humor

la-noun

hūmor m (genitive hūmōris); third declension

hūmor (canonical masculine)
hūmōris (genitive)
hūmor (nominative singular)
hūmōrēs (nominative plural)
hūmōris (genitive singular)
hūmōrum (genitive plural)
hūmōrī (dative singular)
hūmōribus (dative plural)
hūmōrem (accusative singular)
hūmōrēs (accusative plural)
hūmōre (ablative singular)
hūmōribus (ablative plural)
hūmor (singular vocative)
hūmōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: humor

→ Catalan: humor

→ Czech: humor

→ Danish: humor

→ Esperanto: humuro (via descendants)

desctree

→ German: Humor
→ Norwegian: (also via English)
Bokmål: humor
Nynorsk: humor
→ Polish: humor
→ Belarusian: гу́мар (húmar)
→ Ukrainian: гу́мор (húmor)
→ Yiddish: הומאָר (humor) (probably)

⇒ Hebrew: הומור

→ Hungarian: humor

→ Ido: humuro (via descendants)

Italian: umore

Ladino: umor

→ Macedonian: хумор (humor)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: humor, umor

Portuguese: humor

→ Old French: humor, humour (less common)
French: humeur
→ Danish: humør
Norwegian Bokmål: humør
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: humør
→ Romanian: umoare
→ Swedish: humör
→ Middle Dutch: humuere
Dutch: humeur
Negerhollands: humeer
→ Papiamentu: himeur (dated)
→ Middle English: humour, humore, umour, humor, humur, humer
English: humour, humor (US)
→⇒ Chinese:
Cantonese: 幽默 (jau¹ mak⁶)
Mandarin: 幽默 (yōumò)
→ Danish: humor
→ Icelandic: húmor
→ Dutch: humor
→ Esperanto: humuro
→ French: humour
→ Romanian: humor, umor
→ Turkish: humor
→ German: Humor (semantic loan)
→ Polish: humor
→ Yiddish: הומאָר (humor) (probably)
→ Greek: χιούμορ (chioúmor)
→ Italian: humour
→ Japanese: ユーモア (yūmoa)
→ Korean: 유머 (yumeo)
→ Norwegian: (also via German)
Bokmål: humor
Nynorsk: humor
→ Russian: ю́мор (júmor), гу́мор (gúmor)
→ Azerbaijani: yumor
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ху̀мор
Latin script: hùmor
→ Swedish: humor (semantic loan)
Scots: humour

→ Spanish: humor

Alternative spelling of ūmor found in the later Roman Empire, when the letter h had already become silent. See also the related hūmidus.


mucus

la-noun

mūcus m (genitive mūcī); second declension

mūcus (canonical masculine)
mūcī (genitive)
mūcus (nominative singular)
mūcī (nominative plural)
mūcī (genitive singular)
mūcōrum (genitive plural)
mūcō (dative singular)
mūcīs (dative plural)
mūcum (accusative singular)
mūcōs (accusative plural)
mūcō (ablative singular)
mūcīs (ablative plural)
mūce (singular vocative)
mūcī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: muc, mucã

Catalan: moc

Corsican: moccia

English: mucus

French: mucus
→ Turkish: mukus

Italian: moccio, muco

Occitan: moc

Old French: moche

Portuguese: monco, muco

Romanian: muc

Sardinian: mucu, muccu

Sicilian: muccu

Spanish: moco

Venetian: mocoło, moso

From Proto-Italic *moukos, from Proto-Indo-European *mew-k- (“slimy, slippery”). Cognates include Ancient Greek μύκης (múkēs, “mushroom”).


sanguis

la-noun

sanguī̆s m (genitive sanguinis); third declension

sanguī̆s (canonical masculine)
sanguinis (genitive)
sanguī̆s (nominative singular)
sanguinēs (nominative plural)
sanguinis (genitive singular)
sanguinum (genitive plural)
sanguinī (dative singular)
sanguinibus (dative plural)
sanguinem (accusative singular)
sanguinēs (accusative plural)
sanguine (ablative singular)
sanguinibus (ablative plural)
sanguī̆s (singular vocative)
sanguinēs (plural vocative)
sanguis (nominative singular)
sanguēs (nominative plural)
sanguis (genitive singular)
sanguium (genitive plural)
sanguī (dative singular)
sanguibus (dative plural)
sanguem (accusative singular)
sanguēs (accusative plural)
sanguīs (accusative plural)
sangue (ablative singular)
sanguī (ablative singular)
sanguibus (ablative plural)
sanguis (singular vocative)
sanguēs (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

Classical Latin; third-declension noun.

Later 'Vulgar' Latin; third-declension noun.

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: sangre

Asturian: sangre

Old Galician-Portuguese: sangue, sangre

Fala: sangri

Galician: sangue

Portuguese: sangue

Old Spanish: sangne, sangre

Ladino: sangre (Latin spelling)

Spanish: sangre

Papiamentu: sanger, sangro

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: sàmbini, sànguni

Logudorese: sambene, sambine

Borrowings:

→ Interlingua: sanguine

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sãndzi, sãndze, sendzi

Istro-Romanian: sănze

Megleno-Romanian: sǫnzi

Romanian: sânge

Dalmatian:

suang

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: sangui, sangue

Gallurese: sangu

Sassarese: sangu

Italian: sangue

desc

Judeo-Italian: סַאנְגוּוַה (saʾnəguvah /sangua/)

Neapolitan: sango, sanco (most dialects)

Cieti: sangio

San Valentino: sanghe

Silano: sangiuo

Old Sicilian: sangui

Sicilian: sangu, sancu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: sangeu, sanguv, sango, sanco

Ladin: sango, sanc

Ligurian: sanghe, sangue

Lombard: sangu, sancu, sanc

Piedmontese: sango, sanco, sanc

Friulian: sanc, sang

Old Venetian: sango, sangue

Venetian: sangue

Romansch: sang, saung

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: sang

Old French: sanc

French: sang

Antillean Creole: san

Haitian Creole: san

→ Esperanto: sango

→ Ido: sango

Walloon: sonk

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: sang

Occitan: sang

[ˈs̠äŋɡʷiːs̠]

[ˈs̠äŋɡʷɪs̠]

Older sanguīs, later regularized with a short /i/, likely for *sanguīns, from Proto-Italic *sangwens, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), whence also saniēs (“ichor; ulcer”) via suffixation.
The nominative of the original paradigm is likely to be reflected as Old Latin assyr, as(c)er (found in glosses only). It's disputed whether sanguen is the earlier form, but it seems more likely that it's a later reshaping on the analogy of unguen, inguen, since if original, the addition of -s- to it would be reflected as *sanguēs.
It has also supposed that may be related to Etruscan 𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌗𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌀 (sanxuneta, “the sanguinary”), with the enclitic article -𐌕𐌀 (-ta) (assuming, contrary to the usual view, that sanguis is not of Indo-European origin).
Cognate to Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (ēšḫar), Sanskrit असृज् (ásṛj), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn).

cog

Tuscō sanguine terra rubet

Plūrēs efficimur, quotiēns mētīmur ā vōbīs: sēmen est sanguī̆s Chrīstiānōrum.

c. 160 CE – c. 225 CE, Tertullian, Apologeticus L.13

Translation by Alexander Souter
We spring up in greater numbers the more we are mown down by you: the blood of the Christians is the seed of a new life.

‘Iuppiter,’ inquit, ‘habet Rōmāna potentia vīrēs:

‘‘Oh, Jupiter,’’ he said, ‘‘The Roman power [the Roman political state] [now] has strength [of its own]:
It has no [further] need with the service of my blood [progeny; descendant].’’
(Jupiter hears the plea of Mars to deify his son Romulus (mythology).)

descent, descendant, parentage, progeny, blood relative, flesh-and-blood, family, race


sanguineus

la-adj

sanguineus (feminine sanguinea, neuter sanguineum); first/second-declension adjective

sanguinea (feminine)
sanguineum (neuter)
sanguineus (masculine nominative singular)
sanguinea (feminine nominative singular)
sanguineum (neuter nominative singular)
sanguineī (masculine nominative plural)
sanguineae (feminine nominative plural)
sanguinea (neuter nominative plural)
sanguineī (genitive masculine singular)
sanguineae (feminine genitive singular)
sanguineī (genitive neuter singular)
sanguineōrum (genitive masculine plural)
sanguineārum (feminine genitive plural)
sanguineōrum (genitive neuter plural)
sanguineō (dative masculine singular)
sanguineae (dative feminine singular)
sanguineō (dative neuter singular)
sanguineīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
sanguineum (accusative masculine singular)
sanguineam (accusative feminine singular)
sanguineum (accusative neuter singular)
sanguineōs (accusative masculine plural)
sanguineās (accusative feminine plural)
sanguinea (accusative neuter plural)
sanguineō (ablative masculine singular)
sanguineā (ablative feminine singular)
sanguineō (ablative neuter singular)
sanguineīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
sanguinee (masculine singular vocative)
sanguinea (feminine singular vocative)
sanguineum (neuter singular vocative)
sanguineī (masculine plural vocative)
sanguineae (feminine plural vocative)
sanguinea (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: sanguineu

Catalan: sanguini, sanguinyol

English: sanguine, sanguineous

French: sanguin

Galician: sanguiño

Italian: sanguigno, sanguineo

Portuguese: sanguinho, sanguíneo

Romanian: sânger, sangvin, sanguin

Spanish: sangüeño, sanguíneo

[s̠äŋˈɡʷɪneʊs̠]

“… pectora quōrum inter flūctūs arrēcta iubaeque
sanguineae superant undās ….”
“[Sea serpents, with] their chests erect among the waves, and their blood-red crests rising over the waters ….” – Aeneas

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.206–207


lacrima

la-noun

lacrima f (genitive lacrimae); first declension

lacrimae (genitive)
lacrima (nominative singular)
lacrimae (nominative plural)
lacrimae (genitive singular)
lacrimārum (genitive plural)
lacrimae (dative singular)
lacrimīs (dative plural)
lacrimam (accusative singular)
lacrimās (accusative plural)
lacrimā (ablative singular)
lacrimīs (ablative plural)
lacrima (singular vocative)
lacrimae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: lacãrmã

Romanian: lacrămă, lacrimă

Italo-Romance:

Istriot: lagrama

Italian: lacrima

Neapolitan: làcrema, làgrema

Sicilian: làcrima, làgrima, làrima

q

North Italian: (forms with /ɡ/ perhaps borrowed from Italian or Venetian)

Emilian: làgrima

Friulian: lagrime

Lombard: làgrima

Piedmontese: lerma, larma

Romansch: larma

Venetian: łàgrema

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: llàgrima

Franco-Provençal: legrema, lârma

Old French: lerme, larme
French: larme

Occitan: lagrema (most dialects)

Auvergnat: larma

Gascon: larma, lhèrma

Limousin: grema, gramela, grumilha

Provençal: lagrima

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: glarima, lagrima, lacrima

Ribagorçan: llárima, llágrima, gllárima

Asturian: llárima

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: lagrima, lagrema

Galician: lágrima

Portuguese: lágrima

desctree

Old Spanish: lagrema, lagrima
Ladino: lágrima
Spanish: lágrima

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: làcrima, làgrima, làmigra

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *lacrimizāre (see there for further descendants)

From Old Latin dacrima, dacruma, from Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru-, from earlier compound *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru- (“eye bitter”).

(transferred sense) a tear or gumdrop exuding from plants


cruor

la-noun

cruor m (genitive cruōris); third declension

cruōris (genitive)
cruor (nominative singular)
cruōrēs (nominative plural)
cruōris (genitive singular)
cruōrum (genitive plural)
cruōrī (dative singular)
cruōribus (dative plural)
cruōrem (accusative singular)
cruōrēs (accusative plural)
cruōre (ablative singular)
cruōribus (ablative plural)
cruor (singular vocative)
cruōrēs (plural vocative)

English: cruor

French: cruor

Italian: cruore

Portuguese: cruor

Spanish: crúor

From Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-. Cognates include Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas), Sanskrit क्रविस् (kravís), क्रूर (krūra), Proto-Slavic *kry, Old English hrǣw (English raw).


pus

pūs n (genitive pūris); third declension

pūs (canonical neuter)
pūris (genitive)
pūs (nominative singular)
pūra (nominative plural)
pūris (genitive singular)
pūrum (genitive plural)
pūrī (dative singular)
pūribus (dative plural)
pūs (accusative singular)
pūra (accusative plural)
pūre (ablative singular)
pūribus (ablative plural)
pūs (singular vocative)
pūra (plural vocative)

Aromanian: pronjiu, proanji

Catalan: pus

desctree

→ Dutch: pus (learned)
→ Papiamentu: pus

→ English: pus

French: pus

Galician: pus

Italian: pus, purino

Portuguese: pus

Romanian: puroi

Spanish: pus

From Proto-Italic *puos, from Proto-Indo-European *púH-os ~ *púH-es-os, from *puH-. Cognate with Sanskrit पुवस् (púvas), Ancient Greek πύον (púon), πύθω (púthō, “to rot”), Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “foul”), Old English fūl (“foul”), English foul.


semen

la-noun

sēmen n (genitive sēminis); third declension

sēmen (canonical neuter)
sēminis (genitive)
sēmen (nominative singular)
sēmina (nominative plural)
sēminis (genitive singular)
sēminum (genitive plural)
sēminī (dative singular)
sēminibus (dative plural)
sēmen (accusative singular)
sēmina (accusative plural)
sēmine (ablative singular)
sēminibus (ablative plural)
sēmen (singular vocative)
sēmina (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: semen

→ English: semen

→ Middle Irish: semen

Irish: seamhan

Galician: seme

Italian: seme

Romanian: sămânță

Portuguese: sêmen

Romansch: sem

→ Spanish: semen, ⇒ semilla

Venetian: sema

From Proto-Italic *sēmən, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₁mn̥ (“seed”).

et ignis sēmina convolvunt ē nūbibus.

c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 6

and the seeds of fire roll from the clouds.

(poetic) seed (of the elements of other bodies (of fire, water, stones, etc.))


lac

lac n sg (genitive lactis); third declension

lactis (genitive)
lac (nominative singular)
lactis (genitive singular)
lactī (dative singular)
lac (accusative singular)
lacte (ablative singular)
lac (singular vocative)

Late Latin: lactis (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ English: lactic, lact(o)-

→ Esperanto: lakto

Ido: lakto

→ Interlingua: lacte

From lact by simplification of a word-final sequence of two plosives (the variant nominative/accusative form lacte shows the addition of a vowel as an alternative). The etymology is controversial: there is no consensus on the cognate set, the manner of descent (inheritance vs. borrowing), or the form and ultimate origin of the etymon. Possible cognates include Ancient Greek γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ- (gála, gálakt-/gálak-, “milk”), Old Armenian կաթն (katʻn, “milk”) (or perhaps only its variant form Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ), reconstructed as the ancestor of modern dialectal Armenian կախց (kaxcʻ)) Hittite 𒂵𒆷𒀝𒋻 (galaktar, “balm, resin”), Albanian dhallë (“buttermilk”), Romanian zară (“buttermilk”) and Waigali zōr (“milk”).
More information
Pokorny reconstructs the Latin and Greek words as inherited from Proto-Indo-European *glakt n from a root *glag- or *glak-. De Vaan derives the Latin, Greek and Armenian forms from Proto-Indo-European *gl̥gt-, and follows Meiser in explaining the loss of initial *g- in Latin as a result of long-distance dissimilation. Per Nielsen, the Latin and Greek words can be derived from *glakt-, Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ) can be derived from *g(a)l(ḱ)t- (requiring an initial non-palatal velar), and Albanian dhallë can perhaps be derived from *ǵal(K)- (requiring an initial palatal velar); on the basis of the variability in the initial consonant and the unusual root structure, Nielsen considers the root to be non-Indo-European in origin.
There have been attempts to derive the word instead from the root *h₂melǵ- (“milk”).
* Garnier, Sagart and Sagot 2017 cite Garnier 2016's reconstruction of a verb *ambĭ-blactāre (“to milk with both hands”) > *amblactāre, supposing this was subsequently reanalyzed as *amb-lactāre and lost the prefix to yield the attested verb lactāre. The noun lac(t) would then derive by back-formation from the verb lactāre.

cog

γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ-

Lac herbae.

cum lacte veneni.

c. 1st century BCE, Anonymous (formerly misattributed to Ovid), Nux
Lamina mollis adhuc tenero dum lacte, quod intro est,
nec mala sunt ulli nostra futura bono.
As their nutshell still remains soft with something tenderly milky inside,

my future fruits are not good to anyone.


saliva

la-noun

salīva f (genitive salīvae); first declension

salīva (canonical feminine)
salīvae (genitive)
salīva (nominative singular)
salīvae (nominative plural)
salīvae (genitive singular)
salīvārum (genitive plural)
salīvae (dative singular)
salīvīs (dative plural)
salīvam (accusative singular)
salīvās (accusative plural)
salīvā (ablative singular)
salīvīs (ablative plural)
salīva (singular vocative)
salīvae (plural vocative)

Catalan: saliva

English: saliva

French: salive

Galician: seiva (archaic), saliva

Italian: saliva, scialiva

Occitan: saliva

→ Old Irish: saile

Irish: seile

Scottish Gaelic: seile

Piedmontese: saliva

Portuguese: saliva

Romanian: salivă

Sicilian: saliva

Spanish: saliva

Swedish: saliv

[s̠äˈlʲiːu̯ä]

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *solH- (compare Irish salach (“dirty”), Welsh halog, English sallow, Russian соло́вый (solóvyj, “cream-colored”)). May alternatively be of independent expressive/onomatopoeic origin; compare Ancient Greek σίαλον (síalon).


fel

la-noun

fel n (genitive fellis); third declension

fellis (genitive)
fel (nominative singular)
fella (nominative plural)
fellis (genitive singular)
fellium (genitive plural)
fellum (genitive plural)
fellī (dative singular)
fellibus (dative plural)
fel (accusative singular)
fella (accusative plural)
felle (ablative singular)
fellibus (ablative plural)
fel (singular vocative)
fella (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *felem m or f (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Either from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green”), or from *bʰel-, *bʰl̥H- (“yellow”). *ǵʰ- > f- instead of the expected *h- is explained as being regular in some dialects. Cognates through the first etymon include holus and helvus; Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”) and χλωρός (khlōrós, “green”); and English yellow and gold.


sebum

sēbum n (genitive sēbī); second declension

sēbum (canonical neuter)
sēbī (genitive)
sēbum (nominative singular)
sēba (nominative plural)
sēbī (genitive singular)
sēbōrum (genitive plural)
sēbō (dative singular)
sēbīs (dative plural)
sēbum (accusative singular)
sēba (accusative plural)
sēbō (ablative singular)
sēbīs (ablative plural)
sēbum (singular vocative)
sēba (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: seu

Romanian: seu

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sebo, sego, sevo

Neapolitan: sivo

Sicilian: sivu

Padanian:

Emilian: si, sèi, sè

Friulian: sêf

Galloitalic from Sicily: siu

Ligurian: sêu, sêvo, sêio

Lombard: sef, sif, seu

Piedmontese: sèiv, sòiv

Romagnol: sif, si, séi, sif

Venetian: seo, sef

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: sieu

Franco-Provençal: suif, sueif

Old French: seu, seuf

French: suif

⇒ Anglo-Norman: suet, siuet

desctree

→ Middle English: suet, sewet, sueth, suett, suette, suwet, swet, swete, sywete
English: suet
Scots: shuet

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: sèu

Occitan: seu

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: sebo

Portuguese: sebo

Spanish: sebo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: sebu, seu

Borrowings:

→ English: sebum (learned)

→ French: sébum
→ Romanian: sebum

From Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out”), whence also (through Proto-Germanic) sāpō.


sputum

la-noun

spūtum n (genitive spūtī); second declension

spūtum (canonical neuter)
spūtī (genitive)
spūtum (nominative singular)
spūta (nominative plural)
spūtī (genitive singular)
spūtōrum (genitive plural)
spūtō (dative singular)
spūtīs (dative plural)
spūtum (accusative singular)
spūta (accusative plural)
spūtō (ablative singular)
spūtīs (ablative plural)
spūtum (singular vocative)
spūta (plural vocative)

Catalan: esput

Dalmatian: spoit

English: sputum

Italian: sputo

Old French: esput

Portuguese: esputo

Romanian: spută

Spanish: esputo

[ˈs̠puːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]


sudor

sūdor m (genitive sūdōris); third declension

sūdor (canonical masculine)
sūdōris (genitive)
sūdor (nominative singular)
sūdōrēs (nominative plural)
sūdōris (genitive singular)
sūdōrum (genitive plural)
sūdōrī (dative singular)
sūdōribus (dative plural)
sūdōrem (accusative singular)
sūdōrēs (accusative plural)
sūdōre (ablative singular)
sūdōribus (ablative plural)
sūdor (singular vocative)
sūdōrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: asudoari

Romanian: sudoare

Dalmatian:

sudaur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: sudore

Italian: sudore

Sicilian: sudura, suduri

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: sori, sudore, sudori, suore, suori

North Italian: (forms with /d/ possibly Italianisms)

Friulian: sudôr

Istriot: sudur

Piedmontese: sudor

Romagnol: sudôr

Romansch: süur

Venetian: suor

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: suor

Old French: suor
French: sueur

Gascon: sudor

Occitan: susor, suor

Ibero-Romance:

→ Asturian: sudor

Galician: suor

Portuguese: suor

→ Spanish: sudor

From Proto-Indo-European *swoyd- (“to sweat”), *sweyd-. Cognates include Ancient Greek ἱδρώς (hidrṓs), Sanskrit स्वेदते (svedate) and Old English swāt (English sweat).


vena

la-noun

vēna f (genitive vēnae); first declension

vēna (canonical feminine)
vēnae (genitive)
vēna (nominative singular)
vēnae (nominative plural)
vēnae (genitive singular)
vēnārum (genitive plural)
vēnae (dative singular)
vēnīs (dative plural)
vēnam (accusative singular)
vēnās (accusative plural)
vēnā (ablative singular)
vēnīs (ablative plural)
vēna (singular vocative)
vēnae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: vinã

Romanian: vână

Dalmatian:

vaina

Italo-Romance:

Italian: vena

Sicilian: vina

North Italian:

Friulian: vene

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: vèina, vàina, vèna

Ligurian: vénn-a

Lombard: vena, ena

Piedmontese: ven-a, vèina, vègna

Romagnol: vèina, vàina

Romansch: avaina, avagna

Venetian: véna, vena

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: veine, vaine, veyne
Middle French: vene
French: veine
→ Vietnamese: ven
Norman: veine
→ Middle English: veine
English: vein
Scots: van, vane, vain, vaine

Walloon: voenne

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: vena

Gascon: vea, veia, via, venha

Old Occitan: vena

Occitan: vena

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: vena

Asturian: vena

Old Galician-Portuguese: vẽa
Fala: vea
Galician: vea
Portuguese: veia

Old Spanish: vena

Spanish: vena

Sardinian:

bena; → vena

Borrowings:

→ Bulgarian: вена (vena)

→ English: vena

→ Finnish: vena

→ German: Vene

→ Hungarian: véna

→ Macedonian: вена (vena)

→ Polish: wena

→ Romanian: venă

→ Russian: вена (vena)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вена

Latin script: vena

→ Swedish: ven

→ Ukrainian: вена (vena)

Of uncertain origin; proposed derivations include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-, the same root of via (“road”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-, the same root of venēnum (“juice; venom”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *weyp-, the same root of vibex (“weal, welt”).
* From a root common to Lithuanian gýsla (“vein”) and Russian жи́ла (žíla, “vein”).

(transferred sense, of things that resemble a vein)


sanies

la-noun

saniēs f (genitive saniēī); fifth declension

saniēs (canonical feminine)
saniēī (genitive)
saniēs (nominative singular)
saniēs (nominative plural)
saniēī (genitive singular)
saniērum (genitive plural)
saniēī (dative singular)
saniēbus (dative plural)
saniem (accusative singular)
saniēs (accusative plural)
saniē (ablative singular)
saniēbus (ablative plural)
saniēs (singular vocative)
saniēs (plural vocative)

Italian: sanie

Sardinian: sanza, sangia

Picard Old French: sainnie

desc

Middle French: saingne, rancle de saingnie (“purulent ulcer”)

⇒ Old Catalan: saniar

→? Old Occitan: sania

Portuguese: sanha

Spanish: saña

→ English: sanies

→ Catalan: sànies

→ Portuguese: sânie

→ Spanish: sanies

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Compare Latin sanguis.


urina

la-noun

ūrīna f (genitive ūrīnae); first declension

ūrīna (canonical feminine)
ūrīnae (genitive)
ūrīna (nominative singular)
ūrīnae (nominative plural)
ūrīnae (genitive singular)
ūrīnārum (genitive plural)
ūrīnae (dative singular)
ūrīnīs (dative plural)
ūrīnam (accusative singular)
ūrīnās (accusative plural)
ūrīnā (ablative singular)
ūrīnīs (ablative plural)
ūrīna (singular vocative)
ūrīnae (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *aurīna (see there for further descendants)

Possibly inherited forms:

Old Catalan: urina

Friulian: urine

Italian: urina

Occitan: urina

Certain borrowings:

→ English: urine

→ French: urine

→ Galician: urina

→ Portuguese: urina

→ Romanian: urină

From Proto-Italic *ūrīnos (“watery”), from Proto-Indo-European *woh₁-r̥ (“water”), possibly a doublet of *wódr̥ (with the "Kortlandt effect", which posits that *d becomes *h₁ under certain conditions). See also Sanskrit वार् (vār, “water”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭 (var, “rain”).


vomitus

vomitus m (genitive vomitūs); fourth declension

vomitūs (genitive)
vomitus (nominative singular)
vomitūs (nominative plural)
vomitūs (genitive singular)
vomituum (genitive plural)
vomituī (dative singular)
vomitibus (dative plural)
vomitum (accusative singular)
vomitūs (accusative plural)
vomitū (ablative singular)
vomitibus (ablative plural)
vomitus (singular vocative)
vomitūs (plural vocative)

Asturian: gómitu

Catalan: vòmit

English: vomitus

French: vomi

Italian: vomito

Portuguese: vômito

Spanish: vómito

[ˈu̯ɔmɪt̪ʊs̠]

Perfect passive participle of vomō (“vomit forth”).

That which is thrown up by vomiting; sick, vomit.


lema

lēma f (genitive lēmae); first declension

lēma (canonical feminine)
lēmae (genitive)
lēma (nominative singular)
lēmae (nominative plural)
lēmae (genitive singular)
lēmārum (genitive plural)
lēmae (dative singular)
lēmīs (dative plural)
lēmam (accusative singular)
lēmās (accusative plural)
lēmā (ablative singular)
lēmīs (ablative plural)
lēma (singular vocative)
lēmae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λήμη (lḗmē).

rheum that collects in the corner of the eyes


lacte

lacte n (genitive lactis); third declension

lactis (genitive)
lacte (nominative singular)
lactis (genitive singular)
lactī (dative singular)
lacte (accusative singular)
lacte (ablative singular)
lacte (singular vocative)


coryza

corȳza f (genitive corȳzae); first declension

corȳza (canonical feminine)
corȳzae (genitive)
corȳza (nominative singular)
corȳzae (nominative plural)
corȳzae (genitive singular)
corȳzārum (genitive plural)
corȳzae (dative singular)
corȳzīs (dative plural)
corȳzam (accusative singular)
corȳzās (accusative plural)
corȳzā (ablative singular)
corȳzīs (ablative plural)
corȳza (singular vocative)
corȳzae (plural vocative)

[kɔˈryːz̪d̪͡z̪ä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόρυζα (kóruza).


sanguino

la-verb

sanguinō (present infinitive sanguināre); first conjugation, no passive, no perfect or supine stem

sanguinō (canonical)
no passive (canonical)
sanguināre (infinitive present)
sanguinō (active first-person indicative present singular)
sanguinās (active indicative present second-person singular)
sanguinat (active indicative present singular third-person)
sanguināmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
sanguinātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
sanguinant (active indicative plural present third-person)
sanguinābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
sanguinābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
sanguinābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
sanguinābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
sanguinābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
sanguinābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
sanguinābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
sanguinābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
sanguinābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
sanguinābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
sanguinābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
sanguinābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
sanguinem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sanguinēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sanguinet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sanguinēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sanguinētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sanguinent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sanguinārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
sanguinārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
sanguināret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
sanguinārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
sanguinārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
sanguinārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
sanguinā (active imperative present second-person singular)
sanguināte (active imperative plural present second-person)
sanguinātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
sanguinātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
sanguinātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
sanguinantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
sanguināre (active infinitive present)
sanguināns (active participle present)
sanguinandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
sanguinandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
sanguinandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
sanguinandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sãndzinedz, sãndzinari

Romanian: sângera, sângerare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sanguinare

Sicilian: sanguniari, sanguinari

Padanian:

Friulian: sanganâ

Piedmontese: sagné, seinar

Venetian: sanguenar

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: sagnar, sagner, sègner, ségner, sègnar, ségnar, ségnir, sagnir (most dialects)

Savoyard: sèigner, sainer

Valdôtain: séinèr, sèiner, séinar, sinnèr

French: saigner

→ Neapolitan: sagnà

→ Sicilian: sagnari

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: sagnar

Mallorquí sainar

Occitan: sagnar (all dialects)

Auvergnat: sanhar, sannhar

Gascon: sainar

Limousin: sannhar, sangar

Provençal: saunar, sonar

Vivaro-Alpine: sanhar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: sangrar

Galician: sangrar

Portuguese: sangrar

Spanish: sangrar

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: sambenàre, sambenàri, sangunai

[ˈs̠äŋɡʷɪnoː]


bilis

la-noun

bīlis f (genitive bīlis); third declension

bīlis (canonical feminine)
bīlis (genitive)
bīlis (nominative singular)
bīlēs (nominative plural)
bīlis (genitive singular)
bīlium (genitive plural)
bīlī (dative singular)
bīlibus (dative plural)
bīlem (accusative singular)
bīlēs (accusative plural)
bīlīs (accusative plural)
bīlī (ablative singular)
bīlibus (ablative plural)
bīlis (singular vocative)
bīlēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: bilis

English: bile, bili-

French: bile

Romanian: bilă

Galician: bile

Irish: bili-

Italian: bile

Portuguese: bílis, bile

Spanish: bilis

From Proto-Italic *bistli-. de Vaan notes that the word is only found in Latin and Brythonic (Welsh bustl) and does not rule out a substrate borrowing for both; however, it could instead be a derivative of a preform *bid-tli-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split off, bite”), referring to the substance's bitterness.


pituita

la-noun

pītuīta f (genitive pītuītae); first declension

pītuīta (canonical feminine)
pītuītae (genitive)
pītuīta (nominative singular)
pītuītae (nominative plural)
pītuītae (genitive singular)
pītuītārum (genitive plural)
pītuītae (dative singular)
pītuītīs (dative plural)
pītuītam (accusative singular)
pītuītās (accusative plural)
pītuītā (ablative singular)
pītuītīs (ablative plural)
pītuīta (singular vocative)
pītuītae (plural vocative)

desctree

⇒ Medieval Latin: pīpīta
Italo-Romance:
Italian: pipita
Neapolitan: pepita, ⇒ pepitula
Sicilian: pipita, ⇒ pipìtula
North-Italian:
Friulian: pivida
Gallo-Italic:
Emilian: puìda, pavìa, piuvida, puvida
Ligurian: péja
Lombard: puìda, puvida, piida, pivida
Piedmontese: pëvìa, puvìa, poìa, poìja, puìa
Romagnol: puvida, povida
Ibero-Romance:
Galician: pebida, pebide
Portuguese: pevide
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pippīta
Inherited:
Catalan: pepida, pipida
Franco-Provençal: pépia, pepi, pipi
French: pépie
Gascon: pepida, pepita
Occitan: pepida
Borrowed:
→ Middle Dutch: pippe, pip
Dutch: pip
→ Middle English: pippe
English: pip
→ Middle Low German: pip
→ Old High German: pfipfiz, pfiffiz, (Central German) pipz, *pippiz
Middle High German: phiphiz, pippis
Alemannic German: Pfiffi
German: Pips, (obsolete) Pfipfs
→ Polish: pypeć

Unknown. Has been related to *peyH- (“fat”) but not convincing.


rheuma

la-noun

rheuma n (genitive rheumatis); third declension

rheumatis (genitive)
rheuma (nominative singular)
rheumata (nominative plural)
rheumatis (genitive singular)
rheumatum (genitive plural)
rheumatī (dative singular)
rheumatibus (dative plural)
rheuma (accusative singular)
rheumata (accusative plural)
rheumate (ablative singular)
rheumatibus (ablative plural)
rheuma (singular vocative)
rheumata (plural vocative)

→ English: rheum

→ French: rhume

→ Irish: réama

→ Italian: reuma

→ Spanish: reuma

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma).


catarrhus

catarrhus m (genitive catarrhī); second declension

catarrhī (genitive)
catarrhus (nominative singular)
catarrhī (nominative plural)
catarrhī (genitive singular)
catarrhōrum (genitive plural)
catarrhō (dative singular)
catarrhīs (dative plural)
catarrhum (accusative singular)
catarrhōs (accusative plural)
catarrhō (ablative singular)
catarrhīs (ablative plural)
catarrhe (singular vocative)
catarrhī (plural vocative)

Catalan: cadarn

→ English: catarrh

→ French: catarrhe

→ German: Katarrh

→ Italian: catarro

→ Portuguese: catarro

→ Spanish: catarro

[käˈt̪ärːʊs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κᾰτᾰ́ρροος (katárrhoos, “catarrh, head cold”), from κᾰτᾰρρέω (katarrhéō, “to flow down”) + -ος (-os, action noun suffix).


gramia

la-noun

grāmia f (genitive grāmiae); first declension

grāmia (canonical feminine)
grāmiae (genitive)
grāmia (nominative singular)
grāmiae (nominative plural)
grāmiae (genitive singular)
grāmiārum (genitive plural)
grāmiae (dative singular)
grāmiīs (dative plural)
grāmiam (accusative singular)
grāmiās (accusative plural)
grāmiā (ablative singular)
grāmiīs (ablative plural)
grāmia (singular vocative)
grāmiae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γλάμος (glámos).

(chiefly in the plural) sleep (rheum that collects in the corner of the eyes)


tabum

tābum n (genitive tābī); second declension

tābum (canonical neuter)
tābī (genitive)
tābum (nominative singular)
tāba (nominative plural)
tābī (genitive singular)
tābōrum (genitive plural)
tābō (dative singular)
tābīs (dative plural)
tābum (accusative singular)
tāba (accusative plural)
tābō (ablative singular)
tābīs (ablative plural)
tābum (singular vocative)
tāba (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂- (“to melt”). Cognates include Latin tābēs (“a wasting away, disease”), Sanskrit तोय (toya, “water”), Ancient Greek τήκω (tḗkō, “to melt”), τῖφος (tîphos, “pond, swamp”), Old English þawian and English thaw.


chymus

chȳmus m (genitive chȳmī); second declension

chȳmus (canonical masculine)
chȳmī (genitive)
chȳmus (nominative singular)
chȳmī (nominative plural)
chȳmī (genitive singular)
chȳmōrum (genitive plural)
chȳmō (dative singular)
chȳmīs (dative plural)
chȳmum (accusative singular)
chȳmōs (accusative plural)
chȳmō (ablative singular)
chȳmīs (ablative plural)
chȳme (singular vocative)
chȳmī (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χῡμός (khūmós).


colostra

colostra f (genitive colostrae); first declension

colostra n pl (genitive colostrōrum); second declension

colostrae (genitive)
colostrōrum (genitive)
colostra (nominative singular)
colostrae (nominative plural)
colostrae (genitive singular)
colostrārum (genitive plural)
colostrae (dative singular)
colostrīs (dative plural)
colostram (accusative singular)
colostrās (accusative plural)
colostrā (ablative singular)
colostrīs (ablative plural)
colostra (singular vocative)
colostrae (plural vocative)
colostra (nominative plural)
colostrōrum (genitive plural)
colostrīs (dative plural)
colostra (accusative plural)
colostrīs (ablative plural)
colostra (plural vocative)

Old Occitan:

Catalan: calostre

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: costro

Portuguese: crosto

Old Spanish:

Spanish: calostro

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: caiostre

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: curastrã

Romanian: colastră

→ Albanian: qumësht

→ Albanian: kulloshtër

→ Czech: kolostrum

→ English: colostrum

→ French: colostrum

→ German: Kolostrum

→ Hungarian: kolosztrum

→ Italian: colostro

→ Occitan: colòstrum

→ Portuguese: colostro

[kɔˈɫ̪ɔs̠t̪rä]

Of uncertain origin; proposed derivations include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwel-, common to Old English hwylca (“varix”), hwelian (“to suppurate”) and Lithuanian švelnùs (“soft, smooth”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *ḱewH- (“to swell”), thereby cognate with Latin cavus (“hollow”), Old Norse hváll (“round hill”) and Armenian շեղջ (šeġǰ, “heap, pile”).
* Assuming an earlier *corostra which underwent dissimilation, akin to Sanskrit शर (śara, “sour cream”) and शरस् (śáras, “film on cooked milk”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorh₂os (“decay, rot > sour milk”), from the root *ḱerh₂- (“to break, decay”), thereby cognate also with Proto-Celtic *kerati (“to fall”), Ancient Greek κεραΐζω (keraḯzō, “to ravage, plunder”), and Sanskrit शृणाति (śṛṇā́ti, “to crush”).
* Related to colōr (“color”) (< *"cover"); however, this is semantically and morphologically difficult.


lotium

la-noun

lōtium n (genitive lōtiī or lōtī); second declension

lōtium (canonical neuter)
lōtiī (genitive)
lōtī (genitive)
lōtium (nominative singular)
lōtia (nominative plural)
lōtiī (genitive singular)
lōtī (genitive singular)
lōtiōrum (genitive plural)
lōtiō (dative singular)
lōtiīs (dative plural)
lōtium (accusative singular)
lōtia (accusative plural)
lōtiō (ablative singular)
lōtiīs (ablative plural)
lōtium (singular vocative)
lōtia (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪oːt̪iʊ̃ˑ]

From lōtus, a variant form of the perfect passive participle of lavō (“to wash”) + -ium (“abstract noun suffix”), so called because urine was widely used as a washing and bleaching agent.

suffix

Ad haec ille surrīdēns ‘At tū’ inquit ‘nōn sanguine sed lōtiō perfūsus es!’

c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses 1.18

Hearing this, he grinned and said, "But you didn't soak in blood, you soaked in piss!"

Vīnum concinnāre, sī lōtium difficilius transībit. capreidam vel jūnipirum contunditō in pīlā, lībram inditō, in duōbus congiīs vīnī veteris in vāse ahēneō vel in plumbeō dēfervēfacitō: ubi refrīxerit, in lagōnam inditō. id māne jeijūnus sūmitō cyathum: prōderit.

234 BCE – 149 BCE, Cato the Elder, De agri cultura 122


screa

la-noun

screa f (genitive screae); first declension

screae (genitive)
screa (nominative singular)
screae (nominative plural)
screae (genitive singular)
screārum (genitive plural)
screae (dative singular)
screīs (dative plural)
scream (accusative singular)
screās (accusative plural)
screā (ablative singular)
screīs (ablative plural)
screa (singular vocative)
screae (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *krey-, like cernō (“I sift, separate”).