vociferor

la-verb

vōciferor (present infinitive vōciferārī, perfect active vōciferātus sum); first conjugation, deponent

vōciferor (canonical)
vōciferārī (infinitive present)
vōciferātus sum (active perfect)
vōciferor (active first-person indicative present singular)
vōciferāris (active indicative present second-person singular)
vōciferāre (active indicative present second-person singular)
vōciferātur (active indicative present singular third-person)
vōciferāmur (active first-person indicative plural present)
vōciferāminī (active indicative plural present second-person)
vōciferantur (active indicative plural present third-person)
vōciferābar (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
vōciferābāris (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
vōciferābāre (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
vōciferābātur (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
vōciferābāmur (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
vōciferābāminī (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
vōciferābantur (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
vōciferābor (active first-person future indicative singular)
vōciferāberis (active future indicative second-person singular)
vōciferābere (active future indicative second-person singular)
vōciferābitur (active future indicative singular third-person)
vōciferābimur (active first-person future indicative plural)
vōciferābiminī (active future indicative plural second-person)
vōciferābuntur (active future indicative plural third-person)
vōciferer (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
vōciferēris (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
vōciferēre (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
vōciferētur (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
vōciferēmur (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
vōciferēminī (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
vōciferentur (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
vōciferārer (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
vōciferārēris (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vōciferārēre (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vōciferārētur (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vōciferārēmur (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
vōciferārēminī (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vōciferārentur (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vōciferāre (active imperative present second-person singular)
vōciferāminī (active imperative plural present second-person)
vōciferātor (active future imperative second-person singular)
vōciferātor (active future imperative singular third-person)
vōciferantor (active future imperative plural third-person)
vōciferārī (active infinitive present)
vōciferātum esse (active infinitive perfect)
vōciferātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
vōciferāns (active participle present)
vōciferātus (active participle perfect)
vōciferātūrus (active future participle)
vōciferandus (future participle passive)
vōciferandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
vōciferandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
vōciferandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
vōciferandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
vōciferātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
vōciferātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

French: vociférer

Spanish: vociferar

Portuguese: vociferar


coriandrum

la-noun

coriandrum n (genitive coriandrī); second declension

coriandrī (genitive)
coriandrum (nominative singular)
coriandra (nominative plural)
coriandrī (genitive singular)
coriandrōrum (genitive plural)
coriandrō (dative singular)
coriandrīs (dative plural)
coriandrum (accusative singular)
coriandra (accusative plural)
coriandrō (ablative singular)
coriandrīs (ablative plural)
coriandrum (singular vocative)
coriandra (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: cugghiandru

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: colàndro

Lombard: colandar

Piedmontese: colànder

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: celiandre, celiàndria

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: coandro, coendro, xendro

Portuguese: coentro

Spanish: culantro, cilantro

→ English: cilantro

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: coriandre

→ Galician: coriandro

→ Italian: coriandro ⇒ coriandolo

→ Old French: coriandre (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Occitan: coriandre

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kulljandr (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: кориа́ндр (koriándr)

→ Spanish: coriandro

→ Translingual: Coriandrum

[kɔriˈän̪d̪rʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek κορίανδρον (koríandron), of uncertain origin. Sometimes said to be related to κόρις (kóris) ‘bedbug’ from the smell of the leaves and unripe seeds.
Compare Ancient Greek κορίαννον (koríannon), κορίαμβλον (koríamblon), Mycenaean Greek 𐀒𐀪𐁀𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-ha-da-na), 𐀒𐀪𐀊𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-ja-da-na), 𐀒𐀪𐀊𐀈𐀜 (ko-ri-ja-do-no), 𐀒𐀪𐀍𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-jo-da-na), and Akkadian 𒌑𒄷𒌷𒌝 (^úḫurium; ḫuriʾānu).
Beekes supposes that the cluster -dn- implies a Pre-Greek word, and hypothesizes that *koriaⁿdro- may have been dissimilated to *koriaⁿdno-.


saxum

saxum n (genitive saxī); second declension

saxī (genitive)
saxum (nominative singular)
saxa (nominative plural)
saxī (genitive singular)
saxōrum (genitive plural)
saxō (dative singular)
saxīs (dative plural)
saxum (accusative singular)
saxa (accusative plural)
saxō (ablative singular)
saxīs (ablative plural)
saxum (singular vocative)
saxa (plural vocative)

Galician: seixo

Istriot: sasso

Italian: sasso

Ligurian: sàscio

Portuguese: seixo

Spanish: sajo, saxo

[ˈs̠äks̠ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *saksom, of unknown derivation. De Vaan rejects any connections with Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), leaving it as unknown. This is due to the presence of the vowel a in the Latin word, reasoning that to obtain that vowel in that position, a laryngeal must be posited. The root *sek- does not have a laryngeal, ruling out a Proto-Indo-European derivation.
Despite this, it cannot be separated from Proto-Germanic *sahsą.

Aaron Stone, season 1 episode 16:
Responsum est sub saxo.
The answer is under the rock.

stone, rock (a large, rough fragment of rock)


koppa

A Greek letter, corresponding to Latin q


Beelzebub

[beˈɛɫ̪d̪͡z̪ɛbʊb]

Translating Ancient Greek Βεελζεβούλ (Beelzeboúl) and Biblical Hebrew בעל זבוב (Ba‘al-z'būb, “fly-lord”); perhaps a corruption of Beelzebul, meaning Lord of the Dwelling, with -bul altered to -bub to change the meaning to Lord of the Flies.

der

(biblical) the god of the Philistine city of Ekron.


imperator

la-noun

imperātor m (genitive imperātōris, feminine imperātrīx); third declension

imperātor (canonical masculine)
imperātōris (genitive)
imperātrīx (feminine)
imperātor (nominative singular)
imperātōrēs (nominative plural)
imperātōris (genitive singular)
imperātōrum (genitive plural)
imperātōrī (dative singular)
imperātōribus (dative plural)
imperātōrem (accusative singular)
imperātōrēs (accusative plural)
imperātōre (ablative singular)
imperātōribus (ablative plural)
imperātor (singular vocative)
imperātōrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: imperatore (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: mpiraturi

Padanian:

Friulian: imperadôr

Lombard: imperador

Piedmontese: imperador

Venetan: inperadore

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: emperador

Franco-Provençal: emperor

Old French: empereor (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: emperaire, emperador

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: emperador

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: emperador
Galician: emperador
Portuguese: imperador

Old Spanish: emperador
Spanish: emperador

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *imperātus

Megleno-Romanian: ạmpirat

Romanian: împărat

→ Albanian: mbret
→ English: mpret, mbret

Borrowings:

→ Ottoman Turkish: ایمپراطور (imperator)
Turkish: imparator

→ Polish: imperator

→ Proto-Brythonic: *ɨmperọdr (see there for further descendants)

→ Romanian: imperator

→ Russian: император (imperator)

→ Ukrainian: імператор (imperator)

[ɪmpɛˈräːt̪ɔr]

From imperō (“command”), via the radical of its supine imperātum + -tor.


famulus

la-noun

famulus m (genitive famulī, feminine famula); second declension

famulī (genitive)
famula (feminine)
famulus (nominative singular)
famulī (nominative plural)
famulī (genitive singular)
famulōrum (genitive plural)
famulō (dative singular)
famulīs (dative plural)
famulum (accusative singular)
famulōs (accusative plural)
famulō (ablative singular)
famulīs (ablative plural)
famule (singular vocative)
famulī (plural vocative)

[ˈfämʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From earlier famelus, from Proto-Italic *famelos (“slave”) (whence Oscan 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌋 (famel, “slave”)), from earlier *θamelos; probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”). Probably as a backformation from the predecessor of familia (see there for details).

der

ūnā cum famulō tuō, pāpā nostrō, N.,

together with thy servant, our Pope, N.,


olim

For ōle, olle, ōlus, ollus, archaic forms of ille, with locative ending -im, = illō tempore.

† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated° Rare‡only used as a conjunction


mel

la-noun

mel n (genitive mellis); third declension

mellis (genitive)
mel (nominative singular)
mella (nominative plural)
mellis (genitive singular)
mellium (genitive plural)
mellum (genitive plural)
mellī (dative singular)
mellibus (dative plural)
mel (accusative singular)
mella (accusative plural)
melle (ablative singular)
mellī (ablative singular)
mellibus (ablative plural)
mel (singular vocative)
mella (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *melem m or f (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *meli, from Proto-Indo-European *mel-it (“honey”), with the athematic suffix *-it that indicates comestible substances (compare Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰ-it (“barley”) or Proto-Indo-European *sép-it (“wheat”))) Cognate with Ancient Greek μέλι (méli), Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 (miliþ), Old Armenian մեղր (mełr), Hittite [script needed] (milit), Luwian [script needed] (mallit-).

Sed nos veremur ne parum hic liber mellis et absinthii multum habere videatur

c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 3.1.5

But I fear that this book will have too little sweetness and too much wormwood.


iocus

iocus m (genitive iocī); second declension

iocī (genitive)
iocus (nominative singular)
iocī (nominative plural)
ioca (nominative plural)
iocī (genitive singular)
iocōrum (genitive plural)
iocō (dative singular)
iocīs (dative plural)
iocum (accusative singular)
iocōs (accusative plural)
ioca (accusative plural)
iocō (ablative singular)
iocīs (ablative plural)
ioce (singular vocative)
iocī (plural vocative)
ioca (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

The inflection is irregular. The neuter plural is more likely to denote a collective.

Aragonese: chuego

Aromanian: gioc

Asturian: xuegu

Catalan: joc

Franco-Provençal: juè

French: jeu

Friulian: zûc

Italian: gioco, giuoco

Ladin: jech

Ligurian: zêugo

Neapolitan: juoco

Occitan: jòc

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: jogo
Fala: ixhogu, xogu, xhugu, dxugu
Galician: xogo
Portuguese: jogo

Romanian: joc

Romansch: gieu, giug

desc

Sardinian: giogu, giocu, jogu, jocu, zocu

Sicilian: jocu

Spanish: juego

Venetan: xogo, xugo, zugo

Walloon: djeu

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: hokë

→ English: joke

→ Welsh: jôc

→ German: Jux

From Proto-Italic *jokos, from Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to speak”). Compare Old High German jehan, Welsh iaith, Breton yezh. Possibly cognate with English Yule, Danish Jule, Norwegian Bokmål Jul, Swedish Jul, and Norwegian Nynorsk jol.


nauta

la-noun

nauta m or f (genitive nautae); first declension

nautae (genitive)
nauta (nominative singular)
nautae (nominative plural)
nautae (genitive singular)
nautārum (genitive plural)
nautae (dative singular)
nautīs (dative plural)
nautam (accusative singular)
nautās (accusative plural)
nautā (ablative singular)
nautīs (ablative plural)
nauta (singular vocative)
nautae (plural vocative)

⇒ Latin: *nautō (see there for further descendants)

→ Catalan: nauta

→ English: -naut

→ Spanish: nauta

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ναύτης (naútēs, “sailor”).


bellum

bellum n (genitive bellī); second declension

bellī (genitive)
bellum (nominative singular)
bella (nominative plural)
bellī (genitive singular)
bellōrum (genitive plural)
bellō (dative singular)
bellīs (dative plural)
bellum (accusative singular)
bella (accusative plural)
bellō (ablative singular)
bellīs (ablative plural)
bellum (singular vocative)
bella (plural vocative)
bellī (locative singular)
bellīs (locative plural)

desc

→⇒ English: antebellum, interbellum, postbellum (learned)

→⇒ Romanian: răzbel (learned)

From older form duellum; compare the changes from duis to bis and from duonus to bonus.

belli domīque/ bello domique/ vel belli vel domi/ domi belloque

Dulce bellum inexpertīs

War is sweet to those who have never experienced it.

Flavius Vegetius
Sī vīs pācem parā bellum.
If you want peace, prepare for war.

Si omnes opinionibus pugnent non sint bella.

If everyone should fight for their own convictions, there would be no wars.


cymitharra

la-noun

cymithārra f (genitive cymithārrae); first declension

cymithārra (canonical feminine)
cymithārrae (genitive)
cymithārra (nominative singular)
cymithārrae (nominative plural)
cymithārrae (genitive singular)
cymithārrārum (genitive plural)
cymithārrae (dative singular)
cymithārrīs (dative plural)
cymithārram (accusative singular)
cymithārrās (accusative plural)
cymithārrā (ablative singular)
cymithārrīs (ablative plural)
cymithārra (singular vocative)
cymithārrae (plural vocative)

[kʏmɪˈt̪ʰäːrːä]

Omnes autẽ Ianizari ab aliis peditibus amictu breuiore & mitris niueis acuminatis distinguuntur: item armis quae scutum sunt & ensis quẽ Cymitharram uocãt & arcus.

1540, Christophori Richerii Thorignei, De Rebus Turcarum Libri, page 60:


eques

eques m (genitive equitis); third declension

equitis (genitive)
eques (nominative singular)
equitēs (nominative plural)
equitis (genitive singular)
equitum (genitive plural)
equitī (dative singular)
equitibus (dative plural)
equitem (accusative singular)
equitēs (accusative plural)
equite (ablative singular)
equitibus (ablative plural)
eques (singular vocative)
equitēs (plural vocative)

From equus (“horse”) + -es (“-faring”). Compare pedes, mīles for similar formations.


astrologus

astrologus m (genitive astrologī); second declension

astrologī (genitive)
astrologus (nominative singular)
astrologī (nominative plural)
astrologī (genitive singular)
astrologōrum (genitive plural)
astrologō (dative singular)
astrologīs (dative plural)
astrologum (accusative singular)
astrologōs (accusative plural)
astrologō (ablative singular)
astrologīs (ablative plural)
astrologe (singular vocative)
astrologī (plural vocative)

French: astrologue

Italian: astrologo

Portuguese: astrólogo

Romanian: astrolog

Spanish: astrólogo

Irish: asarlaí

Sicilian: stròlicu

→ Sicilian: astròlucu

[äs̠ˈt̪rɔɫ̪ɔɡʊs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓στρολόγος (astrológos, “astronomer, astrologer”).


dracunculus

la-noun

dracunculus m (genitive dracunculī); second declension

dracunculī (genitive)
dracunculus (nominative singular)
dracunculī (nominative plural)
dracunculī (genitive singular)
dracunculōrum (genitive plural)
dracunculō (dative singular)
dracunculīs (dative plural)
dracunculum (accusative singular)
dracunculōs (accusative plural)
dracunculō (ablative singular)
dracunculīs (ablative plural)
dracuncule (singular vocative)
dracunculī (plural vocative)

[d̪räˈkʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From dracō, dracōnis (“dragon”) + -culus.


onager

onager m (genitive onagrī); second declension

onagrī (genitive)
onager (nominative singular)
onagrī (nominative plural)
onagrī (genitive singular)
onagrōrum (genitive plural)
onagrō (dative singular)
onagrīs (dative plural)
onagrum (accusative singular)
onagrōs (accusative plural)
onagrō (ablative singular)
onagrīs (ablative plural)
onager (singular vocative)
onagrī (plural vocative)

French: onagre

Italian: onagro

Portuguese: onagro

Spanish: onagro

→ English: onager

[ˈɔːnäd͡ʒer]

From Hellenistic Ancient Greek ὄναγρος (ónagros, “wild ass”), from ὄνος (ónos, “ass”) + ἄγριος (ágrios, “wild”).


carnifex

la-noun

carnifex m (genitive carnificis); third declension

carnificis (genitive)
carnifex (nominative singular)
carnificēs (nominative plural)
carnificis (genitive singular)
carnificum (genitive plural)
carnificī (dative singular)
carnificibus (dative plural)
carnificem (accusative singular)
carnificēs (accusative plural)
carnifice (ablative singular)
carnificibus (ablative plural)
carnifex (singular vocative)
carnificēs (plural vocative)

→ English: carnifex

→ Italian: carnefice

→ Portuguese: carnífice

→ Spanish: carnífice


professor

professor m (genitive professōris, feminine profestrīx); third declension

professōris (genitive)
profestrīx (feminine)
professor (nominative singular)
professōrēs (nominative plural)
professōris (genitive singular)
professōrum (genitive plural)
professōrī (dative singular)
professōribus (dative plural)
professōrem (accusative singular)
professōrēs (accusative plural)
professōre (ablative singular)
professōribus (ablative plural)
professor (singular vocative)
professōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: profesor

Catalan: professor

Dalmatian: professáur

French: professeur
→ Turkish: profesör

Italian: professore

Occitan: professor

Romanian: profesor

Sicilian: prufissuri

desctree

Spanish: profesor
→ Bikol Central: propesor
→ Tagalog: propesor

Venetan: profesor

→ Azerbaijani: professor

→ Belarusian: прафе́сар (prafjésar)

→ Bulgarian: профе́сор (profésor)

→ Czech: profesor

→ Danish: professor
→ Icelandic: prófessor

→ Dutch: professor

→ Egyptian Arabic: بروفيسور (brūfisūr)

→ English: professor, professour (archaic)
→ Chickasaw: pofessa'
→ Fijian: parofesa
→ Hawaiian: polopeka
→ Hindi: प्रोफ़ेसर (profesar)
→ Malay: profesor
→ Niuean: palōfesa
→ Samoan: polofesa
→ Swahili: profesa
→ Tok Pisin: profesa
→ Tongan: palofesa
→ Urdu: پروفیسر (profesar)

→ Esperanto: profesoro

→ Finnish: professori

→ Georgian: პროფესორი (ṗropesori)

→ German: Professor

desc

פְּרוֹפֶסוֹר

→ Hebrew: פְּרוֹפֶסוֹר (profésor)

→ Hungarian: professzor

→ Indonesian: profesor

→ Javanese: profesor

→ Latgalian: profesors

→ Latvian: profesors

→ Lithuanian: profesorius

→ Macedonian: про́фесор (prófesor)

→ Maltese: professur

desctree

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: professor
Fala: profesol
Galician: profesor
Portuguese: professor

→ Persian: پروفسور (profesor)

→ Polish: profesor
→ Kashubian: profesór

→ Russian: профе́ссор (proféssor), профе́ссоръ (proféssor) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: պրոֆեսոր (profesor)
→ Kazakh: профессор (professor)
→ Uyghur: پروفېسسور (profëssor)
→ Uzbek: professor
→ Yakut: бэрэпиэссэр (berepiesser)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: про̀фесор

Latin script: pròfesor

→ Slovak: profesor

→ Slovene: profesor

→ Sundanese: profesor

→ Swedish: professor, professur

→ Ukrainian: профе́сор (profésor)

→ Vilamovian: profesor

desc

פּראָפֿעסאָר

→ Yiddish: פּראָפֿעסאָר (profesor)


piper

la-noun

piper n (genitive piperis); third declension

piperis (genitive)
piper (nominative singular)
pipera (nominative plural)
piperis (genitive singular)
piperum (genitive plural)
piperī (dative singular)
piperibus (dative plural)
piper (accusative singular)
pipera (accusative plural)
pipere (ablative singular)
piperibus (ablative plural)
piper (singular vocative)
pipera (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

pepro

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pepe

Sicilian: pipi

Calabrian: pipi, pipe

Padanian:

Emilian: péivar, pévar, peuvre

Friulian: pevar

Ladin: peiver

Ligurian: pèivie, pèivre, pèive, pêve

desc

Lombard: pever, pévar, péer, pìer, per, péivar

Alpine: péuro

Ossolano: péuro, pòvar

Piedmontese: péiver, paivre, péure, paire, pèvre, pèive, pèivre, pòiver

Romagnol: pévre, pévar, péivar, puéivar

Romansch: paiver, peiver, pever

Venetan: pévaro, pévar, pévare

→ Italian: pevere

→ Mòcheno: pever

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pêvro, pèivro

desctree

Old French: poivre, peivre, peivere
French: poivre
Norman: paîvre, pêvre (Jersey) (Guernsey), pevr (Sark)
Walloon: poevrî

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: pebre

Catalan: pebre

→ Galician: prebe (“sauce, pepper”)

→ Spanish: pebre

Occitan: pebre

Gascon: péber, púber

Vivaro-Alpine: peure

Valadas: pióre, piòure

Insular Romance

Sardinian: pibere, pibiri, pipere

→ Basque: piperra

→ Proto-West Germanic: *pipar (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Irish: pipur (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *pьpьrь (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Piper

→ Welsh: pupur

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πέπερι (péperi, “pepper”), via Middle Persian from an Indo-Aryan source, ultimately from Sanskrit पिप्पलि (pippali, “long pepper”), itself of unknown origin (perhaps a Dravidian or other substrate language of the Indian subcontinent). The declension was changed to a rhotic-stem.

der

...Et, cum siccaverint, super aspargis piper tritum et inferes. Ad mensam nemo agnoscet quid manducet.

compiled by 5th century CE, Apicius, De Re Coquinaria 4.12

...And, when they get dry, sprinkle mashed pepper on them, and serve. At the table, no one will know what they're eating.

pebron

also pebròt, peberòt, cf. Catalan pebrot

→ Vivaro-Alpine: povron

Piedmontese: povron, puvron, pevron, pouron


ornus

la-noun

ornus f (genitive ornī); second declension

ornī (genitive)
ornus (nominative singular)
ornī (nominative plural)
ornī (genitive singular)
ornōrum (genitive plural)
ornō (dative singular)
ornīs (dative plural)
ornum (accusative singular)
ornōs (accusative plural)
ornō (ablative singular)
ornīs (ablative plural)
orne (singular vocative)
ornī (plural vocative)

Dalmatian: uarno

→ French: orne (learned)

Italian: orno, orniello

Romanian: urm

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃s-. See also English ash.


auriga

aurīga m (genitive aurīgae); first declension

aurīga (canonical masculine)
aurīgae (genitive)
aurīga (nominative singular)
aurīgae (nominative plural)
aurīgae (genitive singular)
aurīgārum (genitive plural)
aurīgae (dative singular)
aurīgīs (dative plural)
aurīgam (accusative singular)
aurīgās (accusative plural)
aurīgā (ablative singular)
aurīgīs (ablative plural)
aurīga (singular vocative)
aurīgae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: auriga (learned)

→ English: Auriga (learned)

→ French: aurige (learned)

→ Galician: auriga (learned)

→ Italian: auriga (learned)

→ Polish: auriga (learned)

→ Portuguese: auriga (learned)

→ Romanian: auriga (learned)

→ Spanish: auriga (learned)

From aurea (“horse's bridle”) + agō + -a (agent noun).


lapis

la-noun

lapis m (genitive lapidis); third declension

lapidis (genitive)
lapis (nominative singular)
lapidēs (nominative plural)
lapidis (genitive singular)
lapidum (genitive plural)
lapidī (dative singular)
lapidibus (dative plural)
lapidem (accusative singular)
lapidēs (accusative plural)
lapide (ablative singular)
lapidibus (ablative plural)
lapis (singular vocative)
lapidēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *lapets. May be connected with Ancient Greek λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), either from Proto-Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”) (compare secō, saxum; rumpō, rupēs) or, more likely, a Mediterranean substrate language.

cog

et lapis iste quem erexi in titulum vocabitur Domus Dei

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 28:22:

And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house


navita

la-noun

nāvita m (genitive nāvitae); first declension

nāvita (canonical masculine)
nāvitae (genitive)
nāvita (nominative singular)
nāvitae (nominative plural)
nāvitae (genitive singular)
nāvitārum (genitive plural)
nāvitae (dative singular)
nāvitīs (dative plural)
nāvitam (accusative singular)
nāvitās (accusative plural)
nāvitā (ablative singular)
nāvitīs (ablative plural)
nāvita (singular vocative)
nāvitae (plural vocative)

[ˈnäːu̯ɪt̪ä]

Navita de ventis, de tauris narrat arator,

The sailor tells of winds, the ploughman of bulls,
the soldier counts his wounds, the shepherd his sheep.


Andreas

la-proper noun

Andrē̆ās m sg (genitive Andrē̆ae); first declension

Andrē̆ās (canonical masculine singular)
Andrē̆ae (genitive)
Andrē̆ās (nominative singular)
Andrē̆ae (genitive singular)
Andrē̆ae (dative singular)
Andrē̆am (accusative singular)
Andrē̆ān (accusative singular)
Andrē̆ā (ablative singular)
Andrē̆ā (singular vocative)

Catalan: Andreu

French: André

Galician: André, Andrade

Italian: Andrea

Old Galician-Portuguese: Andreu

Portuguese: André

Piedmontese: Andrèia

Ligurian: Drîa

Romanian: Îndrea, Andrea, Undrea

Spanish: Andrés

[än̪ˈd̪reːäːs̠]

[ˈän̪d̪reäːs̠]

[än̪ˈd̪rɛːäs]

Borrowed from the Ancient Greek Ἀνδρέᾱς (Andréās).

a male given name from Ancient Greek, equivalent to English Andrew


acca

Catalan: hac

Corsican: acca

Italian: acca

Old French: ache

Middle French: ache

French: ache (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: ache

English: aitch (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: hache

Occitan: acha

Portuguese: agá (< *acá)

The earliest Latin name of H was ha. The loss of /h/ in common speech before the end of the Republican period made this name indistinct from a (“the letter A”), driving its replacement by *acca much later.
The OED sees *acca as a phonological normalisation of *ahha, a reinforcement of ha (compare the later development of michi, nichil). Sheldon instead sees here a fusion of ha + ka (“the letter K”). He notes that the practice of Latin grammarians was to separate the alphabet into vowels, "semivowels" (continuant consonants) and mutes. The list of mutes was B C D G H K P Q T, and in recitation of this sequence, ... ge ha ka pe..., the ha and ka could have accreted together. This would also explain the variant form *aca, found in Portuguese.


sacerdos

la-noun

sacerdōs m or f (genitive sacerdōtis); third declension

sacerdōs (canonical feminine masculine)
sacerdōtis (genitive)
sacerdōs (nominative singular)
sacerdōtēs (nominative plural)
sacerdōtis (genitive singular)
sacerdōtum (genitive plural)
sacerdōtī (dative singular)
sacerdōtibus (dative plural)
sacerdōtem (accusative singular)
sacerdōtēs (accusative plural)
sacerdōte (ablative singular)
sacerdōtibus (ablative plural)
sacerdōs (singular vocative)
sacerdōtēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: sacerdote

Catalan: sacerdot

→ Chinese: 司鐸／司铎 (sīduó) (phono-semantic loan)

Galician: sacerdote

Italian: sacerdote

→ Sardinian: satzerdote, sacerdote

Portuguese: sacerdote

Old English: sacerd

Romanian: sacerdot

Sicilian: sacirduti

Spanish: sacerdote

desctree

→ Old Irish: sacart
Irish: sagart
Manx: saggyrt
Scottish Gaelic: sagart
⇒ Middle Irish: sacartacht

From Proto-Italic *sakrodōts. Equivalent to sacer (“sacred, holy”) plus an affix derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁- (“to do”).


Sappho

la-proper noun

Sapphō f sg (variously declined, genitive Sapphūs or Sapphōnis); fourth declension, third declension

Sapphō (canonical feminine singular)
Sapphūs (genitive)
Sapphōnis (genitive)
Sapphō (nominative singular)
Sapphūs (genitive singular)
Sapphō (accusative singular)
Sapphō (ablative singular)
Sapphō (singular vocative)
Sapphō (nominative singular)
Sapphōnis (genitive singular)
Sapphōnī (dative singular)
Sapphōnem (accusative singular)
Sapphōne (ablative singular)
Sapphō (singular vocative)

, Plinius, Naturalis Historia, lib. XXII, cap. IX, num. 20; in: Pliny Natural History with an English translation in ten volumes Volume VI Libri XX-XXIII By W. H. S. Jones, 1951, page 308f.

This, it is said, is how Phaon of Lesbos too won the love of Sappho, there being much idle trifling on this subject not only among the Magi but also among the Pythagoreans.ᵈ
ᵈ As is suggested by the punctuation of Detlefsen and Mayhoff, this sentence is taken to be part of the indirect speech, with multa ablative. With a full stop at Sappho, it could be taken as a comment of Pliny, with multa neuter plural.

ob hoc et Phaonem Lesbium dilectum a Sappho, multa circa hoc non Magorum solum vanitate, sed etiam Pythagoricorum.

, Guntherus Cisterciensis, De oratione jejunio et eleemosyna libri tredecim, lib. III, cap. V; in: Patrologiae cursus completus sive bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, omnium SS. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiaticorum. Series secunda. Patrologiae tomus CCXII, edited by J.-P. Migne, 1855, col. 131

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Curiose afficiunt, quae ipso auditu libidinem incitant, ut lyrica Sapphonis, elegiae Nasonis, comoediae Menandri, Plauti vel Terentii.


clava

la-noun

clāva f (genitive clāvae); first declension

clāva (canonical feminine)
clāvae (genitive)
clāva (nominative singular)
clāvae (nominative plural)
clāvae (genitive singular)
clāvārum (genitive plural)
clāvae (dative singular)
clāvīs (dative plural)
clāvam (accusative singular)
clāvās (accusative plural)
clāvā (ablative singular)
clāvīs (ablative plural)
clāva (singular vocative)
clāvae (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *klāwā, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”). Cognate with Latin clādes, percellō, gladius.


Adam

Ādām (canonical masculine singular)
Ādām (nominative singular)
Ādām (genitive singular)
Ādām (dative singular)
Ādām (accusative singular)
Ādām (ablative singular)
Ādām (singular vocative)

desctree

→ Middle High German: Adam
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Aadem
German: Adam

→ Old English: Adam
Middle English: Adam
English: Adam
Scots: Adam

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: Adan, Adam
Galician: Adán
Portuguese: Adão

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀδάμ (Adám), borrowed from Hebrew אָדָם, from א־ד־ם.


Saul

la-proper noun

Saūl m sg (variously declined, genitive Saūl or Saūlis); indeclinable, third declension

Saūl (canonical masculine singular)
Saūl (genitive)
Saūlis (genitive)
Saūl (nominative singular)
Saūl (genitive singular)
Saūlis (genitive singular)
Saūl (dative singular)
Saūlī (dative singular)
Saūl (accusative singular)
Saūlem (accusative singular)
Saūl (ablative singular)
Saūle (ablative singular)
Saūl (singular vocative)

From Biblical Hebrew שָׁאוּל (shaúl, “asked for”).


senator

la-noun

senātor m (genitive senātōris, feminine senātrīx); third declension

senātor (canonical masculine)
senātōris (genitive)
senātrīx (feminine)
senātor (nominative singular)
senātōrēs (nominative plural)
senātōris (genitive singular)
senātōrum (genitive plural)
senātōrī (dative singular)
senātōribus (dative plural)
senātōrem (accusative singular)
senātōrēs (accusative plural)
senātōre (ablative singular)
senātōribus (ablative plural)
senātor (singular vocative)
senātōrēs (plural vocative)

English: senator

desctree

French: sénateur
→ Romanian: senator
→ Turkish: senatör

Galician: senador

Irish: seanadóir

Italian: senatore

Middle Iranian: (As title of Roman politicians)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭀𐭍𐭕𐭅𐭓 (sʾntwr /sāntūr/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭠𐭭𐭲𐭥𐭥 (sʾntwr /sāntōr/)

Norman: sénateu

Portuguese: senador

Russian: сена́тор (senátor)

Sicilian: sinaturi

Spanish: senador

Welsh: henadur

[s̠ɛˈnäːt̪ɔr]

From senātus (“senate”) + -tor, originally from senex (“old”).

(politics) senator (a member of the Roman Senate)


pes

la-noun

pēs m (genitive pedis); third declension

pēs (canonical masculine)
pedis (genitive)
pēs (nominative singular)
pedēs (nominative plural)
pedis (genitive singular)
pedum (genitive plural)
pedī (dative singular)
pedibus (dative plural)
pedem (accusative singular)
pedēs (accusative plural)
pede (ablative singular)
pedibus (ablative plural)
pēs (singular vocative)
pedēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

⇒ Aromanian: pezã

Romanian: piez ⇒ piază

Dalmatian:

pi

Italo-Romance

Corsican: pede

Gallurese: pedi

Italian: piede

→ Esperanto: piedo

→ Ladino: piede (regional)

Neapolitan: pede

Sassarese: pedi

Sicilian: pedi, peri

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: pît

Romansch: pe

Padanian:

Istriot: peîe, pèie

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: pê

Piedmontese: pe

Romagnol: pè, pid (Rimini, San Marino)

Venetan: piè

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pièd

Norman: pid, pyid

desctree

Old French: pié, pé (Anglo-Norman), *pied, *piet
Middle French: pied
French: pied
Walloon: pî

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: peu

Old Occitan: pe
Occitan: pè

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pie

Extremaduran: pie

Leonese: pía

Mirandese: pie

Navarro-Aragonese: pie, pied

Aragonese: piet

Old Galician-Portuguese: pee
Galician: pé
Portuguese: pé

Old Spanish: pie
Ladino: pye
Spanish: pie

Sardinian:

Campidanese: pei

Logudorese: pe

Nuorese: pede

Derived forms:

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pedicāre

Catalan: petjar

Borrowings:

→ English: pes

→ Ido: pedo

→ Interlingua: pede

→⇒ German: stante pede

From Proto-Italic *pets, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (compare Sanskrit पद् (pád), Ancient Greek πούς (poús) and Old English fōt, whence English foot).

vāde, liber, verbīsque meīs loca grāta salūtā:

Go, [my] book, and greet with my words [those] beloved places: at least I shall reach [them] with the ‘foot’ that is allowed!
(The exiled poet puns that the metrical “feet” of his poem shall go where his own “feet” cannot.)

(poetry) a metrical foot: the basic unit of metered poetry


petra

la-noun

petra f (genitive petrae); first declension

petrae (genitive)
petra (nominative singular)
petrae (nominative plural)
petrae (genitive singular)
petrārum (genitive plural)
petrae (dative singular)
petrīs (dative plural)
petram (accusative singular)
petrās (accusative plural)
petrā (ablative singular)
petrīs (ablative plural)
petra (singular vocative)
petrae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheatrã

Romanian: piatră

Dalmatian:

pitra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: petra

Gallurese: petra

Italian: pietra

Neapolitan: preta

Sassarese: predda

Sicilian: petra

Padanian:

Friulian: piere

Istriot: pera

Ligurian: pria

Lombard: preja, preda

Piedmontese: preja, pera, pria, pira

Venetan: piera

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pedra

Franco-Provençal: piérra

Occitan: pèira, peira

desctree

Old French: pierre
Middle French: pierre
French: pierre (see there for further descendants)
Walloon: pire

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: piedra

Old Galician-Portuguese: pedra
Fala: pedra, peira
Galician: pedra
Portuguese: pedra (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: piedra

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: petra, pedra, preda, perda

Borrowings:

→ English: petra

→ Interlingua: petra

A late borrowing from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra, “rock”), further etymology unknown.

sāl petræ

stone salt; that is, found as an incrustation


cerdo

la-noun

cerdō m (genitive cerdōnis); third declension

cerdō (canonical masculine)
cerdōnis (genitive)
cerdō (nominative singular)
cerdōnēs (nominative plural)
cerdōnis (genitive singular)
cerdōnum (genitive plural)
cerdōnī (dative singular)
cerdōnibus (dative plural)
cerdōnem (accusative singular)
cerdōnēs (accusative plural)
cerdōne (ablative singular)
cerdōnibus (ablative plural)
cerdō (singular vocative)
cerdōnēs (plural vocative)


chorus

chorus m (genitive chorī); second declension

chorī (genitive)
chorus (nominative singular)
chorī (nominative plural)
chorī (genitive singular)
chorōrum (genitive plural)
chorō (dative singular)
chorīs (dative plural)
chorum (accusative singular)
chorōs (accusative plural)
chorō (ablative singular)
chorīs (ablative plural)
chore (singular vocative)
chorī (plural vocative)

Catalan: cor

→ English: chorus

→ French: chorus

→ Irish: cór

German: Chor

Italian: coro

Old French: quer, cuer

→ English: choir

French: chœur

Polish: chór

Portuguese: coro

Romanian: cor

→ Russian: хор m (xor)

Spanish: coro

→ Welsh: côr

From Ancient Greek χορός (khorós), a group of actors who recite and sing together.

Quālis in Eurōtae rīpīs aut per iuga Cynthī

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.498–499

Such as [when], along the banks of the Eurotas, or through the heights of Mount Cynthus, Diana leads [her] dancers ….

chorus (all forms); a performance with dancing and singing; a troop or band of dancers and singers; performers


acinaces

acīnacēs m (genitive acīnacis); third declension

acīnacēs (canonical masculine)
acīnacis (genitive)
acīnacēs (nominative singular)
acīnacēs (nominative plural)
acīnacis (genitive singular)
acīnacium (genitive plural)
acīnacī (dative singular)
acīnacibus (dative plural)
acīnacem (accusative singular)
acīnacēs (accusative plural)
acīnacīs (accusative plural)
acīnace (ablative singular)
acīnacibus (ablative plural)
acīnacēs (singular vocative)
acīnacēs (plural vocative)

[äˈt͡ʃiːnät͡ʃes]

a sword used by the Persians, a scimitar


electrum

ēlectrum n (genitive ēlectrī); second declension

ēlectrum (canonical neuter)
ēlectrī (genitive)
ēlectrum (nominative singular)
ēlectra (nominative plural)
ēlectrī (genitive singular)
ēlectrōrum (genitive plural)
ēlectrō (dative singular)
ēlectrīs (dative plural)
ēlectrum (accusative singular)
ēlectra (accusative plural)
ēlectrō (ablative singular)
ēlectrīs (ablative plural)
ēlectrum (singular vocative)
ēlectra (plural vocative)

Old French: eleutre

[eːˈɫ̪ɛkt̪rʊ̃ˑ]


autor

autor m (genitive autōris); third declension

autōris (genitive)
autor (nominative singular)
autōrēs (nominative plural)
autōris (genitive singular)
autōrum (genitive plural)
autōrī (dative singular)
autōribus (dative plural)
autōrem (accusative singular)
autōrēs (accusative plural)
autōre (ablative singular)
autōribus (ablative plural)
autor (singular vocative)
autōrēs (plural vocative)

Late variant of auctor under influence of descendants such as Italian autore.

(New Latin, proscribed) Alternative form of auctor: source, creator, vendor, author, artist.


later

later m (genitive lateris); third declension

lateris (genitive)
later (nominative singular)
laterēs (nominative plural)
lateris (genitive singular)
laterum (genitive plural)
laterī (dative singular)
lateribus (dative plural)
laterem (accusative singular)
laterēs (accusative plural)
latere (ablative singular)
lateribus (ablative plural)
later (singular vocative)
laterēs (plural vocative)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”), or from *stelh₃- (“broad”) (in which case latus (“side, flank”) would be its neuter form).


plumbum

plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension

plumbī (genitive)
plumbum (nominative singular)
plumba (nominative plural)
plumbī (genitive singular)
plumbōrum (genitive plural)
plumbō (dative singular)
plumbīs (dative plural)
plumbum (accusative singular)
plumba (accusative plural)
plumbō (ablative singular)
plumbīs (ablative plural)
plumbum (singular vocative)
plumba (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu

Romanian: plumb

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: piombu

Italian: piombo

Neapolitan: chiummo

Sicilian: chiummu

Padanian:

Emilian: piòmb

Friulian: plomp, plomb

Ligurian: cióngio

Lombard: piomb, piom

Piedmontese: piomb

Romagnol: piòmb

Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m

Venetan: piònbo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: plomb

Middle French: plomb

French: plomb ⇒ plombe

→ German: Plombe

→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme

English: plumb

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: plom

→? Asturian: plomu, plombu

q

→? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)

Occitan: plomb

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: plomo, plom

Ribagorçan: pllom

Galician: chumbo

Portuguese: chumbo → prumo (semi-learned)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: plumb

→ English: plumbum

→ German: Plumbum

→ Limburgish: plómb

→ Malay: plumbum

→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum

Middle Welsh: plwm

Welsh: plwm

[ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]

Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.


virago

la-noun

virāgō f (genitive virāginis); third declension

virāgō (canonical feminine)
virāginis (genitive)
virāgō (nominative singular)
virāginēs (nominative plural)
virāginis (genitive singular)
virāginum (genitive plural)
virāginī (dative singular)
virāginibus (dative plural)
virāginem (accusative singular)
virāginēs (accusative plural)
virāgine (ablative singular)
virāginibus (ablative plural)
virāgō (singular vocative)
virāginēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: virago

→ English: virago

→ French: virago

→ German: Virago

→ Portuguese: virago

[u̯ɪˈräːɡoː]


Biblia

la-prop

Biblia n pl (genitive Bibliōrum); second declension

Bibliōrum (genitive)
Biblia (nominative plural)
Bibliōrum (genitive plural)
Bibliīs (dative plural)
Biblia (accusative plural)
Bibliīs (ablative plural)
Biblia (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βῐβλῐ́ᾰ (biblía, plural of βῐβλῐ́ον (biblíon, “document; book”)).

bor+

plural of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">βῐβλῐ́ον</i> (biblíon, “document; book”)


pastor

la-noun

pāstor m (genitive pāstōris, feminine pāstrīx); third declension

pāstor (canonical masculine)
pāstōris (genitive)
pāstrīx (feminine)
pāstor (nominative singular)
pāstōrēs (nominative plural)
pāstōris (genitive singular)
pāstōrum (genitive plural)
pāstōrī (dative singular)
pāstōribus (dative plural)
pāstōrem (accusative singular)
pāstōrēs (accusative plural)
pāstōre (ablative singular)
pāstōribus (ablative plural)
pāstor (singular vocative)
pāstōrēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: pastor

Esperanto: pastro

Friulian: pastôr

→ German: Pastor

→ Romanian: pastor

Italian: pastore

desctree

→ Middle Dutch: pastoor
Dutch: pastoor
Afrikaans: pastoor
→ Indonesian: pastor
→ Javanese: ꦥꦱ꧀ꦠꦸꦂ (pastur)
→ Lokono: pastoro
→ Papiamentu: pastor
→ West Frisian: pastoar
Limburgish: pestoear
West Flemish: paster

Old French: (from the nominative) pastre
French: pâtre m

Old French: (from the accusative or genitive) pastor
French: pasteur
Norman: pâteu'
→ Middle English: pastour
English: pastor

desc

Old Occitan: (from the accusative) pastor

Catalan: pastor

Occitan: pastor

Old Occitan: (from the nominative)

Occitan: pastre

Portuguese: pastor

Romanian: păstor

Romansch: pastur, pastour

desctree

→ Russian: пастор (pastor)
→ Kazakh: пастор (pastor)

Sicilian: pasturi

Spanish: pastor
→ Cebuano: pastor
→ Northern Puebla Nahuatl: paxtol
→ Tagalog: pastol, pastor

→ Swedish: pastor
→ Finnish: pastori

Venetan: pastor

[ˈpäːs̠t̪ɔr]

From pāscō (“to feed, maintain, pasture, graze”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”).

der

Navita de ventis, de tauris narrat arator,

25 BC, Sextus Propertius, Elegiae; II, i, 43–4


pilum

la-noun

pīlum n (genitive pīlī); second declension

pīlum (canonical neuter)
pīlī (genitive)
pīlum (nominative singular)
pīla (nominative plural)
pīlī (genitive singular)
pīlōrum (genitive plural)
pīlō (dative singular)
pīlīs (dative plural)
pīlum (accusative singular)
pīla (accusative plural)
pīlō (ablative singular)
pīlīs (ablative plural)
pīlum (singular vocative)
pīla (plural vocative)

Dutch: pijl

English: pile

French: pile

German: Pfeil

Italian: pilo, pillo

→ Portuguese: pilo (learned)

Romanian: pil

Spanish: pilo

Swedish: pil

From Proto-Italic *pistlom, from Proto-Indo-European *pistlom, from *peys- (“to crush”). See pistillum and pīla.


tempus

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension

temporis (genitive)
tempus (nominative singular)
tempora (nominative plural)
temporis (genitive singular)
temporum (genitive plural)
temporī (dative singular)
temporibus (dative plural)
tempus (accusative singular)
tempora (accusative plural)
tempore (ablative singular)
temporibus (ablative plural)
tempus (singular vocative)
tempora (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Megleno-Romanian: timp

Romanian: timp

Franco-Provençal: temps

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: tempo

Lombard: temp

Piedmontese: temp

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: tempu

Dalmatian: tiamp

Istriot: tenpo

Italian: tempo (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: tiempo

Sicilian: tempu

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: timp

Ladin: tëmp

Romansch: temp, taimp, tains

Occitano-Romance

Old Catalan: temps

Catalan: temps

desctree

Old Occitan: tems
Occitan: tèms, tems, temps

Oïl

Old French: temps (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: tenpo, tènp

West Iberian

Asturian: tiempu

Old Galician-Portuguese: tempo

Galician: tempo

Portuguese: tempo

Spanish: tiempo

Borrowings

→ Finnish: tempus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tempus

→ Russian: темп (temp)

→ Sardinian: tempus

→ Swedish: tempus

→ Middle Welsh: tymhor

Welsh: tymor

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tempula, *templa

Catalan: templa

Italian: tempia

Old French: temple
French: tempe
→ Middle English: temple
English: temple

Romanian: tâmplă

⇒ Asturian: tenllera

⇒ Galician: tempas

→ Basque: denbora

→ Italian: tempora

→ Portuguese: têmpora

→ Sicilian: tèmpura

→ Spanish: témpora

From Proto-Italic *tempos. Two ultimate roots/origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
* From Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō); compare the etymology of English time. templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots.
Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaíria, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. Compare Old English þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).
As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

cog

(poetry, rhetoric) time; measure, quantity


cena

la-noun

cēna f (genitive cēnae); first declension

cēna (canonical feminine)
cēnae (genitive)
cēna (nominative singular)
cēnae (nominative plural)
cēnae (genitive singular)
cēnārum (genitive plural)
cēnae (dative singular)
cēnīs (dative plural)
cēnam (accusative singular)
cēnās (accusative plural)
cēnā (ablative singular)
cēnīs (ablative plural)
cēna (singular vocative)
cēnae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tsinã

Romanian: cină

Dalmatian:

caina

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cena

→ Sicilian: cena

Neapolitan: cena

Padanian:

Friulian: cene

Ligurian: çenn-a

Lombard: sèna, zèna, scèna, sina

Piedmontese: sin-a, sen-a, sèina, sna

Romansch: tschaina

Venetan: sena, çéna, ẑena

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: céna (dialectal)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

>? Aragonese: cena

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cẽa, cea
Galician: cea
Portuguese: ceia

Spanish: cena

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: chena (Logudorese), cena (Campidanese)

Borrowings

→ Catalan: cena

→ French: cène, Cène

→ Occitan: cena

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kinjọ

Breton: koan

Cornish: koen

Welsh: cinio

From Old Latin cesna, from Proto-Italic *kertsnā (compare Umbrian śesna, Oscan kersnu), from Proto-Indo-European *kért-sneh₂ (“portion”), from root *(s)kert- (“to cut”), from *(s)ker- (compare Lithuanian kérti, Armenian քերթել (kʻertʻel, “to skin”), Sanskrit कृन्तति (kṛntáti, “he cuts (in pieces)”)). Related to cortex, scortum.

cog

dinner, supper, principal meal (anciently taken at noon, afterwards later)


fovea

la-noun

fovea f (genitive foveae); first declension

foveae (genitive)
fovea (nominative singular)
foveae (nominative plural)
foveae (genitive singular)
foveārum (genitive plural)
foveae (dative singular)
foveīs (dative plural)
foveam (accusative singular)
foveās (accusative plural)
foveā (ablative singular)
foveīs (ablative plural)
fovea (singular vocative)
foveae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: fiju, hiju

Asturian: foya, fueyu

Catalan: foia, → fòvea, ⇒ bòfia

English: fovea

→ French: fovéa

Friulian: foibe

→ Italian: foiba

→ English: foiba

Galician: foxo

→ Italian: fovea

Portuguese: fojo, fóvea

→ Proto-Brythonic: *fowyā

Cornish: fow

Middle Welsh: ffeu

Welsh: ffau

Spanish: hoya, hoyo, fóvea

De Vaan dismisses any relation with Ancient Greek χειά (kheiá, “serpent's den”), and leaves the origin open. He notes that favissae (“underground cellars”) may or may not be related.
Older theories derived the word from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰow- (“pit, hole”) (compare Proto-Germanic *būkaz (“belly”)).


farina

la-noun

farīna f (genitive farīnae); first declension

farīna (canonical feminine)
farīnae (genitive)
farīna (nominative singular)
farīnae (nominative plural)
farīnae (genitive singular)
farīnārum (genitive plural)
farīnae (dative singular)
farīnīs (dative plural)
farīnam (accusative singular)
farīnās (accusative plural)
farīnā (ablative singular)
farīnīs (ablative plural)
farīna (singular vocative)
farīnae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fãrinã

Istro-Romanian: fărirĕ

Megleno-Romanian: fărină

Romanian: făină

Dalmatian:

faraina

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: farina

desctree

Italian: farina
→ Greek: φαρίνα (farína)

Neapolitan: fàrina

Sicilian: farìna

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: farína

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: farine

Ladin: farina

Romansch: farina, fregna, frina

North Italian:

Istriot: fareîna

Venetan: farina

Gallo-Italian:

Emilian: faréṅna

Lombard: farina

Piedmontese: farin-a

Romagnol: faròina

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: farena

Oïl:

Old French: farine

Middle French: farine

French: farine (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: farenn

Oc:

Catalan: farina

Old Occitan: farina

Occitan: farina, haria

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: farina

Old Leonese:

desc

Asturian: fariña, farina, ḥarina, ḥariña

Mirandese: farina

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: farinha, farinna, fariña (Galicia), farinna, fariña
Fala: fariña
Galician: fariña, faría
Portuguese: farinha (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: farina
Ladino: arina
Spanish: harina (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: farina

From *farrīna, from far (“kind of grain”).


tofus

la-noun

tōfus m (genitive tōfī); second declension

tōfus (canonical masculine)
tōfī (genitive)
tōfus (nominative singular)
tōfī (nominative plural)
tōfī (genitive singular)
tōfōrum (genitive plural)
tōfō (dative singular)
tōfīs (dative plural)
tōfum (accusative singular)
tōfōs (accusative plural)
tōfō (ablative singular)
tōfīs (ablative plural)
tōfe (singular vocative)
tōfī (plural vocative)

Catalan: tou (“soft”)

French: tuf

→ English: tuff

Italian: tufo

→ English: tufa

→ German: Tuff

Polish: tuf

Probably borrowed from Oscan, and possibly derived from Proto-Italic *tūβos, from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). See τύφη (plant for stuffing bolsters).


penna

la-noun

penna f (genitive pennae); first declension

pennae (genitive)
penna (nominative singular)
pennae (nominative plural)
pennae (genitive singular)
pennārum (genitive plural)
pennae (dative singular)
pennīs (dative plural)
pennam (accusative singular)
pennās (accusative plural)
pennā (ablative singular)
pennīs (ablative plural)
penna (singular vocative)
pennae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: peanã f

Asturian: peña

Catalan: penya f

desctree

Old French: penne f
Middle French: penne f
French: penne f
Anglo-Norman: penne f
→ Middle English: penne, pen
English: pen
Scots: pen
→ Welsh: pìn

Friulian: pene f

Italian: penna f

Megleno-Romanian: peană f

Old Galician-Portuguese: pena

Galician: pena f

Portuguese: pena f

Romanian: pană f

Romansch: penna

Sardinian: pinna

Spanish: peña f

Sicilian: pinna f

Venetan: pena

Walloon: pene

→ Albanian: pendë f

→ Danish: pen c

→ Icelandic: penni m

→ Old Irish: penn

Irish: peann m

Manx: penn m

Scottish Gaelic: peann m

→ Norwegian: penn

→ Swedish: penna c

From Proto-Italic *petnā, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”), with pinna apparently representing a dialectal variant with pre-nasal raising. See also pēnis (“tail, penis”), with which penna may have been conflated semantically with.


lac

la-noun

lac n sg (genitive lactis); third declension

lactis (genitive)
lac (nominative singular)
lactis (genitive singular)
lactī (dative singular)
lac (accusative singular)
lacte (ablative singular)
lac (singular vocative)

Late Latin: lactis (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ English: lactic, lact(o)-

→ Esperanto: lakto

Ido: lakto

→ Interlingua: lacte

From lact by simplification of a word-final sequence of two plosives (the variant nominative/accusative form lacte shows the addition of a vowel as an alternative). The etymology is controversial: there is no consensus on the cognate set, the manner of descent (inheritance vs. borrowing), or the form and ultimate origin of the etymon. Possible cognates include Ancient Greek γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ- (gála, gálakt-/gálak-, “milk”), Old Armenian կաթն (katʻn, “milk”) (or perhaps only its variant form Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ), reconstructed as the ancestor of modern dialectal Armenian կախց (kaxcʻ)) Hittite 𒂵𒆷𒀝𒋻 (galaktar, “balm, resin”), Albanian dhallë (“buttermilk”), Romanian zară (“buttermilk”) and Waigali zōr (“milk”).
More information
Pokorny reconstructs the Latin and Greek words as inherited from Proto-Indo-European *glakt n from a root *glag- or *glak-. De Vaan derives the Latin, Greek and Armenian forms from Proto-Indo-European *gl̥gt-, and follows Meiser in explaining the loss of initial *g- in Latin as a result of long-distance dissimilation. Per Nielsen, the Latin and Greek words can be derived from *glakt-, Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ) can be derived from *g(a)l(ḱ)t- (requiring an initial non-palatal velar), and Albanian dhallë can perhaps be derived from *ǵal(K)- (requiring an initial palatal velar); on the basis of the variability in the initial consonant and the unusual root structure, Nielsen considers the root to be non-Indo-European in origin.
There have been attempts to derive the word instead from the root *h₂melǵ- (“milk”).
* Garnier, Sagart and Sagot 2017 cite Garnier 2016's reconstruction of a verb *ambĭ-blactāre (“to milk with both hands”) > *amblactāre, supposing this was subsequently reanalyzed as *amb-lactāre and lost the prefix to yield the attested verb lactāre. The noun lac(t) would then derive by back-formation from the verb lactāre.

cog

γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ-

Lac herbae.

cum lacte veneni.

c. 1st century BCE, Anonymous (formerly misattributed to Ovid), Nux
Lamina mollis adhuc tenero dum lacte, quod intro est,
nec mala sunt ulli nostra futura bono.
As their nutshell still remains soft with something tenderly milky inside,

my future fruits are not good to anyone.


pila

la-noun

pīla f (genitive pīlae); first declension

pīla (canonical feminine)
pīlae (genitive)
pīla (nominative singular)
pīlae (nominative plural)
pīlae (genitive singular)
pīlārum (genitive plural)
pīlae (dative singular)
pīlīs (dative plural)
pīlam (accusative singular)
pīlās (accusative plural)
pīlā (ablative singular)
pīlīs (ablative plural)
pīla (singular vocative)
pīlae (plural vocative)

Catalan: pila

English: pile

French: pile

Friulian: pile

Italian: pila

Old Galician-Portuguese: pia

Galician: pía

Portuguese: pia

Romanian: piuă

Sicilian: pila

Spanish: pila

Probably from Proto-Italic *pistlā, from Proto-Indo-European *pis-tlo-, from *peys- (“to crush”), whence also pīlum (“pestle, pounder”), pinsō (“to pound, crush”).


pila

Catalan: pila

Old French: pile

→ English: pile

French: pile

Italian: pila

Old Galician-Portuguese: pia

Galician: pía

Portuguese: pilha

Sicilian: pila

Spanish: pila

From Proto-Italic *peilā, further etymology unknown. The Latin denominal pīlāre (“to fix firmly”) finds a parallel in Oscan ehpeílatasset (“[the stele] has been erected”, 3p pf. pass.).


pila

pila f (genitive pilae); first declension

pilae (genitive)
pila (nominative singular)
pilae (nominative plural)
pilae (genitive singular)
pilārum (genitive plural)
pilae (dative singular)
pilīs (dative plural)
pilam (accusative singular)
pilās (accusative plural)
pilā (ablative singular)
pilīs (ablative plural)
pila (singular vocative)
pilae (plural vocative)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pilotta

⇒ Old French: pelote

French: pelote

→⇒ Old Occitan: pelota

→⇒ Catalan: pilota

→⇒ Galician: pelota

→⇒ Portuguese: pelota

→⇒ Spanish: pelota

⇒ Polish: piłka

⇒ Welsh: pêl

Likely from pilus (“hair”), thus originally meaning "bundle of hair".

Persequi singulos longum est quorum aut latrunculi aut pila aut excoquendi in sole corporis cura consumpsere vitam.

c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, De brevitate vitae 13

It would be tedious to mention all the different men who have spent the whole of their life over chess or ball or the practice of baking their bodies in the sun.


ballista

ballista f (genitive ballistae); first declension

ballistae (genitive)
ballista (nominative singular)
ballistae (nominative plural)
ballistae (genitive singular)
ballistārum (genitive plural)
ballistae (dative singular)
ballistīs (dative plural)
ballistam (accusative singular)
ballistās (accusative plural)
ballistā (ablative singular)
ballistīs (ablative plural)
ballista (singular vocative)
ballistae (plural vocative)

Asturian: ballesta

Catalan: ballesta

→ Czech: balista

→ English: ballista

→ Finnish: ballista

French: baliste

Galician: bestra

⇒ Galician: balistrón, balastrón

Italian: balista, balestra

→ Portuguese: balestra

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: baesta
Galician: bésta
Portuguese: besta

Old Spanish: ballesta

Spanish: ballesta

Sicilian: balistra, balestra

→ Polish: balista

→ Portuguese: balista

→ Romanian: balistă

→ Russian: балли́ста (ballísta)

→ Spanish: balista

→ Swedish: ballista

[bälˈlʲɪs̠t̪ä]

From Ancient Greek βαλλίστρα (ballístra), from βάλλω (bállō, “I throw”).


vis

la-noun

vīs f (irregular, genitive *vīs); third declension

vīs (canonical feminine)
*vīs (genitive)
vīs (nominative singular)
vīrēs (nominative plural)
vīs (genitive singular)
vīrium (genitive plural)
vī (dative singular)
vīribus (dative plural)
vim (accusative singular)
vīrēs (accusative plural)
vīrīs (accusative plural)
vī (ablative singular)
vīribus (ablative plural)
vīs (singular vocative)
vīrēs (plural vocative)

→ English: vis, vim

From Proto-Italic *wīs, from Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁s (“force, vehemence”), from *weyh₁- (“to rush”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἴς (ís, “strength”), Sanskrit वयस् (vayas, “enjoyment, vigor, youth, age”). See also via, invītus, invītō, Ancient Greek οἶμος (oîmos).

cog

the Wikipedia page Martin Luther on Catholic church reform
Nōn vī, sed verbō.

ad vim atque ad arma confugere


glans

la-noun

glāns f (genitive glandis); third declension

glāns (canonical feminine)
glandis (genitive)
glāns (nominative singular)
glandēs (nominative plural)
glandis (genitive singular)
glandum (genitive plural)
glandī (dative singular)
glandibus (dative plural)
glandem (accusative singular)
glandēs (accusative plural)
glande (ablative singular)
glandibus (ablative plural)
glāns (singular vocative)
glandēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: gljindã

Romanian: ghindă

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ghianda, ajjanna (Reati)

Sicilian: ghianna

Calabrian: aghianda

Padanian:

Friulian: gland, glant

Ladin: gian

Piedmontese: giand, agian, gianda

desc

Romansch: glogn, glonda, galonda, glanda

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: glland, agllan, allan, llan

Valdôtain: llande, llan

Old French: glant, glande

French: gland, glande

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: glan

Belsetán: lan

Ribagorçan: llan

Old Catalan: glan, aglan

Catalan: gla, aglá

Old Occitan: glan, aglan

Occitan: agland (silent ⟨d⟩)

Gascon: gland

Vivaro-Alpine: gland, alhand

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llande

Portuguese: lande

Spanish: lande (Álava), llande (regional?)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: landi

Logudorese: lande, landa

Nuorese: grande, lande, lanne

Vulgar Latin: glandinis

Neapolitan: ghialne (Andria)

Piedmontese: giandr

Sardinian: landiri (Campidanese)

Spanish: landre

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: gland

→ English: gland, glans

→ French: glande

→ Galician: glande

→ Italian: glande

→ Portuguese: glande

→ Romanian: gland

→ Russian: гла́нды (glándy)

→ Spanish: glande

From Proto-Italic *glānts, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₂- (“acorn”).

(weaponry) an acorn-shaped ball of lead or clay, hurled at the enemy

(transferred sense)
(New Latin, firearms) a bullet


gustus

la-noun

gustus m (genitive gustūs); fourth declension

gustūs (genitive)
gustus (nominative singular)
gustūs (nominative plural)
gustūs (genitive singular)
gustuum (genitive plural)
gustuī (dative singular)
gustibus (dative plural)
gustum (accusative singular)
gustūs (accusative plural)
gustū (ablative singular)
gustibus (ablative plural)
gustus (singular vocative)
gustūs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: gustu, yustu

Romanian: gust

Piedmontese: gust

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: gusto (possibly semi-learned) (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: gustu

desctree

Old French: goust
Middle French: goust
French: goût (see there for further descendants)
→ Dutch: goeste (archaic)
→ West Flemish: goeste
Norman: goût

Old Occitan:

Catalan: gust (possibly a learned borrowing)

Occitan: gost

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: gust (possibly semi-learned)

Romansch: gust, gost

Sardinian: gustu

Venetan: gusto

⇒ Cimbrian: güsten

Walloon: gosse

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese: gosto

Galician: gusto, gosto

Portuguese: gosto

Old Spanish: gosto

Borrowings

→ Hungarian: gusztus

→ Middle English: gust, guste

English: gust

Scots: gust

→ Polish: gust

→ Spanish: gusto

[ˈɡʊs̠t̪ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *gustus, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus. Cognate with gustō.


gladiator

la-noun

gladiātor m (genitive gladiātōris, feminine gladiātrīx); third declension

gladiātor (canonical masculine)
gladiātōris (genitive)
gladiātrīx (feminine)
gladiātor (nominative singular)
gladiātōrēs (nominative plural)
gladiātōris (genitive singular)
gladiātōrum (genitive plural)
gladiātōrī (dative singular)
gladiātōribus (dative plural)
gladiātōrem (accusative singular)
gladiātōrēs (accusative plural)
gladiātōre (ablative singular)
gladiātōribus (ablative plural)
gladiātor (singular vocative)
gladiātōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: gladiador

→ Czech: gladiátor

→ Danish: gladiator

→ Dutch: gladiator

→ English: gladiator

→ French: gladiateur

→ German: Gladiator

→ Hungarian: gladiátor

→ Italian: gladiatore

→ Norwegian: gladiator

→ Polish: gladiator

→ Portuguese: gladiador

→ Romanian: gladiator

→ Russian: гладиа́тор (gladiátor)

→ Sicilian: gladiaturi

→ Spanish: gladiador

→ Swedish: gladiator

[ɡɫ̪äd̪iˈäːt̪ɔr]

Derived from either gladiō (“I use the sword”) + -tor (“-tor”) or gladior (“I use the sword”) + -tor (“-tor”). The verb gladiāre/gladiārī is attested only indirectly from derived forms such as gladiātor, ars gladiandī or, in an inscription, gladiantēs.


Baal

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Βάαλ (Báal), from Biblical Hebrew בַּעַל (Báʿal), from Proto-Semitic *baʿl-.


funda

la-noun

funda f (genitive fundae); first declension

fundae (genitive)
funda (nominative singular)
fundae (nominative plural)
fundae (genitive singular)
fundārum (genitive plural)
fundae (dative singular)
fundīs (dative plural)
fundam (accusative singular)
fundās (accusative plural)
fundā (ablative singular)
fundīs (ablative plural)
funda (singular vocative)
fundae (plural vocative)

Catalan: fona, → funda

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: fonda, funda

Portuguese: funda

Spanish: honda

→ Koine Greek: φοῦνδα (phoûnda)

→ Greek: φούντα (foúnta, “tuft”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰondʰeh₂, from *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”), whence English bind. Alternatively, a loanword from an unknown language, which may also have been the source of Ancient Greek σφενδόνη (sphendónē, “sling”).

cog

a hand-sling (contrasted with fustibalus (“a sling-staff”, “a stick sling”))

fionda

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *flunda (metathesis); Italian

ciunna

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *flunda (metathesis); Sicilian


discipulus

la-noun

discipulus m (genitive discipulī); second declension

discipulī (genitive)
discipulus (nominative singular)
discipulī (nominative plural)
discipulī (genitive singular)
discipulōrum (genitive plural)
discipulō (dative singular)
discipulīs (dative plural)
discipulum (accusative singular)
discipulōs (accusative plural)
discipulō (ablative singular)
discipulīs (ablative plural)
discipule (singular vocative)
discipulī (plural vocative)

English: disciple

Catalan: deixeble

French: disciple

Old Irish: deiscipul

Irish: deisceabal

Scottish Gaelic: deisciobal

Italian: discepolo

Norman: discipl'ye (Jersey)

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: sêpolo, decipolo, discipulo

Portuguese: discípulo

Romanian: discipol

Spanish: discípulo

Welsh: disgybl

[d̪ɪs̠ˈkɪpʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From dis- + Proto-Italic *kapelos (“one who takes”) corresponding to *dwiskapelos, from *kapiō (“take”) (whence capiō). Sense influenced by the unrelated verb discō (“learn”).

(military) cadet (student in a military school or state program)


Lucifer

la-proper noun

Lūcifer m sg (genitive Lūciferī); second declension

Lūcifer (canonical masculine singular)
Lūciferī (genitive)
Lūcifer (nominative singular)
Lūciferī (genitive singular)
Lūciferō (dative singular)
Lūciferum (accusative singular)
Lūciferō (ablative singular)
Lūcifer (singular vocative)

Aromanian: lutseafir

Romanian: Luceafăr

→ Catalan: Llucifer, lucífer

→ French: Lucifer

→ English: luciferous, Lucifer

→ Italian: lucifero, Lucifero

desc

→ Polish: lucyfer, Lucyfer, lucyper, Lucyper

→ Portuguese: lucífero, Lúcifer

→ Romanian: Lucifer

→ Spanish: lucífero, Lucifer, Luzbel

→ German: Luzifer

[ˈɫ̪uːkɪfɛr]

From lūx + -fer, calque of Ancient Greek Φωσφόρος (Phōsphóros).


magistra

la-noun

magistra f (genitive magistrae, masculine magister); first declension

magistrae (genitive)
magister (masculine)
magistra (nominative singular)
magistrae (nominative plural)
magistrae (genitive singular)
magistrārum (genitive plural)
magistrae (dative singular)
magistrīs (dative plural)
magistram (accusative singular)
magistrās (accusative plural)
magistrā (ablative singular)
magistrīs (ablative plural)
magistra (singular vocative)
magistrae (plural vocative)

[mäˈɡɪs̠t̪rä]

From magister (“teacher, master”) + -a (feminine suffix).


farrago

la-noun

farrāgō f (genitive farrāginis); third declension

farrāgō (canonical feminine)
farrāginis (genitive)
farrāgō (nominative singular)
farrāginēs (nominative plural)
farrāginis (genitive singular)
farrāginum (genitive plural)
farrāginī (dative singular)
farrāginibus (dative plural)
farrāginem (accusative singular)
farrāginēs (accusative plural)
farrāgine (ablative singular)
farrāginibus (ablative plural)
farrāgō (singular vocative)
farrāginēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: farraggine

Sardinian: farràine, farrani, forrani

→ Italian: ferrana

North Italian

Lombard: fraina

→ Italian: fraina

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: farratge, ferrage

Occitan: ferratge

Catalan: farratge

West Iberian:

Old Galician-Portuguese: ferrãe

Galician: ferraña, ferrán

Portuguese: ferrã

Old Spanish: ferranne, ferraine, ferrén

Spanish: herrén, rain

Borrowings:

→ English: farrago, farraginous

→ Italian: farragine

→ Portuguese: farragem (semi-learned)

→ Spanish: fárrago

[färˈräːɡoː]

a kind of hash, mixed fodder for animals


Mattathias

la-proper noun

Mattathiās m sg (genitive Mattathiae); first declension

Mattathiās (canonical masculine singular)
Mattathiae (genitive)
Mattathiās (nominative singular)
Mattathiae (genitive singular)
Mattathiae (dative singular)
Mattathiān (accusative singular)
Mattathiā (ablative singular)
Mattathiā (singular vocative)

English: Mattathias

Polish: Matatiasz

[mät̪ˈt̪ät̪ʰiäːs̠]

[mät̪ˈt̪äːt̪iäs]

From the Ancient Greek Μᾰττᾰθῐ́ᾱς (Mattathíās), from the Biblical Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū).

der

מַתִּתְיָהוּ

In diebus illis ſurrexit Mathathias filius Ioannis, filij Simeonis, ſacerdos ex filijs Ioarib ab Ieruſalem, & conſedit in monte Modin: & habebat filios quinque, Ioannem, qui cognominabatur Gaddis: & Simeonem, qui cognominabatur Thaſi: & Iudã, qui vocabatur Machabæus: & Eleazarum, qui cognominabatur Abaron: & Ionathan, qui cognominabatur Apphus.
In thoſe dayes aroſe Mathathias the ſonne of Iohn, the ſonne of Simeon, prieſt of the ſonnes of Ioarib from Ieruſalem, and he ſate in the mountayne of Modin: and he had fiue ſonnes, Iohn who was ſurnamed Gaddis: and Simon, who was ſurnamed Thaſi: and Iudas, who was called Machabeus: and Eleazar, who was ſurnamed Abaron: and Ionathan, who was ſurnamed Apphus. ― translation from: The ſecond tome of the Holie Bible faithfully tranſlated into Engliſh, out of the authentical Latin (1610), The Firſt Booke of Macabees ii:1–5 (page 896)

1592, Biblia Sacra Vulgatæ editionis Sixti Quinti Pont. Max. juſſu recognita atque edita (first edition), Liber Primus Machabæorum ij:1–5 (page 852)

a male given name from Hebrew — famously held by:

(Judaism and Christianity) Mattathias (Jewish priest feat. in 1 Macc., instigator of the Maccabean Revolt and progenitor of the Hasmoneans)

qui fuit Mathathiæ, qui fuit Amos, qui fuit Nahum, qui fuit Heſli, qui fuit Nagge,
vvho vvas of Matthathias, vvho vvas of Amos, vvho vvas of Naum, vvho vvas of Heſli, vvho vvas of Naggé, ― translation from: The Nevv Teſtament of Ieſus Chriſt, tranſlated faithfully into Engliſh, out of the authentical Latin (1582), The Holy Goſpel of Ieſus Chriſt according to Luke iii:25 (page 144)

1592, Biblia Sacra Vulgatæ editionis Sixti Quinti Pont. Max. juſſu recognita atque edita (first edition), Sanctum Ieſu Chriſti Euangelium ſecundum Lucam iij:25 (page 952/1)

(Christianity) Mattathias (son of Amos and father of Joseph, 6×great-grandfather of Jesus)

qui fuit Mahath, qui fuit Mathathiæ, qui fuit Semei, qui fuit Ioſeph, qui fuit Iuda,
vvho vvas of Mahath, vvho vvas of Matthathias, vvho vvas of Semei, vvho vvas of Ioſeph, vvho vvas of Iuda, ― translation from: The Nevv Teſtament of Ieſus Chriſt, tranſlated faithfully into Engliſh, out of the authentical Latin (1582), The Holy Goſpel of Ieſus Chriſt according to Luke iii:26 (page 144)

1592, Biblia Sacra Vulgatæ editionis Sixti Quinti Pont. Max. juſſu recognita atque edita (first edition), Sanctum Ieſu Chriſti Euangelium ſecundum Lucam iij:26 (page 952/1)

(Christianity) Mattathias (son of Semei and father of Mahath, 12×great-grandfather of Jesus)


famula

la-noun

famula f (genitive famulae, masculine famulus); first declension

famulae (genitive)
famulus (masculine)
famula (nominative singular)
famulae (nominative plural)
famulae (genitive singular)
famulārum (genitive plural)
famulae (dative singular)
famulīs (dative plural)
famulam (accusative singular)
famulās (accusative plural)
famulā (ablative singular)
famulīs (ablative plural)
famula (singular vocative)
famulae (plural vocative)

Feminine form of famulus; famulus + -a (feminine suffix).

female servant; maid, handmaiden, maid-servant


magister

magister m (genitive magistrī, feminine magistra); second declension

magistrī (genitive)
magistra (feminine)
magister (nominative singular)
magistrī (nominative plural)
magistrī (genitive singular)
magistrōrum (genitive plural)
magistrō (dative singular)
magistrīs (dative plural)
magistrum (accusative singular)
magistrōs (accusative plural)
magistrō (ablative singular)
magistrīs (ablative plural)
magister (singular vocative)
magistrī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance

Romanian: măiestru, măestru

Padanian:

Friulian: mestri

Ligurian: méistro

Piedmontese: mèistr

Venetan: maestro

→ Cimbrian: maistro

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: maestru

Old Italian: mastro

Italian: maestro (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: maestro

Sicilian: mastru, majistru

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: maistre, maistro

Franco-Provençal: mêtro, maîtro, meîtro

Bressan: maîtrou

desctree

Old French: maistre, mestre
Middle French: maistre
French: maître (see there for further descendants)
Bourguignon: moître
Gallo: maître
Norman: maître
Picard: moaître
Walloon: mwaisse
→ Middle Breton: maestr
Breton: mestr
→ Middle English: maister, maistre, mayster, maystr, maistir
English: master (see there for further descendants)
English: mister (see there for further descendants)
Scots: maister
→ Middle Welsh: meistyr
Welsh: meistr
→ Old East Slavic: мастеръ (masterŭ)
Russian: мастер (master)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: mayestre, mayestro

Old Catalan: maestre

Catalan: mestre

Old Occitan: maestre
Occitan: mèstre
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: meestre, maestre (or via Old Catalan)
Galician: mestre
Portuguese: mestre
→ Spanish: maestre

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: maistru

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: maestru, maestre

Old Spanish: maesse

Spanish: maese, maeso, maestro

Borrowings

→ Albanian: mjeshtër, mjesht

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: maestr

Breton: mestr

Cornish: mester

Welsh: meistr

desc

→ Koine Greek: μαγίστωρ (magístōr), μάγιστρος (mágistros)

Byzantine Greek: μαΐστωρ (maḯstōr), μάστορας (mástoras)

Greek: μάστορας (mástoras)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *maistar (see there for further descendants)

→ Belarusian: магістр (mahistr)

→ Bulgarian: магистър (magistǎr)

→ Crimean Tatar: magistr

→ Czech: magistr

→ English: magister

→ Estonian: magister

→ Finnish: magisteri

→ French: magister

→ Old High German: magister

→ Middle High German: magister

→ German: Magister

→ Italian: magister

desctree

→ Old English: mæġester, magister, māġister, mæġster, mǣster
Middle English: maister, maistre, mayster, maystr, maistir (reinforced by Old French maistre)
English: master (see there for further descendants)
English: mister (see there for further descendants)
Scots: maister

→ Old Irish: magister
Irish: máistir
Manx: mainshtyr
Scottish Gaelic: maighstir

→ Lithuanian: magistras

→ Piedmontese: magìster

→ Polish: magister

→ Portuguese: magíster

→ Romanian: magistru

→ Romansch: magister

→ Russian: маги́стр (magístr)

→ Serbo-Croatian: magistar / магистар

→ Spanish: magíster

→ Swedish: magister
→ Finnish: maisteri

→ Ukrainian: магістр (mahistr)

[mäˈɡɪs̠t̪ɛr]

From Proto-Italic *magisteros. Equivalent to magis (“more or great”) + Proto-Indo-European *-teros. Compare minister.

master; a title of the Middle Ages, given to a person in authority or to one having a license from a university to teach philosophy and the liberal arts, teacher, instructor


Satan

From Ancient Greek Σατάν (Satán), from Biblical Hebrew שָׂטָן (Śāṭān, “adversary, accuser”).


Iesus

la-proper noun

Iēsūs m sg (irregular, genitive Iēsū); fourth declension

Iēsūs (canonical masculine singular)
Iēsū (genitive)
Iēsūs (nominative singular)
Iēsū (genitive singular)
Iēsū (dative singular)
Iēsum (accusative singular)
Iēsū (ablative singular)
Iēsū (singular vocative)

→ Aragonese: Chesús

→ Asturian: Xesús

→ Car Nicobarese: Yēsū

Catalan: Jesús

→ Chinese: 耶穌／耶稣 (Yēsū)

Mandarin: 耶穌／耶稣 (Yēsū, Yésū)

Cantonese: 耶穌／耶稣 (je4 sou1)

Corsican: Gesù, Ghjesù

→ Esperanto: Jesuo

→ Finnish: Jeesus

French: Jésus

→ Hungarian: Jézus

→ Ido: Iesu

→ Interlingua: Jesus

desctree

→ Old Irish: Íssu, Ísu
Irish: Íosa
Manx: Yeesey
Scottish Gaelic: Ìosa

→ Indonesian: Yesus (learned)

→ Italian: Gesù

Icelandic: Jesús

→ Japanese: イエス (Iesu) (learned)

→ Korean: 예수 (Yesu)

Ladino: Yeshu

Ligurian: Gesû, Gexù

→ Middle English: Jhesus, Iesus, Ihesus, Jesus
English: Jesus
Scots: Jesus

→ Middle High German: Jesus
German: Jesus

→ Mirandese: Jasus

Old Occitan: Yeshu

Occitan: Jèsus

Old Galician-Portuguese: Jesu, Jheso, Ihesu
Galician: Xesús
Portuguese: Jesus, Gzuis
→ Japanese: ゼス, ゼズス
→ Old Tupi: Îesu

Old Lombard: Jesu

Lombard: Gesù

Piedmontese: Gesù

Romansch: Gesu

Sardinian: Gesùs

Sicilian: Gisù, Jisù

→ Old Swedish: Iesus

Swedish: Jesus

Old Spanish: Jesu, Jeso

Spanish: Jesús

Venetan: Gesù

→ Vietnamese: Giêsu

From Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs), from Biblical Hebrew יֵשׁוּעַ (yēšûaʿ).

etymon

Iēsūs

initium evangeliī Iēsū Chrīstī Fīliī Deī

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, 1:1:

the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God


oda

ōda (canonical feminine)
ōdae (genitive)
ōda (nominative singular)
ōdae (nominative plural)
ōdae (genitive singular)
ōdārum (genitive plural)
ōdae (dative singular)
ōdīs (dative plural)
ōdam (accusative singular)
ōdās (accusative plural)
ōdā (ablative singular)
ōdīs (ablative plural)
ōda (singular vocative)
ōdae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: oda

→ Galician: oda

→ Italian: ode

→ Middle French: ode

French: ode

→ Dutch: ode
Afrikaans: ode

→ Romanian: odă

desctree

→ Russian: ода (oda)
→ Georgian: ოდა (oda)

→ English: ode

→ Japanese: オード

→ Occitan: òda

→ Polish: oda

→ Portuguese: ode

→ Spanish: oda

→ Tagalog: oda

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ᾠδή (ōidḗ, “song”).


actrix

la-noun

āctrīx f (genitive āctrīcis, masculine āctor); third declension

āctrīx (canonical feminine)
āctrīcis (genitive)
āctor (masculine)
āctrīx (nominative singular)
āctrīcēs (nominative plural)
āctrīcis (genitive singular)
āctrīcum (genitive plural)
āctrīcī (dative singular)
āctrīcibus (dative plural)
āctrīcem (accusative singular)
āctrīcēs (accusative plural)
āctrīce (ablative singular)
āctrīcibus (ablative plural)
āctrīx (singular vocative)
āctrīcēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: actriz

→ Catalan: actriu

→ English: actrix

Galician: actriz

Italian: attrice

→ Middle French: actrice

desctree

French: actrice
→ Bulgarian: актри́са (aktrísa)
→ Dutch: actrice
→ English: actrice
→ Norman: actrice
→ Ottoman Turkish: آقتریس (aktris)
Turkish: aktris
→ Russian: актри́са (aktrísa)
→ Azerbaijani: aktrisa
→ Uzbek: aktrisa
→ Yiddish: אַקטריסע (aktrise)
→ Swedish: aktris
→ Ukrainian: актри́са (aktrýsa)

Portuguese: atriz

→ Spanish: actriz

From āctus + -trīx, from agō (“do, act”).

actress, actor (female) (person who performs in a theatrical play or movie)


auctor

la-noun

auctor m or f (genitive auctōris, feminine auctor or auctrīx); third declension

auctōris (genitive)
auctor (feminine)
auctrīx (feminine)
auctor (nominative singular)
auctōrēs (nominative plural)
auctōris (genitive singular)
auctōrum (genitive plural)
auctōrī (dative singular)
auctōribus (dative plural)
auctōrem (accusative singular)
auctōrēs (accusative plural)
auctōre (ablative singular)
auctōribus (ablative plural)
auctor (singular vocative)
auctōrēs (plural vocative)

→ German: Auctor, Autor, Author (see there for further descendants)

→ English: lamed auctoris

→ Irish: ughdar, údar

→ Italian: autore

→ Albanian: autore

→ Norman: auteu

desctree

Old French: autor, auctor, auctour, auctur, autour, autur
Middle French: autheur, aucteur, auctour, auteur, autteur
French: auteur (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: auctour, auctor, autor, autour, author, auther
English: author
Scots: author

Old Galician-Portuguese: autor, auctor
Galician: autor
Portuguese: autor

→ Romanian: autor

→ Spanish: autor

→ Welsh: awdur

From Proto-Italic *auktōr, cognate to Umbrian 𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌖𐌓 (uhtur). Equivalent to augeō (“to increase, nourish”) + -tor.

author

considered to be incorrect, but do at least occur in older New Latin

(figuratively) authorship, agency, encouragement

(also Medieval Latin) one who gives increase (hence: an originator, causer, doer, founder)


speculator

la-noun

speculātor m (genitive speculātōris, feminine speculātrīx); third declension

speculātor (canonical masculine)
speculātōris (genitive)
speculātrīx (feminine)
speculātor (nominative singular)
speculātōrēs (nominative plural)
speculātōris (genitive singular)
speculātōrum (genitive plural)
speculātōrī (dative singular)
speculātōribus (dative plural)
speculātōrem (accusative singular)
speculātōrēs (accusative plural)
speculātōre (ablative singular)
speculātōribus (ablative plural)
speculātor (singular vocative)
speculātōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: especulador

→ English: speculator

→ French: spéculateur

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: σπεκουλάτωρ (spekoulátōr)

→ Aramaic::

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: אספקלטור (/*ʾespuqlāṭōr/)

Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܐܣܦܩܘܠܛܘܪ (/*ʾespuqlāṭōr/)

Classical Syriac: ܐܷܣܦܽܘܩܠܴܛܪܐ (ʾespuqlāṭrā)

אִסְפַּקְלָטוֺרָא

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אִסְפַּקְלָטוֺרָא (ʾispaqlāṭōrā)

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌿𐍂 (spaikulatur)

→ Italian: speculatore

→ Portuguese: especulador

→ Romanian: speculator

→ Spanish: especulador

[s̠pɛkʊˈɫ̪äːt̪ɔr]

From speculor (“to watch, to observe”) + -tor (“-er: forming agent nouns”), from specula (“watchtower”), from speciō (“to watch, to observe”). Doublet of spectator.

suffix

a particular scout of the Imperial legion’s commander or of a province’s governor also competent to carry out executions


victor

la-noun

victor m (genitive victōris, feminine victrīx); third declension

victōris (genitive)
victrīx (feminine)
victor (nominative singular)
victōrēs (nominative plural)
victōris (genitive singular)
victōrum (genitive plural)
victōrī (dative singular)
victōribus (dative plural)
victōrem (accusative singular)
victōrēs (accusative plural)
victōre (ablative singular)
victōribus (ablative plural)
victor (singular vocative)
victōrēs (plural vocative)

Middle French: victeur

From Proto-Italic *wiktōr, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome”).
By surface analysis, vincō (“to conquer”) (supine stem vict-) + -tor.


Gabriel

la-proper noun

Gabriēl m sg (variously declined, genitive Gabriēl or Gabriēlis); indeclinable, third declension

Gabriēl (canonical masculine singular)
Gabriēl (genitive)
Gabriēlis (genitive)
Gabriēl (nominative singular)
Gabriēl (genitive singular)
Gabriēlis (genitive singular)
Gabriēl (dative singular)
Gabriēlī (dative singular)
Gabriēl (accusative singular)
Gabriēlem (accusative singular)
Gabriēl (ablative singular)
Gabriēle (ablative singular)
Gabriēl (singular vocative)

→ Albanian: Gabriel

→ Catalan: Gabriel, Biel

→ Czech: Gabriel

→ Danish: Gabriel

→ Dutch: Gabriël

Afrikaans: Gabriël

→ English: Gabriel

→ Hawaiian: Kapeliela

→ Maori: Kaperiere

→ Faroese: Gabriel, Gabrial, Brialdur

desc

→ Finnish: Gabriel, Kaaperi, Kaapre, Kaaprel, Kaaprelli, Kaapo

desctree

→ French: Gabriel
→ Alemannic German: Gaabi

→ Galician: Gabriel

→ Georgian: გაბრიელი (gabrieli)

→ German: Gabriel

desc

→ Greenlandic: Kaapriale, Kapriali, Kaparialli

→ Gujarati: ગેબ્રિયલ (gebriyal)

→ Hindi: गेब्रियल (gebriyal)

→ Hungarian: Gabór, Gábriel

→ Icelandic: Gabríel

→ Irish: Gaibrial, Gaibriéil, Gaibriél

→ Italian: Gabriele

→ Japanese: ガブリエル (Gaburieru)

→ Kannada: ಗೇಬ್ರಿಯಲ್ (gēbriyal)

→ Korean: 가브리엘 (Gabeuriel)

→ Latvian: Gabriels

→ Lithuanian: Gabrielius

→ Maltese: Gabrijel

→ Norman: Gabriel

→ Norwegian: Gabriel

→ Persian: گابریل (gâbriel)

→ Polish: Gabriel

→ Portuguese: Gabriel, Biel

→ Romanian: Gabriel

→ Serbo-Croatian: Gabrijel

→ Slovak: Gabriel

→ Slovene: Gabrijel

→ Spanish: Gabriel

→ Kapampangan: Gabriel

→ Tagalog: Gabriel

→ Swedish: Gabriel, Gabrel

→ Welsh: Gabriel

[ˈɡäbrieːɫ̪]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Γαβρῑήλ (Gabrīḗl), from Biblical Hebrew גַּבְרִיאֵל (Gaḇrīʾḗl, “God is my strong man”), from גֶּבֶר (géver, “strong man, hero”) and אֵל (ʾēl, “God”).


poetaster

la-noun

poētaster m (genitive poētastrī); second declension

poētaster (canonical masculine)
poētastrī (genitive)
poētaster (nominative singular)
poētastrī (nominative plural)
poētastrī (genitive singular)
poētastrōrum (genitive plural)
poētastrō (dative singular)
poētastrīs (dative plural)
poētastrum (accusative singular)
poētastrōs (accusative plural)
poētastrō (ablative singular)
poētastrīs (ablative plural)
poētaster (singular vocative)
poētastrī (plural vocative)

From poēt(a) (“poet”) + -aster (“expressing incomplete resemblance”).


competitor

la-noun

competītor m (genitive competītōris, feminine competītrīx); third declension

competītor (canonical masculine)
competītōris (genitive)
competītrīx (feminine)
competītor (nominative singular)
competītōrēs (nominative plural)
competītōris (genitive singular)
competītōrum (genitive plural)
competītōrī (dative singular)
competītōribus (dative plural)
competītōrem (accusative singular)
competītōrēs (accusative plural)
competītōre (ablative singular)
competītōribus (ablative plural)
competītor (singular vocative)
competītōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: competidor

Friulian: competidôr

Italian: competitore

→ Middle French: compétiteur

→ English: competitor

French: compétiteur

→ Norman: compétiteu

Portuguese: competidor

Romanian: competitor

Spanish: competidor

a competitor, rival, adversary, opponent


crocus

crocus m (genitive crocī); second declension

crocī (genitive)
crocus (nominative singular)
crocī (nominative plural)
crocī (genitive singular)
crocōrum (genitive plural)
crocō (dative singular)
crocīs (dative plural)
crocum (accusative singular)
crocōs (accusative plural)
crocō (ablative singular)
crocīs (ablative plural)
croce (singular vocative)
crocī (plural vocative)

Old Occitan: gròc, gruèc

desctree

Catalan: groc
→? English: grog
→ Gallurese: grogu
→ Sardinian: grogu
→ Sassarese: grogu

Occitan: cròc

Galician: croque

Italian: croco

→ Catalan: crocus

→ Czech: krokus

→ Dutch: krokus

→ English: crocus

→ Finnish: krookus

→ French: crocus

→ German: Krokus

→ Icelandic: krókus

→ Norwegian: krokus

→ Polish: krokus

→ Portuguese: croco

→ Russian: кро́кус (krókus)

→ Slovene: krokus

→ Spanish: croco

→ Swedish: krokus

→ Translingual: Crocus

From Ancient Greek κρόκος (krókos, “crocus”).


nasturtium

la-noun

nāsturtium n (genitive nāsturtiī or nāsturtī); second declension

nāsturtium (canonical neuter)
nāsturtiī (genitive)
nāsturtī (genitive)
nāsturtium (nominative singular)
nāsturtia (nominative plural)
nāsturtiī (genitive singular)
nāsturtī (genitive singular)
nāsturtiōrum (genitive plural)
nāsturtiō (dative singular)
nāsturtiīs (dative plural)
nāsturtium (accusative singular)
nāsturtia (accusative plural)
nāsturtiō (ablative singular)
nāsturtiīs (ablative plural)
nāsturtium (singular vocative)
nāsturtia (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: nastorciu

Gallurese: nastruzzu

Old Neapolitan: nasturçe

Sicilian: mastrozzu

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: *mastois, *nastois

Middle French: nastois

Walloon: mastouche f

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: *nastorç

Occitan: nastor

→ Piedmontese: nastór

West Iberian:

Old Leonese:

Asturian: mastuerzo

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: mestruzo, mestranzo

Portuguese: mastruço

Old Spanish: mastuerço

Spanish: mastuerzo, nastuerzo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: martuzzu

Logudorese: nastruttu

Borrowings:

desctree

→ Old English: nasturcium
>? Middle English: nasturcium, naisturcium, narstucium, narstuscium
English: nasturtium (archaic nasturtian, nasturtion)

→ Catalan: nasturci

→ Greek: ναστούρτιο (nastoúrtio)

→ Middle French: nasturce, nasturtion

French: nasturce (obsolete)

→ Middle French: naritort (calque)

French: nasitort

→ Italian: nasturzio

→ Old Occitan: nazitort (calque)

Occitan: nasitòrt

→ Polish: nasturcja

→ Spanish: nasturcio

[näːs̠ˈt̪ʊrt̪iʊ̃ˑ]

From nāris (“nose”) + torquere (“to twist”).


cassia

la-noun

cassia f (genitive cassiae); first declension

cassiae (genitive)
cassia (nominative singular)
cassiae (nominative plural)
cassiae (genitive singular)
cassiārum (genitive plural)
cassiae (dative singular)
cassiīs (dative plural)
cassiam (accusative singular)
cassiās (accusative plural)
cassiā (ablative singular)
cassiīs (ablative plural)
cassia (singular vocative)
cassiae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek κασσία, κασία. κάσια (kassía, kasía. kásia), from Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā), from Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā), from קְצַע (qṣaʿ, “to cut off”).

bor

κασσία, κασία. κάσια

der

Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā)

Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā)

Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamomum cassia#Translingual


miles

la-noun

mīles m or f (genitive mīlitis); third declension

mīles (canonical feminine masculine)
mīlitis (genitive)
mīles (nominative singular)
mīlitēs (nominative plural)
mīlitis (genitive singular)
mīlitum (genitive plural)
mīlitī (dative singular)
mīlitibus (dative plural)
mīlitem (accusative singular)
mīlitēs (accusative plural)
mīlite (ablative singular)
mīlitibus (ablative plural)
mīles (singular vocative)
mīlitēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: milite

→ Piedmontese: mìlit

→ Portuguese: mílite

Romanian: mire (uncertain)

→ Spanish: mílite

→ Welsh: milwr

Unknown. Possibly of Etruscan origin. The suffix seems similar to that of pedes, eques, veles, comes, but the origin of mīl- is opaque. A connection to mīlia (“thousands”), perhaps as "person going by the thousand(s)", is difficult to confidently motivate semantically.

mīles gregārius

A man in boardgames such as ludus latrunculi and chess.


versus

versus m (genitive versūs); fourth declension

versūs (genitive)
versus (nominative singular)
versūs (nominative plural)
versūs (genitive singular)
versuum (genitive plural)
versuī (dative singular)
versibus (dative plural)
versum (accusative singular)
versūs (accusative plural)
versū (ablative singular)
versibus (ablative plural)
versus (singular vocative)
versūs (plural vocative)

Catalan: vers

Corsican: versu

French: vers

Friulian: viers

Italian: verso

Occitan: vers

Old Galician-Portuguese: vesso

Old Spanish: viesso

Piedmontese: vers

Romanian: viers

Sardinian: bessu

→ Albanian: vjershë

→ English: verse

→ Polish: wiersz

→ Belarusian: верш (vjerš)

→ Ukrainian: вірш (virš)

→ Portuguese: verso

→ Serbo-Croatian: vȅrs/ве̏рс

→ Spanish: verso

→ Swedish: vers

→ Welsh: gwers

[ˈu̯ɛrs̠ʊs̠]

Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6.14

They are said to learn by heart a great number of verses there.

(transf.) a line, row
(partic.) a line of writing, a verse


salvia

salvia f (genitive salviae); first declension

salviae (genitive)
salvia (nominative singular)
salviae (nominative plural)
salviae (genitive singular)
salviārum (genitive plural)
salviae (dative singular)
salviīs (dative plural)
salviam (accusative singular)
salviās (accusative plural)
salviā (ablative singular)
salviīs (ablative plural)
salvia (singular vocative)
salviae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: sàlvia

Galician: xarxa, sarxa

Italian: salvia

desctree

Old French: sauge
Middle French: sauge
→ Middle English: sauge
English: sage
Scots: sage
French: sauge
Norman: sauge

Piedmontese: sarvia, sàvia

Portuguese: salva

→ Portuguese: sálvia

Romanian: salbă (possibly)

→ Romanian: salvie

Romansch: salvgia

Spanish: salvia

desc

→ Arabic: شَالَبِيَّة (šālabiyya), سَالَبِيَّة (sālabiyya)

→ English: salvia

→ Proto-West Germanic: *salbejā (see there for further descendants)

[ˈs̠äɫ̪u̯iä]


stigma

la-noun

stigma n (genitive stigmatis); third declension

stigmatis (genitive)
stigma (nominative singular)
stigmata (nominative plural)
stigmatis (genitive singular)
stigmatum (genitive plural)
stigmatī (dative singular)
stigmatibus (dative plural)
stigma (accusative singular)
stigmata (accusative plural)
stigmate (ablative singular)
stigmatibus (ablative plural)
stigma (singular vocative)
stigmata (plural vocative)


impetus

impetus m (genitive impetūs); fourth declension

impetūs (genitive)
impetus (nominative singular)
impetūs (nominative plural)
impetūs (genitive singular)
impetuum (genitive plural)
impetuī (dative singular)
impetibus (dative plural)
impetum (accusative singular)
impetūs (accusative plural)
impetū (ablative singular)
impetibus (ablative plural)
impetus (singular vocative)
impetūs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: ímpetu

Old French: ente, entes

desc

Italian: empito, impito (dialectal or obsolete)

→ English: impetus

→ German: Impetus

→ Ukrainian: імпет (impet), импет (ympet)

→ Italian: impeto

→ Piedmontese: ìmpit

→ Portuguese: ímpeto

→ Spanish: ímpetu

[ˈɪmpɛt̪ʊs̠]

From impetō (“to rush upon, attack”), from in- (“upon”) + petō (“to seek, fall upon”).


(now uncommon) A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called accentus gravis (“grave accent”) in Latin, and found on à, è, ò.


CP

Initialism of cum privilegio, with privilege.


lanista

la-noun

lanista m (genitive lanistae); first declension

lanistae (genitive)
lanista (nominative singular)
lanistae (nominative plural)
lanistae (genitive singular)
lanistārum (genitive plural)
lanistae (dative singular)
lanistīs (dative plural)
lanistam (accusative singular)
lanistās (accusative plural)
lanistā (ablative singular)
lanistīs (ablative plural)
lanista (singular vocative)
lanistae (plural vocative)

[ɫ̪äˈnɪs̠t̪ä]

According to Isidore, a borrowing from Etruscan (see Etruscan 𐌋𐌀𐌍𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌀 (lanista, “headsman; gladiator”)) and also derived from the verb laniō (see also lanius (“butcher”)). Ernout and Meillet view the -a ending as supporting an Etruscan origin. However, De Vaan suggests an Indo-European etymology for lanius (“butcher”) and questions the Etruscan origin of this word family.

bor

trainer or manager of a team of gladiators


Bacchus

la-proper noun

Bacchus m (genitive Bacchī); second declension

Bacchī (genitive)
Bacchus (nominative singular)
Bacchī (nominative plural)
Bacchī (genitive singular)
Bacchōrum (genitive plural)
Bacchō (dative singular)
Bacchīs (dative plural)
Bacchum (accusative singular)
Bacchōs (accusative plural)
Bacchō (ablative singular)
Bacchīs (ablative plural)
Bacche (singular vocative)
Bacchī (plural vocative)

→ English: Bacchus (learned)

→ French: Bacchus (learned)

→ Italian: Bacco, bacco (learned)

→ Portuguese: Baco (learned)

→ Spanish: Baco (learned)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Βάκχος (Bákkhos).

bor+

Tum vīctū revocant vīrēs, fūsīque per herbamimplentur veteris Bacchī pinguisque ferīnae.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.214–215

Then they restore their strength with the provisions, and, stretched on the grass, they fill up on old wine and fat venison.


gens

la-noun

gēns f (genitive gentis); third declension

gēns (canonical feminine)
gentis (genitive)
gēns (nominative singular)
gentēs (nominative plural)
gentis (genitive singular)
gentium (genitive plural)
gentī (dative singular)
gentibus (dative plural)
gentem (accusative singular)
gentēs (accusative plural)
gentīs (accusative plural)
gente (ablative singular)
gentibus (ablative plural)
gēns (singular vocative)
gentēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: gintã (unusual)

Romanian: gint

Dalmatian:

ziant

Italo-Romance:

Italian: gente

desc

→ Sardinian: gente, genti, tzente, zente

Judeo-Italian: יֵינְטַה (yenəṭa /jenta/)

Neapolitan: gente

Sicilian: genti

W. Romance of N. Italy:

Friulian: int

Istriot: zento

Venetan: dente, xente, zente

Lombard: gent

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: gens

desctree

Old French: gent
French: gens m pl
Norman: gens m pl
Walloon: djin m pl

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: gent

Occitan: gent

Aragonese: chent

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: xente

Leonese: xente

Mirandese: giente

Old Galician-Portuguese: gente

Galician: xente

Portuguese: gente

Old Spanish: yente

Ladino: djente

Spanish: gente (latin influence)

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: gjinde

→ Basque: jende

→ Romanian: gintă

→ English: gens, ⇒ genticide

From Proto-Italic *gentis, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis, from root *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”).
See also generō, genus, gignō. Cognate with English kind, Sanskrit जाति (jāti), Ancient Greek γένος (génos) and Ancient Greek γένεσις (génesis), whence English genesis.

(biblical, Christianity, Judaism) heathen, pagan


Isaac

→ Old Irish: Isaác

Irish: Íosác

From Ancient Greek Ἰσαάκ (Isaák), from Biblical Hebrew יִצְחָק (Yiṣḥāq, literally “he laughs”).


commis

la-noun

commis f (genitive commis or commeos); third declension

commis (genitive)
commeos (genitive)
commis (nominative singular)
commēs (nominative plural)
commis (genitive singular)
commeos (genitive singular)
commium (genitive plural)
commī (dative singular)
commibus (dative plural)
commim (accusative singular)
commēs (accusative plural)
commīs (accusative plural)
commī (ablative singular)
commibus (ablative plural)
commis (singular vocative)
commēs (plural vocative)