os

ōs (canonical neuter)
ōris (genitive)
ōs (nominative singular)
ōra (nominative plural)
ōris (genitive singular)
ōrum (genitive plural)
ōrī (dative singular)
ōribus (dative plural)
ōs (accusative singular)
ōra (accusative plural)
ōre (ablative singular)
ōribus (ablative plural)
ōs (singular vocative)
ōra (plural vocative)

→ English: os

From Proto-Italic *ōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os. Cognates include Hittite 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (aiš), Sanskrit आस् (ās), Old Irish á, Old English ōr.

opprimet hanc animam flūctūs, frūstrāque precantī

Waves will crush this life, and just as I am uselessly praying, by mouth we will swallow waters soon to destroy us.
(The poet laments his storm-tossed sea voyage to exile.)

at illa venit ad eum ad vesperam portans ramum olivae virentibus foliis in ore suo intellexit ergo Noe quod cessassent aquae super terram

But it came to him in the evening carrying a green-leaved olive branch in its mouth, therefore Noah understood that the waters above the land were coming to and end.

“… Sī quis mihi parvulus aulā / lūderet Aenēās, quī tē tamen ōre referret, ….”
“If [only] for me someone were playing in the hall – a little Aeneas – who, although [you were gone], would recall you by his appearance, ….”

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.328–329

(transferred sense) (in general) facial features, countenance, appearance


os

ossis (genitive)
os (nominative singular)
ossa (nominative plural)
ossis (genitive singular)
ossium (genitive plural)
ossī (dative singular)
ossibus (dative plural)
os (accusative singular)
ossa (accusative plural)
osse (ablative singular)
ossibus (ablative plural)
os (singular vocative)
ossa (plural vocative)

Aragonese: güeso

Aromanian: os

Asturian: güesu

Catalan: os

Corsican: ossu

Dalmatian: vuas

Fala: osu

Franco-Provençal: ôs

French: os

Friulian: vues

Galician: óso

Istriot: uosso

Istro-Romanian: os

Italian: osso

Megleno-Romanian: uos

Mirandese: uosso

Occitan: òs

Piedmontese: òss

Portuguese: osso

Romanian: os

Romansch: ies, oss

Sardinian: ossu

Sicilian: ossu

Spanish: hueso

Venetan: oso

→ English: os

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi) and Old Armenian ոսկր (oskr).

(figurative) bones, framework or outline of a discourse


humor

la-noun

hūmor m (genitive hūmōris); third declension

hūmor (canonical masculine)
hūmōris (genitive)
hūmor (nominative singular)
hūmōrēs (nominative plural)
hūmōris (genitive singular)
hūmōrum (genitive plural)
hūmōrī (dative singular)
hūmōribus (dative plural)
hūmōrem (accusative singular)
hūmōrēs (accusative plural)
hūmōre (ablative singular)
hūmōribus (ablative plural)
hūmor (singular vocative)
hūmōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: humor

→ Catalan: humor

→ Czech: humor

→ Danish: humor

→ Esperanto: humuro (via descendants)

→ German: Humor (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Hebrew: הומור

→ Hungarian: humor

→ Ido: humuro (via descendants)

Italian: umore

Ladino: umor

→ Macedonian: хумор (humor)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: humor, umor

Portuguese: humor

desctree

→ Old French: humor, humour (less common)
French: humeur (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Dutch: humuere
Dutch: humeur (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: humour, humore, umour, humor, humur, humer
English: humour (see there for further descendants)
Scots: humour

→ Spanish: humor

Alternative spelling of ūmor found in the later Roman Empire, when the letter h had already become silent. See also the related hūmidus.


penis

la-noun

pēnis m (genitive pēnis); third declension

pēnis (canonical masculine)
pēnis (genitive)
pēnis (nominative singular)
pēnēs (nominative plural)
pēnis (genitive singular)
pēnium (genitive plural)
pēnī (dative singular)
pēnibus (dative plural)
pēnem (accusative singular)
pēnēs (accusative plural)
pēnīs (accusative plural)
pēne (ablative singular)
pēnibus (ablative plural)
pēnis (singular vocative)
pēnēs (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: penis

→ Catalan: penis

→ English: penis

→ French: pénis

→ German: Penis

→ Interlingua: pene, penis

→ Italian: pene (learned)

→ Korean: 페니스 (peniseu)

→ Japanese: ペニス (penisu)

desc

→ Portuguese: pénis, pênis (Brazil) (learned)

→ Romanian: penis

→ Russian: пе́нис (pénis)

→ Spanish: pene (learned)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pēnellus

Italian: penello, pennello

Traditionally compared with Ancient Greek πέος (péos), Sanskrit पसस् (pásas), Old English fæsl (“offspring”) and derived from Proto-Italic *peznis, from Proto-Indo-European *pes-ni-s, from *pes- (“penis”).
De Vaan is skeptical of this in view of the attested chronology of the word's semantics, where “tail” is older than “penis”, which also aligns with the expected semantic development of such a word (compare e.g. Old Armenian ձետ (jet, “tail”) > Middle Armenian ձետ (jet, “penis”)); the reverse development is less likely. Instead, he reconstructs a Proto-Italic form *petsnis (“tail”) and connects the word to penna (“wing, feather”).


acetabulum

la-noun

acētābulum n (genitive acētābulī); second declension

acētābulum (canonical neuter)
acētābulī (genitive)
acētābulum (nominative singular)
acētābula (nominative plural)
acētābulī (genitive singular)
acētābulōrum (genitive plural)
acētābulō (dative singular)
acētābulīs (dative plural)
acētābulum (accusative singular)
acētābula (accusative plural)
acētābulō (ablative singular)
acētābulīs (ablative plural)
acētābulum (singular vocative)
acētābula (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: acetàbul

→ English: acetabulum

→ Esperanto: acetabulo

→ French: acétabule, acétabulum

Italian: acetabolo

→ Portuguese: acetábulo

→ Romanian: acetabul

→ Russian: ацетабул (acetabul)

→ Spanish: acetábulo

[äkeːˈt̪äːbʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum (“a vessel for”).

suffix

(anatomy) acetabulum, the hipbone socket


femur

la-noun

femur n (genitive feminis or femoris); third declension

feminis (genitive)
femoris (genitive)
femur (nominative singular)
femina (nominative plural)
femora (nominative plural)
feminis (genitive singular)
femoris (genitive singular)
feminum (genitive plural)
femorum (genitive plural)
feminī (dative singular)
femorī (dative singular)
feminibus (dative plural)
femoribus (dative plural)
femur (accusative singular)
femina (accusative plural)
femora (accusative plural)
femine (ablative singular)
femore (ablative singular)
feminibus (ablative plural)
femoribus (ablative plural)
femur (singular vocative)
femina (plural vocative)
femora (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: fèmur

→ English: femur

→ French: fémur

→ Galician: fémur

→ German: Femur

→ Italian: femore

→ Occitan: fèmur

→ Portuguese: fémur (Portugal), fêmur (Brazil)

→ Romanian: femur

→ Sicilian: fèmuri

→ Spanish: fémur

Uncertain. The heteroclitic (r/n) inflection is rather archaic (as also seen in iecur and iter), descending from Proto-Indo-European *-r̥ ~ *-n-, but no secure Proto-Indo-European origin for femur can be found. De Vaan and Lubotsky tentatively support Steinbauer's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *dʰénwr̥ (“arc, bow”); this is semantically attractive, but the hypothetical change from *-nw- to *-(n)m- from Proto-Indo-European to Latin is strange.


ren

la-noun

rēn m (genitive rēnis); third declension

rēn (canonical masculine)
rēnis (genitive)
rēn (nominative singular)
rēnēs (nominative plural)
rēnis (genitive singular)
rēnum (genitive plural)
rēnī (dative singular)
rēnibus (dative plural)
rēnem (accusative singular)
rēnēs (accusative plural)
rēne (ablative singular)
rēnibus (ablative plural)
rēn (singular vocative)
rēnēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: rână

Italo-Romance:

Italian: rene

Sicilian: rini

North-Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: ren

Venetan: reno

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: ren

desctree

Old French: rein, rain
Middle French: rein
French: rein
Norman: rein
Walloon: rino, rno, rin
→ English: rein

Occitano-Romance:

Occitan: ren

Ibero-Romance:

⇒ Aragonese: renera

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: rẽes f pl (“hips”) (from the plural)

Galician: rens, res

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: rin

Portuguese: rim

Spanish: rene (dated)

Sardinian:

rene

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēna

Gascon: rea, arrea, arreia, arria, arriá, arrenha

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēnile

Old Galician-Portuguese: *rẽil

Galician: ril, rinle

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēniō (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Gheg Albanian: rrâni

→ English: ren (learned)

→ Interlingua: ren

Uncertain. Several etymologies proposed:
* From Proto-Italic *hrēn, cognate with Ancient Greek φρήν (phrḗn, “heart, midriff, mind”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrḗn (“an internal part of the body”).
* Earlier *srēn, cognate with Old Prussian straunay, Lithuanian strė́nos, srė́nos f pl (“loins”), Latvian striena (“loins”) and Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬥𐬀- (rāna-, “thigh”), from Proto-Indo-European *srḗn (“hip, loins”). Further disputed connection with Ancient Greek ῥάχις (rhákhis, “spine, chine”).
* Cognate with Tocharian A āriñc, Tocharian B arañce (“heart”) and Hittite 𒄩𒄩𒊑 (ḫa-ḫa-ri- /ḫaḫri-/, “lungs ~ midriff ?”) (exact meaning uncertain), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂-ri-, *h₂eh₂-r-en- (“an internal organ”). Compare also Old Irish áru and Welsh aren (“kidney”).


lingua

la-noun

lingua f (genitive linguae); first declension

linguae (genitive)
lingua (nominative singular)
linguae (nominative plural)
linguae (genitive singular)
linguārum (genitive plural)
linguae (dative singular)
linguīs (dative plural)
linguam (accusative singular)
linguās (accusative plural)
linguā (ablative singular)
linguīs (ablative plural)
lingua (singular vocative)
linguae (plural vocative)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: limbã

Istro-Romanian: limbĕ

Megleno-Romanian: limbă

Romanian: limbă

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: lingua

Dalmatian: langa, luanga

Istriot: lèngua, lengua, laèngua

desctree

Italian: lingua, lengua
→ Greek: λίγκα (lígka)
→ Maltese: lingwa
→? Sabir: lingua

⇒ Italian: linguine (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: lengua, lenga

Sicilian: lingua

desc

Venetan: łéngua, łéngoa, léngoa, lengoa, léngua

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: lenghe

Ladin: lënga

Romansch: lieunga, lengua, glianga, laungia, leua

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: längua

Ligurian: lengua

Lombard: lengua

Piedmontese: lenga

Romagnol: lèngva

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: lengoua

desctree

Old French: langue, lingue, lengue
Middle French: langue
French: langue (see there for further descendants)
Champenois: laingue
Franc-Comtois: landye
Norman: laungue
Picard: lingue
Poitevin-Saintongeais: lengue
Walloon: linwe

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: lengua

Catalan: llengua

Old Occitan: lengua, lenga
Occitan: lenga
Gascon: lengua
Limousin: linga
Provençal: lengo, lenguo

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: luenga (with metathesis of /w/)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: lingua, lengoa, lengua, lingoa
Fala: lengua
Galician: lingua
Portuguese: língua (see there for further descendants)

Old Leonese:

desc

Asturian: llingua, llengua, lluengua (Eastern Asturias), ḷḷingua, ḷḷuinga (Ayer), chingua (Valdés), chengua (Valdés), yuönga (Cabrales)

Extremaduran: luenga

Leonese: llingua

Mirandese: lhéngua

Old Spanish: lengua

Ladino: לינגוה / lengua, lingua

desctree

Spanish: lengua
Chavacano: lengua
Papiamentu: lenga

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: limba (Logudorese), lingua (Campidanese)

Borrowings:

→ English: lingua

→ Esperanto: lingvo

From older dingua (attested as a rare word in Gaius Marius Victorinus), from Proto-Italic *denɣwā, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. The change of d- to l- is variously explained by a borrowing from another Italic language with such a shift and/or by a folk-etymological association with the verb lingō (“to lick”); compare Old Armenian լեզու (lezu) and Lithuanian liežùvis for the latter process. Other cognates include German Zunge and English tongue.

Lingua herba nascitur circa fontes.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 24.170

The plant called "tongue" grows around springs.

(transferred sense)
tongue-shaped things:
Ranunculus lingua (a flowering plant)


coma

la-noun

coma f (genitive comae); first declension

comae (genitive)
coma (nominative singular)
comae (nominative plural)
comae (genitive singular)
comārum (genitive plural)
comae (dative singular)
comīs (dative plural)
comam (accusative singular)
comās (accusative plural)
comā (ablative singular)
comīs (ablative plural)
coma (singular vocative)
comae (plural vocative)

Albanian: komë

Aragonese: coma

Aromanian: coamã

English: coma

Italian: coma, chioma

Portuguese: coma

Romanian: coamă

Spanish: coma

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόμη (kómē, “hair of the head”).


mucus

la-noun

mūcus m (genitive mūcī); second declension

mūcus (canonical masculine)
mūcī (genitive)
mūcus (nominative singular)
mūcī (nominative plural)
mūcī (genitive singular)
mūcōrum (genitive plural)
mūcō (dative singular)
mūcīs (dative plural)
mūcum (accusative singular)
mūcōs (accusative plural)
mūcō (ablative singular)
mūcīs (ablative plural)
mūce (singular vocative)
mūcī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: muc, mucã

Catalan: moc

Corsican: moccia

English: mucus

French: mucus
→ Turkish: mukus

Italian: moccio, muco

Occitan: moc

Old French: moche

Portuguese: monco, muco

Romanian: muc

Sardinian: mucu, muccu

Sicilian: muccu

Spanish: moco

Venetan: mocoło, moso

From Proto-Italic *moukos, from Proto-Indo-European *mew-k- (“slimy, slippery”). Cognates include Ancient Greek μύκης (múkēs, “mushroom”).


dens

la-noun

dēns m (genitive dentis); third declension

dēns (canonical masculine)
dentis (genitive)
dēns (nominative singular)
dentēs (nominative plural)
dentis (genitive singular)
dentium (genitive plural)
dentī (dative singular)
dentibus (dative plural)
dentem (accusative singular)
dentēs (accusative plural)
dentīs (accusative plural)
dente (ablative singular)
dentibus (ablative plural)
dēns (singular vocative)
dentēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: dinti f, dinte f

Istro-Romanian: dinte

Megleno-Romanian: dinti m

Romanian: dinte m

Dalmatian:

diant m

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: dente, denti

Italian: dente m

Neapolitan: dente m

Sicilian: denti m

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: dènte

Padanian:

Piedmontese: dent m

Romagnol: dént m (Ville Unite)

Venetan: dénte m

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: dint m

Ladin: dent m

Lombard: dent m

Romansch: dent m

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: dent f

Oïl:

Picard: dint

desctree

Old French: dent m
Middle French: dent f
French: dent f
Walloon: dint f

Oc:

Catalan: dent f

Occitan: dent f

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: dient m

Asturian: diente m

Mirandese: diente m

Old Galician-Portuguese: dente m
Fala: denti m
Galician: dente m
Portuguese: dente m

Old Spanish: dente m, diente, dient, dient
Ladino: diente, דיינטי
Spanish: diente

→ English: dens

→ Esperanto: dento

→ Interlingua: dente

From Proto-Italic *dents, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús), Sanskrit दत् (dát), Lithuanian dantìs, Old English tōþ (English tooth), Armenian ատամ (atam).

nec procul ā stabulīs audet discēdere, sīquā

Nor [does a] lamb dare to withdraw far from the sheep-folds, if it was ever torn from the teeth of a hungry wolf.
(The flexibility of Latin word order allows Ovid to heighten tension by enjoining the words for lamb and wolf. Translations vary; was the lamb ever torn “by the teeth” of a wolf, or did a shepherd once rescue the lamb “from the teeth” of a wolf?)

prō dentibus gladiōs habent

1803, Joanne Nep. Alber, Interpretatio Sacrae Scripturae per Omnes Veteris et Novi Testamenti Libros, 30:14, page 172:


stella

la-noun

stēlla f (genitive stēllae); first declension

stēlla (canonical feminine)
stēllae (genitive)
stēlla (nominative singular)
stēllae (nominative plural)
stēllae (genitive singular)
stēllārum (genitive plural)
stēllae (dative singular)
stēllīs (dative plural)
stēllam (accusative singular)
stēllās (accusative plural)
stēllā (ablative singular)
stēllīs (ablative plural)
stēlla (singular vocative)
stēllae (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: isteddu, steddu m

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: steauã

Istro-Romanian: ste

Megleno-Romanian: steau̯ă

Romanian: stea

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: stella, stedda, stidda

Gallurese: stedda, istella, stella

Sassarese: isthella, sthella

Dalmatian: stala, stalla

Istriot: stila

Italian: stella, Stella

→ Sardinian: istella, stella

Neapolitan: stella

desctree

Sicilian: stiḍḍa, stidda (eye dialect), steḍḍa, stella (misspelled and Italianized)
→ Italian: Stidda
→ Maltese: stilla

Venetan: steła

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: stele

Ladin: stëila, stëra

Romansch: staila, steila, stéla

q

many via <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">stēla</i>

Gallo-Italic: (many via stēla)

Emilian: strèla

Lombard: stela

Ligurian: stela

Piedmontese: stèila, steila

all via <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">stēla</i>

Gallo-Romance: (all via stēla)

Catalan: estela, estel

Franco-Provençal: ètêla

Old French: estoile (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: estela

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: estrela

Asturian: estrella

Extremaduran: estrella

Leonese: estrella

Mirandese: streilha

Old Galician-Portuguese: estrela (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: estrella

→ Danish: Stella

→ Dutch: Stella

→ English: stella, Stella

→ Esperanto: stelo
Ido: stelo

→ Faroese: Stella

→ German: Stella

→ Icelandic: Stella

→ Interlingua: stella

desctree

→ Old Occitan: stella
Occitan: estela, estiala
Occitan: Estela
→ French: Estelle

→ Spanish: Estela

→ Swedish: Stella

→ Volapük: stel

[ˈs̠t̪eːlːʲä]

From Proto-Italic *stērlā, diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.

stēla

late, attested in Anonymous Valesianus II


sanguis

la-noun

sanguī̆s m (genitive sanguinis); third declension

sanguī̆s (canonical masculine)
sanguinis (genitive)
sanguī̆s (nominative singular)
sanguinēs (nominative plural)
sanguinis (genitive singular)
sanguinum (genitive plural)
sanguinī (dative singular)
sanguinibus (dative plural)
sanguinem (accusative singular)
sanguinēs (accusative plural)
sanguine (ablative singular)
sanguinibus (ablative plural)
sanguī̆s (singular vocative)
sanguinēs (plural vocative)
sanguis (nominative singular)
sanguēs (nominative plural)
sanguis (genitive singular)
sanguium (genitive plural)
sanguī (dative singular)
sanguibus (dative plural)
sanguem (accusative singular)
sanguēs (accusative plural)
sanguīs (accusative plural)
sangue (ablative singular)
sanguī (ablative singular)
sanguibus (ablative plural)
sanguis (singular vocative)
sanguēs (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

Classical Latin; third-declension noun.

Later 'Vulgar' Latin; third-declension noun.

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: sangre

Asturian: sangre

Old Galician-Portuguese: sangue, sangre

Fala: sangri

Galician: sangue

Portuguese: sangue

Old Spanish: sangne, sangre

Ladino: sangre (Latin spelling)

Spanish: sangre

Papiamentu: sanger, sangro

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: sàmbini, sànguni

Logudorese: sambene, sambine

Borrowings:

→ Interlingua: sanguine

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sãndzi, sãndze, sendzi

Istro-Romanian: sănze

Megleno-Romanian: sǫnzi

Romanian: sânge

Dalmatian:

suang

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: sangui, sangue

Gallurese: sangu

Sassarese: sangu

Italian: sangue

desc

Judeo-Italian: סַאנְגוּוַה (saʾnəguvah /sangua/)

Neapolitan: sango, sanco (most dialects)

Cieti: sangio

San Valentino: sanghe

Silano: sangiuo

Old Sicilian: sangui

Sicilian: sangu, sancu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: sangeu, sanguv, sango, sanco

Ladin: sango, sanc

Ligurian: sanghe, sangue

Lombard: sangu, sancu, sanc

Piedmontese: sango, sanco, sanc

Friulian: sanc, sang

Old Venetan: sango, sangue

Venetan: sangue

Romansch: sang, saung

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: sang

desctree

Old French: sanc
Champenois: sang
French: sang
Franc-Comtois: saing
Norman: sang
Walloon: sonk

Antillean Creole: san

Haitian Creole: san

→ Esperanto: sango

→ Ido: sango

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: sang

Occitan: sang

[ˈs̠äŋɡʷiːs̠]

[ˈs̠äŋɡʷɪs̠]

Older sanguīs, later regularized with a short /i/, likely for *sanguīns, from Proto-Italic *sangwens, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), whence also saniēs (“ichor; ulcer”) via suffixation.
The nominative of the original paradigm is likely to be reflected as Old Latin assyr, as(c)er (found in glosses only). It's disputed whether sanguen is the earlier form, but it seems more likely that it's a later reshaping on the analogy of unguen, inguen, since if original, the addition of -s- to it would be reflected as *sanguēs.
It has also supposed that may be related to Etruscan 𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌗𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌀 (sanxuneta, “the sanguinary”), with the enclitic article -𐌕𐌀 (-ta) (assuming, contrary to the usual view, that sanguis is not of Indo-European origin).
Cognate to Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (ēšḫar), Sanskrit असृज् (ásṛj), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn).

cog

Tuscō sanguine terra rubet

Plūrēs efficimur, quotiēns mētīmur ā vōbīs: sēmen est sanguī̆s Chrīstiānōrum.

c. 160 CE – c. 225 CE, Tertullian, Apologeticus L.13

Translation by Alexander Souter
We spring up in greater numbers the more we are mown down by you: the blood of the Christians is the seed of a new life.

‘Iuppiter,’ inquit, ‘habet Rōmāna potentia vīrēs:

‘‘Oh, Jupiter,’’ he said, ‘‘The Roman power [the Roman political state] [now] has strength [of its own]:
It has no [further] need with the service of my blood [progeny; descendant].’’
(Jupiter hears the plea of Mars to deify his son Romulus (mythology).)

descent, descendant, parentage, progeny, blood relative, flesh-and-blood, family, race


palpebra

la-noun

palpebra f (genitive palpebrae); first declension

palpebrae (genitive)
palpebra (nominative singular)
palpebrae (nominative plural)
palpebrae (genitive singular)
palpebrārum (genitive plural)
palpebrae (dative singular)
palpebrīs (dative plural)
palpebram (accusative singular)
palpebrās (accusative plural)
palpebrā (ablative singular)
palpebrīs (ablative plural)
palpebra (singular vocative)
palpebrae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: palpetra, palpebra (latinized)

Sicilian: pàrpitra

North-Italian:

Friulian: palpiere

desc

Piedmontese: parpèira, parpèira, parpèra, palpèra, parpèla, parpaivre, parpaj

Venetan: palpiera, palpera

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: parpiello

Catalan: palpa, pàlpet, pàrpet, parpella, parpell, parpall, parpalla, pàrpol, parpre, pipella

French: paupière

Gascon: parpèra, perpèra

Occitan: parpèla

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: párpagu, párpadu

Galician: perfeba, perceba, prefreba

Spanish: párpado

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: palpebra

→ English: palpebra

→ Esperanto: palpebro

→ Galician: pálpebra

→ Ido: palpebro

→ Interlingua: palpebra

→ Middle English: palpebre

→ Portuguese: pálpebra

→ Romanian: palpebră

→ Spanish: pálpebra

From palpō (“to touch softly; to caress, flatter”) + -bra (instrumental noun suffix).

suffix

[ˈpäɫ̪pɛbrä]

(literal, usually in the plural) an eyelid


oculus

la-noun

oculus m (genitive oculī); second declension

oculī (genitive)
oculus (nominative singular)
oculī (nominative plural)
oculī (genitive singular)
oculōrum (genitive plural)
oculō (dative singular)
oculīs (dative plural)
oculum (accusative singular)
oculōs (accusative plural)
oculō (ablative singular)
oculīs (ablative plural)
ocule (singular vocative)
oculī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: oclju

Megleno-Romanian: uocľu

Istro-Romanian: ocľu

Romanian: ochi

Dalmatian:

uaclo, vaclo

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: ochju

Italian: occhio

Neapolitan: uocchio

Tarantino: uècchije

Sassarese: occi

Sicilian: occhiu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ogru, ogu, oju, ogiu, ociu

Western Romance of N. Italy and environs:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: òć

Ligurian: éuggio, éuglio, éujo

Lombard: oeugg, oeugl

Piedmontese: eucc, euj

Romagnol: òcc

Friulian: voli

Istriot: uocio

Ladin: uedl

Romansch: egl, îgl, îl, ögl

Venetan: ocio

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: uely

Old French: ueil (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: olh
Occitan: uèlh

Catalan: ull

Aragonese: uello

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: ולויש (wlwyš) (only the plural is attested)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: güeyu

Leonese: gueyu

Mirandese: uolho

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: olho, ollo
Eonavian: oyo
Fala: ollu
Galician: ollo
Portuguese: olho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: ojo

Ladino: ojo

Spanish: ojo (see there for further descendants)

Learned borrowings:

→ Catalan: òcul (learned)

→ Czech: okulus (learned)

→ English: oculus, Oculi (learned)

→ Esperanto: okulo (learned)
→ Ido: okulo

→ French: oculus (learned)

→ Romanian: oculus (learned)

→ German: Okuli (learned)

→ Interlingua: oculo (learned)

→ Italian: oculo (learned)

→ Portuguese: óculo, óculos (learned)

→ Spanish: óculo (learned)

→ Swedish: oculus (learned)

From the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”) with the diminutive suffix -ulus. Compare Sanskrit अक्षि (ákṣi, “eye”), Ancient Greek ὄσσε (ósse, “eyes”), ὤψ (ṓps, “eye”).

Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.

As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, you shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.

ā saeculō nōn audiērunt neque auribus percēpērunt oculus nōn vīdit Deus absque tē quae praeparāstī expectantibus tē.

For since the beginning of the world men have not heard, nor perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen, O God, beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him.


sanguineus

la-adj

sanguineus (feminine sanguinea, neuter sanguineum); first/second-declension adjective

sanguinea (feminine)
sanguineum (neuter)
sanguineus (masculine nominative singular)
sanguinea (feminine nominative singular)
sanguineum (neuter nominative singular)
sanguineī (masculine nominative singular)
sanguineae (feminine nominative plural)
sanguinea (neuter nominative plural)
sanguineī (genitive masculine singular)
sanguineae (feminine genitive singular)
sanguineī (genitive neuter singular)
sanguineōrum (genitive masculine singular)
sanguineārum (feminine genitive plural)
sanguineōrum (genitive neuter plural)
sanguineō (dative masculine singular)
sanguineae (dative feminine singular)
sanguineō (dative neuter singular)
sanguineīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
sanguineum (accusative masculine singular)
sanguineam (accusative feminine singular)
sanguineum (accusative neuter singular)
sanguineōs (accusative masculine singular)
sanguineās (accusative feminine plural)
sanguinea (accusative neuter plural)
sanguineō (ablative masculine singular)
sanguineā (ablative feminine singular)
sanguineō (ablative neuter singular)
sanguineīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
sanguinee (masculine singular vocative)
sanguinea (feminine singular vocative)
sanguineum (neuter singular vocative)
sanguineī (masculine singular vocative)
sanguineae (feminine plural vocative)
sanguinea (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: sanguineu

Catalan: sanguini, sanguinyol

English: sanguine, sanguineous

French: sanguin

Galician: sanguiño

Italian: sanguigno, sanguineo

Portuguese: sanguinho, sanguíneo

Romanian: sânger, sangvin, sanguin

Spanish: sangüeño, sanguíneo

[s̠äŋˈɡʷɪneʊs̠]

“… pectora quōrum inter flūctūs arrēcta iubaeque
sanguineae superant undās ….”
“[Sea serpents, with] their chests erect among the waves, and their blood-red crests rising over the waters ….” – Aeneas

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.206–207


vagina

la-noun

vāgīna f (genitive vāgīnae); first declension

vāgīna (canonical feminine)
vāgīnae (genitive)
vāgīna (nominative singular)
vāgīnae (nominative plural)
vāgīnae (genitive singular)
vāgīnārum (genitive plural)
vāgīnae (dative singular)
vāgīnīs (dative plural)
vāgīnam (accusative singular)
vāgīnās (accusative plural)
vāgīnā (ablative singular)
vāgīnīs (ablative plural)
vāgīna (singular vocative)
vāgīnae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: guaina

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: vèina

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: beina

Old French: guaïne

French: gaine

Occitan: gaina

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: bainha (“sheath”)
Galician: vaíña, baíña
Portuguese: bainha

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: [Term?] (“pod”)

Fala: vaina

Galician: vaxa, gaxa, vaixa, varxa

Portuguese: vagem, vage, bagem

Asturian: vaina

Spanish: vaina

⇒ Spanish: vainilla (see there for further descendants)

→ English: vanilla

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėɣin (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Irish: faigen

Irish: faighin

Manx: fine

Scottish Gaelic: faighean

Borrowings (anatomical sense)

→ Afrikaans: vagina

→ Albanian: vaginë, vagjinë

→ Aragonese: vachina

→ Asturian: vaxina

→ Azerbaijani: vagina

→ Belarusian: вагіна (vahina)

→ Bulgarian: вагина (vagina)

→ Catalan: vagina

→ Czech: vagína

→ Danish: vagina

→ Dutch: vagina

→ English: vagina

→ Finnish: vagina

→ French: vagin (see there for further descendants)

→ Friulian: vagine, vazine

→ Galician: vaxina

→ Georgian: ვაგინა (vagina)

→ German: Vagina

→ Japanese: ワギナ (wagina)

→ Korean: 바기나 (bagina)

→ Northern Kurdish: vajîna

→ Indonesian: vagina

→ Italian: vagina

→ Latvian: vagīna

→ Macedonian: вагина (vagina)

→ Maltese: vaġina

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vagina

→ Occitan: vagina

→ Portuguese: vagina

→ Russian: ваги́на (vagína)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вагина

Latin script: vagina

→ Sicilian: vajina, vagina

→ Slovak: vagína

→ Slovene: vagina

→ Spanish: vagina

→ Swedish: vagina

→ Turkish: vajina

→ Ukrainian: вагіна (vahina)

→ Uzbek: vagina

→ Venetan: vaxina, vazina

→ West Frisian: fagina

→ Yiddish: וואַגינע (vagine)

[u̯äːˈɡiːnä]

[väˈd͡ʒiːnä]

From Proto-Italic *wāgīnā (“sheath, scabbard”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wag- (“sheath, cover”). Tentatively cognate with Lithuanian vóžti (“to cover”).

inh

(transferred sense) the covering, sheath, holder of anything


lacrima

la-noun

lacrima f (genitive lacrimae); first declension

lacrimae (genitive)
lacrima (nominative singular)
lacrimae (nominative plural)
lacrimae (genitive singular)
lacrimārum (genitive plural)
lacrimae (dative singular)
lacrimīs (dative plural)
lacrimam (accusative singular)
lacrimās (accusative plural)
lacrimā (ablative singular)
lacrimīs (ablative plural)
lacrima (singular vocative)
lacrimae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: lacãrmã, lacrimã, lacrãmã, lãcrimeauã

Romanian: lacrămă, lacrimă

Italo-Romance:

Istriot: lagrama

Italian: lacrima, lagrima (archaic or poetic)

Neapolitan: làcrema, làgrema

Sicilian: làcrima, làgrima, làrima

q

North Italian: (forms with /ɡ/ perhaps borrowed from Italian or Venetan)

Emilian: làgrima

Friulian: lagrime

Lombard: làgrima

Piedmontese: lerma, larma

Romansch: larma

Venetan: łàgrema, làgrema

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: llàgrima

Franco-Provençal: legrema, lârma

Old French: lerme, larme
French: larme

Occitan: lagrema (most dialects)

Auvergnat: larma

Gascon: larma, lhèrma

Limousin: grema, gramela, grumilha

Provençal: lagrima

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: glarima, lagrima, lacrima

Ribagorçan: llárima, llágrima, gllárima

desc

Asturian: llárima, llágrima, llégrima, llérima, llarma

Old Galician-Portuguese: lagrima, lagrema

Galician: lágrima

Portuguese: lágrima

desctree

Old Spanish: lagrema, lagrima
Ladino: lágrima
Spanish: lágrima

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: làcrima, làgrima, làmigra

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *lacrimizāre (see there for further descendants)

From Old Latin dacrima, dacruma, from Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru-, from earlier compound *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru- (“eye bitter”).

(transferred sense) a tear or gumdrop exuding from plants


cruor

la-noun

cruor m (genitive cruōris); third declension

cruōris (genitive)
cruor (nominative singular)
cruōrēs (nominative plural)
cruōris (genitive singular)
cruōrum (genitive plural)
cruōrī (dative singular)
cruōribus (dative plural)
cruōrem (accusative singular)
cruōrēs (accusative plural)
cruōre (ablative singular)
cruōribus (ablative plural)
cruor (singular vocative)
cruōrēs (plural vocative)

English: cruor

French: cruor

Italian: cruore

Portuguese: cruor

Spanish: crúor

From Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-. Cognates include Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas), Sanskrit क्रविस् (kravís), क्रूर (krūra), Proto-Slavic *kry, Old English hrǣw (English raw).


auris

auris f (genitive auris); third declension

auris (genitive)
auris (nominative singular)
aurēs (nominative plural)
auris (genitive singular)
aurium (genitive plural)
aurī (dative singular)
auribus (dative plural)
aurem (accusative singular)
aurēs (accusative plural)
aurīs (accusative plural)
aure (ablative singular)
auribus (ablative plural)
auris (singular vocative)
aurēs (plural vocative)

→ English: aur-

From Proto-Italic *auzis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws. Cognate with Old English ēare (English ear), Ancient Greek οὖς (oûs), Old Church Slavonic оухо (uxo) (Russian ухо (uxo), Serbo-Croatian uho), Old Irish au, Lithuanian ausìs, and Albanian vesh.

Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, et vives ita ut nunc vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis obsessus ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.

As long as one person exists who may dare to defend you, you shall live, but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.


pus

pūs n (genitive pūris); third declension

pūs (canonical neuter)
pūris (genitive)
pūs (nominative singular)
pūra (nominative plural)
pūris (genitive singular)
pūrum (genitive plural)
pūrī (dative singular)
pūribus (dative plural)
pūs (accusative singular)
pūra (accusative plural)
pūre (ablative singular)
pūribus (ablative plural)
pūs (singular vocative)
pūra (plural vocative)

Aromanian: pronjiu, proanji

Catalan: pus

desctree

→ Dutch: pus (learned)
→ Papiamentu: pus

→ English: pus

French: pus

Galician: pus

Italian: pus, purino

Portuguese: pus

Romanian: puroi

Spanish: pus

From Proto-Italic *puos, from Proto-Indo-European *púH-os ~ *púH-es-os, from *puH-. Cognate with Sanskrit पुवस् (púvas), Ancient Greek πύον (púon), πύθω (púthō, “to rot”), Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “foul”), Old English fūl (“foul”), English foul.


semen

la-noun

sēmen n (genitive sēminis); third declension

sēmen (canonical neuter)
sēminis (genitive)
sēmen (nominative singular)
sēmina (nominative plural)
sēminis (genitive singular)
sēminum (genitive plural)
sēminī (dative singular)
sēminibus (dative plural)
sēmen (accusative singular)
sēmina (accusative plural)
sēmine (ablative singular)
sēminibus (ablative plural)
sēmen (singular vocative)
sēmina (plural vocative)

Italian: seme

Romansch: sem

Venetan: sema

→ Catalan: semen

→ English: semen

→ Middle Irish: semen

Irish: seamhan

→ Galician: seme

→ Portuguese: sêmen, sémen (Portugal)

→ Spanish: semen, ⇒ semilla

From Proto-Italic *sēmən, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₁mn̥ (“seed”).

et ignis sēmina convolvunt ē nūbibus.

c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 6

and the seeds of fire roll from the clouds.

(poetic) seed (of the elements of other bodies (of fire, water, stones, etc.))


coleus

cōleus m (genitive cōleī); second declension

cōleus (canonical masculine)
cōleī (genitive)
cōleus (nominative singular)
cōleī (nominative plural)
cōleī (genitive singular)
cōleōrum (genitive plural)
cōleō (dative singular)
cōleīs (dative plural)
cōleum (accusative singular)
cōleōs (accusative plural)
cōleō (ablative singular)
cōleīs (ablative plural)
cōlee (singular vocative)
cōleī (plural vocative)

[ˈkoːɫ̪eʊs̠]

Uncertain. Possibly akin to cūleus, culleus (“sack”); caulis, cōlis (“stalk”); or cōlum (“sieve”).

(vulgar, in the plural) sack (scrotum or testicles)


lac

lac n sg (genitive lactis); third declension

lactis (genitive)
lac (nominative singular)
lactis (genitive singular)
lactī (dative singular)
lac (accusative singular)
lacte (ablative singular)
lac (singular vocative)

Late Latin: lactis (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ English: lactic, lact(o)-

→ Esperanto: lakto

Ido: lakto

→ Interlingua: lacte

From lact by simplification of a word-final sequence of two plosives (the variant nominative/accusative form lacte shows the addition of a vowel as an alternative). The etymology is controversial: there is no consensus on the cognate set, the manner of descent (inheritance vs. borrowing), or the form and ultimate origin of the etymon. Possible cognates include Ancient Greek γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ- (gála, gắlăkt-/gắlăk-, “milk”), Old Armenian կաթն (katʻn, “milk”) (or perhaps only its variant form Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ), reconstructed as the ancestor of modern dialectal Armenian կախց (kaxcʻ)) Hittite 𒂵𒆷𒀝𒋻 (galaktar, “balm, resin”), Albanian dhallë (“buttermilk”), Romanian zară (“buttermilk”) and Waigali zōr (“milk”).
More information
Pokorny reconstructs the Latin and Greek words as inherited from Proto-Indo-European *glakt n from a root *glag- or *glak-. De Vaan derives the Latin, Greek and Armenian forms from Proto-Indo-European *gl̥gt-, and follows Meiser in explaining the loss of initial *g- in Latin as a result of long-distance dissimilation. Per Nielsen, the Latin and Greek words can be derived from *glakt-, Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ) can be derived from *g(a)l(ḱ)t- (requiring an initial non-palatal velar), and Albanian dhallë can perhaps be derived from *ǵal(K)- (requiring an initial palatal velar); on the basis of the variability in the initial consonant and the unusual root structure, Nielsen considers the root to be non-Indo-European in origin.
There have been attempts to derive the word instead from the root *h₂melǵ- (“milk”).
* Garnier, Sagart and Sagot 2017 cite Garnier 2016's reconstruction of a verb *ambĭ-blactāre (“to milk with both hands”) > *amblactāre, supposing this was subsequently reanalyzed as *amb-lactāre and lost the prefix to yield the attested verb lactāre. The noun lac(t) would then derive by back-formation from the verb lactāre.

cog

γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ-

Lac herbae.

cum lacte veneni.

c. 1st century BCE, Anonymous (formerly misattributed to Ovid), Nux
Lamina mollis adhuc tenero dum lacte, quod intro est,
nec mala sunt ulli nostra futura bono.
As their nutshell still remains soft with something tenderly milky inside,

my future fruits are not good to anyone.


lien

la-noun

liēn m (genitive liēnis); third declension

liēn (canonical masculine)
liēnis (genitive)
liēn (nominative singular)
liēnēs (nominative plural)
liēnis (genitive singular)
liēnum (genitive plural)
liēnī (dative singular)
liēnibus (dative plural)
liēnem (accusative singular)
liēnēs (accusative plural)
liēne (ablative singular)
liēnibus (ablative plural)
liēn (singular vocative)
liēnēs (plural vocative)

desc

→ English: lien, lieno-; ⇒ lienal, lienic

→ Esperanto: lieno

→ Romanian: lien

From Proto-Indo-European, reflecting a form *(s)li(ǵʰ)-ēn-, from the root *spelǵʰ- (“spleen”), heavily distorted in all of its descendants, likely for tabooistic reasons, making the exact original PIE form hard to pin down. The newly introduced -i- is seemingly also found in the Sanskrit cognate प्लीहन् (plīhán), the fall of *-h- < *-ǵʰ- is also observed in Ancient Greek σπλήν (splḗn), while the loss of *-p- is also visible in Proto-Slavic *selzenь.
Other cognates include Middle Irish selg, Lithuanian blužnis, Old Armenian փայծաղն (pʻaycałn), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬥- (spər^əzan-). Doublet of splēn.


saliva

la-noun

salīva f (genitive salīvae); first declension

salīva (canonical feminine)
salīvae (genitive)
salīva (nominative singular)
salīvae (nominative plural)
salīvae (genitive singular)
salīvārum (genitive plural)
salīvae (dative singular)
salīvīs (dative plural)
salīvam (accusative singular)
salīvās (accusative plural)
salīvā (ablative singular)
salīvīs (ablative plural)
salīva (singular vocative)
salīvae (plural vocative)

Catalan: saliva

English: saliva

French: salive

Galician: seiva (archaic), saliva

Italian: saliva, scialiva

Occitan: saliva

→ Old Irish: saile

Irish: seile

Scottish Gaelic: seile

Piedmontese: saliva

Portuguese: saliva

Romanian: salivă

Sicilian: saliva

Spanish: saliva

Swedish: saliv

[s̠äˈlʲiːu̯ä]

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *solH- (compare Irish salach (“dirty”), Welsh halog, English sallow, Russian соло́вый (solóvyj, “cream-colored”)). May alternatively be of independent expressive/onomatopoeic origin; compare Ancient Greek σίαλον (síalon).


supercilium

la-noun

supercilium n (genitive superciliī or supercilī); second declension

superciliī (genitive)
supercilī (genitive)
supercilium (nominative singular)
supercilia (nominative plural)
superciliī (genitive singular)
supercilī (genitive singular)
superciliōrum (genitive plural)
superciliō (dative singular)
superciliīs (dative plural)
supercilium (accusative singular)
supercilia (accusative plural)
superciliō (ablative singular)
superciliīs (ablative plural)
supercilium (singular vocative)
supercilia (plural vocative)

Aromanian: sprindzeanã

Catalan: sobrecella

Corsican: sopracigliu

French: sourcil

Friulian: sorecee

Italian: sopracciglio, ⇒? cipiglio

Norman: soucile

Occitan: subrecilha

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: sobrencelha, sobrancelha
Galician: sobrecella
Portuguese: sobrancelha

Romanian: sprânceană

Romansch: survantscheglia

Sicilian: supraccigghiu

Spanish: sobreceja, sobrecejo

Borrowings:

→ English: supercilium

→ Portuguese: supercílio

[s̠ʊpɛrˈkɪlʲiʊ̃ˑ]

From super- (“above, over”) + cilium (“an eyelid”).

af

(anatomy, usually in the plural) The eyebrow.

The prominent part of a thing, the brow, ridge, summit.


mentum

la-noun

mentum n (genitive mentī); second declension

mentī (genitive)
mentum (nominative singular)
menta (nominative plural)
mentī (genitive singular)
mentōrum (genitive plural)
mentō (dative singular)
mentīs (dative plural)
mentum (accusative singular)
menta (accusative plural)
mentō (ablative singular)
mentīs (ablative plural)
mentum (singular vocative)
menta (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *mentō, *mentōnem

Italo-Romance:

Italian: mento

Sicilian: mentu

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: manton, menton

Piedmontese: manton, menton

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: menton, mentun
French: menton
→ English: menton
→ Esperanto: mentono
Ido: mentono
→ Spanish: mentón

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: mentó

Occitan: menton

→ English: mentum (learned)

→ Portuguese: mento (learned)

[ˈmɛn̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *mentom, from Proto-Indo-European *men-to-, from *men- (“to project”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *munþaz.

nosco crinis incanaque menta regis Romani primam qui legibus urbem fundabit, Curibus paruis et paupere terra missus in imperium magnum.

(literally) the chin; the chin with the hair that grows on it; the beard

Reliqua spatia, quod latiores sint metopae quam triglyphi, pura relinquantur aut numina scalpantur, ad ipsumque mentum coronae incidatur linea quae scotia dicitur.

c. 15 BCE, Vitruvius, De architectura 4.3.6

(transferred sense, architecture) the projecting part of a cornice casting off the rain, the coping


fel

la-noun

fel n (genitive fellis); third declension

fellis (genitive)
fel (nominative singular)
fella (nominative plural)
fellis (genitive singular)
fellium (genitive plural)
fellum (genitive plural)
fellī (dative singular)
fellibus (dative plural)
fel (accusative singular)
fella (accusative plural)
felle (ablative singular)
fellibus (ablative plural)
fel (singular vocative)
fella (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *felem m or f (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Either from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green”), or from *bʰel-, *bʰl̥H- (“yellow”). *ǵʰ- > f- instead of the expected *h- is explained as being regular in some dialects. Cognates through the first etymon include holus and helvus; Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”) and χλωρός (khlōrós, “green”); and English yellow and gold.


pectus

pectus n (genitive pectoris); third declension

pectoris (genitive)
pectus (nominative singular)
pectora (nominative plural)
pectoris (genitive singular)
pectorum (genitive plural)
pectorī (dative singular)
pectoribus (dative plural)
pectus (accusative singular)
pectora (accusative plural)
pectore (ablative singular)
pectoribus (ablative plural)
pectus (singular vocative)
pectora (plural vocative)

Aragonese: peito

Aromanian: cheptu, chieptu

Asturian: pechu

Catalan: pit

French: pis, poitrine

Friulian: pet

Istriot: pitto

Istro-Romanian: kľept, chiept

Italian: petto

→ Spanish: peto

Megleno-Romanian: kľept, chiept

Occitan: pitre, pièch

Piedmontese: pèt, pècc

Old Galician-Portuguese: peito

Galician: peito

Portuguese: peito (see there for further descendants)

Romanian: piept

Romansch: pet, pèz

desc

Sardinian: pettus, petorra, peturra, piturra

Sicilian: pettu

Spanish: pecho

Venetan: peto

From Proto-Italic *pektos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peg- (“breast”). Cognate with Old Irish ucht.

(figuratively) heart, breast, as the seat of emotion

person, individual (as a being of passion)


retina

la-noun

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension

rētīna (canonical feminine)
rētīnae (genitive)
rētīna (nominative singular)
rētīnae (nominative plural)
rētīnae (genitive singular)
rētīnārum (genitive plural)
rētīnae (dative singular)
rētīnīs (dative plural)
rētīnam (accusative singular)
rētīnās (accusative plural)
rētīnā (ablative singular)
rētīnīs (ablative plural)
rētīna (singular vocative)
rētīnae (plural vocative)

→ Middle English: rethina

English: retina

Ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“a net-like tunic”), referring to the fibrillar texture of the eye's retina. The phrase is attested since at least the 12th century, and this noun usage since the 13th c.

Et dicit Avicenna quarto de Animalibus, quod retina ducit nutrimentum secundum veritatem ad partes oculi

13th c., Roger Bacon, Opus maius 5.1.2.3

And Avicenna says in his fourth book on Animals that the retina actually takes nutrients to the parts of the eye

(Medieval Latin, anatomy) the retina of an eye


scrotum

scrōtum n (genitive scrōtī); second declension

scrōtum (canonical neuter)
scrōtī (genitive)
scrōtum (nominative singular)
scrōta (nominative plural)
scrōtī (genitive singular)
scrōtōrum (genitive plural)
scrōtō (dative singular)
scrōtīs (dative plural)
scrōtum (accusative singular)
scrōta (accusative plural)
scrōtō (ablative singular)
scrōtīs (ablative plural)
scrōtum (singular vocative)
scrōta (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: skrotum

→ Aragonese: escroto

→ Asturian: escrotu

→ Catalan: escrot

→ Galician: escroto

→ Danish: skrotum

→ Dutch: scrotum

→ English: scrotum

→ French: scrotum

→ German: Skrotum

→ Italian: scroto

→ Macedonian: скротум (skrotum)

→ Norwegian: skrotum

→ Portuguese: escroto

→ Romanian: scrot

→ Sicilian: scrotu

→ Spanish: escroto
→ Tagalog: eskroto

→ Slovak: skrótum

→ Slovene: skrotum

→ Swedish: scrotum, skrotum

→ Turkish: skrotum

→ Welsh: sgrotwm

[ˈs̠kroːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Not attested classically. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker(H)- (“to cut”) with an unexplained extension and the suffix *-tóm. See Latin scortum, scrautum, corium, Proto-Germanic *skeraną (whence English shear), Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I cut off”), Albanian harr (“to cut, to mow”), Lithuanian skìrti (“separate”), Welsh ysgar (“separate”), Old Armenian քերեմ (kʻerem, “to scrape, scratch”). It may derive from an intermediate sense “piece of skin, leather, hide” as in scortum and other cognates, or “bag”; compare the semantic development of Welsh cwd (“pouch, bag, purse; scrotum”) from Latin cutis (“skin”). The formal details are uncertain: perhaps modified from earlier *scorotum, from Proto-Italic *skoratom, from Proto-Indo-European *skr̥H-to-m, but perhaps more likely a borrowing from an unknown source.

noncog

Scrōtum est membrum gignendī hominis et animālis in fōrmam saccī, quod testēs continet et prōtegit.

The scrotum is a human and animal body part for procreation in the form of a sack, which contains and protects the testes.


rufus

la-adj

rūfus (feminine rūfa, neuter rūfum); first/second-declension adjective

rūfus (canonical)
rūfa (feminine)
rūfum (neuter)
rūfus (masculine nominative singular)
rūfa (feminine nominative singular)
rūfum (neuter nominative singular)
rūfī (masculine nominative singular)
rūfae (feminine nominative plural)
rūfa (neuter nominative plural)
rūfī (genitive masculine singular)
rūfae (feminine genitive singular)
rūfī (genitive neuter singular)
rūfōrum (genitive masculine singular)
rūfārum (feminine genitive plural)
rūfōrum (genitive neuter plural)
rūfō (dative masculine singular)
rūfae (dative feminine singular)
rūfō (dative neuter singular)
rūfīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
rūfum (accusative masculine singular)
rūfam (accusative feminine singular)
rūfum (accusative neuter singular)
rūfōs (accusative masculine singular)
rūfās (accusative feminine plural)
rūfa (accusative neuter plural)
rūfō (ablative masculine singular)
rūfā (ablative feminine singular)
rūfō (ablative neuter singular)
rūfīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
rūfe (masculine singular vocative)
rūfa (feminine singular vocative)
rūfum (neuter singular vocative)
rūfī (masculine singular vocative)
rūfae (feminine plural vocative)
rūfa (neuter plural vocative)

>? Catalan: rúfol

→ English: rufous

Italian: rufo

Spanish: rufo

From Proto-Italic *rouðos. The medial -f- indicates a borrowing from a Sabellic language such as Oscan 𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌔 (rufriis), Umbrian 𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌓𐌖 (rufru), or from a sister variety such as Faliscan, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). It might have penetrated urban Latin by virtue of the fact that it was used as an attribute for oxen sold in the markets in Rome. The word rōbus, which ended up being limited to oxen instead, represents the regular outcome of the same etymon.


villus

la-noun

villus m (genitive villī); second declension

villī (genitive)
villus (nominative singular)
villī (nominative plural)
villī (genitive singular)
villōrum (genitive plural)
villō (dative singular)
villīs (dative plural)
villum (accusative singular)
villōs (accusative plural)
villō (ablative singular)
villīs (ablative plural)
ville (singular vocative)
villī (plural vocative)

→ English: villus

Italian: villo, vello

Spanish: vello

Dant famulī manibus lymphās, Cereremque canistrīs

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid I.701–702

The servants give the hands waters, and corn from wicker baskets
they deal, and bring towels of smooth hair.

expediunt, tōnsīsque ferunt mantēlia villīs.


thorax

thōrax m (genitive thōrācis); third declension

thōrax (canonical masculine)
thōrācis (genitive)
thōrax (nominative singular)
thōrācēs (nominative plural)
thōrācis (genitive singular)
thōrācum (genitive plural)
thōrācī (dative singular)
thōrācibus (dative plural)
thōrācem (accusative singular)
thōrācēs (accusative plural)
thōrāce (ablative singular)
thōrācibus (ablative plural)
thōrax (singular vocative)
thōrācēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: tòrax

→ English: thorax

→ Esperanto: torako

→ French: thorax

→ Galician: tórax

→ German: Thorax

→ Ido: torako

→ Indonesian: toraks

→ Irish: tóracs

→ Italian: torace

→ Romanian: torace

→ Lombard: torax

→ Malay: toraks

→ Occitan: torax

→ Portuguese: tórax, torace

→ Russian: то́ракс (tóraks)

→ Slovene: toraks

→ Spanish: tórax

→ Swedish: thorax

From Ancient Greek θώραξ (thṓrax, “a breastplate, cuirass, corslet”).


mandibula

la-noun

mandibula f (genitive mandibulae); first declension

mandibulae (genitive)
mandibula (nominative singular)
mandibulae (nominative plural)
mandibulae (genitive singular)
mandibulārum (genitive plural)
mandibulae (dative singular)
mandibulīs (dative plural)
mandibulam (accusative singular)
mandibulās (accusative plural)
mandibulā (ablative singular)
mandibulīs (ablative plural)
mandibula (singular vocative)
mandibulae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: mandíbula

→ English: mandibula

→ French: mandibule

→ Galician: mandíbula

→ Italian: mandibola

Middle English:

English: mandible

→ Portuguese: mandíbula

→ Romanian: mandibulă

→ Spanish: mandíbula

From mandō (“to chew, masticate”) + -bula (instrument noun suffix).

af

[män̪ˈd̪ɪbʊɫ̪ä]


testis

la-noun

testis m (genitive testis); third declension

testis (genitive)
testis (nominative singular)
testēs (nominative plural)
testis (genitive singular)
testium (genitive plural)
testī (dative singular)
testibus (dative plural)
testem (accusative singular)
testēs (accusative plural)
testīs (accusative plural)
teste (ablative singular)
testibus (ablative plural)
testis (singular vocative)
testēs (plural vocative)

→ English: testis (learned)

→ Indonesian: testis (learned)

→ Italian: teste (learned)

→ Serbo-Croatian: (learned)

Cyrillic script: тестис

Latin script: tȅstis

→ Turkish: testis (learned)

Of disputed origin. Perhaps either:
* From some particular use of testis (“witness”), as in "bearing witness to the sex act", or
* Related to testa (“pot, shell”).

Si posthac prehendero ego te hīc, carebis testibus.

c. 206 BCE, Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 1426

If, after this time, I catch you here again, you will be missing your testicles.


urethra

ūrēthra f (genitive ūrēthrae); first declension

ūrēthra (canonical feminine)
ūrēthrae (genitive)
ūrēthra (nominative singular)
ūrēthrae (nominative plural)
ūrēthrae (genitive singular)
ūrēthrārum (genitive plural)
ūrēthrae (dative singular)
ūrēthrīs (dative plural)
ūrēthram (accusative singular)
ūrēthrās (accusative plural)
ūrēthrā (ablative singular)
ūrēthrīs (ablative plural)
ūrēthra (singular vocative)
ūrēthrae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek οὐρήθρα (ourḗthra).


phallus

la-noun

phallus m (genitive phallī); second declension

phallī (genitive)
phallus (nominative singular)
phallī (nominative plural)
phallī (genitive singular)
phallōrum (genitive plural)
phallō (dative singular)
phallīs (dative plural)
phallum (accusative singular)
phallōs (accusative plural)
phallō (ablative singular)
phallīs (ablative plural)
phalle (singular vocative)
phallī (plural vocative)

Asturian: falu

Catalan: fal·lus

→ Czech: falus

→ Dutch: fallus

→ English: phallus

→ French: phallus

Galician: falo

→ German: Phallus

Italian: fallo

→ Occitan: fallus

→ Polish: fallus

→ Portuguese: falo

Romanian: falus (possibly via French)

desc

→ Russian: фа́ллус (fállus), фалл (fall)

→ Serbo-Croatian: falus, фалус

Sicilian: fallu

Spanish: falo

→ Turkish: fallus

[ˈpʰälːʲʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “membrum virile, phallus, or a figure thereof”), likely ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”); compare follis (“sack”).

der

(mythology, religion) an iconic phallic figure of the male member borne in cult processions at a Dionysian orgy or festival of Bacchus as a symbol of the generative power of nature


maxilla

la-noun

māxilla f (genitive māxillae); first declension

māxilla (canonical feminine)
māxillae (genitive)
māxilla (nominative singular)
māxillae (nominative plural)
māxillae (genitive singular)
māxillārum (genitive plural)
māxillae (dative singular)
māxillīs (dative plural)
māxillam (accusative singular)
māxillās (accusative plural)
māxillā (ablative singular)
māxillīs (ablative plural)
māxilla (singular vocative)
māxillae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: mãseauã

Asturian: mexella

Catalan: maixella

Middle English:

English: maxilla

desc

Friulian: massele, mašele (alternative orthography)

Galician: meixela

Italian: mascella

Ladin: masela

Megleno-Romanian: măseauă

Occitan: maissa, maissèla

→ Portuguese: maxila

Romanian: măsea

Romansch: missella, missiala (Sursilvan), misseala (Sutsilvan), missela (Surmiran), massella (Puter, Vallader)

Sardinian: mansidda, massidda, mansidha

Sicilian: masciḍḍa

Spanish: mejilla

Venetan: maseła

[mäːkˈs̠ɪlːʲä]

Diminutive of māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”), from its reconstructed Proto-Italic form *smakslā and the diminutive suffix *-elos via the following sequence of regular sound changes: *-kslelā > *-ksl̥lā > *-ksillā. Compare the formation of the following diminutives: āla–āxilla, ōlla–auxilla, paulus–pauxillus, pālus–pāxillus, vēlum–vēxillum. An alternative etymology of māla, supported by Thurneysen and Leumann, reconstructs its original form as *mandslā, from the root of mandō (“to chew”); if this is correct, the -x- in the diminutive must have instead been introduced by analogy to āxilla. Synchronically, māxilla can be viewed as ending in the Latin diminutive suffix -illus.

(anatomy) the jaw, jawbone, bone of the upper jaw

diminutive of māla:
the jaw, jawbone, bone of the upper jaw


sternum

la-noun

sternum n (genitive sternī); second declension

sternī (genitive)
sternum (nominative singular)
sterna (nominative plural)
sternī (genitive singular)
sternōrum (genitive plural)
sternō (dative singular)
sternīs (dative plural)
sternum (accusative singular)
sterna (accusative plural)
sternō (ablative singular)
sternīs (ablative plural)
sternum (singular vocative)
sterna (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: estèrnum, estern

→ Czech: sternum

→ English: sternum

→ French: sternum

→ Irish: steirneam

Borrowed from Ancient Greek στέρνον (stérnon, “breast, chest; breastbone”).


pelvis

la-noun

pēlvis f (genitive pēlvis); third declension

pēlvis (canonical feminine)
pēlvis (genitive)
pēlvis (nominative singular)
pēlvēs (nominative plural)
pēlvis (genitive singular)
pēlvium (genitive plural)
pēlvī (dative singular)
pēlvibus (dative plural)
pēlvim (accusative singular)
pēlvem (accusative singular)
pēlvēs (accusative plural)
pēlvīs (accusative plural)
pēlvī (ablative singular)
pēlve (ablative singular)
pēlvibus (ablative plural)
pēlvis (singular vocative)
pēlvēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: pelvis

→ English: pelvis

→ French: pelvis

→ Galician: pelve

→ Italian: pelvi

→ Portuguese: pelve, pélvis

→ Spanish: pelvis

[ˈpeːɫ̪u̯ɪs̠]

From Old Latin pēluis (“basin”), further etymology unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“container”). Potential cognates include Sanskrit पालवी (pālavī, “a kind of vessel”), Ancient Greek πελίκη (pelíkē, “a type of container”) Sanskrit पलव (palava, “wicker-work basket of for catching fish”), Ancient Greek πήληξ (pḗlēx, “helmet”).


stapes

la-noun

stapēs m (genitive stapedis); third declension

stapēs (canonical masculine)
stapedis (genitive)
stapēs (nominative singular)
stapedēs (nominative plural)
stapedis (genitive singular)
stapedum (genitive plural)
stapedī (dative singular)
stapedibus (dative plural)
stapedem (accusative singular)
stapedēs (accusative plural)
stapede (ablative singular)
stapedibus (ablative plural)
stapēs (singular vocative)
stapedēs (plural vocative)

→ English: stapes

→ French: stapes

→ Spanish: estápede

From a Germanic source, possibly Frankish *stap or Old High German stapf, staph (“step, stirrup”), both from Proto-Germanic *stapiz (“a step, rung (of a ladder)”). More at step.
Alternatively: Late Latin; possibly from stō (“to stand”) + pēs (“foot”).

der

(anatomy) stapes (bone in the middle ear)


metatarsus

la-noun

metatarsus m (genitive metatarsī); second declension

the part of the foot between the toes and the ankle, especially its five bones


caput

caput n (genitive capitis); third declension

capitis (genitive)
caput (nominative singular)
capita (nominative plural)
capitis (genitive singular)
capitum (genitive plural)
capitī (dative singular)
capitibus (dative plural)
caput (accusative singular)
capita (accusative plural)
capite (ablative singular)
capitibus (ablative plural)
caput (singular vocative)
capita (plural vocative)

Direct reflexes:

Sardinian: cabudu, cabude, cabide

Italian: capo

⇒ Vulgar Latin: capus (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: caput

→ Portuguese: caput

Reflexes of capita and, via back-formation, a new singular *capitum:

Balkans:

Aromanian: capiti, capit, capitu

Istro-Romanian: cåpete

Megleno-Romanian: capiti

Romanian: capete, capăt

Italy and environs:

Central Italian: capita; capitu, capito

Lombard: caved

Sardinian: cabida

From *capucla, feminine of *capuclum, for *caputulum:

Italian: capocchia

From *caputia:

Italian: capoccia

From Proto-Italic *kaput, from Proto-Indo-European *káput-. Cognates include German Haupt and English head.

caput ulnae

(New Latin, anatomy) A headlike protuberance on an organ or body part, usually bone.


sebum

sēbum n (genitive sēbī); second declension

sēbum (canonical neuter)
sēbī (genitive)
sēbum (nominative singular)
sēba (nominative plural)
sēbī (genitive singular)
sēbōrum (genitive plural)
sēbō (dative singular)
sēbīs (dative plural)
sēbum (accusative singular)
sēba (accusative plural)
sēbō (ablative singular)
sēbīs (ablative plural)
sēbum (singular vocative)
sēba (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: seu

Romanian: seu

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sebo, sego, sevo

Neapolitan: sivo

Sicilian: sivu

Padanian:

Emilian: si, sèi, sè

Friulian: sêf

Galloitalic from Sicily: siu

Ligurian: sêu, sêvo, sêio

Lombard: sef, sif, seu

Piedmontese: sèiv, sòiv

Romagnol: sif, si, séi, sif

Venetan: seo, sef

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: sieu

Franco-Provençal: suif, sueif

Old French: seu, seuf

French: suif

⇒ Anglo-Norman: suet, siuet

desctree

→ Middle English: suet, sewet, sueth, suett, suette, suwet, swet, swete, sywete
English: suet
Scots: shuet

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: sèu

Occitan: seu

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: sebo

Portuguese: sebo

Spanish: sebo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: sebu, seu

Borrowings:

→ English: sebum (learned)

→ French: sébum
→ Romanian: sebum

From Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out”), whence also (through Proto-Germanic) sāpō.


sputum

la-noun

spūtum n (genitive spūtī); second declension

spūtum (canonical neuter)
spūtī (genitive)
spūtum (nominative singular)
spūta (nominative plural)
spūtī (genitive singular)
spūtōrum (genitive plural)
spūtō (dative singular)
spūtīs (dative plural)
spūtum (accusative singular)
spūta (accusative plural)
spūtō (ablative singular)
spūtīs (ablative plural)
spūtum (singular vocative)
spūta (plural vocative)

Catalan: esput

Dalmatian: spoit

English: sputum

Italian: sputo

Old French: esput

Portuguese: esputo

Romanian: spută

Spanish: esputo

[ˈs̠puːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]


sudor

sūdor m (genitive sūdōris); third declension

sūdor (canonical masculine)
sūdōris (genitive)
sūdor (nominative singular)
sūdōrēs (nominative plural)
sūdōris (genitive singular)
sūdōrum (genitive plural)
sūdōrī (dative singular)
sūdōribus (dative plural)
sūdōrem (accusative singular)
sūdōrēs (accusative plural)
sūdōre (ablative singular)
sūdōribus (ablative plural)
sūdor (singular vocative)
sūdōrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: asudoari, sudoari

Romanian: sudoare

Dalmatian:

sudaur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: sudore, sudori (Ultramontan)

Italian: sudore

Neapolitan: surore

Sicilian: sudura, suduri

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: sori, sudore, sudori, suore, suori

North Italian: (forms with /d/ possibly Italianisms)

Friulian: sudôr

Istriot: sudur

Piedmontese: sudor

Romagnol: sudôr

Romansch: süur

Venetan: suor

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: suor

desctree

Old French: suor, sudor (archaic), suur (Anglo-Norman), sueur
French: sueur

Gascon: sudor

Occitan: susor, suor

Ibero-Romance:

→ Asturian: sudor

Galician: suor

Portuguese: suor

→ Spanish: sudor

From Proto-Indo-European *swoyd- (“to sweat”), *sweyd-. Cognates include Ancient Greek ἱδρώς (hidrṓs), Sanskrit स्वेदते (svedate) and Old English swāt (English sweat).


cerebrum

la-noun

cerebrum n (genitive cerebrī); second declension

cerebrī (genitive)
cerebrum (nominative singular)
cerebra (nominative plural)
cerebrī (genitive singular)
cerebrōrum (genitive plural)
cerebrō (dative singular)
cerebrīs (dative plural)
cerebrum (accusative singular)
cerebra (accusative plural)
cerebrō (ablative singular)
cerebrīs (ablative plural)
cerebrum (singular vocative)
cerebra (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: cerebru

→ Esperanto: cerbo

→ Galician: cerebro

→ Ido: cerebro

→ Interlingua: cerebro

→ Italian: cerebro

desctree

→ Middle English: cerebrum, cerebre, cerrebre, serabrum
English: cerebrum

→ Portuguese: cérebro

→ Spanish: cerebro

→ Turkish: serebrum

⇒ French: cérébral

→ English: cerebral

[ˈkɛrɛbrʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *kerazrom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂srom, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-. Compare Ancient Greek κᾰ́ρᾱ (kắrā, “a head, face”).


cara

la-noun

cara f (genitive carae); first declension

carae (genitive)
cara (nominative singular)
carae (nominative plural)
carae (genitive singular)
carārum (genitive plural)
carae (dative singular)
carīs (dative plural)
caram (accusative singular)
carās (accusative plural)
carā (ablative singular)
carīs (ablative plural)
cara (singular vocative)
carae (plural vocative)

North Italian:

Old Ligurian: cera

→ Gallurese: cera

Ligurian: cêa

→ Sassarese: cera

Piedmontese: cera

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: chiere
French: chère
→ Middle English: chere
English: cheer

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: cara

Catalan: cara

→ Sardinian: cara

q

merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="oc">visatge</i>

Occitan: cara ⇒ caratge (merger with visatge)

Nord-Occitan: chara

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: cara

Asturian: cara

Extremaduran: cara

Leonese: cara

Mirandese: cara

Old Galician-Portuguese: cara

Fala: cara

Galician: cara

Portuguese: cara

Old Spanish: cara

Spanish: cara

Apparently borrowed from Ancient Greek κάρᾱ (kárā, “head, face”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-(e)s-n-, from the root *ḱerh₂- (“top, head, horn”). Cognate to Latin cornū, corvus, crabrō, cerebrum and cernuus.
Attested tenuously in a single late Latin glossary, where it is given as Greek, and then in medieval Latin documents from Spain. Appears in Romance languages with the meaning “face, facial features” (corresponding to Latin vultus).

'Gargara' quasi cara, caros, idest 'caput, capitis'

Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum, 4 587.8, (etymologising on Virgil's Georgics III, 269)

dente […] dolentibus et carā satis antidotī adpositum prōdest

(Late Latin, rare, glosses, Medieval Latin, uncertain) the head


palma

la-noun

palma f (genitive palmae); first declension

palmae (genitive)
palma (nominative singular)
palmae (nominative plural)
palmae (genitive singular)
palmārum (genitive plural)
palmae (dative singular)
palmīs (dative plural)
palmam (accusative singular)
palmās (accusative plural)
palmā (ablative singular)
palmīs (ablative plural)
palma (singular vocative)
palmae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: palmã

Megleno-Romanian: palmă

Romanian: palmă

Gallo-Italic

Piedmontese: palma

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: palma

Dalmatian: puolma

Italian: palma

→ Maltese: palm

Sicilian: parma, pamma

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: palma, palmell

Occitan: palma, pauma

desctree

Old French: paume, palme, pasme, paulme
Middle French: paulme
French: paume
Norman: paûmé

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: palme

Sardinian: palma, parma, prama

Venetan: palma

West Iberian

Asturian: palma

Old Galician-Portuguese: palma

Galician: palma

Portuguese: palma
→ English: palma

Spanish: palma
→ English: palma

Borrowings

→ Azerbaijani: palma

→ Belarusian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Bulgarian: палма (palma)

→ Cornish: palv

→ Czech: palm

→ Estonian: palm

→ Georgian: პალმა (ṗalma)

→ Hungarian: pálma

→ Lao: ປາມ (pām)

→ Latvian: palm

→ Lithuanian: palmė

→ Macedonian: палма (palma)

→ Malayalam: പം (paṁ)

→ Old Dutch: palma

Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm
→ Caribbean Javanese: palem
→ Indonesian: palem

→ Old English: palm (“palm tree”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: palme

French: palme
→ Romanian: palm

Norman: palme

→ Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm

→ Old High German: palm m, palma f
Middle High German: palme, balme
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Palme, Pallem
German: Palme

→ Old Norse: palmi

Faroese: pálmi

Icelandic: pálmi

Danish: palme

Norwegian Bokmål: palme

Norwegian Nynorsk: palme

Old Swedish: palma

Swedish: palm
→ Finnish: palmu

→ Polish: palma

→ Russian: пальма (palʹma) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: palma, палма

→ Slovak: palma

→ Slovene: palma

→ Turkish: palmiye

→ Turkmen: palma

→ Ukrainian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Uyghur: پالما (palma)

→ Uzbek: palma

→ Welsh: palf

From Proto-Italic *palamā, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē), Old Irish lám, Old English folm, and Albanian shpall.


vena

la-noun

vēna f (genitive vēnae); first declension

vēna (canonical feminine)
vēnae (genitive)
vēna (nominative singular)
vēnae (nominative plural)
vēnae (genitive singular)
vēnārum (genitive plural)
vēnae (dative singular)
vēnīs (dative plural)
vēnam (accusative singular)
vēnās (accusative plural)
vēnā (ablative singular)
vēnīs (ablative plural)
vēna (singular vocative)
vēnae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: vinã, vãnã

Romanian: vână

Dalmatian:

vaina

Italo-Romance:

Italian: vena

Sicilian: vina

North Italian:

Friulian: vene

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: vèina, vàina, vèna

Ligurian: vénn-a

Lombard: vena, ena

Piedmontese: ven-a, vèina, vègna

Romagnol: vèina, vàina

Romansch: avaina, avagna

Venetan: véna, vena

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: veine, vaine, veyne
Middle French: vene
French: veine
→ Vietnamese: ven
Norman: veine
→ Middle English: veine
English: vein
Scots: van, vane, vain, vaine

Walloon: voenne

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: vena

Gascon: vea, veia, via, venha

Old Occitan: vena

Occitan: vena

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: vena

Asturian: vena

Old Galician-Portuguese: vẽa
Fala: vea
Galician: vea
Portuguese: veia

Old Spanish: vena

Spanish: vena

Sardinian:

bena; → vena

Borrowings:

→ Bulgarian: вена (vena)

→ English: vena

→ Finnish: vena

→ German: Vene

→ Hungarian: véna

→ Macedonian: вена (vena)

→ Polish: wena

→ Romanian: venă

→ Russian: вена (vena)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вена

Latin script: vena

→ Swedish: ven

→ Ukrainian: вена (vena)

Of uncertain origin; proposed derivations include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-, the same root of via (“road”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-, the same root of venēnum (“juice; venom”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *weyp-, the same root of vibex (“weal, welt”).
* From a root common to Lithuanian gýsla (“vein”) and Russian жи́ла (žíla, “vein”).

(transferred sense, of things that resemble a vein)


barba

la-noun

barba f (genitive barbae); first declension

barbae (genitive)
barba (nominative singular)
barbae (nominative plural)
barbae (genitive singular)
barbārum (genitive plural)
barbae (dative singular)
barbīs (dative plural)
barbam (accusative singular)
barbās (accusative plural)
barbā (ablative singular)
barbīs (ablative plural)
barba (singular vocative)
barbae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: barbã

Istro-Romanian: borbĕ

Romanian: barbă

Franco-Provençal: bârba

Gallo-Romance

Emilian: barba

Ligurian: bàrba

Lombard: barba

Piedmontese: barba

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: barba

Italian: barba

Dalmatian: buarba

Sicilian: varva, barba, varba

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: barba

Occitan: barba

Oïl

Old French: barbe

Middle French: barbe
French: barbe

Old Northern French: barbe

Norman: barbe

Walloon: båbe

Anglo-Norman: barbe

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: barbe

Romansch: barba

Sardinian: balba, barba, balva

Venetan: barba

⇒ Venetan: barbièr (“barber”)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بربر (berber) (see there for further descendants)

West Iberian

Aragonese: barba

Asturian: barba

Old Galician-Portuguese: barva

Galician: barba

desctree

Portuguese: barba
→ Sranan Tongo: barba
Aukan: baiba

Ladino: barva, בארב׳ה

Spanish: barba

→ Proto-Brythonic: *barv

Breton: barv

Cornish: barv

Welsh: barf

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”). Since PIE *bʰ normally became [f] at the start of a Latin word, the initial [b] calls for some explanation. It is generally attributed to long-distance regressive assimilation in voicing and/or manner of articulation (e.g. *farb- > barb-).
More information
Katz (1998 and 2006:335-337) identifies one other potential example of this sound change, berber (found only in the Carmen Arvale; interpreted by Katz as meaning "firm", cognate to firmus, from *dʰer-), and proposes the sound law *fVrb- > bVrb-, noting it has no apparent counterexamples. This sound law is also endorsed by Weiss 2018:439-440 (citing Katz 2006), with the same examples, although Weiss prefers to interpret berber as meaning 'at every door' and derive it from *dʰwer- (“door, gate”) via *dʰwer-dʰwer (citing Weiss 2017 and Ligorio 2012). On the other hand, De Vaan 2008, citing Driessen 2001, considers this rule ad hoc. For comparison, fiber from *bʰébʰrus (with the similar but not identical shape fVbr-) shows a lack of assimilation (Katz 2006:336).
Previously, Weiss 2009 suggested the alternative of deriving the */b-/ via long-distance aspirate dissimilation ("limited Latin Grassmann's Law") turning *bʰardʰeh₂ into *bardʰeh₂.
De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *farβā on the assumption that Italian farfecchie is borrowed from a cognate word in another Italic language. If this reconstruction is correct, then the assimilation discussed above must have postdated the common Italic stage.

Barba nōn facit philosophum.

Videō barbam et pallium; philosophum nōndum videō.

I see a beard and cloak; a philosopher I don’t yet see.


mentula

la-noun

mentula f (genitive mentulae); first declension

mentulae (genitive)
mentula (nominative singular)
mentulae (nominative plural)
mentulae (genitive singular)
mentulārum (genitive plural)
mentulae (dative singular)
mentulīs (dative plural)
mentulam (accusative singular)
mentulās (accusative plural)
mentulā (ablative singular)
mentulīs (ablative plural)
mentula (singular vocative)
mentulae (plural vocative)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *mintula (see there for further descendants)

→ English: mentula

→ French: mentule

[ˈmɛn̪t̪ʊɫ̪ä]

From *mn̥tolā, a possibly Italo-Celtic term considering cognate Irish méadal (“paunch, fat belly”), where "the original meaning of the Irish and Latin words seems to have been 'projecting part of the body'". Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *men- "to protrude, to project, to stick out", hence emineō (“I project”) and mōns (“mountain”). Others have suggested a connection to mens (“mind”) or menta (“mint stalk”)

Ut ista vestra diffututa mentula

c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 29

Maronis illic esse mentulam scito.

86 CE – 103 CE, Martial, Epigrammata IX.33

(vulgar) dick, cock (obscene word for the penis)


sanies

saniēs f (genitive saniēī); fifth declension

saniēs (canonical feminine)
saniēī (genitive)
saniēs (nominative singular)
saniēs (nominative plural)
saniēī (genitive singular)
saniērum (genitive plural)
saniēī (dative singular)
saniēbus (dative plural)
saniem (accusative singular)
saniēs (accusative plural)
saniē (ablative singular)
saniēbus (ablative plural)
saniēs (singular vocative)
saniēs (plural vocative)

Italian: sanie

Sardinian: sanza, sangia

Picard Old French: sainnie

desc

Middle French: saingne, rancle de saingnie (“purulent ulcer”)

⇒ Old Catalan: saniar

→? Old Occitan: sania

Portuguese: sanha

Spanish: saña

→ English: sanies

→ Catalan: sànies

→ Portuguese: sânie

→ Spanish: sanies

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Compare Latin sanguis.


cilium

la-noun

cilium n (genitive ciliī or cilī); second declension

ciliī (genitive)
cilī (genitive)
cilium (nominative singular)
cilia (nominative plural)
ciliī (genitive singular)
cilī (genitive singular)
ciliōrum (genitive plural)
ciliō (dative singular)
ciliīs (dative plural)
cilium (accusative singular)
cilia (accusative plural)
ciliō (ablative singular)
ciliīs (ablative plural)
cilium (singular vocative)
cilia (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

čeja

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ciglio

Sicilian: cigghiu, gigghiu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: chizu, cillu, chiza

North Italian:

Friulian: cee

Istriot: sia

Lombard: zida

>? Piedmontese: sign

Romagnol: zida

Romansch: tschegl

Venetan: segia, zheja, cegia, çéi

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: cella

Old French: cil, cille

French: cil

Occitan: cilh, celh, cilha, celha

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: cella

Asturian: ceya

Galician: cella

Portuguese: celha

Spanish: ceja, cejo

Borrowings:

→ English: cilium

→ Ido: cilio

→ Portuguese: cílio

→ Romanian: ciliu

→ Spanish: cilio

→ Swedish: cilie

From Proto-Italic *keljom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel-yo-m, which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”). Alternatively, compare Ancient Greek κῠ́λᾱ (kŭ́lā, “the parts under the eyes”) (though Beekes doubts this connection and derives the latter from Pre-Greek).

cog

(anatomy) eyelid
(transferred sense) lower eyelid

(Medieval Latin, usually in the plural) eyelash


cora

la-noun

cora f (genitive corae); first declension

corae (genitive)
cora (nominative singular)
corae (nominative plural)
corae (genitive singular)
corārum (genitive plural)
corae (dative singular)
corīs (dative plural)
coram (accusative singular)
corās (accusative plural)
corā (ablative singular)
corīs (ablative plural)
cora (singular vocative)
corae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόρη (kórē).


fauces

faucēs f pl (genitive faucium); third declension

faucēs (canonical feminine plural)
faucium (genitive)
faucēs (nominative plural)
faucium (genitive plural)
faucibus (dative plural)
faucēs (accusative plural)
faucīs (accusative plural)
faucibus (ablative plural)
faucēs (plural vocative)

→ English: fauces

→ Galician: fauces

→ Italian: fauci

→ Portuguese: fauces

→ Spanish: fauces

unk

unknown

Et tamen omnibus hominibus contrā serpentēs inest venēnum: ferunt ictum salīvae ut ferventis aquae contāctum fugere; quod sī in faucēs penetrāverit, etiam morī, idque maximē hūmānī iēiūnī ōris.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 7.2.15

And still all people have a venom against snakes: they say that they avoid the attack of saliva like the touch of boiling water; and if it makes its way into the throat, they also die, and most of all in the case of that of a fasted human mouth.

(literal) the upper part of a throat; a throat, pharynx, gullet


spina

la-noun

spīna f (genitive spīnae); first declension

spīna (canonical feminine)
spīnae (genitive)
spīna (nominative singular)
spīnae (nominative plural)
spīnae (genitive singular)
spīnārum (genitive plural)
spīnae (dative singular)
spīnīs (dative plural)
spīnam (accusative singular)
spīnās (accusative plural)
spīnā (ablative singular)
spīnīs (ablative plural)
spīna (singular vocative)
spīnae (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: èpena

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: spaina

Italian: spina

Neapolitan: spina

Sicilian: spina

desctree

Old French: espine
Champenois: épingne
Middle French: espine
French: épine
→ Middle English: spyne
English: spine

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: espina

Occitan: espina

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: spine

Romansch: spina, spegna

Sardinian:

Campidanese: spina

Logudorese: ispina

Venetan: spina

West Iberian

Asturian: espina

Old Galician-Portuguese: espinha
Galician: espiña
Portuguese: espinha

Spanish: espina

→ Albanian: shpinë

→ Middle Irish: spín

Irish: spíon

Scottish Gaelic: spìon

→ Middle English: spyne, spine, spin, spyn, spina (learned)
English: spine

→ Polish: spina (learned) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

der

(transferred sense)
(anatomy) the backbone, spine


cirrus

la-noun

cirrus m (genitive cirrī); second declension

cirrī (genitive)
cirrus (nominative singular)
cirrī (nominative plural)
cirrī (genitive singular)
cirrōrum (genitive plural)
cirrō (dative singular)
cirrīs (dative plural)
cirrum (accusative singular)
cirrōs (accusative plural)
cirrō (ablative singular)
cirrīs (ablative plural)
cirre (singular vocative)
cirrī (plural vocative)

Catalan: cerro

Galician: cerro

Italian: cirro

Portuguese: cerro

Spanish: cerro

The origin is unknown. There are no definitive cognates in other Indo-European languages. Compare Proto-Germanic *hērą (“hair”).

the mane, especially the forelock, of a horse


urina

ūrīna f (genitive ūrīnae); first declension

ūrīna (canonical feminine)
ūrīnae (genitive)
ūrīna (nominative singular)
ūrīnae (nominative plural)
ūrīnae (genitive singular)
ūrīnārum (genitive plural)
ūrīnae (dative singular)
ūrīnīs (dative plural)
ūrīnam (accusative singular)
ūrīnās (accusative plural)
ūrīnā (ablative singular)
ūrīnīs (ablative plural)
ūrīna (singular vocative)
ūrīnae (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *aurīna (see there for further descendants)

Possibly inherited forms:

Old Catalan: urina

Friulian: urine

Italian: urina

Occitan: urina

Certain borrowings:

→ English: urine

→ French: urine

→ Galician: urina

→ Portuguese: urina

→ Romanian: urină

From Proto-Italic *ūrīnos (“watery”), from Proto-Indo-European *woh₁-r̥ (“water”), possibly a doublet of *wódr̥ (with the "Kortlandt effect", which posits that *d becomes *h₁ under certain conditions). See also Sanskrit वार् (vār, “water”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭 (var, “rain”).


ebur

ebur n (genitive eboris); third declension

eboris (genitive)
ebur (nominative singular)
ebora (nominative plural)
eboris (genitive singular)
eborum (genitive plural)
eborī (dative singular)
eboribus (dative plural)
ebur (accusative singular)
ebora (accusative plural)
ebore (ablative singular)
eboribus (ablative plural)
ebur (singular vocative)
ebora (plural vocative)

Loan word, probably from Demotic yb (“ivory, Elephantine”), from Egyptian Ab-b-w-E26 (ꜣbw, “ivory, elephant, Elephantine”). Compare Coptic ⲓⲏⲃ (iēb, “Elephantine”); also note Sanskrit इभ (íbha) and Tigre [script needed] (ʔabot).
In any case, probably cognate with the second half of Ancient Greek ἐλέφας (eléphas, “elephant”)


symphysis

la-noun

symphysis f (genitive symphysis or symphyseōs or symphysios); third declension

symphysis (genitive)
symphyseōs (genitive)
symphysios (genitive)
symphysis (nominative singular)
symphysēs (nominative plural)
symphyseis (nominative plural)
symphysis (genitive singular)
symphyseōs (genitive singular)
symphysios (genitive singular)
symphysium (genitive plural)
symphysī (dative singular)
symphysibus (dative plural)
symphysim (accusative singular)
symphysin (accusative singular)
symphysem (accusative singular)
symphysēs (accusative plural)
symphysīs (accusative plural)
symphysī (ablative singular)
symphyse (ablative singular)
symphysibus (ablative plural)
symphysis (singular vocative)
symphysi (singular vocative)
symphysēs (plural vocative)
symphyseis (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σύμφῠσῐς (súmphŭsĭs, “growing together, natural junction”), from σῠμφύω (sŭmphúō, “to make to grow together, to unite”) + -σῐς (-sĭs, nominal suffix).


vomitus

la-noun

vomitus m (genitive vomitūs); fourth declension

vomitūs (genitive)
vomitus (nominative singular)
vomitūs (nominative plural)
vomitūs (genitive singular)
vomituum (genitive plural)
vomituī (dative singular)
vomitibus (dative plural)
vomitum (accusative singular)
vomitūs (accusative plural)
vomitū (ablative singular)
vomitibus (ablative plural)
vomitus (singular vocative)
vomitūs (plural vocative)

Asturian: gómitu

Catalan: vòmit

English: vomitus

French: vomi

Italian: vomito

Portuguese: vômito

Spanish: vómito

[ˈu̯ɔmɪt̪ʊs̠]

Perfect passive participle of vomō (“vomit forth”).

That which is thrown up by vomiting; sick, vomit.


cincinnus

cincinnus m (genitive cincinnī); second declension

cincinnī (genitive)
cincinnus (nominative singular)
cincinnī (nominative plural)
cincinnī (genitive singular)
cincinnōrum (genitive plural)
cincinnō (dative singular)
cincinnīs (dative plural)
cincinnum (accusative singular)
cincinnōs (accusative plural)
cincinnō (ablative singular)
cincinnīs (ablative plural)
cincinne (singular vocative)
cincinnī (plural vocative)

English: cincinnus

Galician: cenceno

Italian: cincinno

[kɪŋˈkɪnːʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek κῐ́κῐννος (kĭ́kĭnnos). For sense two, compare calamistrum.

(figuratively) an oratorical ornament too artificial, excessive or elaborate


lema

lēma f (genitive lēmae); first declension

lēma (canonical feminine)
lēmae (genitive)
lēma (nominative singular)
lēmae (nominative plural)
lēmae (genitive singular)
lēmārum (genitive plural)
lēmae (dative singular)
lēmīs (dative plural)
lēmam (accusative singular)
lēmās (accusative plural)
lēmā (ablative singular)
lēmīs (ablative plural)
lēma (singular vocative)
lēmae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λήμη (lḗmē).

rheum that collects in the corner of the eyes


lacte

lacte n (genitive lactis); third declension

lactis (genitive)
lacte (nominative singular)
lactis (genitive singular)
lactī (dative singular)
lacte (accusative singular)
lacte (ablative singular)
lacte (singular vocative)

(archaic, Medieval Latin) Alternative form of lac (“milk”)


auricula

auricula f (genitive auriculae); first declension

auriculae (genitive)
auricula (nominative singular)
auriculae (nominative plural)
auriculae (genitive singular)
auriculārum (genitive plural)
auriculae (dative singular)
auriculīs (dative plural)
auriculam (accusative singular)
auriculās (accusative plural)
auriculā (ablative singular)
auriculīs (ablative plural)
auricula (singular vocative)
auriculae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: aurecchia

Old Italian: urecchio (possibly)

Sicilian: auricchia, aricchia, aricchiu

North Italian:

Lombard: auregia

Piedmontese: aurija, auria

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: orelye

Gascon: aulhera, alhera

Occitan: aurelha (all dialects)

Vivaro-Alpine: aurilha

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: ourella

Leonese: oureya

Mirandese: oureilha

Portuguese: ourelha (regional)

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: aurícula

→ English: auricle, auricula

→ French: auricule

→ Galician: aurícula

→ Italian: auricola

→ Portuguese: aurícula

→ Romanian: auriculă

→ Spanish: aurícula

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ureaclji

Megleno-Romanian: ureacľă

Istro-Romanian: urecľe, uręklja

Romanian: ureche

Dalmatian:

oracla

Italo-Romance:

Italian: orecchia

Judeo-Italian: רֵיקֵילַה (rechela)

Neapolitan: recchia

desc

Sicilian: ricchi, oricchia, ricchia, gricchia

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: olicra, oricia, oricla, oricra, ulicra

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: uraccia

Ligurian: oêgia

Lombard: uregia, oreggia

Piedmontese: orija, oria

Friulian: orele, vorele

Ladin: orëdla

Romansch: ureglia, uraglia (Puter, Vallader)

Venetan: récia, orécia

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: orella

Franco-Provençal: orelye

Old French: oreille (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: orella

→? Gascon: orelha

Asturian: oreya

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: orelha, orella
Galician: orella
Portuguese: orelha (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: [Term?]

Ladino: oreja

Spanish: oreja

[äu̯ˈrɪkʊɫ̪ä]

From auris (“ear”) + -cula (diminutive suffix).

af

Tu, quemadmodum me censes oportere esse et in re publica et in nostris inimicitiis, ita et esse et fore auricula infima scito molliorem.

54 B.C.E., Marcus Tullius Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem:

Whatever line you think I ought to take in politics and in treating my opponents, be sure I shall take, and shall be "gentler than any ear-lap.

diminutive of auris:
(anatomy) external ear, earlap

diminutive of auris:
external ear, earlap


coryza

la-noun

corȳza f (genitive corȳzae); first declension

corȳza (canonical feminine)
corȳzae (genitive)
corȳza (nominative singular)
corȳzae (nominative plural)
corȳzae (genitive singular)
corȳzārum (genitive plural)
corȳzae (dative singular)
corȳzīs (dative plural)
corȳzam (accusative singular)
corȳzās (accusative plural)
corȳzā (ablative singular)
corȳzīs (ablative plural)
corȳza (singular vocative)
corȳzae (plural vocative)

[kɔˈryːz̪d̪͡z̪ä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόρυζα (kóruza).


capillus

capillus m (genitive capillī); second declension

capillī (genitive)
capillus (nominative singular)
capillī (nominative plural)
capillī (genitive singular)
capillōrum (genitive plural)
capillō (dative singular)
capillīs (dative plural)
capillum (accusative singular)
capillōs (accusative plural)
capillō (ablative singular)
capillīs (ablative plural)
capille (singular vocative)
capillī (plural vocative)

Catalan: cabell

Dalmatian: capei

Franco-Provençal: chevél

desctree

Old French: cheveu, chavel, chevel, cavel, caveu, caviau, cavieu, kavel (Northern)
Bourguignon: cheveu
Middle French: cheveu
French: cheveu
Lorrain: tchavou
Norman: g'veu, queveu
Picard: caviau (Artois), cavieu (Picardy)
Walloon: tchvea

Friulian: cjaveli, čhavêl

Galician: cabelo

Gallo-Italic:

Romagnol: cavèl (Ravenna)

→ Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌽 (kapillōn) ( < *capillāre)

Italian: capello

Neapolitan: capillo

Occitan: cabel

Portuguese: cabelo

Romansch: chavel, tgavel

Sicilian: capiḍḍu

Spanish: cabello

Venetan: cavel

[käˈpɪlːʲʊs̠]

Apparently some diminutive form from the root of caput (“head”). May be cognate with Persian کوپله (kuple, “hair of head”) or Persian کوبله (kôbale).

odōrātīs humerōs perfūsa capillīs

with perfumed tresses overflowing her shoulders


crinis

la-noun

crīnis m (genitive crīnis); third declension

crīnis (canonical masculine)
crīnis (genitive)
crīnis (nominative singular)
crīnēs (nominative plural)
crīnis (genitive singular)
crīnium (genitive plural)
crīnī (dative singular)
crīnibus (dative plural)
crīnem (accusative singular)
crīnēs (accusative plural)
crīnīs (accusative plural)
crīne (ablative singular)
crīnibus (ablative plural)
crīnis (singular vocative)
crīnēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: clin, clina

Catalan: crin

French: crin

Galician: crina; ⇒ crecha ( < *crinicula)

Italian: crine

Norman: crîn

Portuguese: crina

Spanish: crin

From Proto-Italic *kriznis, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Cognate with Latin crista, crispus (“curly”) and Albanian krip.

der

Nōndum illī flāvum Prōserpina vertice crīnem

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.698-699

Proserpina had not yet taken that lock of blonde hair from [Dido’s] head, [nor] condemned [the queen’s] life to Stygian Orcus.
(Frieze, Henry [1876], Virgil’s Aeneid, 2nd ed., pg 463: “A lock of hair is cut from the forehead of the dying as a sign of dedication to the gods below.”)

abstulerat, Stygiōque caput damnāverat Orcō.


calvaria

la-noun

calvāria f (genitive calvāriae); first declension

calvāria (canonical feminine)
calvāriae (genitive)
calvāria (nominative singular)
calvāriae (nominative plural)
calvāriae (genitive singular)
calvāriārum (genitive plural)
calvāriae (dative singular)
calvāriīs (dative plural)
calvāriam (accusative singular)
calvāriās (accusative plural)
calvāriā (ablative singular)
calvāriīs (ablative plural)
calvāria (singular vocative)
calvāriae (plural vocative)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: calavera, canavera

Gascon: calavera

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: caaveira
Galician: caveira
Portuguese: caveira

Spanish: calavera

Derived forms:

⇒ Ecclesiastical Latin: calvārium

→ Catalan: calvari

→ English: Calvary

→ Italian: calvario

→ Occitan: calbari

→ Old French: cauvaire

French: calvaire (partly relatinized)

Norman: calvet

→ Spanish: calvario

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calvāriō, calvāriōnem

desc

⇒ Franco-Provençal: tsarvayrõ (“flat stone”), ϑarvẹrõ (toponym)

Direct borrowings:

→ English: calvaria

[käɫ̪ˈu̯äːriä]

From calvus (“bald”) + -āria (noun-forming suffix).


ventriculus

la-noun

ventriculus m (genitive ventriculī); second declension

ventriculī (genitive)
ventriculus (nominative singular)
ventriculī (nominative plural)
ventriculī (genitive singular)
ventriculōrum (genitive plural)
ventriculō (dative singular)
ventriculīs (dative plural)
ventriculum (accusative singular)
ventriculōs (accusative plural)
ventriculō (ablative singular)
ventriculīs (ablative plural)
ventricule (singular vocative)
ventriculī (plural vocative)

Asturian: banduyu

desctree

→ French: ventricule
→ Romanian: ventricul

Italian: ventricchio, → ventricolo

→ Middle English:

English: ventricle

Old French: ventroil

Old Occitan: ventrilh, ventrelh

→ Italian: ventriglio

Portuguese: bandulho, → ventrículo

Spanish: bandrullo, → ventrículo

[u̯ɛn̪ˈt̪rɪkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

(transferred sense, anatomy)
the stomach


saeta

la-noun

saeta f (genitive saetae); first declension

saetae (genitive)
saeta (nominative singular)
saetae (nominative plural)
saetae (genitive singular)
saetārum (genitive plural)
saetae (dative singular)
saetīs (dative plural)
saetam (accusative singular)
saetās (accusative plural)
saetā (ablative singular)
saetīs (ablative plural)
saeta (singular vocative)
saetae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

saita

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: seta, sete, seda

Corsican: sita

Italian: seta

Neapolitan: seta, sèita

Sicilian: sita

Padanian:

Emilian: seda, sèida

Friulian: sede

Ligurian: sæa, sèe, sèje, sè

Lombard: seda, sida

→ Piedmontese: seda, sèida (“silk”)

Piedmontese: sèje, sèja, sè (“bristle”)

Romansch: saida, seida, seda

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: sèya, sèye

French: soie

Norman: souaie

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: seda

Catalan: seda

Occitan: seda

Gascon: seta

Vivaro-Alpine: sea

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: seda, sea

Extremaduran: sea

Galician: seda

Leonese: seda

Portuguese: seda

Spanish: seda

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: seda, sera, seta

→ English: seta (learned)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *sīdā (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: síoda

→ Welsh: sidan

From Proto-Italic *saitā, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂it-o/eh₂-, *sh₂éyt-o/eh₂-, from *sh₂ey-, *seh₂i- (“to bind”). Compare Old High German seid (“cord”), Old Norse seior, Czech síť (“net”), Russian сеть (setʹ, “net, mesh”), Old Church Slavonic сѣть (sětĭ, “trap, snare, net”), Lithuanian sietas (“tie”), Old Prussian saytan (“belt, strap”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬈𐬙𐬎 (haetu, “dam”), and Sanskrit सेतु (sétu, “bridge, fetter, band”).


spira

la-noun

spīra f (genitive spīrae); first declension

spīra (canonical feminine)
spīrae (genitive)
spīra (nominative singular)
spīrae (nominative plural)
spīrae (genitive singular)
spīrārum (genitive plural)
spīrae (dative singular)
spīrīs (dative plural)
spīram (accusative singular)
spīrās (accusative plural)
spīrā (ablative singular)
spīrīs (ablative plural)
spīra (singular vocative)
spīrae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek σπεῖρα (speîra, “wreath, coil, twist”) from Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to twist, turn”).


sanguino

la-verb

sanguinō (present infinitive sanguināre); first conjugation, no passive, no perfect or supine stems

sanguinō (canonical)
no passive (canonical)
supine stems (canonical)
sanguināre (infinitive present)
sanguinō (active first-person indicative present singular)
sanguinās (active indicative present second-person singular)
sanguinat (active indicative present singular third-person)
sanguināmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
sanguinātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
sanguinant (active indicative plural present third-person)
sanguinābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
sanguinābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
sanguinābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
sanguinābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
sanguinābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
sanguinābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
sanguinābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
sanguinābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
sanguinābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
sanguinābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
sanguinābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
sanguinābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
sanguinem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sanguinēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sanguinet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sanguinēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sanguinētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sanguinent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sanguinārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
sanguinārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
sanguināret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
sanguinārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
sanguinārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
sanguinārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
sanguinā (active imperative present second-person singular)
sanguināte (active imperative plural present second-person)
sanguinātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
sanguinātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
sanguinātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
sanguinantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
sanguināre (active infinitive present)
sanguināns (active participle present)
sanguinandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
sanguinandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
sanguinandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
sanguinandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sãndzinedz, sãndzinari

Romanian: sângera, sângerare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sanguinare

Sicilian: sanguniari, sanguinari

Padanian:

Friulian: sanganâ

Piedmontese: sagné, seinar

Venetan: sanguenar

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: sagnar, sagner, sègner, ségner, sègnar, ségnar, ségnir, sagnir (most dialects)

Savoyard: sèigner, sainer

Valdôtain: séinèr, sèiner, séinar, sinnèr

French: saigner

→ Neapolitan: sagnà

→ Sicilian: sagnari

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: sagnar

Mallorquí sainar

Occitan: sagnar (all dialects)

Auvergnat: sanhar, sannhar

Gascon: sainar

Limousin: sannhar, sangar

Provençal: saunar, sonar

Vivaro-Alpine: sanhar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: sangrar

Galician: sangrar

Portuguese: sangrar

Spanish: sangrar

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: sambenàre, sambenàri, sangunai

[ˈs̠äŋɡʷɪnoː]