˈnäːriʊ̃ˑ]

From dictiō (“speech”) + -ārium (“storage location”). First attested in 1481.

etymon

dictiōnārium


te

The name of the Latin-script letter T/t.


de

Aragonese: de

Asturian: de

Aromanian: di

Old Catalan: de

Catalan: de

Corsican: di

Dalmatian: de

→ Esperanto: de

Franco-Provençal: de

Old French: de

Middle French: de

French: de

Friulian: di

Mozarabic: ד (d)

Old Galician-Portuguese: de

Galician: de

Portuguese: de

→ Ido: de

→ Interlingua: de

Italian: di, de

Ladin: de

Ladino: de

Old Lombard: de

Lombard: de

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: d', d′, di

Mozarabic: ד (d)

Neapolitan: 'e

Old Occitan: de

Occitan: de

Romanian: de

Romansch: da

Sicilian: di

Old Spanish: de

Spanish: de

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin de
From Proto-Italic *dē, from an instrumental singular form of Proto-Indo-European *de. Also in suffixes -dam, -dum, -de, -dō (e.g. quondam, inde, unde, quandō), dōnec, Ancient Greek δέ (dé), δή (dḗ), English to.

etymon

de Germanis

de Britannis

(particularly coins) over, in reference to the people subjugated when celebrating a Roman victory


tuba

la-noun

tuba f (genitive tubae); first declension

tubae (genitive)
tuba (nominative singular)
tubae (nominative plural)
tubae (genitive singular)
tubārum (genitive plural)
tubae (dative singular)
tubīs (dative plural)
tubam (accusative singular)
tubās (accusative plural)
tubā (ablative singular)
tubīs (ablative plural)
tuba (singular vocative)
tubae (plural vocative)

→ English: tuba

→ French: tuba

→ Galician: tuba

→ Italian: tuba

→ Russian: ту́ба (túba)

Possibly connected to tībia (“shinbone, reed-pipe”) with similarities in meaning and form.

(transferred sense)
loud sound
sonorous, elevated epic poetry


o

From Etruscan letter 𐌏 (o), from Ancient Greek letter ο (o, “omicron”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤏 (ʿ, “ayin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹.


calculator

calculātor m (genitive calculātōris, feminine calculātrīx); third declension

calculātor (canonical masculine)
calculātōris (genitive)
calculātrīx (feminine)
calculātor (nominative singular)
calculātōrēs (nominative plural)
calculātōris (genitive singular)
calculātōrum (genitive plural)
calculātōrī (dative singular)
calculātōribus (dative plural)
calculātōrem (accusative singular)
calculātōrēs (accusative plural)
calculātōre (ablative singular)
calculātōribus (ablative plural)
calculātor (singular vocative)
calculātōrēs (plural vocative)

[käɫ̪kʊˈɫ̪äːt̪ɔr]


vox audita perit, litera scripta manet

vōx audīta perit (canonical)
lītera scrīpta manet (canonical)

/u̯oːks au̯ˈdiː.ta ˈpe.rit ˈliː.te.ra ˈskriːp.ta ˈma.net/

[u̯oːks̠ äu̯ˈd̪iːt̪ä ˈpɛrɪt̪ ˈlʲiːt̪ɛrä ˈs̠kriːpt̪ä ˈmänɛt̪]

/voks au̯ˈdi.ta ˈpe.rit ˈli.te.ra ˈskrip.ta ˈma.net/

[vɔks äu̯ˈd̪iːt̪ä ˈpɛːrit̪ ˈliːt̪erä ˈskript̪ä ˈmäːnet̪]

A heard voice perishes, but the written letter remains.

litera scripta manet: A thing heard perishes

verbum ut inane perit: The written letter remains

volat irrevocabile verbum: The written letter remains

litera scripta manet: While words spoken may fly away


vox clandestina

vōx clandēstīna f (genitive vōcis clandēstīnae); third declension

vōx clandēstīna (canonical feminine)
vōcis clandēstīnae (genitive)
vōx clandēstīna (nominative singular)
vōcēs clandēstīnae (nominative plural)
vōcis clandēstīnae (genitive singular)
vōcum clandēstīnārum (genitive plural)
vōcī clandēstīnae (dative singular)
vōcibus clandēstīnīs (dative plural)
vōcem clandēstīnam (accusative singular)
vōcēs clandēstīnās (accusative plural)
vōce clandēstīnā (ablative singular)
vōcibus clandēstīnīs (ablative plural)
vōx clandēstīna (singular vocative)
vōcēs clandēstīnae (plural vocative)

[u̯oːks̠ kɫ̪än̪d̪eːs̠ˈt̪iːnä]


minister

minister m (genitive ministrī, feminine ministra or ministrīx); second declension

ministrī (genitive)
ministra (feminine)
ministrīx (feminine)
minister (nominative singular)
ministrī (nominative plural)
ministrī (genitive singular)
ministrōrum (genitive plural)
ministrō (dative singular)
ministrīs (dative plural)
ministrum (accusative singular)
ministrōs (accusative plural)
ministrō (ablative singular)
ministrīs (ablative plural)
minister (singular vocative)
ministrī (plural vocative)

Catalan: ministre

desctree

→ Danish: minister
→ Greenlandic: ministeri

→ Galician: ministro

German: Minister

Hungarian: miniszter

Italian: ministro

Occitan: ministre

→ Old French: ministre

French: ministre

Middle English: ministre

English: minister

→ Old Polish: minister (learned)
Polish: minister
Silesian: minister

→ Portuguese: ministro

Romanian: ministru

Russian: мини́стр (minístr)

Serbo-Croatian: ministar

Sicilian: ministru

Spanish: ministro

From Proto-Italic *minosteros. Equivalent to minus + comparative suffix *-teros. Compare magister.


regina

la-noun

rēgīna f (genitive rēgīnae, masculine rēx); first declension

rēgīna (canonical feminine)
rēgīnae (genitive)
rēx (masculine)
rēgīna (nominative singular)
rēgīnae (nominative plural)
rēgīnae (genitive singular)
rēgīnārum (genitive plural)
rēgīnae (dative singular)
rēgīnīs (dative plural)
rēgīnam (accusative singular)
rēgīnās (accusative plural)
rēgīnā (ablative singular)
rēgīnīs (ablative plural)
rēgīna (singular vocative)
rēgīnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: reina

Franco-Provençal: rêna

Friulian: reìne

Italian: regina

Maltese: reġina

Neapolitan: riggina

desctree

Old French: royne
French: reine
Norman: royne, ranne, reine
Walloon: royinne
→ Old East Slavic: ръ́ина (rŭ́ina)

Old Galician-Portuguese: reinha, reỹa, reynna, reýña, reyña, rreýña, rreyña, rainha, raynna, raỹa, rayña
Galician: raíña
Portuguese: rainha

Old Occitan: reina
Occitan: reina

Old Spanish: reyna
Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: regina, rigegna, raïna

Sardinian: reina, arreina

desc

Sicilian: rijina (obsolete), riggina (influenced by Italian)

Venetan: rexina

Walloon: royinne

→ Basque: erregina

→ English: Regina, regina

→ Interlingua: regina

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: regina

→ Romanian: regină

→ Translingual: Regina

Inherited from Proto-Italic *rēgīnā, see there for more. A feminine counterpart to rēx, rēgis (“king”).


servus

la-noun

servus m (genitive servī, feminine serva); second declension

servī (genitive)
serva (feminine)
servus (nominative singular)
servī (nominative plural)
servī (genitive singular)
servōrum (genitive plural)
servō (dative singular)
servīs (dative plural)
servum (accusative singular)
servōs (accusative plural)
servō (ablative singular)
servīs (ablative plural)
serve (singular vocative)
servī (plural vocative)

Asturian: siervu

Catalan: serf

Friulian: sierf

Italian: servo

Occitan: sèrve

desctree

Old French: serf
Middle French: serf
French: serf
→ English: serf

Portuguese: servo

Romanian: șerb, → serv

Sicilian: serbu

Spanish: siervo

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ʊs̠]

From Old Latin servos, from Proto-Italic *serwos (“guardian”), from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo-s (“guardian”), possibly from *ser- (“watch over, protect”). Cognate with servō, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (haraⁱti, “he heeds, protects”). By surface analysis, Proto-Indo-European *ser- + -vus.

surf

Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ser-</i>


factor

la-noun

factor m (genitive factōris); third declension

factōris (genitive)
factor (nominative singular)
factōrēs (nominative plural)
factōris (genitive singular)
factōrum (genitive plural)
factōrī (dative singular)
factōribus (dative plural)
factōrem (accusative singular)
factōrēs (accusative plural)
factōre (ablative singular)
factōribus (ablative plural)
factor (singular vocative)
factōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: factor

Crimean Tatar: faktor

English: factor, faitour

French: facteur
→ Turkish: faktör

Friulian: fatôr

Irish: fachtóir

Italian: fattore

Occitan: factor

Old French: faitre, faitor

Portuguese: feitor, fator

Romanian: factor

Russian: фа́ктор (fáktor)

Sicilian: fatturi

Spanish: factor, hechor

Venetan: fator

From faciō (“to do, make”) + -tor (masculine agent noun suffix).


conductor

la-noun

conductor m (genitive conductōris, feminine conductrīx); third declension

conductōris (genitive)
conductrīx (feminine)
conductor (nominative singular)
conductōrēs (nominative plural)
conductōris (genitive singular)
conductōrum (genitive plural)
conductōrī (dative singular)
conductōribus (dative plural)
conductōrem (accusative singular)
conductōrēs (accusative plural)
conductōre (ablative singular)
conductōribus (ablative plural)
conductor (singular vocative)
conductōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: conductor

English: conductor

French: conducteur

Galician: conductor

Old French: conduitor

Portuguese: condutor

Romanian: conducător, conductor

Russian: конду́ктор (kondúktor)

Spanish: conductor


actor

āctor m (genitive āctōris, feminine āctrīx); third declension

āctor (canonical masculine)
āctōris (genitive)
āctrīx (feminine)
āctor (nominative singular)
āctōrēs (nominative plural)
āctōris (genitive singular)
āctōrum (genitive plural)
āctōrī (dative singular)
āctōribus (dative plural)
āctōrem (accusative singular)
āctōrēs (accusative plural)
āctōre (ablative singular)
āctōribus (ablative plural)
āctor (singular vocative)
āctōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: actor

→ Catalan: actor

→ Middle English: actour

English: actor

→ Scottish Gaelic: actair

→ Welsh: actor

→ Italian: attore

→ Middle French: acteur

desctree

→ Dutch: acteur
Afrikaans: akteur
→ Indonesian: aktor

French: acteur

→ Norman: acteur

→ Norwegian Bokmål: aktør

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: aktør

→ Russian: актёр (aktjór), актёръ (aktjór) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: aktyor
→ Bashkir: актёр (aktyor)
→ Tajik: актёр (aktyor)
→ Uzbek: aktyor
→ Yiddish: אַקטיאָר (aktyor)

→ Swedish: aktör

→ Turkish: aktör

→ Occitan: actor

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: abtor, autor, outor (semi-learned)
Galician: actor
Portuguese: ator

→ Persian: بازیگر

→ Polish: aktor

→ Romanian: actor

→ Spanish: actor

Agent noun formed from āctus + -tor, perfect passive participle of agō (“do, act, make”).

(law) prosecutor, plaintiff, advocate, orator


doctor

la-noun

doctor m (genitive doctōris, feminine doctrīx or doctorissa); third declension

doctōris (genitive)
doctrīx (feminine)
doctorissa (feminine)
doctor (nominative singular)
doctōrēs (nominative plural)
doctōris (genitive singular)
doctōrum (genitive plural)
doctōrī (dative singular)
doctōribus (dative plural)
doctōrem (accusative singular)
doctōrēs (accusative plural)
doctōre (ablative singular)
doctōribus (ablative plural)
doctor (singular vocative)
doctōrēs (plural vocative)

Emilian: dutåur

Friulian: dotôr

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: dotuar

Italian: dottore

Sicilian: dutturi

→ Maltese: dottor

Old Galician-Portuguese: doutor

Galician: doutor

Portuguese: doutor

Sardinian: duttore, datori

Venetan: dotor
→ Cimbrian: dotóar

Borrowed terms

→ Albanian: doktor

→ Arabic: دُكْتُور (doktōr, duktūr)

Egyptian Arabic: دُكْتُور (duktūr)

Hijazi Arabic: دُكْتور (duktōr)

→ Armenian: դոկտոր (doktor)

→ Asturian: doctor

→ Belarusian: доктар (dóktar)

→ Bulgarian: доктор (doktor)

→ Catalan: doctor

→ Central Kurdish: دکتۆر (diktor)

→ Czech: doktor

→ Danish: doktor

→ Estonian: doktor

→ Faroese: doktari

→ Georgian: დოქტორი (dokṭori)

desctree

→ German: Doktor, Doctor (obsolete), Dr. (abbreviation)
→ Romanian: doctor

→ German Low German: Dokter

→ Hungarian: doktor

→ Icelandic: doktor

→ Indonesian: doktor

→ Irish: dochtúir

→ Luxembourgish: Dokter

→ Middle Dutch: doctor

Dutch: doctor
Afrikaans: doktor
→ Indonesian: doktor

Dutch: dokter
Afrikaans: dokter
Jersey Dutch: dâktor
Negerhollands: doktu, dokter
→ Caribbean Hindustani: dáktar
→ Caribbean Javanese: dhokter
→ Indonesian: dokter
→ Balinese: ᬤᭀᬓ᭄ᬢᭂᬃ (dokter)
→ Javanese: ꦝꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦼꦂ (dhokter)
→ Minangkabau: doto, dotor
→ Nias: doto
→ Sundanese: ᮓᮧᮊ᮪ᮒᮨᮁ (dokter)
→ Ternate: dokter
→ Papiamentu: dòkter, dòchter, dòktu, dokter
→ Sranan Tongo: datra
→ Aukan: dataa
→ Kari'na: datra
→ Trió: ratra

Limburgish: dókter

→ Latvian: doktors

→ Lithuanian: daktaras

→ Macedonian: доктор (doktor)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: doktor

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: doktor

→ Old French: doctur, docteur
Anglo-Norman: doctour
→ Middle English: doctour, doctor
English: doctor (see there for further descendants)
Scots: doctor
French: docteur
→ Arabic: دُكْتور (doktōr)
→ Kaba: dòktórò
→ Persian: دکتر (doktor)
→ Ottoman Turkish: دوقتور (doktor)
→ Turkish: doktor
→ Ladino: doktor
→ Vietnamese: đốc-tờ
Norman: docteu
Walloon: docteur

→ Old Czech: doktor (learned)
Czech: doktor

→ Old Polish: doktor (learned)
Polish: doktor, doktór (regional or colloquial)
→ Kashubian: doktór
Silesian: dŏchtōr

→ Russian: до́ктор (dóktor) (see there for further descendants)

→ Saterland Frisian: Dokter

→ Serbo-Croatian: doktor / доктор

→ Slovak: doktor

→ Slovene: doktor

→ Spanish: doctor, Dr., dostor, dotor
→ Tagalog: doktor
→ Yaqui: takter

→ Swedish: doktor, (Abbreviations) d:r, dr, dr.
→ Finnish: tohtori

→ Ukrainian: доктор (doktor)

→ Vilamovian: dökter

→ Welsh: doethur

→ Yiddish: דאָקטאָר (doktor)

[…] et validos partim prae se misere leones
cum doctoribus armatis saevisque magistris

c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 5.1310–1312

[…] and some let out before them strong lions,
with armed trainers and fierce masters
to manage them and hold them in restraints,

qui moderarier his possent vinclisque tenere,


PS

(literature) Initialism of post scriptum, postscriptum, postscript.


zeta

→ Catalan: zeta (learned)

→ English: zeta (learned)

→ French: zêta (learned)

→ Romanian: zeta

Old French: zede

Middle English: zed, zedde, zede

English: zed
→ Greek: ζεντ (zent)
→ Hindi: ज़ेड (zeḍ)
→ Japanese: ゼット (zetto), ゼッド (zeddo)
→ Korean: 제드 (jedeu)
→ Malay: zed
→ Marathi: जेड (jeḍ)
→ Russian: зэд (zɛd)
→ Thai: แซด (sɛ̂t)
→ Welsh: sèd

French: zède

→ Galician: zeta (learned)

→ Icelandic: zeta (learned)

→ Spanish: zeta (learned)

→ Swedish: zäta (learned)

→ Arabic: زِيد (zīd), دْزِيتَا (dzītā)

→ Dutch: zet

→ Faroese: sett, setta

→ Finnish: tseta, tset, zeta, zet

→ German: Zet, Zett

→ Czech: zet

→ Russian: зэт (zɛt), цэт (cɛt)

→ Ukrainian: зет (zet)

→ Hawaiian: zeta

→ Hebrew: זֵד (zed)

Italian: zeta

→ Malay: zet

Occitan: izèda

→ Persian: زد (zed)

→ Polish: zet

[ˈd̪͡z̪eːt̪ä]

[ˈd̪͡z̪ɛːt̪ä]

The name of the Greek letter zeta (Ζ, ζ).


zeta

la-noun

zēta f (genitive zētae); first declension

zēta (canonical feminine)
zētae (genitive)
zēta (nominative singular)
zētae (nominative plural)
zētae (genitive singular)
zētārum (genitive plural)
zētae (dative singular)
zētīs (dative plural)
zētam (accusative singular)
zētās (accusative plural)
zētā (ablative singular)
zētīs (ablative plural)
zēta (singular vocative)
zētae (plural vocative)

In third- and fourth-century writings of the Late Latin period, Z often represented word-initial prevocalic di.

[ˈd̪͡z̪eːt̪ä]

[ˈd̪͡z̪ɛːt̪ä]

(Late Latin) manuscript variant of diaeta


dator

dator m (genitive datōris); third declension

datōris (genitive)
dator (nominative singular)
datōrēs (nominative plural)
datōris (genitive singular)
datōrum (genitive plural)
datōrī (dative singular)
datōribus (dative plural)
datōrem (accusative singular)
datōrēs (accusative plural)
datōre (ablative singular)
datōribus (ablative plural)
dator (singular vocative)
datōrēs (plural vocative)

Italian: datore

Sicilian: daturi

Portuguese: dador

Spanish: dador

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₃tōr (“giver, donor”), from the root *deh₃- (“to give”) (whence also Latin dō). Cognates include Ancient Greek δώτωρ (dṓtōr) and Sanskrit दातृ (dā́tar-).

der

(sports) a slave who hands the player the ball


laurus

la-noun

laurus f (genitive laurī); second declension

laurī (genitive)
laurus (nominative singular)
laurī (nominative plural)
laurī (genitive singular)
laurōrum (genitive plural)
laurō (dative singular)
laurīs (dative plural)
laurum (accusative singular)
laurōs (accusative plural)
laurō (ablative singular)
laurīs (ablative plural)
laure (singular vocative)
laurī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: laur

Romanian: laur

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: lauru, lauro, làvoro

Corsican: addoru

Italian: alloro

Neapolitan: lauro, làvoro

Sicilian: aḍḍauru, lauru

Padanian:

Lombard: laur

Piedmontese: làuro, laur

⇒ Venetan: lavranèr, vialoro, doraro

Northern Gallo-Romance:

>? Franco-Provençal: lôro (Valdôtain)

Old French: lor

Old Lorrain: loir

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: lor

Catalan: llor, llort

Old Occitan: laur

Occitan: laur (Rouergue)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: lloru

Old Galician-Portuguese: louro

Galician: louro

Portuguese: louro, loiro

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: laru, lau, lavru

→ Albanian: lar

→ Asturian: lauro (learned)

→ Esperanto: laŭro

→ Italian: lauro (learned)

→ Polish: laur (learned)

→ Portuguese: lauro (learned)

→ Old Irish:

Manx: laurys

Scottish Gaelic: labhrais

→? Proto-Brythonic: *llọrɨβ̃

Welsh: llawryf

→ Proto-West Germanic: *laur (see there for further descendants)

→ Sicilian: lauru (learned)

→ Spanish: lauro (learned)

→ Latvian: laurs

→ Lithuanian: laurų

→ Samogitian: lauros

→ West Slavic:

Czech: vavřín

Polish: wawrzyn

Slovak: vavrín

Lower Sorbian: ławrjeńc

Upper Sorbian: ławrjenc

→ Hungarian: babér

→ Samogitian: babka, bakos

→ East and South Slavic:

Belarusian: лаўр (laŭr)

desc

Bulgarian: лавър (lavǎr), лавров (lavrov)

Bosnian: lovor

Croatian: lovor

Macedonian: лавор (lavor)

Russian: лавр (lavr) (see there for further descendants)

Serbo-Croatian: lovor, lovorika

Pannonian Rusyn: ловор (lovor)

Slovene: lovor

Ukrainian: лавр (lavr)

[ˈɫ̪äu̯rʊs̠]

From Old Latin dacrus. Related to Ancient Greek δάφνη (dáphnē, “laurel”), whence also the given name Δάφνη (Dáphnē), which Beekes derives from *dakʷ-(n-). Possibly related to Latin lacrima, dacrima and Ancient Greek δάκρυ (dákru), themselves from *dáḱru- and this from *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru-, referring to the shape of flowers, although this is uncertain.

(metonymically) laurels; a crown of laurel


acetabulum

la-noun

acētābulum n (genitive acētābulī); second declension

acētābulum (canonical neuter)
acētābulī (genitive)
acētābulum (nominative singular)
acētābula (nominative plural)
acētābulī (genitive singular)
acētābulōrum (genitive plural)
acētābulō (dative singular)
acētābulīs (dative plural)
acētābulum (accusative singular)
acētābula (accusative plural)
acētābulō (ablative singular)
acētābulīs (ablative plural)
acētābulum (singular vocative)
acētābula (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: acetàbul

→ English: acetabulum

→ Esperanto: acetabulo

→ French: acétabule, acétabulum

Italian: acetabolo

→ Portuguese: acetábulo

→ Romanian: acetabul

→ Russian: ацетабул (acetabul)

→ Spanish: acetábulo

[äkeːˈt̪äːbʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum (“a vessel for”).

suffix

saucer, any similarly sized and shaped dish


textile

la-noun

textile n (genitive textilis); third declension

textilis (genitive)
textile (nominative singular)
textilia (nominative plural)
textilis (genitive singular)
textilium (genitive plural)
textilī (dative singular)
textilibus (dative plural)
textile (accusative singular)
textilia (accusative plural)
textilī (ablative singular)
textilibus (ablative plural)
textile (singular vocative)
textilia (plural vocative)

Catalan: tèxtil

Danish: tekstil

Dutch: textiel

English: textile

French: textile
→ Turkish: tekstil

German: Textil, Textilie

Latvian: tekstils

Norwegian Bokmål: tekstil

Norwegian Nynorsk: tekstil

Portuguese: têxtil

Romanian: textil

Russian: текстиль (tekstilʹ)

Spanish: textil

Swedish: textil

[ˈt̪ɛks̠t̪ɪɫ̪ɛ]


Michael

la-proper noun

Michaēl m sg (genitive Michaēlis); third declension

Michaēl (canonical masculine singular)
Michaēlis (genitive)
Michaēl (nominative singular)
Michaēlis (genitive singular)
Michaēlī (dative singular)
Michaēlem (accusative singular)
Michaēle (ablative singular)
Michaēl (singular vocative)

Albanian: Mëhill

Italian: Michele

Old Leonese: Migael

Asturian: Miguel

Leonese: Micael, Migel

Old French: Michel

French: Michel

Portuguese: Miguel

Sicilian: Micheli

Spanish: Miguel

→ Danish: Michael

→ English: Michael

→ Czech: Michael

→ Finnish: Mikael

→ German: Michael

→ Icelandic: Mikael

→ Irish: Micheál

→ Japanese: ミカエル (Mikaeru)

→ Korean: 미카엘 (Mika'el)

→ Latvian: Miķelis

→ Norwegian: Mikael

→ Polabian: Maixăl

→ Polish: Michał

→ Swedish: Mikael

[ˈmɪkʰäeːɫ̪]

From the Koine Greek Μῐχᾱήλ (Mikhāḗl), from the Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mikha'él, “Michael”, literally “Who is like God?”).

der

De tribu Aser, Sthur, filium Michahel.

ante''' AD 405, Biblia Vulgata, Num. 13:14

Of the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael. ― World English Bible translation (Num. 13:13)

Princeps autem regni Persarum restitit mihi viginti et uno diebus; et, ecce, Michahel, unus de principibus primis, venit in adiutorium meum: et ego remansi ibi iuxta regem Persarum.

ante''' AD 407, Biblia Vulgata, Dan. 10:13

But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me twenty-one days; but, behold, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me: and I remained there with the kings of Persia. ― World English Bible translation

Michaël

used to signal that ae is not to be read as /e/ in Ecclesiastical pronunciation


pe

The name of the Latin-script letter P/p.


destino

la-verb

dēstinō (present infinitive dēstināre, perfect active dēstināvī, supine dēstinātum); first conjugation

dēstinō (canonical)
dēstināre (infinitive present)
dēstināvī (active perfect)
dēstinātum (supine)
dēstinō (active first-person indicative present singular)
dēstinās (active indicative present second-person singular)
dēstinat (active indicative present singular third-person)
dēstināmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
dēstinātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
dēstinant (active indicative plural present third-person)
dēstinābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dēstinābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dēstinābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dēstinābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
dēstinābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dēstinābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dēstinābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
dēstinābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
dēstinābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
dēstinābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
dēstinābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
dēstinābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
dēstināvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
dēstināvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēstināstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēstināvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēstināt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēstināvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
dēstināmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
dēstināvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēstināstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēstināvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstināvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstinārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstināveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
dēstināram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
dēstināverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
dēstinārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
dēstināverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
dēstinārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
dēstināverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
dēstinārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
dēstināverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
dēstinārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
dēstināverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
dēstinārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
dēstināverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
dēstinārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
dēstināveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēstināris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
dēstināverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēstinārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
dēstināverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
dēstinārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
dēstināveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēstināritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
dēstināverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstinārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
dēstinor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
dēstināris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dēstināre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dēstinātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
dēstināmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
dēstināminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
dēstinantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
dēstinābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
dēstinābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dēstinābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dēstinābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
dēstinābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
dēstinābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
dēstinābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
dēstinābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
dēstināberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dēstinābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dēstinābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
dēstinābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
dēstinābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
dēstinābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
dēstinem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dēstinēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dēstinētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dēstinent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dēstinārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstināret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dēstinārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstinārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstināverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
dēstinārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
dēstināverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstināverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstināverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
dēstinārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
dēstināverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstinārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstināverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstināvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
dēstināssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
dēstināvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstināssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstināvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstināsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstināvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
dēstināssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
dēstināvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstināssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstināvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstināssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstiner (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dēstinēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dēstinēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dēstinentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
dēstinārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēstinārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dēstinārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
dēstinārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dēstinārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dēstinā (active imperative present second-person singular)
dēstināte (active imperative plural present second-person)
dēstinātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
dēstinātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
dēstinātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
dēstinantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
dēstināre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
dēstināminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
dēstinātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
dēstinātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
dēstinantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
dēstināre (active infinitive present)
dēstināvisse (active infinitive perfect)
dēstināsse (active infinitive perfect)
dēstinātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
dēstinārī (infinitive passive present)
dēstinātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
dēstinātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
dēstināns (active participle present)
dēstinātūrus (active future participle)
dēstinātus (participle passive perfect)
dēstinandus (future participle passive)
dēstinandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
dēstinandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēstinandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēstinandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
dēstinātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
dēstinātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Catalan: destinar

Dalmatian: destinur

English: destine

French: destiner

Galician: destinar

Italian: destinare

Occitan: destinar

Portuguese: destinar

Romanian: destina

Sicilian: distinari

Spanish: destinar

From de- + *stanō, the latter an unattested verb from Proto-Italic *stanō, from Proto-Indo-European *stnéh₂ti ~ stn̥h₂énti. Related to stō. Compare obstinō and praestinō from the same stem.


Daniel

la-proper noun

Dāniēl m sg (genitive Dāniēlis); third declension

Dāniēl (canonical masculine singular)
Dāniēlis (genitive)
Dāniēl (nominative singular)
Dāniēlis (genitive singular)
Dāniēlī (dative singular)
Dāniēlem (accusative singular)
Dāniēle (ablative singular)
Dāniēl (singular vocative)

Albanian: Danjell, Daniell, Daniel

English: Daniel, Dan

Italian: Daniele

Swedish: Daniel

[ˈd̪äːnieːɫ̪]

From the Ancient Greek Δᾱνῑήλ (Dānīḗl), from the Biblical Hebrew דָּנִיֵּאל (Daniyél, “Daniel”, literally “God is [my] judge”).


gymnasium

la-noun

gymnasium n (genitive gymnasiī or gymnasī); second declension

gymnasiī (genitive)
gymnasī (genitive)
gymnasium (nominative singular)
gymnasia (nominative plural)
gymnasiī (genitive singular)
gymnasī (genitive singular)
gymnasiōrum (genitive plural)
gymnasiō (dative singular)
gymnasiīs (dative plural)
gymnasium (accusative singular)
gymnasia (accusative plural)
gymnasiō (ablative singular)
gymnasiīs (ablative plural)
gymnasium (singular vocative)
gymnasia (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: gjimnaz

Catalan: gimnàs

French: gymnase

Galician: ximnasio

→ German: Gymnasium (see there for further descendants)

Italian: ginnasio

Portuguese: ginásio

Romanian: gimnaziu

Spanish: gimnasio

[ɡʏmˈnäs̠iʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek γυμνάσιον (gumnásion, “exercise, school”), from γυμνός (gumnós, “naked”), because Greek athletes trained naked.


afflatus

la-noun

afflātus m (genitive afflātūs); fourth declension

afflātus (canonical masculine)
afflātūs (genitive)
afflātus (nominative singular)
afflātūs (nominative plural)
afflātūs (genitive singular)
afflātuum (genitive plural)
afflātuī (dative singular)
afflātibus (dative plural)
afflātum (accusative singular)
afflātūs (accusative plural)
afflātū (ablative singular)
afflātibus (ablative plural)
afflātus (singular vocative)
afflātūs (plural vocative)

Catalan: aflat

→ English: afflatus

Italian: afflato

Occitan: aflat

Portuguese: aflato

Spanish: aflato

[ˈäfːɫ̪ät̪ʊs̠]

Perfect passive participle of afflō (“I blow, breathe (on or towards)”).

(poetry, religion) afflation (from an inspiring spirit from an unknown source in Cicero; from a divine spirit in a pagan context or from the Holy Spirit in later Christian contexts)


Moses

la-proper noun

Mōsēs m sg (genitive Mōsis or Mōsī or Mōseī); third declension

Mōsēs (canonical masculine singular)
Mōsis (genitive)
Mōsī (genitive)
Mōseī (genitive)
Mōsēs (nominative singular)
Mōsis (genitive singular)
Mōsī (genitive singular)
Mōseī (genitive singular)
Mōsī (dative singular)
Mōsem (accusative singular)
Mōsēn (accusative singular)
Mōse (ablative singular)
Mōsēs (singular vocative)

From Ancient Greek Μωσῆς (Mōsês), Μωϋσῆς (Mōüsês), from Biblical Hebrew מֹשֶׁה (moshé).


abbas

la-noun

abbās m (genitive abbātis, feminine abbātissa); third declension

abbās (canonical masculine)
abbātis (genitive)
abbātissa (feminine)
abbās (nominative singular)
abbātēs (nominative plural)
abbātis (genitive singular)
abbātum (genitive plural)
abbātī (dative singular)
abbātibus (dative plural)
abbātem (accusative singular)
abbātēs (accusative plural)
abbāte (ablative singular)
abbātibus (ablative plural)
abbās (singular vocative)
abbātēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: abate (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: abbate

Sicilian: abbati

Padanian:

Piedmontese: abà

Romagnol: abêt

Old Occitan:

Catalan: abat

Occitan: abat

West Iberian

Asturian: abá

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: abade
Galician: abade
Portuguese: abade

Old Spanish: abbat, abad

Spanish: abad (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings

→ Crimean Tatar: abbat

→ Danish: abbed

→ Finnish: apotti

→ Georgian: აბატი (abaṭi)

→ Indonesian: abbas

→ Latvian: abats

→ Lithuanian: abatas

→ Middle Dutch: abbet

Dutch: abt
Afrikaans: ab

→ Old English: abbat, abbod

Middle English: abbot, abbod

English: abbot
Gullah: aabut

→ Old Norse: ábóti

Icelandic: ábóti

Norwegian: abbed

→ Old French: abbet (see there for further descendants)

→ Old High German: abbāt

Middle High German: abbāt

German: Abt

Luxembourgish: Abt

→ Hungarian: apát

→ Czech: opat
→ Polish: opat

→ Macedonian: опат (opat)

→ Serbo-Croatian: опат

→ Slovak: opát

→ Slovene: opat

→ Ukrainian: опат (opat)

→ Old Irish: ap (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: abbati

Faroese: abbati

→ Old Saxon: *abbat

Middle Low German: abbet, abt

→ Old Swedish: abbot

Swedish: abbot

→ Proto-Brythonic: *abad

Breton: abad

Cornish: abas

Middle Welsh: abat

Welsh: abad

→ West Frisian: abt

From Ancient Greek ἀββα, ἀββᾶς (abba, abbâs, “father or abbot”), from Aramaic אבא (’abbā, “father”).


rex

la-noun

rēx m (genitive rēgis, feminine rēgīna); third declension

rēx (canonical masculine)
rēgis (genitive)
rēgīna (feminine)
rēx (nominative singular)
rēgēs (nominative plural)
rēgis (genitive singular)
rēgum (genitive plural)
rēgī (dative singular)
rēgibus (dative plural)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgēs (accusative plural)
rēge (ablative singular)
rēgibus (ablative plural)
rēx (singular vocative)
rēgēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: rè

Italian: re
→ Maltese: re

Neapolitan: rré

Sicilian: re, reji

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rà

Old Lombard: rex

Lombard: rè, re

Piedmontese: rèj

Friulian: re

Ladin: re

Ligurian: re

Romansch: retg, raig, rai

Venetan: re

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rê

desctree

Old French: roi, rex, rei, rai, roy
Middle French: roy
French: roi, roy (obsolete) (pre-1800)
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa
Norman:
Continental Normandy: rai, ré, rey
Guernsey: ré, roué
Jersey: rouai
Sark: rwe
Walloon: roy, rwè
→ Middle English: roy, roye
English: roy

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: rei, rey

Catalan: rei

Old Occitan: rei
Occitan: rei, rèi

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: rei, rey

Aragonese: rei

Old Leonese: rei, rey, re

Asturian: rei, reye

Leonese: rei

Mirandese: rei

Old Galician-Portuguese: rei
Fala: rei
Galician: rei
Portuguese: rei (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rey
Ladino: rey
Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: re, rei

→ Albanian: regj

→ Basque: errege

→ English: rex, Rex

→ Esperanto: reĝo

→ Koine Greek: ῥήξ (rhḗx)

→ Greek: ρήγας (rígas)

→ Albanian: rig

→ Romanian: rigă

→ Ido: rejo

→ Interlingua: rege

→ Italian: rege

→ Romanian: rege

→? Sicilian: reghi

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Balaeniceps rex, Tyrannosaurus rex

→ Volapük: reg

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
From Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”).

etymon

rēx

inh

(derogatory) despot, tyrant (during the time of the Republic when there were no kings and executive power was usually divided)


servitudo

la-noun

servitūdō f (genitive servitūdinis); third declension

servitūdō (canonical feminine)
servitūdinis (genitive)
servitūdō (nominative singular)
servitūdinēs (nominative plural)
servitūdinis (genitive singular)
servitūdinum (genitive plural)
servitūdinī (dative singular)
servitūdinibus (dative plural)
servitūdinem (accusative singular)
servitūdinēs (accusative plural)
servitūdine (ablative singular)
servitūdinibus (ablative plural)
servitūdō (singular vocative)
servitūdinēs (plural vocative)

→ English: servitude

→ French: servitude

Italian: servitù

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: servidũe, servidõe

Galician: servidume

Portuguese: servidão

→ Romanian: servitudine

Spanish: servidumbre

[s̠ɛru̯ɪˈt̪uːd̪oː]


servitus

la-noun

servitūs f (genitive servitūtis); third declension

servitūs (canonical feminine)
servitūtis (genitive)
servitūs (nominative singular)
servitūtēs (nominative plural)
servitūtis (genitive singular)
servitūtum (genitive plural)
servitūtī (dative singular)
servitūtibus (dative plural)
servitūtem (accusative singular)
servitūtēs (accusative plural)
servitūte (ablative singular)
servitūtibus (ablative plural)
servitūs (singular vocative)
servitūtēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: servitud

Italian: servitù

Portuguese: servitude

Spanish: servitud

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ɪt̪uːs̠]

Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi te de terra Aegypti, de domo servitutis.

I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.


agricola

agricola m (genitive agricolae); first declension

agricolae (genitive)
agricola (nominative singular)
agricolae (nominative plural)
agricolae (genitive singular)
agricolārum (genitive plural)
agricolae (dative singular)
agricolīs (dative plural)
agricolam (accusative singular)
agricolās (accusative plural)
agricolā (ablative singular)
agricolīs (ablative plural)
agricola (singular vocative)
agricolae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: agrícola

→ French: agricole

→ Friulian: agricul

→ Italian: agricolo

→ Piedmontese: agrìcol

→ Portuguese: agrícola

→ Romanian: agricol

→ Spanish: agrícola

[äˈɡrɪkɔɫ̪ä]

ager (“field”) + -cola (“-tiller”, “-cultivator”)


poeta

la-noun

poēta m (genitive poētae); first declension

poēta (canonical masculine)
poētae (genitive)
poēta (nominative singular)
poētae (nominative plural)
poētae (genitive singular)
poētārum (genitive plural)
poētae (dative singular)
poētīs (dative plural)
poētam (accusative singular)
poētās (accusative plural)
poētā (ablative singular)
poētīs (ablative plural)
poēta (singular vocative)
poētae (plural vocative)

Asturian: poeta

Aromanian: puet

Catalan: poeta

Corsican: pueta

Extremaduran: pueta

Old French: poete

Middle English: poete

English: poet

Middle French: poete

French: poète

Friulian: poete

Galician: poeta

Italian: poeta

Piedmontese: poeta

Polish: poeta

Portuguese: poeta

Romanian: poet

Sicilian: puita

Spanish: poeta

From Ancient Greek ποιητής (poiētḗs, “poet, writer”).

bor

Sī versūs hōrum duōrum poētārum neglegētis, magnā parte litterārum carēbitis.

If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.


sagittarius

la-noun

sagittārius m (genitive sagittāriī or sagittārī); second declension

sagittārius (canonical masculine)
sagittāriī (genitive)
sagittārī (genitive)
sagittārius (nominative singular)
sagittāriī (nominative plural)
sagittāriī (genitive singular)
sagittārī (genitive singular)
sagittāriōrum (genitive plural)
sagittāriō (dative singular)
sagittāriīs (dative plural)
sagittārium (accusative singular)
sagittāriōs (accusative plural)
sagittāriō (ablative singular)
sagittāriīs (ablative plural)
sagittārie (singular vocative)
sagittāriī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: săgetar

→ Albanian: shigjetar

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: saettaio

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: seteiro

Spanish: saetero

Borrowings:

→ English: Sagittarius, sagittary

→ French: sagittaire, Sagittaire

→ Italian: sagittario, Sagittario

→ Portuguese: Sagitário

→ Romanian: sagitar

→ Spanish: Sagitario

[s̠äɡɪt̪ˈt̪äːriʊs̠]

From sagitta (“arrow”) + -ārius (suffix forming relational adjectives and agent nouns).


sagitta

la-noun

sagitta f (genitive sagittae); first declension

sagittae (genitive)
sagitta (nominative singular)
sagittae (nominative plural)
sagittae (genitive singular)
sagittārum (genitive plural)
sagittae (dative singular)
sagittīs (dative plural)
sagittam (accusative singular)
sagittās (accusative plural)
sagittā (ablative singular)
sagittīs (ablative plural)
sagitta (singular vocative)
sagittae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sãdzeatã

Romanian: săgeată

Italo-Romance:

Italian: saetta

→ Maltese: sajjetta

Sicilian: sajitta

North Italian:

Friulian: saete

Istriot: sàita

Ladin: saëta, sita

Piedmontese: sajëta

Romansch: sajetta

Venetan: sita, saéta

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: saete, saiete; sajette (latinized)

French: sagette

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: sageta

Occitan: sageta

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: saeta

Old Galician-Portuguese: saeta

Galician: seta

Portuguese: seta

Spanish: saeta

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: saitta

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: shigjetë

→ Tsakonian: σογίτθα (sogíttha)

→ Greek: σαΐτα (saḯta)

→ Old Irish: saiget (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *saɣeθ (see there for further descendants)

Later borrowings:

→ Catalan: sagita

→ English: sagitta

→ Esperanto: sago

→ Italian: sagitta

→ Translingual: Sagitta

→ Spanish: sagita

→ Volapük: sagit

[s̠äˈɡɪt̪ːä]

[säˈd͡ʒit̪ːä]

Unknown etymology. Probably from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language.
A minority view connects it to sāgiō (“to perceive quickly or keenly”).

the arrowhead (plant of the genus Sagittaria)


vinum

vīnum n (genitive vīnī); second declension

vīnum (canonical neuter)
vīnī (genitive)
vīnum (nominative singular)
vīna (nominative plural)
vīnī (genitive singular)
vīnōrum (genitive plural)
vīnō (dative singular)
vīnīs (dative plural)
vīnum (accusative singular)
vīna (accusative plural)
vīnō (ablative singular)
vīnīs (ablative plural)
vīnum (singular vocative)
vīna (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: yin, yinu

Istro-Romanian: vir

Megleno-Romanian: vin

Romanian: vin

Dalmatian:

vain

North Italian:

Friulian: vin

Istriot: veîn, vèin

Ladin: vin

Ligurian: vin

Lombard: vin

Piedmontese: vin

Romagnol: vẽn, vèin, vòin

Romansch: vin, vegn

Venetan: vin

Italo-Romance:

desctree

Italian: vino
→ English: vino
→ Sidamo: viino

Neapolitan: vino

Sicilian: vinu

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: vin

Old French: vin (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: vi

Occitan: vin

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: vino

Old Leonese:

Asturian: vinu

Extremaduran: vinu

Leonese: vinu

Mirandese: bino

Old Galician-Portuguese: vinho, vỹo, vinno, viño
Fala: viñu
Galician: viño, vinho (reintegrationist), vĩo (Ancarese)
Portuguese: vinho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: vino

Ladino: vino

Spanish: vino (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: binu

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Celtic: *wīnom (see there for further descendants)

→ Etruscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌌 (vinum)

→ Proto-Germanic: *wīną (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *vino (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *wīnom, from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom.

In vīnō vēritās.

Vīna bonus quae deinde cadīs onerārat Acestēs
lītore Trīnacriō dederatque abeuntibus hērōs
dīvidit ….
Next, wine – which good Acestes had loaded in casks along the Sicilian shore, and [which that] hero had given upon our departures – [Aeneas] divided up.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.195–197

(See: Acestes/Acestes; Aeneas/Aeneas; “Trinacria” was an ancient name for Sicily/Sicily.)

vīna quiēs sequitur
Rest is following the wines.

[Drink] [enough] wine, [and] rest follows.

Or, in more natural English, as implied by the plural vīna:


voco

la-verb

vocō (present infinitive vocāre, perfect active vocāvī, supine vocātum); first conjugation

vocō (canonical)
vocāre (infinitive present)
vocāvī (active perfect)
vocātum (supine)
vocō (active first-person indicative present singular)
vocās (active indicative present second-person singular)
vocat (active indicative present singular third-person)
vocāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
vocātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
vocant (active indicative plural present third-person)
vocābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
vocābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
vocābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
vocābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
vocābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
vocābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
vocābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
vocābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
vocābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
vocābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
vocābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
vocābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
vocāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
vocāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
vocāstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
vocāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
vocāt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
vocāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
vocāmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
vocāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
vocāstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
vocāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
vocāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
vocārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
vocāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
vocāram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
vocāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
vocārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
vocāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
vocārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
vocāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
vocārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
vocāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
vocārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
vocāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
vocārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
vocāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
vocārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
vocāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
vocāris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
vocāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
vocārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
vocāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
vocārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
vocāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
vocāritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
vocāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
vocārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
vocor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
vocāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
vocāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
vocātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
vocāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
vocāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
vocantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
vocābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
vocābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
vocābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
vocābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
vocābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
vocābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
vocābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
vocābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
vocāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
vocābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
vocābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
vocābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
vocābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
vocābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
vocem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
vocēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
vocet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
vocēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
vocētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
vocent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
vocārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
vocārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vocāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vocārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
vocārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vocārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vocāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
vocārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
vocāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vocārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vocāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vocārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vocāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
vocārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
vocāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vocārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vocāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vocārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vocāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
vocāssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
vocāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vocāssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vocāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vocāsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vocāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
vocāssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
vocāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vocāssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vocāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vocāssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vocer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
vocēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
vocēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
vocētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
vocēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
vocēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
vocentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
vocārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
vocārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
vocārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
vocārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
vocārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
vocārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
vocārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
vocā (active imperative present second-person singular)
vocāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
vocātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
vocātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
vocātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
vocantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
vocāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
vocāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
vocātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
vocātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
vocantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
vocāre (active infinitive present)
vocāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
vocāsse (active infinitive perfect)
vocātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
vocārī (infinitive passive present)
vocārier (infinitive passive present)
vocātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
vocātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
vocāns (active participle present)
vocātūrus (active future participle)
vocātus (participle passive perfect)
vocandus (future participle passive)
vocandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
vocandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
vocandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
vocandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
vocātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
vocātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Catalan: vogar (possibly)

Friulian: vogâ (possibly)

Galician: vogar (possibly)

Italian: vocare, vogare (possibly)

Occitan: vogar (possibly)

Franco-Provençal: voyer

Portuguese: vogar (possibly)

Sardinian: abogai, bogai (possibly)

Spanish: bogar (possibly)

Sicilian: vucari (possibly)

Venetan: vogar (possibly)

Denominal from the oblique stem *wokʷ- of vōx (“voice, speech”).

(transitive) to call, summon, beckon (with one's voice)

(transitive, by extension) to invoke, summon, call upon (a person, especially a god)

Cn. Fuluius Centumalus P. Sulpicius Galba consules cum idibus Martiis magistratum inissent, senatu in Capitolium uocato, de re publica, de administratione belli, de prouinciis exercitibusque patres consuluerunt.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1

When the consuls Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus and Publius Sulpicius Galba took up the magistracy on the Ides of March, they summoned the senate to the Capitoline Hill and consulted the senators on issues regarding the state, the handling of the war, the provinces and the armies.

(transitive, by extension) to summon, convene, call together

[…] ultro / hortantem et fessas ad pabula nota vocantem

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 4.265

[…] freely / calling them and exhorting the weary insects to eat their familiar food.

Vāde age, nāte! Vocā Zephyrōs et lābere pennīs, ….

[Jupiter to Mercury:] “Go, [fly] away, my son! Invoke the Zephyrs and glide on the wings [of your sandals], ….”


pugio

la-noun

pūgiō m (genitive pūgiōnis); third declension

pūgiō (canonical masculine)
pūgiōnis (genitive)
pūgiō (nominative singular)
pūgiōnēs (nominative plural)
pūgiōnis (genitive singular)
pūgiōnum (genitive plural)
pūgiōnī (dative singular)
pūgiōnibus (dative plural)
pūgiōnem (accusative singular)
pūgiōnēs (accusative plural)
pūgiōne (ablative singular)
pūgiōnibus (ablative plural)
pūgiō (singular vocative)
pūgiōnēs (plural vocative)

→ English: pugio (learned)

desc

→ Italian: pugio, pugione (rare, archaic) (learned)

→ Hebrew: פגיון (pigyón) (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ-, same source as Ancient Greek πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist”).

multōs in moenia ēgressōs pūgiōnibus fodere.

c. 100 CE – 110 CE, Tacitus, Histories 4.29

Many, who had struggled on to the walls, with their daggers they stabbed.

Pūgio, quem curvā signat brevis orbita vēnā,

86 CE – 103 CE, Martial, Epigrammata 14.33

strīdentem gelidīs hunc Salo tīnxit aquīs.


librarius

la-noun

librārius m (genitive librāriī or librārī, feminine librāria); second declension

librārius (canonical masculine)
librāriī (genitive)
librārī (genitive)
librāria (feminine)
librārius (nominative singular)
librāriī (nominative plural)
librāriī (genitive singular)
librārī (genitive singular)
librāriōrum (genitive plural)
librāriō (dative singular)
librāriīs (dative plural)
librārium (accusative singular)
librāriōs (accusative plural)
librāriō (ablative singular)
librāriīs (ablative plural)
librārie (singular vocative)
librāriī (plural vocative)


liberator

līberātor m (genitive līberātōris, feminine līberātrīx); third declension

līberātor (canonical masculine)
līberātōris (genitive)
līberātrīx (feminine)
līberātor (nominative singular)
līberātōrēs (nominative plural)
līberātōris (genitive singular)
līberātōrum (genitive plural)
līberātōrī (dative singular)
līberātōribus (dative plural)
līberātōrem (accusative singular)
līberātōrēs (accusative plural)
līberātōre (ablative singular)
līberātōribus (ablative plural)
līberātor (singular vocative)
līberātōrēs (plural vocative)

Inherited:

French: livreur

Portuguese: livrador

Spanish: librador

Borrowed:

→ English: liberator

→ French: libérateur

→ Italian: liberatore

→ Portuguese: liberador

→ Romanian: liberator

→ Sicilian: libbiraturi

→ Spanish: liberador

[lʲiːbɛˈräːt̪ɔr]

(historical) a member of the conspirators who participated in the plotted assassination of Julius Caesar, led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus


epulae

epulae f pl (genitive epulārum); first declension

epulārum (genitive)
epulae (nominative plural)
epulārum (genitive plural)
epulīs (dative plural)
epulās (accusative plural)
epulīs (ablative plural)
epulae (plural vocative)


harpe

harpē f (genitive harpēs); first declension

harpē (canonical feminine)
harpēs (genitive)
harpē (nominative singular)
harpae (nominative plural)
harpēs (genitive singular)
harpārum (genitive plural)
harpae (dative singular)
harpīs (dative plural)
harpēn (accusative singular)
harpās (accusative plural)
harpē (ablative singular)
harpīs (ablative plural)
harpē (singular vocative)
harpae (plural vocative)

Catalan: arpa

Italian: arpa

Occitan: arpa

Sicilian: arpa

From Ancient Greek ἅρπη (hárpē, “bird of prey, falcon, scimitar”).

der

bird of prey, hawk, falcon, tiercel or goshawk (falco gentilis)


serva

la-noun

serva f (genitive servae, masculine servus); first declension

servae (genitive)
servus (masculine)
serva (nominative singular)
servae (nominative plural)
servae (genitive singular)
servārum (genitive plural)
servae (dative singular)
servīs (dative plural)
servam (accusative singular)
servās (accusative plural)
servā (ablative singular)
servīs (ablative plural)
serva (singular vocative)
servae (plural vocative)

From servus (“slave, servant”) + -a (feminine suffix).


liber

la-noun

liber m (genitive librī); second declension

librī (genitive)
liber (nominative singular)
librī (nominative plural)
librī (genitive singular)
librōrum (genitive plural)
librō (dative singular)
librīs (dative plural)
librum (accusative singular)
librōs (accusative plural)
librō (ablative singular)
librīs (ablative plural)
liber (singular vocative)
librī (plural vocative)

q

Franco-Provençal: lévro (the only entirely "popular" descendant)

Aragonese: libro

→ Albanian: libër

→ Basque: liburu

Corsican: libru

Dalmatian: lebro

Emilian: lîber

→ English: liber, libro-

French: liber, libro-

Friulian: libri

→ Ido: libro

Istriot: leîbro

Italian: libro

Ladin: liber

Ligurian: libbro

Lombard: libar, liber, libru

→ Old French: livre (semi-learned)

French: livre

Norman: livre

Old Leonese:

Asturian: llibru

Extremaduran: libru

Leonese: llibru

Mirandese: lhibro, libro

Old Galician-Portuguese: livro, libro

Fala: libru

Galician: libro

→ Guinea-Bissau Creole: libru

Portuguese: livro

Old Occitan: libre

Catalan: llibre

Occitan: libre

Old Spanish: libro

desctree

Spanish: libro
Chavacano: libro
→ Bikol Central: libro
→ Cebuano: libro
→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: libro
→ Ibatan: libro
→ Quechua: liwru
→ Tagalog: libro
→ Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl: libro

Piedmontese: lìber

Romagnol: lìbar

desc

Sardinian: líbbaru, líbberu, libbru, líbburu

Sicilian: libbru

Venetan: łìbro

Walloon: lîv, live

→ Proto-Brythonic: *llɨβr (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Irish: lebor (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *luβros, from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-ró-s, from *lewbʰ- (“to peel, cut off, harm”), perhaps from *lew- (“to cut off”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic лꙋбъ (lubŭ, “bark of a tree”), Lithuanian lùpti (“to peel, to shell”). See also English leaf, lobby, lodge, Ancient Greek λυπή (lupḗ, “pain”).

cog

Parvē — nec invideō — sine mē, liber, ībis in urbem,
eī mihi, quod dominō nōn licet īre tuō!
Little book – I don’t begrudge [you] – without me you will go to the city: Going from me, because it is not allowed for your master to go!

(The exiled poet addresses his book as if it is a servant he will send to Rome.)


lupa

la-noun

lupa f (genitive lupae); first declension

lupae (genitive)
lupa (nominative singular)
lupae (nominative plural)
lupae (genitive singular)
lupārum (genitive plural)
lupae (dative singular)
lupīs (dative plural)
lupābus (dative plural)
lupam (accusative singular)
lupās (accusative plural)
lupā (ablative singular)
lupīs (ablative plural)
lupābus (ablative plural)
lupa (singular vocative)
lupae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: lupã

Asturian: lloba

Catalan: lloba

French: louve

Friulian: love

Italian: lupa

Neapolitan: lopa

Occitan: loba

Portuguese: loba

Sicilian: lupa

Spanish: loba

Venetan: lova

The feminine version of lupus. The sense “prostitute” is either a comparison of the prostitutes' predation on men to the wolf's rapacity, as also in Isidore's (often fanciful) opinion, or a reference to the she-wolf's uncleanliness and promiscuity (often culturally conflated), parallelled in English bitch.


pugna

pugna f (genitive pugnae); first declension

pugnae (genitive)
pugna (nominative singular)
pugnae (nominative plural)
pugnae (genitive singular)
pugnārum (genitive plural)
pugnae (dative singular)
pugnīs (dative plural)
pugnam (accusative singular)
pugnās (accusative plural)
pugnā (ablative singular)
pugnīs (ablative plural)
pugna (singular vocative)
pugnae (plural vocative)

From pugnō (“to fight”), from pugnus (“a fist”).


fenestra

fenestra f (genitive fenestrae); first declension

fenestrae (genitive)
fenestra (nominative singular)
fenestrae (nominative plural)
fenestrae (genitive singular)
fenestrārum (genitive plural)
fenestrae (dative singular)
fenestrīs (dative plural)
fenestram (accusative singular)
fenestrās (accusative plural)
fenestrā (ablative singular)
fenestrīs (ablative plural)
fenestra (singular vocative)
fenestrae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fireastrã

desctree

Romanian: fereastră, fereastă
→ Romani: felyastra

Dalmatian:

finiastra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: finestra

Italian: finestra

Neapolitan: fenesta

Sicilian: finestra, finesra

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: fnèstra

Lombard: fenestra, finestra, fnestra

Piedmontese: fnestra, fnesta

desc

Romansch: fanestra, finiastra, fnestra, faneastra

Venetan: finestra, fenestra

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: finestra

Franco-Provençal: fenétra

Old French: fenestre (see there for further descendants)

Gascon: hrièsta, herièsta, hièstra, hiestra

Occitan: fenèstra

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: finestra

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: fẽestra
Galician: fiestra
Portuguese: fresta

Old Spanish: finiestra

Early Modern Spanish: hiniestra

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: fënjeshtër

→ Breton: prenestr, fenestr (or via French)

→ Cornish: fenester

→ English: fenestra (learned)

→ Old Irish: seinistir

→ Portuguese: fenestra (learned)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *fenestr (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: fenestra (learned)

→ Welsh: ffenestr, ffenest

Apparently from Etruscan *fnestra (and fēstra from Etruscan *fenstra), compare the personal name Etruscan [script needed] (fnes-ci) and the placename Latin Fensernia, but nothing is known about the meaning of the Etruscan base.

window of opportunity
window of opportunity

an opportunity, opening, occasion, window of opportunity


piscis

la-noun

piscis m (genitive piscis); third declension

piscis (genitive)
piscis (nominative singular)
piscēs (nominative plural)
piscis (genitive singular)
piscium (genitive plural)
piscī (dative singular)
piscibus (dative plural)
piscem (accusative singular)
piscēs (accusative plural)
piscīs (accusative plural)
pisce (ablative singular)
piscibus (ablative plural)
piscis (singular vocative)
piscēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: pex

Aromanian: peashti, peashte, peshti

Catalan: peix

Corsican: pesciu

Dalmatian: pasc, pask

Friulian: pes

Istriot: piso

Istro-Romanian: peșt

Italian: pesce

Ladin: pësc

Ligurian: péscio

Lombard: pès

Megleno-Romanian: peaști

Neapolitan: pesce

Occitan: peis

desc

Old French: poisson, peison, peisoun, peisun, peisson, peissoun, peissun, pescion, poissoun (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: peixe, pexe, peyxe
Galician: peixe
Portuguese: peixe (see there for further descendants)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: pexe

Extremaduran: peci

Leonese: peixe

Mirandese: peç

Old Spanish: pez
Spanish: pez

Piedmontese: pess

Romagnol: pèṣ

Romanian: pește

desc

Romansch: pèsch, pesch (Rumantsch Grischun, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Puter, Vallader), pestg (Sutsilvan)

Sardinian: pisci (Campidanese), pische (Logudorese, Nuorese)

Sicilian: pisci

Venetan: pése, pésse, pisse

→ Albanian: peshk

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pɨsk (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *piskis, from Proto-Indo-European *péysks. Cognates include Old Irish íasc, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks) and Old English fisċ (English fish).

etymon

Piscis

Piscis Austrinus (constellation); the Fish

*porcopiscis

(i.e., porcus + piscis) pig-fish, porpoise


via

viae (genitive)
via (nominative singular)
viae (nominative plural)
viae (genitive singular)
viārum (genitive plural)
viae (dative singular)
viīs (dative plural)
viam (accusative singular)
viās (accusative plural)
viā (ablative singular)
viīs (ablative plural)
via (singular vocative)
viae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: vijë

Catalan: via

→ Dutch: via

→ English: via

Franco-Provençal: voué

French: voie, via

Galician: vía

Istriot: veîa

Italian: via

Piedmontese: via

Portuguese: via

Romanian: via

Romansch: via, veia

Sicilian: via

Spanish: vía

→ Swedish: via

* From Proto-Italic *wijā, from Proto-Indo-European *wih₁eh₂-, from *weyh₁- (“to pursue, be strong”). Cognate with Lithuanian vyti (“to pursue”). See also vīs, invītus, invītō, Ancient Greek οἶμος (oîmos).
* Or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰyeh₂-, from *weǵʰ- (whence vehō and English way). This hypothesis is rejected by De Vaan.

viam aquilae in caelō viam colubrī super petram viam nāvis in mediō marī et viam virī in adulēscentulā

The way of an eagle in the air, the way of a serpent upon a rock, the way of a ship in the midst of the sea, and the way of a man in youth. (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.; 1752 CE)


arma

la-noun

arma n pl (genitive armōrum); second declension

armōrum (genitive)
arma (nominative plural)
armōrum (genitive plural)
armum (genitive plural)
armīs (dative plural)
arma (accusative plural)
armīs (ablative plural)
arma (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)rmos (“fitting”), from the root *h₂er- (“to join”). armentum is an independent derivation from the same root, as if from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mn̥-tom. Cognates include Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “order; right; agreement etc.”) and अरम् (áram, “fitting”), Ancient Greek ἀραρίσκω (ararískō, “to fit together”) and Old Armenian արարի (arari, “I made”).
Semantic development was "that what is fitted together" → "tools" → "weapons". Also related to ars, artus, rītus.

cog

arms, weapons of war, weaponry, instruments (implements of warfare)


calx

la-noun

calx f (genitive calcis); third declension

calcis (genitive)
calx (nominative singular)
calcēs (nominative plural)
calcis (genitive singular)
calcium (genitive plural)
calcī (dative singular)
calcibus (dative plural)
calcem (accusative singular)
calcēs (accusative plural)
calcīs (accusative plural)
calce (ablative singular)
calcibus (ablative plural)
calx (singular vocative)
calcēs (plural vocative)

Direct reflexes:

Italian: calcio

Piedmontese: causs, còuss

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: couce m
Galician: couce m
Portuguese: coice m, (dated or dialectal) couce m

Old Spanish: coçe

Spanish: coz f

Derived forms:

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calcīcāre

Catalan: calcigar

Occitan: calcigar

Sardinian: accaccigai

⇒ Medieval Latin: calcatrippa

desc

Italian: calcatrippa, calcatreppola, cacatreppola

→ Old English: calcatrippe

English: caltrop

Uncertain, with possibilities including:
* An extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kel- (“to bend”).
* Non-Indo-European (possibly Etruscan) origin; however, de Vaan notes the lack of a "concrete comparandum" for this.
* From Proto-Indo-European *klHk(ᵂ)-(n)-, related to Serbo-Croatian kuk (“thigh, hip”), Bulgarian кълка (kǎlka, “hip”), Russian колк (kolk, “bony stump”), Latvian kulksnis (“hock”), Lithuanian kulksnis (“ankle”), Old Prussian culczi (“hip”).


iudex

la-noun

iūdex m (genitive iūdicis); third declension

iūdex (canonical masculine)
iūdicis (genitive)
iūdex (nominative singular)
iūdicēs (nominative plural)
iūdicis (genitive singular)
iūdicum (genitive plural)
iūdicī (dative singular)
iūdicibus (dative plural)
iūdicem (accusative singular)
iūdicēs (accusative plural)
iūdice (ablative singular)
iūdicibus (ablative plural)
iūdex (singular vocative)
iūdicēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: jutge

Franco-Provençal: jujo

Friulian: judis

Italian: giudice

Ladin: giudesc

Ligurian: giùdiçe

Neapolitan: jodece

Occitan: jutge

desctree

Old French: juge
French: juge
Norman: juge (Jersey)
Walloon: djudje
→ Middle English: juge, jugge, iuge
English: judge (see there for further descendants)
Scots: judge, juige
Yola: jooudge

Iberian Romance:

Aragonese: chuez

Old Leonese: iuez

Asturian: xuez, xuö

Leonese: xuez

Mirandese: juiç

Old Galician-Portuguese: juiz, juyz, joiz
Galician: xuíz
Portuguese: juiz

Old Spanish: juez, juiz, judez
Ladino: גואיס (jues)
Spanish: juez (see there for further descendants)

Romanian: jude

Sardinian: judiche, judighe, giudighe

Sicilian: jùdici

Venetan: xudexe

From Proto-Italic *jowozdiks. Equivalent to iūs (“law”) + the root of dīcere (“to indicate”) + -s.


poesis

la-noun

poēsis f (genitive poēsis); third declension

poēsis (canonical feminine)
poēsis (genitive)
poēsis (nominative singular)
poēsēs (nominative plural)
poēsis (genitive singular)
poēsium (genitive plural)
poēsī (dative singular)
poēsibus (dative plural)
poēsim (accusative singular)
poēsēs (accusative plural)
poēsīs (accusative plural)
poēsī (ablative singular)
poēsibus (ablative plural)
poēsis (singular vocative)
poēsēs (plural vocative)

Old French: poesie

desctree

Middle French: poesie
French: poésie, poësie (obsolete)
Haitian Creole: pwezi
→ Danish: poesi
→ German: Poesie
→ Romanian: poezie
→ Polish: poezja
→ Russian: поэ́зия (poézija), поэ́зія (poézija) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Kazakh: поэзия (poéziä)
→ Dutch: poëzie, (obsolete) poëzij
Afrikaans: poësie
→ Indonesian: puisi
→ Malay: puisi
→ Middle English: poesie
English: poesy

From the Ancient Greek ποίησις (poíēsis, “production, composition”).


mango

la-noun

mangō m (genitive mangōnis); third declension

mangō (canonical masculine)
mangōnis (genitive)
mangō (nominative singular)
mangōnēs (nominative plural)
mangōnis (genitive singular)
mangōnum (genitive plural)
mangōnī (dative singular)
mangōnibus (dative plural)
mangōnem (accusative singular)
mangōnēs (accusative plural)
mangōne (ablative singular)
mangōnibus (ablative plural)
mangō (singular vocative)
mangōnēs (plural vocative)

→⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *mangārī (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; but perhaps an agent noun related to Ancient Greek μαγγανεύω (manganeúō, “enchant, use charms”) and secondarily “trick out, dress artificially”, from the noun μάγγανον (mánganon, “philtre, charm, means for bewitching others”). Buck suggests that Latin mangō is a loanword based (ultimately or otherwise) on the Greek noun.
Alternatively, derived from manus (“hand”) via an unattested verb such as *manicō or *manigō (“handle, manage; trade, deal?”) (both requiring an unusual syncope of the verb suffix, the former also requiring an unusual voicing of /k/) + -ō (agent noun suffix). This would make it related to manceps (“purchaser; contractor”) and mancipium (“property, slave”), whence perhaps the sense of “slave-trader”. The semantic trajectory would be similar to that of German handeln (“to handle; to trade, deal”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *handuz (“hand”).

noncog

dealer, monger in slaves or wares (to which he tries to give an appearance of greater value by adorning them)


pagina

la-noun

pāgina f (genitive pāginae); first declension

pāgina (canonical feminine)
pāginae (genitive)
pāgina (nominative singular)
pāginae (nominative plural)
pāginae (genitive singular)
pāginārum (genitive plural)
pāginae (dative singular)
pāginīs (dative plural)
pāginam (accusative singular)
pāginās (accusative plural)
pāginā (ablative singular)
pāginīs (ablative plural)
pāgina (singular vocative)
pāginae (plural vocative)

Italian: pania (“birdlime”)

Italian: panione, paniuzza; painella (Lucca)

→ Aromanian: padzinã

→ Asturian: páxina

→ Catalan: pàgina

→ Dutch: pagina
→ Indonesian: pagina

→ English: pagina

→ Middle English: pagent

English: pageant

→ Friulian: pagjine

→ Galician: páxina

→ Ido: pagino

→ Interlingua: pagina

→ Italian: pagina

→ Occitan: pagina

→ Old French: page

Middle French: page

→ Dutch: page

→ English: page

→ Hindi: पेज (pej)

→ Japanese: ページ

→ Korean: 페이지 (peiji)

Pitcairn-Norfolk: paij

Tok Pisin: pes

French: page

Haitian Creole: page

Walloon: pådje

→ Piedmontese: pàgina

→ Portuguese: página

→ Romanian: pagină

→ Romansch: pagina

→ Sardinian: pàgina

→ Sicilian: pàggina

→ Maltese: paġna

→ Spanish: página

→ Tagalog: pahina

→ Venetan: pajina, pàxena

[ˈpäːd͡ʒinä]

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fasten, fix”), perhaps from “papyrus sheets fastened to each other” or from “fastening/imprinting letters”. See also pangō (“to insert firmly, to fix”).

der

a written page, leaf, sheet
(transferred) a piece of writing

a written page, leaf, sheet
a piece of writing

a (bronze) plaque on the pedestal for statues listing the person's titles, offices and merits

(Medieval Latin) a legal document (charter, will)

a written page, leaf, sheet
a legal document (charter, will)

(Medieval Latin) a pageant (usu. in a cycle of mystery plays, esp. as performed by guild of craftsmen)


Aaron

la-proper noun

Aarōn m sg (variously declined, genitive Aarōn or Aarōnis); indeclinable, third declension

Aarōn (canonical masculine singular)
Aarōn (genitive)
Aarōnis (genitive)
Aarōn (nominative singular)
Aarōn (genitive singular)
Aarōnis (genitive singular)
Aarōn (dative singular)
Aarōnī (dative singular)
Aarōn (accusative singular)
Aarōnem (accusative singular)
Aarōn (ablative singular)
Aarōne (ablative singular)
Aarōn (singular vocative)

→ Catalan: Aaró, Aaron

→ Chinese: 亞倫／亚伦 (Yàlún, Yǎlún)

→ Danish: Aron
→ Greenlandic: Aalut

→ Dutch: Aäron

→ English: Aaron

→ Estonian: Aaron

→ Faroese: Aron

→ Finnish: Aaron, Aron

→ French: Aaron

→ German: Aaron

→ Hungarian: Áron

→ Icelandic: Aron

→ Irish: Árón

→ Italian: Aronne

→ Korean: 아론 (Aron)

→ Lithuanian: Aronas

→ Maltese: Aronn

→ Maori: Arona

→ Northern Sami: Áron

→ Norwegian: Aron

→ Polish: Aaron

→ Portuguese: Aarão

→ Russian: Ааро́н (Aarón), Аро́н (Arón)

→ Kazakh: Арон (Aron)

→ Spanish: Aarón

→ Swedish: Aron

In qua facie ad faciem visibilem se ei repromiserat, etiam ad Aaronem dicens […]

207 CE – 208 CE, Tertullian, Adversus Marcionem 22.15

He promised that he would be visible to him face to face, even saying to Aaron […]

(Ecclesiastical Latin) Aaron (biblical figure)


materia

la-noun

māteria f (genitive māteriae); first declension

māteria (canonical feminine)
māteriae (genitive)
māteria (nominative singular)
māteriae (nominative plural)
māteriae (genitive singular)
māteriārum (genitive plural)
māteriae (dative singular)
māteriīs (dative plural)
māteriam (accusative singular)
māteriās (accusative plural)
māteriā (ablative singular)
māteriīs (ablative plural)
māteria (singular vocative)
māteriae (plural vocative)

Asturian: madera, materia

→ Franco-Provençal: matièri

→ Old French: matere

French: matière

desctree

→ Middle Dutch: materie
Dutch: materie
Negerhollands: materie, matering
→ Indonesian: materi

→ Middle English: matere

English: matter

Scots: matter

→ German: Materie

Hunsrik: Materje

→ Italian: materia

Old Francoprovençal: maieiri

Old Galician-Portuguese: madeira

Fala: madeira, maeira, meira

Galician: madeira

Portuguese: madeira

→ Portuguese: matéria (learned)

→ Romanian: materie

→ Russian: мате́рия (matérija), мате́рія (matérija) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Kazakh: материя (materiä)

Sicilian: matera, matèria

Old Spanish: madera

Spanish: madera

→ Spanish: materia

→ Swedish: materia

→ Turkish: öğe (calque)

[mäːˈt̪ɛriä]

[mäˈt̪ɛːriä]

Traditionally derived from māter (“mother, at least in the sense of 'source'”) + -ia, in which case cognate with Old Armenian մայր (mayr, “cedar”) and մայրի (mayri, “forest”). More recently, referred to Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“build”). Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē, “wood, matter”), introduced by Cicero.

sl

Et vellem, herculēs, māteriam repperīrem aliquam quam deus tantus affluenter indueret.

c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses 2.31

And, by Hercules, I would like to find [clothing] material that such a great god could wear in flowing folds.

matter; material; component stuff; substance


trigon

la-noun

trigōn m (genitive trigōnis); third declension

trigōn (canonical masculine)
trigōnis (genitive)
trigōn (nominative singular)
trigōnēs (nominative plural)
trigōnis (genitive singular)
trigōnum (genitive plural)
trigōnī (dative singular)
trigōnibus (dative plural)
trigōnem (accusative singular)
trigōnēs (accusative plural)
trigōne (ablative singular)
trigōnibus (ablative plural)
trigōn (singular vocative)
trigōnēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τρίγων (trígōn), related to τρίγωνον (trígōnon, “triangle”).

bor+

a Roman ball game involving three people standing in a triangle


author

la-noun

author m (genitive authōris); third declension

authōris (genitive)
author (nominative singular)
authōrēs (nominative plural)
authōris (genitive singular)
authōrum (genitive plural)
authōrī (dative singular)
authōribus (dative plural)
authōrem (accusative singular)
authōrēs (accusative plural)
authōre (ablative singular)
authōribus (ablative plural)
author (singular vocative)
authōrēs (plural vocative)

Late variant of auctor and autor under influence of descendants such as English author.

(New Latin, proscribed) Alternative form of auctor: source, creator, vendor, author, artist.


Thomas

la-proper noun

Thōmās m (genitive Thōmae); first declension

Thōmās (canonical masculine)
Thōmae (genitive)
Thōmās (nominative singular)
Thōmae (nominative plural)
Thōmae (genitive singular)
Thōmārum (genitive plural)
Thōmae (dative singular)
Thōmīs (dative plural)
Thōmān (accusative singular)
Thōmās (accusative plural)
Thōmā (ablative singular)
Thōmīs (ablative plural)
Thōmā (singular vocative)
Thōmae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

>? Romanian: Toma

>? Italian: Tommaso

→ Sicilian: Tummasu

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: Tomás

Old Leonese:

Asturian: Tomás

desctree

>? Old French: Tumas m
Middle French: Thomas m
French: Thomas m
→ Vietnamese: Tô-ma, Tôma, Thô-ma

Old Occitan:

Catalan: Tomàs m

Occitan: Tomàs

>? Old Galician-Portuguese: Thomas

Galician: Tomás, Tomé

desc

Portuguese: Tomás, Thomás m (dated), Tomé

>? Old Spanish:

desctree

Spanish: Tomás
→ Cebuano: Tomas
→ Tagalog: Tomas
→ Chinese: → 托馬斯／托马斯 (Tuōmǎsī) (transliteration)

Norman: Thonmas, Thomas

Piedmontese: Tomà

Sicilian: Tumasi

Venetan: Tomà

→ Basque: Tomas

→ Czech: Tomáš

→ Danish: Thomas, Tomas
→ Greenlandic: Tuumarsi

→ Estonian: Toomas

→ Faroese: Tummas

→ Finnish: Tuomas

→ German: Thomas

→ Hungarian: Tamás

→ Icelandic: Tómas

→ Irish: Tomás

→ Latvian: Toms, Tomass

→ Lithuanian: Tomas

→ Maltese: Tumas

→ Manx: Thomaase

→ Middle English: Thomas
English: Thomas
→ Hawaiian: Kamaki
→ Maori: Tāmati
→ Scottish Gaelic: Tòmas

→ Norwegian: Thomas, Tomas

→ Polish: Tomasz

→ Sami: Dommá, Duomis, Duommá

→ Scottish Gaelic: Tàmhas, Tòmas

→ Slovak: Tomáš

→ Slovene: Tomaž

→ Swedish: Tomas, Thomas

→ Welsh: Tomos

→ West Frisian: Tomas

[ˈt̪ʰoːmäːs̠]

From Ancient Greek Θωμᾶς m (Thōmâs), the Biblical Greek transcription of Aramaic תאומא or תאמא (“twin”), the nickname of one of the Twelve Apostles.


ferrum

la-noun

ferrum n (genitive ferrī); second declension

ferrī (genitive)
ferrum (nominative singular)
ferra (nominative plural)
ferrī (genitive singular)
ferrōrum (genitive plural)
ferrō (dative singular)
ferrīs (dative plural)
ferrum (accusative singular)
ferra (accusative plural)
ferrō (ablative singular)
ferrīs (ablative plural)
ferrum (singular vocative)
ferra (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: her, heru, hjeru

Istro-Romanian: fľer

Megleno-Romanian: ier, ieru

Romanian: fier, fer — regional

Dalmatian:

fiar

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: ferru, farru

Italian: ferro

→? Sabir: ferro

Neapolitan: fierro

Tarantino: fierro

Sicilian: ferru

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: fèr

Ligurian: færo

Lombard: fèr

Piedmontese: fer

Romagnol: fër

Friulian: fiêr

Istriot: fièro

Ladin: fer

Romansch: fier

Venetan: fero

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: fèr, fèrro, fa, far, farou, fè, fê

desctree

Old French: fer
Middle French: fer
French: fer (see there for further descendants)
Norman: fé (France, Jersey), faer (Guernsey), fer (Sark)
Walloon: fier

Occitano-Romance:

Gascon: hèr

Occitan: fèrre, ferri, fèr

Old Catalan: ferr, ferre, ferro

Catalan: ferro

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: fierro

Aragonese: fierro

Ribagorçan: ferri

Old Leonese: fierru

desc

Asturian: fierro, fierru, ḥierru, ḥierro

Extremaduran: hierru

Leonese: fierru

Mirandese: fierro

Old Galician-Portuguese: ferro

Fala: ferru

Galician: ferro

Portuguese: ferro (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Spanish: fierro
Ladino: fierro
Spanish: fierro, hierro
Papiamentu: heru

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: ferru (most dialects), erru (most Nuorese varieties)

Borrowings:

→ English: ferrum

→ Malay: ferum

→ Translingual: Fe

From earlier *ferzom, from a substrate loanword from an unknown source. According to de Vaan, possibly from a Phoenician dialect, 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 (brzl /barzel/, “iron”), akin to Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא, ܦܪܙܠܐ (parzəlā, “iron”), Akkadian 𒀭𒁇 (parzillum, “iron”), Ugaritic 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 (brḏl, “iron”), considered of Anatolian origin. The word could have entered Latin through Etruscan.

unk

unknown

cog

Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא

Non est miscix. ferrum optimum daturus est, sine fuga, carnarium in medio, ut amphitheater videat.

c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 45.6

He is no flibbertigibbet, he will give the best fight, without flight, a carnage in the middle, so that the whole amphitheater will see it.

c. 161, Dig. XXVIII.I.8.4 Gaius libro septimo decimo ad edictum provinciale
Hi vero, qui ad ferrum aut ad bestias aut in metallum damnantur, libertatem perdunt bonaque eorum publicantur: unde apparet amittere eos testamenti factionem.

But those sentenced to fight in the arena or with the beasts or to work in the mines lose freedom and their assets are forfeited: hence one sees that the efficacy of their last will must be denied.


Martha

la-proper noun

Martha f (genitive Marthae); first declension

Marthae (genitive)
Martha (nominative singular)
Marthae (nominative plural)
Marthae (genitive singular)
Marthārum (genitive plural)
Marthae (dative singular)
Marthīs (dative plural)
Martham (accusative singular)
Marthās (accusative plural)
Marthā (ablative singular)
Marthīs (ablative plural)
Martha (singular vocative)
Marthae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: Marta

→ Czech: Marta

→ Danish: Martha

→ Dutch: Marta

→ English: Martha

→ Hawaiian: Maleka

→ Maori: Māta

→ Estonian: Marta

→ Faroese: Marta

→ Finnish: Martta, Marppa

→ French: Marthe

→ Galician: Marta

→ German: Marta, Martha

→ Hungarian: Márta

→ Icelandic: Marta

→ Italian: Marta

→ Latvian: Marta

→ Lithuanian: Morta

→ Northern Sami: Mártá

→ Norwegian: Marte, Martha, Marthe

→ Polish: Marta

→ Portuguese: Marta

→ Romanian: Marta

→ Slovak: Marta

→ Slovene: Marta

→ Spanish: Marta

→ Swedish: Marta

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Μάρθα (Mártha), from Aramaic מָרְתָא (mārtā).


amen

tlb

(biblical, Christianity, Late Latin, Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin)

Borrowed from Koine Greek ᾱ̓μήν (āmḗn), from Biblical Hebrew אָמֵן (ʾāmēn, “certainly, truly”); cognate with Arabic آمِين (ʔāmīn), Aramaic אַמִין (ʾamīn), Classical Syriac ܐܰܡܺܝܢ (ʾamīn).


dominus

la-noun

dominus m (genitive dominī, feminine domina); second declension

dominī (genitive)
domina (feminine)
dominus (nominative singular)
dominī (nominative plural)
dominī (genitive singular)
dominōrum (genitive plural)
dominō (dative singular)
dominīs (dative plural)
dominum (accusative singular)
dominōs (accusative plural)
dominō (ablative singular)
dominīs (ablative plural)
domine (singular vocative)
dominī (plural vocative)

desctree

⇒ Late Latin: domnus
Aragonese: dueño
Aromanian: domnu
Italian: donno
Megleno-Romanian: domn
Old Galician-Portuguese: dono
Galician: dono
Portuguese: dono
Romanian: domn
Sardinian: donnu
Sicilian: donnu
Spanish: dueño

q

⇒ Medieval Latin: dominō (from the dative, possibly from benedīcāmus Dominō)

→ Spanish: dominó
→ Tagalog: dóminó

→ French: domino (see there for further descendants)

→ Basque: done

Catalan: en, na

→ Dutch: dominee (from the vocative)

desc

→ English: domine, dominie, dominus, don

Italian: domino

Old French: dam

Portuguese: Dom

→ Spanish: dómine

[ˈd̪ɔmɪnʊs̠]

The original identity of the second vowel of this word is unclear:
* from Proto-Italic *dom-o/u-nos (“of the house”); both u- and o-stems are found in other branches;
* from Proto-Italic *domanos, from Proto-Indo-European *domHnos (“homeowner”), from *dṓm (“house”) + *-Hō (Hoffmann's suffix) via the oblique stem *-Hn-.
In either case, likely further related to domus, from Proto-Italic *domos, from Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”).

inh

master, possessor, ruler, lord, proprietor

owner of a residence; master of his servants and slaves


catapulta

la-noun

catapulta f (genitive catapultae); first declension

catapultae (genitive)
catapulta (nominative singular)
catapultae (nominative plural)
catapultae (genitive singular)
catapultārum (genitive plural)
catapultae (dative singular)
catapultīs (dative plural)
catapultam (accusative singular)
catapultās (accusative plural)
catapultā (ablative singular)
catapultīs (ablative plural)
catapulta (singular vocative)
catapultae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: catapulta

→ Corsican: catapulta

→ English: catapulta (learned)

→ German: Katapult

→ Italian: catapulta

desc

→ Middle French: cacapulte, catapulte, cathapulte

French: catapulte
→ Romanian: catapultă

→ English: catapult

→ Polish: katapulta

→ Portuguese: catapulta

→ Spanish: catapulta

[kät̪äˈpʊɫ̪t̪ä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek καταπέλτης (katapéltēs).


cantor

la-noun

cantor m (genitive cantōris, feminine cantrīx); third declension

cantōris (genitive)
cantrīx (feminine)
cantor (nominative singular)
cantōrēs (nominative plural)
cantōris (genitive singular)
cantōrum (genitive plural)
cantōrī (dative singular)
cantōribus (dative plural)
cantōrem (accusative singular)
cantōrēs (accusative plural)
cantōre (ablative singular)
cantōribus (ablative plural)
cantor (singular vocative)
cantōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: cantor

Catalan: cantor

Champenois: chantou

English: cantor

Franc-Comtois: tchaintou

French: chantre, chanteur

Friulian: cjantôr

Galician: cantor

Italian: cantore

Norman: chanteux

Portuguese: cantor

Romanian: cantor

Sardinian: cantore, cantori

Spanish: cantor

Swedish: kantor

Venetan: cantor

Walloons: tchanteu

vel audire possum ultra vocem cantorum atque cantricum?

Can I still hear the voices of male and female singers?


placenta

placenta f (genitive placentae); first declension

placentae (genitive)
placenta (nominative singular)
placentae (nominative plural)
placentae (genitive singular)
placentārum (genitive plural)
placentae (dative singular)
placentīs (dative plural)
placentam (accusative singular)
placentās (accusative plural)
placentā (ablative singular)
placentīs (ablative plural)
placenta (singular vocative)
placentae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: plãtsintã

Romanian: plăcintă (see there for further descendants)

→ Asturian: placenta

→ Bulgarian: плацента (placenta)

→ Catalan: placenta

→ Czech: placenta

→ Dutch: placenta

→ English: placenta

→ French: placenta

→ Galician: placenta

→ German: Plazenta

→ Italian: placenta

→ Portuguese: placenta

→ Romanian: placentă

→ Russian: плацента (placenta)

→ Spanish: placenta

→ Vilamovian: płoc

[pɫ̪äˈkɛn̪t̪ä]

[pläˈt͡ʃɛn̪t̪ä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πλακόεντα (plakóenta), πλακοῦντα (plakoûnta), accusative of πλακόεις (plakóeis), πλακοῦς (plakoûs, “flat cake”), from πλάξ (pláx, “flat”).

a placenta cake; a round cake with a ribbed base and a convex top with a knob in the middle and a honey and cheese filling.