os

ōs (canonical neuter)
ōris (genitive)
ōs (nominative singular)
ōra (nominative plural)
ōris (genitive singular)
ōrum (genitive plural)
ōrī (dative singular)
ōribus (dative plural)
ōs (accusative singular)
ōra (accusative plural)
ōre (ablative singular)
ōribus (ablative plural)
ōs (singular vocative)
ōra (plural vocative)

→ English: os

From Proto-Italic *ōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os. Cognates include Hittite 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (aiš), Sanskrit आस् (ās), Old Irish á, Old English ōr.

“… Sī quis mihi parvulus aulā / lūderet Aenēās, quī tē tamen ōre referret, ….”
“If [only] for me someone were playing in the hall – a little Aeneas – who, although [you were gone], would recall you by his appearance, ….”

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.328–329

(transferred sense) (in general) facial features, countenance, appearance


os

ossis (genitive)
os (nominative singular)
ossa (nominative plural)
ossis (genitive singular)
ossium (genitive plural)
ossī (dative singular)
ossibus (dative plural)
os (accusative singular)
ossa (accusative plural)
osse (ablative singular)
ossibus (ablative plural)
os (singular vocative)
ossa (plural vocative)

Aragonese: güeso

Aromanian: os

Asturian: güesu

Catalan: os

Corsican: ossu

Dalmatian: vuas

Fala: osu

Franco-Provençal: ôs

French: os

Friulian: vues

Galician: óso

Istriot: uosso

Istro-Romanian: os

Italian: osso

Megleno-Romanian: uos

Mirandese: uosso

Occitan: òs

Piedmontese: òss

Portuguese: osso

Romanian: os

Romansch: ies, oss

Sardinian: ossu

Sicilian: ossu

Spanish: hueso

Venetian: oso

→ English: os

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi) and Old Armenian ոսկր (oskr).

(figurative) bones, framework or outline of a discourse


acetabulum

la-noun

acētābulum n (genitive acētābulī); second declension

acētābulum (canonical neuter)
acētābulī (genitive)
acētābulum (nominative singular)
acētābula (nominative plural)
acētābulī (genitive singular)
acētābulōrum (genitive plural)
acētābulō (dative singular)
acētābulīs (dative plural)
acētābulum (accusative singular)
acētābula (accusative plural)
acētābulō (ablative singular)
acētābulīs (ablative plural)
acētābulum (singular vocative)
acētābula (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: acetàbul

→ English: acetabulum

→ Esperanto: acetabulo

→ French: acétabule, acétabulum

Italian: acetabolo

→ Portuguese: acetábulo

→ Romanian: acetabul

→ Russian: ацетабул (acetabul)

→ Spanish: acetábulo

[äkeːˈt̪äːbʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum (“a vessel for”).

suffix

(anatomy) acetabulum, the hipbone socket


femur

la-noun

femur n (genitive feminis or femoris); third declension

feminis (genitive)
femoris (genitive)
femur (nominative singular)
femina (nominative plural)
femora (nominative plural)
feminis (genitive singular)
femoris (genitive singular)
feminum (genitive plural)
femorum (genitive plural)
feminī (dative singular)
femorī (dative singular)
feminibus (dative plural)
femoribus (dative plural)
femur (accusative singular)
femina (accusative plural)
femora (accusative plural)
femine (ablative singular)
femore (ablative singular)
feminibus (ablative plural)
femoribus (ablative plural)
femur (singular vocative)
femina (plural vocative)
femora (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: fèmur

→ English: femur

→ French: fémur

→ Galician: fémur

→ German: Femur

→ Italian: femore

→ Occitan: fèmur

→ Portuguese: fémur (Portugal), fêmur (Brazil)

→ Romanian: femur

→ Sicilian: fèmuri

→ Spanish: fémur

Uncertain. The heteroclitic (r/n) inflection is rather archaic (as also seen in iecur and iter), descending from Proto-Indo-European *-r̥ ~ *-n-, but no secure Proto-Indo-European origin for femur can be found. De Vaan and Lubotsky tentatively support Steinbauer's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *dʰénwr̥ (“arc, bow”); this is semantically attractive, but the hypothetical change from *-nw- to *-(n)m- from Proto-Indo-European to Latin is strange.


sternum

la-noun

sternum n (genitive sternī); second declension

sternī (genitive)
sternum (nominative singular)
sterna (nominative plural)
sternī (genitive singular)
sternōrum (genitive plural)
sternō (dative singular)
sternīs (dative plural)
sternum (accusative singular)
sterna (accusative plural)
sternō (ablative singular)
sternīs (ablative plural)
sternum (singular vocative)
sterna (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: estèrnum, estern

→ Czech: sternum

→ English: sternum

→ French: sternum

→ Irish: steirneam

Borrowed from Ancient Greek στέρνον (stérnon, “breast, chest; breastbone”).


metatarsus

la-noun

metatarsus m (genitive metatarsī); second declension

the part of the foot between the toes and the ankle, especially its five bones


maxilla

māxilla f (genitive māxillae); first declension

māxilla (canonical feminine)
māxillae (genitive)
māxilla (nominative singular)
māxillae (nominative plural)
māxillae (genitive singular)
māxillārum (genitive plural)
māxillae (dative singular)
māxillīs (dative plural)
māxillam (accusative singular)
māxillās (accusative plural)
māxillā (ablative singular)
māxillīs (ablative plural)
māxilla (singular vocative)
māxillae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: mãseauã

Asturian: mexella

Catalan: maixella

Middle English:

English: maxilla

Friulian: massele

Galician: meixela

Italian: mascella

Ladin: masela

Megleno-Romanian: măseauă

Occitan: maissa

→ Portuguese: maxila

Romanian: măsea

Romansch: missella

Sardinian: mansidda, massidda, mansidha

Sicilian: masciḍḍa

Spanish: mejilla

Venetian: maseła

[mäːkˈs̠ɪlːʲä]

Diminutive of māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”), from its reconstructed Proto-Italic form *smakslā and the diminutive suffix *-elos via the following sequence of regular sound changes: *-kslelā > *-ksl̥lā > *-ksillā. Compare the formation of the following diminutives: āla–āxilla, ōlla–auxilla, paulus–pauxillus, pālus–pāxillus, vēlum–vēxillum. An alternative etymology of māla, supported by Thurneysen and Leumann, reconstructs its original form as *mandslā, from the root of mandō (“to chew”); if this is correct, the -x- in the diminutive must have instead been introduced by analogy to āxilla. Synchronically, māxilla can be viewed as ending in the Latin diminutive suffix -illus.

(anatomy) the jaw, jawbone, bone of the upper jaw

diminutive of māla:
the jaw, jawbone, bone of the upper jaw


pelvis

pēlvis f (genitive pēlvis); third declension

pēlvis (canonical feminine)
pēlvis (genitive)
pēlvis (nominative singular)
pēlvēs (nominative plural)
pēlvis (genitive singular)
pēlvium (genitive plural)
pēlvī (dative singular)
pēlvibus (dative plural)
pēlvim (accusative singular)
pēlvem (accusative singular)
pēlvēs (accusative plural)
pēlvīs (accusative plural)
pēlvī (ablative singular)
pēlve (ablative singular)
pēlvibus (ablative plural)
pēlvis (singular vocative)
pēlvēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: pelvis

→ English: pelvis

→ French: pelvis

→ Galician: pelve

→ Italian: pelvi

→ Portuguese: pelve, pélvis

→ Spanish: pelvis

[ˈpeːɫ̪u̯ɪs̠]

From Old Latin pēluis (“basin”), further etymology unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“container”). Potential cognates include Sanskrit पालवी (pālavī, “a kind of vessel”), Ancient Greek πελίκη (pelíkē, “a type of container”) Sanskrit पलव (palava, “wicker-work basket of for catching fish”), Ancient Greek πήληξ (pḗlēx, “helmet”).


stapes

la-noun

stapēs m (genitive stapedis); third declension

stapēs (canonical masculine)
stapedis (genitive)
stapēs (nominative singular)
stapedēs (nominative plural)
stapedis (genitive singular)
stapedum (genitive plural)
stapedī (dative singular)
stapedibus (dative plural)
stapedem (accusative singular)
stapedēs (accusative plural)
stapede (ablative singular)
stapedibus (ablative plural)
stapēs (singular vocative)
stapedēs (plural vocative)

→ English: stapes

→ French: stapes

→ Spanish: estápede

From a Germanic source, possibly Frankish *stap or Old High German stapf, staph (“step, stirrup”), both from Proto-Germanic *stapiz (“a step, rung (of a ladder)”). More at step.
Alternatively: Late Latin; possibly from stō (“to stand”) + pēs (“foot”).

der

(anatomy) stapes (bone in the middle ear)


cerebrum

la-noun

cerebrum n (genitive cerebrī); second declension

cerebrī (genitive)
cerebrum (nominative singular)
cerebra (nominative plural)
cerebrī (genitive singular)
cerebrōrum (genitive plural)
cerebrō (dative singular)
cerebrīs (dative plural)
cerebrum (accusative singular)
cerebra (accusative plural)
cerebrō (ablative singular)
cerebrīs (ablative plural)
cerebrum (singular vocative)
cerebra (plural vocative)

Aromanian: crier

→ Asturian: cerebru

desctree

→ Middle English: cerebrum, cerebre, cerrebre, serabrum
English: cerebrum

Esperanto: cerbo

⇒ French: cérébral

→ English: cerebral

→ Galician: cerebro

→ Ido: cerebro

→ Interlingua: cerebro

→ Italian: cerebro

Megleno-Romanian: criel

→ Portuguese: cérebro

Romanian: creier

→ Spanish: cerebro

→ Turkish: serebrum

[ˈkɛrɛbrʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *kerazrom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂srom, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-. Compare Ancient Greek κᾰ́ρᾱ (kárā, “a head, face”).


spina

la-noun

spīna f (genitive spīnae); first declension

spīna (canonical feminine)
spīnae (genitive)
spīna (nominative singular)
spīnae (nominative plural)
spīnae (genitive singular)
spīnārum (genitive plural)
spīnae (dative singular)
spīnīs (dative plural)
spīnam (accusative singular)
spīnās (accusative plural)
spīnā (ablative singular)
spīnīs (ablative plural)
spīna (singular vocative)
spīnae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

spaina

Italo-Romance:

Italian: spina

Neapolitan: spina

Sicilian: spina

Padanian:

Friulian: spine

Romansch: spina, spegna

Venetian: spina

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: èpena

Old French: espine

French: épine

Champenois: épingne

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: espina

Occitan: espina

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: espina

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: espinha
Galician: espiña
Portuguese: espinha

Spanish: espina

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: spina

Logudorese: ispina

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: shpinë

→ Middle Irish: spín

Irish: spíon

Scottish Gaelic: spìon

Learned borrowings:

→ English: spine

→ Polish: spina (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

der

(transferred sense)
(anatomy) the backbone, spine


symphysis

la-noun

symphysis f (genitive symphysis or symphyseōs or symphysios); third declension

symphysis (genitive)
symphyseōs (genitive)
symphysios (genitive)
symphysis (nominative singular)
symphysēs (nominative plural)
symphyseis (nominative plural)
symphysis (genitive singular)
symphyseōs (genitive singular)
symphysios (genitive singular)
symphysium (genitive plural)
symphysī (dative singular)
symphysibus (dative plural)
symphysim (accusative singular)
symphysin (accusative singular)
symphysem (accusative singular)
symphysēs (accusative plural)
symphysīs (accusative plural)
symphysī (ablative singular)
symphyse (ablative singular)
symphysibus (ablative plural)
symphysis (singular vocative)
symphysi (singular vocative)
symphysēs (plural vocative)
symphyseis (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σύμφῠσῐς (súmphusis, “growing together, natural junction”), from σῠμφύω (sumphúō, “to make to grow together, to unite”) + -σῐς (-sis, nominal suffix).


calvaria

la-noun

calvāria f (genitive calvāriae); first declension

calvāria (canonical feminine)
calvāriae (genitive)
calvāria (nominative singular)
calvāriae (nominative plural)
calvāriae (genitive singular)
calvāriārum (genitive plural)
calvāriae (dative singular)
calvāriīs (dative plural)
calvāriam (accusative singular)
calvāriās (accusative plural)
calvāriā (ablative singular)
calvāriīs (ablative plural)
calvāria (singular vocative)
calvāriae (plural vocative)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: calavera, canavera

Gascon: calavera

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: caaveira
Galician: caveira
Portuguese: caveira

Spanish: calavera

Derived forms:

⇒ Ecclesiastical Latin: calvārium

→ Catalan: calvari

→ English: Calvary

→ Italian: calvario

→ Occitan: calbari

→ Old French: cauvaire

French: calvaire (partly relatinized)

Norman: calvet

→ Spanish: calvario

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calvāriō, calvāriōnem

desc

⇒ Franco-Provençal: tsarvayrõ (“flat stone”), ϑarvẹrõ (toponym)

Direct borrowings:

→ English: calvaria

[käɫ̪ˈu̯äːriä]

From calvus (“bald”) + -āria (noun-forming suffix).


synchondrosis

la-noun

synchondrōsis f (genitive synchondrōsis or synchondrōseōs or synchondrōsios); third declension

synchondrōsis (canonical feminine)
synchondrōsis (genitive)
synchondrōseōs (genitive)
synchondrōsios (genitive)
synchondrōsis (nominative singular)
synchondrōsēs (nominative plural)
synchondrōseis (nominative plural)
synchondrōsis (genitive singular)
synchondrōseōs (genitive singular)
synchondrōsios (genitive singular)
synchondrōsium (genitive plural)
synchondrōsī (dative singular)
synchondrōsibus (dative plural)
synchondrōsim (accusative singular)
synchondrōsin (accusative singular)
synchondrōsem (accusative singular)
synchondrōsēs (accusative plural)
synchondrōsīs (accusative plural)
synchondrōsī (ablative singular)
synchondrōse (ablative singular)
synchondrōsibus (ablative plural)
synchondrōsis (singular vocative)
synchondrōsi (singular vocative)
synchondrōsēs (plural vocative)
synchondrōseis (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σῠγχόνδρωσῐς (sunkhóndrōsis, “junction of two bones by cartilage”), from σῠγ- (sug-, “with, together”) + χόνδρος (khóndros, “gristle, cartilage”) + -ωσῐς (-ōsis, “state, condition”).

bor

σῠγχόνδρωσῐς


syndesmosis

la-noun

syndesmōsis f (genitive syndesmōsis or syndesmōseōs or syndesmōsios); third declension

syndesmōsis (canonical feminine)
syndesmōsis (genitive)
syndesmōseōs (genitive)
syndesmōsios (genitive)
syndesmōsis (nominative singular)
syndesmōsēs (nominative plural)
syndesmōseis (nominative plural)
syndesmōsis (genitive singular)
syndesmōseōs (genitive singular)
syndesmōsios (genitive singular)
syndesmōsium (genitive plural)
syndesmōsī (dative singular)
syndesmōsibus (dative plural)
syndesmōsim (accusative singular)
syndesmōsin (accusative singular)
syndesmōsem (accusative singular)
syndesmōsēs (accusative plural)
syndesmōsīs (accusative plural)
syndesmōsī (ablative singular)
syndesmōse (ablative singular)
syndesmōsibus (ablative plural)
syndesmōsis (singular vocative)
syndesmōsi (singular vocative)
syndesmōsēs (plural vocative)
syndesmōseis (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek σύνδεσμος (súndesmos, “that which binds together”) + -ωσῐς (-ōsis, “state, condition”) or σῠνδέσμωσῐς (sundésmōsis).


clavicula

la-noun

clāvicula f (genitive clāviculae); first declension

clāvicula (canonical feminine)
clāviculae (genitive)
clāvicula (nominative singular)
clāviculae (nominative plural)
clāviculae (genitive singular)
clāviculārum (genitive plural)
clāviculae (dative singular)
clāviculīs (dative plural)
clāviculam (accusative singular)
clāviculās (accusative plural)
clāviculā (ablative singular)
clāviculīs (ablative plural)
clāvicula (singular vocative)
clāviculae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cavicchia, cavicchio

→ Friulian: cavicje, cavicj

Sicilian: cavicchia, cavigghia

Padanian:

Emilian: cavicc, cavecc, cavigia, cavìa

Friulian: cjavile

Ligurian: caviggia

Lombard: caecc, cavecc, cavicc

desc

Piedmontese: cavija, cavìa, cavij, cavuj, cavagia, cavicc

Romagnol: cavèja

Romansch: tganveala

Venetian: caécia, caìcia, caùcia, caùcio

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: cheville
French: cheville
Norman: g'vil'ye

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: clavilla

Old Occitan: cavilla

Occitan: cavilha, calhiva

Nord-Occitan chavilha

→ Italian: caviglia

→ Portuguese: cavilha

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: chavella

Galician: chavella

Portuguese: chavelha → cravelha (semi-learned)

Spanish: llavija, lavija, → clavija (semi-learned)

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: cabija, cabiga, crabiga, crapica, cabígia, cabíciu, carícia, chelvija, chelfija

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: clavícula

→ English: clavicula

→ Friulian: clavìcule

→ Galician: clavícula

→ Italian: clavicola

→ Middle French: clavicule

French: clavicule

→ English: clavicle

→ Portuguese: clavícula

→ Romanian: claviculă

→ Spanish: clavícula

[kɫ̪äːˈu̯ɪkʊɫ̪ä]

From clāvis (“a key”) + -cula (diminutive nominal suffix).

af

(New Latin, anatomy) the clavicle, collar bone


cotyla

la-noun

cotyla f (genitive cotylae); first declension

cotylae (genitive)
cotyla (nominative singular)
cotylae (nominative plural)
cotylae (genitive singular)
cotylārum (genitive plural)
cotylae (dative singular)
cotylīs (dative plural)
cotylam (accusative singular)
cotylās (accusative plural)
cotylā (ablative singular)
cotylīs (ablative plural)
cotyla (singular vocative)
cotylae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: ciuturã

Italian: ciotola

Megleno-Romanian: ciutură

desctree

Romanian: ciutură
(some are from Aromanian)
→ Albanian: çotrë, çutrë, çuturë, çutër (obsolete)
→ Bulgarian: чу́тура (čútura)
→ Czech: čutora
→ Gagauz:
Cyrillic script: чотра
Latin script: çotra
→ Greek: τσότρα (tsótra), τσιότρα (tsiótra)
→ Hungarian: csutora
→ Macedonian: чутура (čutura)
→ Romanian: ciutură
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: чу̀тура
Latin script: čùtura
→ Slovak: čutora
→ Slovene: čútara
→ Ottoman Turkish: چوتوره (çotura), چوتره (çotura, çotra)
Turkish: çotra
→ Ukrainian: чуто́ра (čutóra), чіту́ра (čitúra) (Transcarpathian, archaic)

Sicilian: ciòtula

→ English: cotyle, cotyla

From Ancient Greek κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup, half-pint”).

der

(historical) Synonym of hemina, a Roman unit of liquid measure equivalent to about 0.27 L