lupus

la-noun

lupus m (genitive lupī, feminine lupa); second declension

lupī (genitive)
lupa (feminine)
lupus (nominative singular)
lupī (nominative plural)
lupī (genitive singular)
lupōrum (genitive plural)
lupō (dative singular)
lupīs (dative plural)
lupum (accusative singular)
lupōs (accusative plural)
lupō (ablative singular)
lupīs (ablative plural)
lupe (singular vocative)
lupī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: lupo

Aromanian: lup, lupu

Catalan: llop

Corsican: lupu

Emilian: låuv

Franco-Provençal: lop

Friulian: lôf

Istro-Romanian: lup

Italian: lupo

Ligurian: lô

Megleno-Romanian: lup

Mirandese: lhobo

Neapolitan: lupo

Occitan: lop

desctree

Old French: leu, lou, lu
Middle French: leu
⇒ French: à la queue leu leu
⇒ Middle French: loup
French: loup
Haitian Creole: lou
⇒ Mauritian Creole: lulu
⇒ Seychellois Creole: loulou
→ English: loo; Loup

Old Galician-Portuguese: lobo
Galician: lobo
Portuguese: lobo

Old Leonese:

Asturian: llobu

Leonese: llobu

Mirandese: lhobo

Old Lombard:

Lombard: lov, loff, lóff

desc

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: lupö, lup’, lupu

desctree

Old Spanish: lobo
Ladino: lovo
Spanish: lobo
→ English: loafer, lobo, lofer, loper, lover
→ Tagalog: lobo
→ Estado de México Otomi: lobo

Piedmontese: luv

Romanian: lup

Romansch: luf

Sardinian: lupu

Sicilian: lupu
→ Maltese: lupu

Venetan: lovo, lóvo, łovo, łóvo
→ Italian: lovo

Walloon: leu

→ Esperanto: lupo

→ Interlingua: lupo

→ Volapük: lup

→ Catalan: lupus

→ English: Lupus, lupus

→ Finnish: lupus

→ French: lupus

→ Galician: lupus

→ Italian: lupus

→ Portuguese: lúpus, lupo

→ Romanian: lupus

→ Spanish: Lupus, lupus

→ Translingual: Lupus; ⇒ Anarhichas lupus, Canis lupus

From Proto-Italic *lukʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”), with a metathesis of *wĺ̥- to *lú-. The shift of *kʷ to /p/ can be explained as a borrowing from an Osco-Umbrian language, where the change is regular. Another example of a borrowing with that shift is popīna.
Cognates include Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos), Sanskrit वृक (vṛka), Old English wulf, and Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ). Doublet of lycos and Lycus; not cognate to Latin vulpēs (“fox”).

agnum lupō ēripere velle

to wish the impossible, literally: to wish to rescue a lamb from a wolf

(carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:

a kind of hook used for hoisting objects


basis

la-noun

basis f (genitive basis); third declension

basis (genitive)
basis (nominative singular)
basēs (nominative plural)
basis (genitive singular)
basium (genitive plural)
basī (dative singular)
basibus (dative plural)
basim (accusative singular)
basēs (accusative plural)
basīs (accusative plural)
basī (ablative singular)
basibus (ablative plural)
basis (singular vocative)
basēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: base

→ Catalan: base

→ Danish: basis

→ Dutch: basis, base

→ Indonesian: basis, basa

→ English: basis

desctree

→ Dutch: base, basis (obsolete in this sense)
→ Indonesian: basa

→ English: base

→ Finnish: basis

→ Galician: base

→ German: Basis

⇒ German: Base

→ Italian: base

→ Macedonian: база (baza)

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: basis

Norwegian Nynorsk: basis

Old French: base
French: base
→ Czech: báze
→ Danish: base
→ Icelandic: basi m
→ Norwegian:
→ Norwegian Bokmål: base
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: base
→ Romanian: bază
→ Russian: база (baza)
→ Armenian: բազա (baza)
→ Azerbaijani:
Cyrillic script: база
Latin script: baza
→ Crimean Tatar:
Cyrillic script: база
Latin script: baza
→ Georgian: ბაზა (baza)
→ Kazakh:
Arabic script: بازا (baza)
Cyrillic script: база (baza)
→ Mongolian:
Mongolian script: [Term?]
Cyrillic script: бааз (baaz)
→ Tuvan: бааза (baaza)
→ Vietnamese: bazơ
⇒ French: baser
→ Dutch: baseren
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: basere
Norwegian Nynorsk: basere
→ Romanian: baza
→ Middle English: base, bace, bas, baas, basse
English: base
Scots: base

→ Polish: baza

→ Portuguese: base

→ Russian: ба́за (báza), ба́зис (bázis)

→ Armenian: բազա (baza)

→ Azerbaijani: baza

→ Kazakh: база (baza)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: ба́за

Latin: báza

→ Slovene: bāza

→ Spanish: base

→ Swedish: bas

→ Turkish: baz

→ Ukrainian: ба́за (báza)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βᾰ́σῐς (bắsĭs, “stepping, step; foot; base, pedestal”).

bor

(architecture) the lowest part of the shaft of a column


casa

la-noun

casa f (genitive casae); first declension

casae (genitive)
casa (nominative singular)
casae (nominative plural)
casae (genitive singular)
casārum (genitive plural)
casae (dative singular)
casīs (dative plural)
casam (accusative singular)
casās (accusative plural)
casā (ablative singular)
casīs (ablative plural)
casa (singular vocative)
casae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: casã

Istro-Romanian: cåsĕ

Megleno-Romanian: casă

Romanian: casă

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: casa

Asturian: casa

Mirandese: casa

Old Galician-Portuguese: casa

Fala: casa

Galician: casa, cas

desctree

Portuguese: casa, caza (obsolete)
Guinea-Bissau Creole: kasa, kaza
Indo-Portuguese: casa
Kabuverdianu: kasa
Karipúna Creole French: kaz
Korlai Creole Portuguese: kadz
Kristang: kaza
Macanese: casa
Papiamentu: kas (partly)

Old Spanish: casa

Spanish: casa
→ Cebuano: kasa
→ English: casa
→ Papiamentu: kas (partly)

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: chèṡa, cà

Ligurian: câza

Lombard: cà

Piedmontese: ca

Romagnol: ca

Sammarinese: chêsa, ca’

Venetan: caxa, ca’

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: casa, ca

Occitan: casa, cò

Old French: chiese, chese

French: chez
→ English: chez

⇒ Norman: caisèye, Norman: quieux (preposition), Norman: ciez (Coutance, preposition)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: cuosa

Istriot: casa

Italian: casa, ca’

Sicilian: casa

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cjase, čhase

Ladin: cèsa, cesa

Romansch: chasa

Sardinian:

càsa

→ Interlingua: casa (and from Italian and Spanish)

Uncertain. Possibly from either Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”) (compare catēna (“chain”)), or Proto-Indo-European *ket- (“hut, shed”) (compare Old English heaþor (“restraint, confinement, enclosure, prison”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”), Mazanderani کَت (kat, “wall”)), likely through borrowing from another Indo-European language rather than inheritance due to the presence of the medial -s-. Ultimately may be of substrate or wanderwort origin; more at cot, and see Proto-Uralic *kota.

cog

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) dwelling, residence, house


acetabulum

la-noun

acētābulum n (genitive acētābulī); second declension

acētābulum (canonical neuter)
acētābulī (genitive)
acētābulum (nominative singular)
acētābula (nominative plural)
acētābulī (genitive singular)
acētābulōrum (genitive plural)
acētābulō (dative singular)
acētābulīs (dative plural)
acētābulum (accusative singular)
acētābula (accusative plural)
acētābulō (ablative singular)
acētābulīs (ablative plural)
acētābulum (singular vocative)
acētābula (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: acetàbul

→ English: acetabulum

→ Esperanto: acetabulo

→ French: acétabule, acétabulum

Italian: acetabolo

→ Portuguese: acetábulo

→ Romanian: acetabul

→ Russian: ацетабул (acetabul)

→ Spanish: acetábulo

[äkeːˈt̪äːbʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum (“a vessel for”).

suffix

(anatomy) acetabulum, the hipbone socket


torus

la-noun

torus m (genitive torī); second declension

torī (genitive)
torus (nominative singular)
torī (nominative plural)
torī (genitive singular)
torōrum (genitive plural)
torō (dative singular)
torīs (dative plural)
torum (accusative singular)
torōs (accusative plural)
torō (ablative singular)
torīs (ablative plural)
tore (singular vocative)
torī (plural vocative)

Asturian: tueru

→ English: torus

French: toron, tore (borrowed)

→ Galician: toro

Italian: toro

→ Portuguese: toro

Spanish: tuero, toro (borrowed)

Of uncertain origin.
De Vaan proposes a tentative derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *torh₂-os, from *terh₂- (“to cross, go through”). This is formally and semantically solid, though there is little linguistic evidence to support it.
An older theory by Leumann derived the word from sternō (“to spread”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend”), but the connection between the two Latin words is semantically dubious (one would expect torus to be derived from a verb meaning "to turn" or "to knot" rather than "to spread").

der

(architecture) large round molding at the base of a column


insula

la-noun

īnsula f (genitive īnsulae); first declension

īnsula (canonical feminine)
īnsulae (genitive)
īnsula (nominative singular)
īnsulae (nominative plural)
īnsulae (genitive singular)
īnsulārum (genitive plural)
īnsulae (dative singular)
īnsulīs (dative plural)
īnsulam (accusative singular)
īnsulās (accusative plural)
īnsulā (ablative singular)
īnsulīs (ablative plural)
īnsula (singular vocative)
īnsulae (plural vocative)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: inssoa, insoa, insua
Galician: insua
Portuguese: ínsua

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: insla

Corsican: isula

Emilian: îsla

Franco-Provençal: ila

Italian: isola

Lombard: isla

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: isla

Old French: isle
Middle French: isle
French: île (see there for further descendants)
Norman: île
Walloon: iye
→ Middle English: yle, ile
English: isle

Neapolitan: isule

Old Catalan: illa

Catalan: illa

Old Occitan: illa, ilha, isla

Occitan: iscla, illa

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: illa, ilha
Galician: illa
Portuguese: ilha (see there for further descendants)
→ Leonese: illa
→ Mirandese: ilha

Old Spanish: isla

Ladino: ísla, ízla

Spanish: isla (see there for further descendants)

→ Asturian: islla, isla

→ Extremaduran: isla

desc

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: ysla, yslla, yslha

Piedmontese: isla

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: isule, ìsule

Sardinian: isula

Sicilian: ìsula

Venetan: ixoła, ixola

→ Albanian: ishull

→ English: insula (learned)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *insulā (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: ínsula

→ Romanian: insulă

→ Spanish: ínsula

From Proto-Italic *enselā, of uncertain origin. The relation to similar forms such as Ancient Greek νῆσος (nêsos, “island”) and Proto-Celtic *enistī (“island”) (whence Breton enez, Irish inis and Welsh ynys) is unclear.
Pokorny (1959) tentatively connects it to salum (“the sea”): he posits ellipsis from terra in salō (“land in the sea”) to in (“in”) + salō, invoking the similar Ancient Greek word ἔναλος (énalos, “maritime”). De Vaan considers this derivation phonetically solid, though semantically vague and unlikely. For an alternative he offers a connection of *-sul- to Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“place, ground”) as in solum; compare Lithuanian salà (“island”). Perhaps instead of foreign or substrate origin.

der

insula, a residential or apartment block (usually for the lower class), tenement, apartment building


gymnasium

la-noun

gymnasium n (genitive gymnasiī or gymnasī); second declension

gymnasiī (genitive)
gymnasī (genitive)
gymnasium (nominative singular)
gymnasia (nominative plural)
gymnasiī (genitive singular)
gymnasī (genitive singular)
gymnasiōrum (genitive plural)
gymnasiō (dative singular)
gymnasiīs (dative plural)
gymnasium (accusative singular)
gymnasia (accusative plural)
gymnasiō (ablative singular)
gymnasiīs (ablative plural)
gymnasium (singular vocative)
gymnasia (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: gjimnaz

Catalan: gimnàs

French: gymnase

Galician: ximnasio

→ German: Gymnasium (see there for further descendants)

Italian: ginnasio

Portuguese: ginásio

Romanian: gimnaziu

Spanish: gimnasio

[ɡʏmˈnäs̠iʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek γυμνάσιον (gumnásion, “exercise, school”), from γυμνός (gumnós, “naked”), because Greek athletes trained naked.


cubiculum

la-noun

cubiculum n (genitive cubiculī); second declension

cubiculī (genitive)
cubiculum (nominative singular)
cubicula (nominative plural)
cubiculī (genitive singular)
cubiculōrum (genitive plural)
cubiculō (dative singular)
cubiculīs (dative plural)
cubiculum (accusative singular)
cubicula (accusative plural)
cubiculō (ablative singular)
cubiculīs (ablative plural)
cubiculum (singular vocative)
cubicula (plural vocative)

Italian: coviglio, → cubicolo

Spanish: cobijo, → cubículo

→ Catalan: cubicle, cubiculum

→ English: cubicle

→ Galician: acubillo

→ Portuguese: cubículo

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: kuðugyl

Welsh: cuddygl, cufygl

→ Romanian: cubiculum

[kʊˈbɪkʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]


agricola

agricola m (genitive agricolae); first declension

agricolae (genitive)
agricola (nominative singular)
agricolae (nominative plural)
agricolae (genitive singular)
agricolārum (genitive plural)
agricolae (dative singular)
agricolīs (dative plural)
agricolam (accusative singular)
agricolās (accusative plural)
agricolā (ablative singular)
agricolīs (ablative plural)
agricola (singular vocative)
agricolae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: agrícola

→ French: agricole

→ Friulian: agricul

→ Italian: agricolo

→ Piedmontese: agrìcol

→ Portuguese: agrícola

→ Romanian: agricol

→ Spanish: agrícola

[äˈɡrɪkɔɫ̪ä]

ager (“field”) + -cola (“-tiller”, “-cultivator”)


arx

la-noun

arx f (genitive arcis); third declension

arcis (genitive)
arx (nominative singular)
arcēs (nominative plural)
arcis (genitive singular)
arcium (genitive plural)
arcī (dative singular)
arcibus (dative plural)
arcem (accusative singular)
arcēs (accusative plural)
arcīs (accusative plural)
arce (ablative singular)
arcibus (ablative plural)
arx (singular vocative)
arcēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erk- (“to protect, guard, hold, lock”). Cognates include Latin arca (“chest, box”), arceō (“I defend”), arcānus (“hidden, secret”), arcera (“covered carriage for sick people”), Old Armenian արգել (argel, “obstacle”) and Ancient Greek ἀρκέω (arkéō), Persian ارگ (arg, “citadel”)

der

stronghold, castle, citadel, fortress, acropolis

(figuratively) defence, protection, refuge, bulwark

tyranny (with arx as the abode of tyrants)

... Trōiaque, nunc stārēs, Priamīque arx alta, manērēs.

... and Troy, you would now be standing, and Priam's mighty citadel still endure.

venit in hōc illa fulmen ab arce caput.

It fell on this head [of mine], a thunderbolt from that height.
(Jupiter (mythology) hurled thunderbolts from heaven, whereas the Emperor Augustus, living atop the Palatine Hill, had sentenced Ovid to exile.)

(metonymically) height, summit, pinnacle, top, peak (since castles were often built on heights)


ager

la-noun

ager m (genitive agrī); second declension

agrī (genitive)
ager (nominative singular)
agrī (nominative plural)
agrī (genitive singular)
agrōrum (genitive plural)
agrō (dative singular)
agrīs (dative plural)
agrum (accusative singular)
agrōs (accusative plural)
agrō (ablative singular)
agrīs (ablative plural)
ager (singular vocative)
agrī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: agru

French: aire

→ French: ager

Galician: agro, agra

Italian: agro

Megleno-Romanian: agru

Old Occitan: agre

Portuguese: agro

Romanian: agru

Spanish: agro

From Proto-Italic *agros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros. Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀγρός (agrós), Sanskrit अज्र (ájra) and Old English æcer (English acre).


libra

lībra f (genitive lībrae); first declension

lībra (canonical feminine)
lībrae (genitive)
lībra (nominative singular)
lībrae (nominative plural)
lībrae (genitive singular)
lībrārum (genitive plural)
lībrae (dative singular)
lībrīs (dative plural)
lībram (accusative singular)
lībrās (accusative plural)
lībrā (ablative singular)
lībrīs (ablative plural)
lībra (singular vocative)
lībrae (plural vocative)

Catalan: lliura

desctree

Old French: livre m
Middle French: livre
French: livre
Norman: livre

Galician: libra

Italian: libra, libbra, lira

→ Catalan: lira

→ Czech: lira

→ Danish: lire

→ Faroese: liri

→ English: lira

→ Finnish: liira

→ German: Lira

→ Galician: lira

→ Maori: rira

→ Malay: lira

→ Maltese: lira

→ Norwegian: lira

→ Portuguese: lira

→ Serbo-Croatian: lira

→ Spanish: lira

→ Turkish: lira

Piedmontese: livra

Portuguese: libra

Romanian: livră

Spanish: libra

→ Tagalog: libra

Of uncertain origin. The word's original form was something like Proto-Italic *līðrā, *leiðrā (“pound”), surviving also in Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra), whence English liter.
Weiss derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to pour”) suffixed with the instrumental/resultative suffix *-dʰrom, under the assumption that the term originally meant "pouring (of metal)" before evolving to mean a unit of weight. In this case, then cognate with Proto-Slavic *lìti (“to pour”), Proto-Celtic *liyeti (“to flow”), Ancient Greek λείβω (leíbō, “to pour”), Lithuanian líeti (“to let flow”).

(historical) libra, Roman pound, a Roman unit of mass, equivalent to about 327 g

level, a tool used to check surfaces for horizontal and vertical alignment

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) pound, any of various units of mass derived from or roughly equivalent to the Roman libra

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) pound, any of various currencies derived from the use of pound as a weight in silver


femur

la-noun

femur n (genitive feminis or femoris); third declension

feminis (genitive)
femoris (genitive)
femur (nominative singular)
femina (nominative plural)
femora (nominative plural)
feminis (genitive singular)
femoris (genitive singular)
feminum (genitive plural)
femorum (genitive plural)
feminī (dative singular)
femorī (dative singular)
feminibus (dative plural)
femoribus (dative plural)
femur (accusative singular)
femina (accusative plural)
femora (accusative plural)
femine (ablative singular)
femore (ablative singular)
feminibus (ablative plural)
femoribus (ablative plural)
femur (singular vocative)
femina (plural vocative)
femora (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: fèmur

→ English: femur

→ French: fémur

→ Galician: fémur

→ German: Femur

→ Italian: femore

→ Occitan: fèmur

→ Portuguese: fémur (Portugal), fêmur (Brazil)

→ Romanian: femur

→ Sicilian: fèmuri

→ Spanish: fémur

Uncertain. The heteroclitic (r/n) inflection is rather archaic (as also seen in iecur and iter), descending from Proto-Indo-European *-r̥ ~ *-n-, but no secure Proto-Indo-European origin for femur can be found. De Vaan and Lubotsky tentatively support Steinbauer's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *dʰénwr̥ (“arc, bow”); this is semantically attractive, but the hypothetical change from *-nw- to *-(n)m- from Proto-Indo-European to Latin is strange.

der

(architecture) the space between the grooves of a triglyph


fenestra

la-noun

fenestra f (genitive fenestrae); first declension

fenestrae (genitive)
fenestra (nominative singular)
fenestrae (nominative plural)
fenestrae (genitive singular)
fenestrārum (genitive plural)
fenestrae (dative singular)
fenestrīs (dative plural)
fenestram (accusative singular)
fenestrās (accusative plural)
fenestrā (ablative singular)
fenestrīs (ablative plural)
fenestra (singular vocative)
fenestrae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fireastrã

desctree

Romanian: fereastră, fereastă
→ Romani: felyastra

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: finestra

Dalmatian: finiastra

Italian: finestra

Neapolitan: fenesta

Sicilian: finestra, finesra

Venetan: finestra, fenestra

Rhaeto-Romance:

desc

Romansch: fanestra, finiastra, fnestra, faneastra

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: fnèstra

Lombard: fenestra, finestra, fnestra

Piedmontese: fnestra, fnesta

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: finestra

Franco-Provençal: fenétra

Occitan: fenèstra

Gascon: hrièsta, herièsta, hièstra, hiestra

Old French: fenestre (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: finestra

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: fẽestra
Galician: fiestra
Portuguese: fresta

Old Spanish: finiestra

Early Modern Spanish: hiniestra

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: fënjeshtër

→ Breton: prenestr, fenestr (or via French)

→ Cornish: fenester

→ English: fenestra (learned)

→ Old Irish: seinistir

→ Portuguese: fenestra (learned)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *fenestr (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: fenestra (learned)

→ Welsh: ffenestr, ffenest

Apparently from Etruscan *fnestra (and fēstra from Etruscan *fenstra), compare the personal name Etruscan [script needed] (fnes-ci) and the placename Latin Fensernia, but nothing is known about the meaning of the Etruscan base.

window of opportunity
window of opportunity

an opportunity, opening, occasion, window of opportunity


lingua

la-noun

lingua f (genitive linguae); first declension

linguae (genitive)
lingua (nominative singular)
linguae (nominative plural)
linguae (genitive singular)
linguārum (genitive plural)
linguae (dative singular)
linguīs (dative plural)
linguam (accusative singular)
linguās (accusative plural)
linguā (ablative singular)
linguīs (ablative plural)
lingua (singular vocative)
linguae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: limbã

Istro-Romanian: limbĕ

Megleno-Romanian: limbă

Romanian: limbă

Dalmatian:

langa, luanga

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: lingua

desctree

Italian: lingua, lengua
→ Greek: λίγκα (lígka)
→ Maltese: lingwa
→? Sabir: lingua

⇒ Italian: linguine (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: lengua, lenga

Sicilian: lingua

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: längua

Ligurian: lengua

Lombard: lengua

Piedmontese: lenga

Romagnol: lèngva

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: lenghe

Ladin: lënga

desc

Romansch: lieunga, lengua, glianga, laungia, leua

Istriot: lèngua, lengua, laèngua

Venetan: łéngua, łéngoa, léngoa, lengoa, léngua

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: lengoua

desctree

Old French: langue, lingue, lengue
Middle French: langue
French: langue (see there for further descendants)
Champenois: laingue
Franc-Comtois: landye
Norman: laungue
Picard: lingue
Poitevin-Saintongeais: lengue
Walloon: linwe

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: lengua

Catalan: llengua

Old Occitan: lengua, lenga
Occitan: lenga
Gascon: lengua
Limousin: linga
Provençal: lengo, lenguo

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: luenga (with metathesis of /w/)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: llingua, llengua, lluengua (Eastern Asturias), ḷḷingua, ḷḷuinga (Ayer), chingua (Valdés), chengua (Valdés), yuönga (Cabrales)

Extremaduran: luenga

Leonese: llingua

Mirandese: lhéngua

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: lingua, lengua, lingoa, lengoa
Fala: lengua
Galician: lingua
Portuguese: língua (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: lengua

Ladino: לינגוה / lengua, lingua

Spanish: lengua
Chavacano: lengua
Papiamentu: lenga

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: limba (Logudorese), lingua (Campidanese)

Borrowings:

→ English: lingua

→ Esperanto: lingvo

From older dingua (attested as a rare word in Gaius Marius Victorinus), from Proto-Italic *denɣwā, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. The change of d- to l- is variously explained by a borrowing from another Italic language with such a shift and/or by a folk-etymological association with the verb lingō (“to lick”); compare Old Armenian լեզու (lezu) and Lithuanian liežùvis for the latter process. Other cognates include German Zunge and English tongue.

Lingua herba nascitur circa fontes.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 24.170

The plant called "tongue" grows around springs.

(transferred sense)
tongue-shaped things:
Ranunculus lingua (a flowering plant)


architectura

la-noun

architectūra f (genitive architectūrae); first declension

architectūra (canonical feminine)
architectūrae (genitive)
architectūra (nominative singular)
architectūrae (nominative plural)
architectūrae (genitive singular)
architectūrārum (genitive plural)
architectūrae (dative singular)
architectūrīs (dative plural)
architectūram (accusative singular)
architectūrās (accusative plural)
architectūrā (ablative singular)
architectūrīs (ablative plural)
architectūra (singular vocative)
architectūrae (plural vocative)

Asturian: arquiteutura

Catalan: arquitectura

desctree

Dutch: architectuur
Afrikaans: argitektuur
→ Indonesian: arsitektur

English: architecture

Esperanto: arĥitekturo, arkitekturo

Ido: arkitekturo

French: architecture

Galician: arquitectura

German: Architektur

Italian: architettura

Mirandese: arquitetura

Occitan: arquitectura

Portuguese: arquitetura

Romanian: arhitectură

desc

архитекту́ра

Russian: архитекту́ра (arxitektúra)

Spanish: arquitectura

[ärkʰɪt̪ɛkˈt̪uːrä]

From architectus (“architect, designer”) + -tūra, the former of which is a remodeling of Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn) under influence of tegō. The "Latinization" of the second component facilitated the suffixion of -tūra, overriding the originally stem-immanent t.


lira

la-noun

līra f (genitive līrae); first declension

līra (canonical feminine)
līrae (genitive)
līra (nominative singular)
līrae (nominative plural)
līrae (genitive singular)
līrārum (genitive plural)
līrae (dative singular)
līrīs (dative plural)
līram (accusative singular)
līrās (accusative plural)
līrā (ablative singular)
līrīs (ablative plural)
līra (singular vocative)
līrae (plural vocative)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Italic *loizā, from Proto-Indo-European *lóyseh₂ (“following, track; furrow”), from *leys- (“track, furrow, trace, trail”).
Cognate with Oscan feminine ablative plural 𐌋𐌖𐌉𐌔𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌚𐌔 (luisarifs, the name of a month, perhaps "in which the furrows are drawn"), Old High German leisa (“track”) (German Gleis), Old Church Slavonic лѣха (lěxa, “field bed, furrow”), Old Prussian lyso (“field bed”), Proto-Germanic *lizaną (“to know, understand”), *laizijaną (“teach”), *liʀnōn (“learn”).


materia

la-noun

māteria f (genitive māteriae); first declension

māteria (canonical feminine)
māteriae (genitive)
māteria (nominative singular)
māteriae (nominative plural)
māteriae (genitive singular)
māteriārum (genitive plural)
māteriae (dative singular)
māteriīs (dative plural)
māteriam (accusative singular)
māteriās (accusative plural)
māteriā (ablative singular)
māteriīs (ablative plural)
māteria (singular vocative)
māteriae (plural vocative)

Asturian: madera, materia

→ Franco-Provençal: matièri

→ Old French: matere

French: matière

desctree

→ Middle Dutch: materie
Dutch: materie
Negerhollands: materie, matering
→ Indonesian: materi

→ Middle English: matere

English: matter

Scots: matter

→ German: Materie

Hunsrik: Materje

→ Italian: materia

Old Francoprovençal: maieiri

Old Galician-Portuguese: madeira

Fala: madeira, maeira, meira

Galician: madeira

Portuguese: madeira

→ Portuguese: matéria (learned)

→ Romanian: materie

→ Russian: мате́рия (matérija), мате́рія (matérija) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Kazakh: материя (materiä)

Sicilian: matera, matèria

Old Spanish: madera

Spanish: madera

→ Spanish: materia (learned)

→ Swedish: materia

→ Turkish: öğe (calque)

[mäːˈt̪ɛriä]

[mäˈt̪ɛːriä]

Traditionally derived from māter (“mother, at least in the sense of 'source'”) + -ia, in which case cognate with Old Armenian մայր (mayr, “cedar”) and մայրի (mayri, “forest”). More recently, referred to Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“build”). Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē, “wood, matter”), introduced by Cicero.

sl

Et vellem, herculēs, māteriam repperīrem aliquam quam deus tantus affluenter indueret.

c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses 2.31

And, by Hercules, I would like to find [clothing] material that such a great god could wear in flowing folds.

matter; material; component stuff; substance


kilogramma

la-noun

kilogramma n (genitive kilogrammatis); third declension

kilogrammatis (genitive)
kilogramma (nominative singular)
kilogrammata (nominative plural)
kilogrammatis (genitive singular)
kilogrammatum (genitive plural)
kilogrammatī (dative singular)
kilogrammatibus (dative plural)
kilogramma (accusative singular)
kilogrammata (accusative plural)
kilogrammate (ablative singular)
kilogrammatibus (ablative plural)
kilogramma (singular vocative)
kilogrammata (plural vocative)

From French kilogramme, itself a Classicalizing compound from Ancient Greek χῑλιάς (khīliás, “thousand”) and Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma, “scruple, gram”)


colonus

la-noun

colōnus m (genitive colōnī, feminine colōna); second declension

colōnus (canonical masculine)
colōnī (genitive)
colōna (feminine)
colōnus (nominative singular)
colōnī (nominative plural)
colōnī (genitive singular)
colōnōrum (genitive plural)
colōnō (dative singular)
colōnīs (dative plural)
colōnum (accusative singular)
colōnōs (accusative plural)
colōnō (ablative singular)
colōnīs (ablative plural)
colōne (singular vocative)
colōnī (plural vocative)

Catalan: colon

French: colon

Italian: colono

Portuguese: colono

Sicilian: culunu

Spanish: colono

[kɔˈɫ̪oːnʊs̠]

From the root of colō (“cultivate, till”) + -ō + -us.

frūgibus immēnsīs avidōs satiāte colōnōs,

Satisfy eager farmers with abundant crops,
that they may reap rewards worthy of their labors.

farmer, especially a kind of tenant farmer or sharecropper; husbandman; tiller of the soil


agricultura

agricultūra f (genitive agricultūrae); first declension

agricultūra (canonical feminine)
agricultūrae (genitive)
agricultūra (nominative singular)
agricultūrae (nominative plural)
agricultūrae (genitive singular)
agricultūrārum (genitive plural)
agricultūrae (dative singular)
agricultūrīs (dative plural)
agricultūram (accusative singular)
agricultūrās (accusative plural)
agricultūrā (ablative singular)
agricultūrīs (ablative plural)
agricultūra (singular vocative)
agricultūrae (plural vocative)

Asturian: agricultura

English: agriculture

French: agriculture

Galician: agricultura

Gallo-Italic:

Romagnol: agricultùra

Italian: agricoltura

desc

Norman: agritchulteure, agritchultuthe (Jersey)

Occitan: agricultura

Portuguese: agricultura

Romanian: agricultură

Spanish: agricultura

[äɡrɪkʊɫ̪ˈt̪uːrä]

ager (“field, soil”) + cultūra (“cultivation”)


ala

āla (canonical feminine)
ālae (genitive)
āla (nominative singular)
ālae (nominative plural)
ālae (genitive singular)
ālārum (genitive plural)
ālae (dative singular)
ālīs (dative plural)
ālam (accusative singular)
ālās (accusative plural)
ālā (ablative singular)
ālīs (ablative plural)
āla (singular vocative)
ālae (plural vocative)

Asturian: ala

Catalan: ala

Dalmatian: jal

Franco-Provençal: âla

Friulian: ale

Gallurese: ala

Italian: ala

Ligurian: âa

Occitan: ala

desctree

Old French: aile f
Middle French: aisle f, aesle, æsle
French: aile f
→ Middle English: ele
English: aisle

Old Galician-Portuguese: aa

Galician: á

Portuguese: á

Romansch: ala, ela

Sardinian: aba, ala, àua

Sassarese: ara

Sicilian: ala

Spanish: ala

Venetan: ała

→ English: ala, ali-

→ Esperanto: alo

→ Galician: ala

→ Portuguese: ala

For earlier *axla, from axis, from Proto-Italic *aksis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (“axis”).

(architecture) wings, side halls or porches, waiting areas, colonnades, side apartments (side rooms off the main room, the side apartments on the right and left of a court)


templum

la-noun

templum n (genitive templī); second declension

templī (genitive)
templum (nominative singular)
templa (nominative plural)
templī (genitive singular)
templōrum (genitive plural)
templō (dative singular)
templīs (dative plural)
templum (accusative singular)
templa (accusative plural)
templō (ablative singular)
templīs (ablative plural)
templum (singular vocative)
templa (plural vocative)

Old Spanish: tiemplo

Romanian: tâmplă

→ Asturian: templu

→ Catalan: temple

→ Friulian: templi

→ Italian: tempio, templo

→ Occitan: temple

desctree

→ Old French: temple
French: tempe
→ Middle English: temple
English: temple

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: templo
Galician: templo
Portuguese: templo

→ Old Spanish: templo

Spanish: templo

→ Piedmontese: tempi, templi

→ Albanian: tempull, tëmbla

→ Byzantine Greek: τέμπλον (témplon)

Greek: τέμπλο (témplo)

→ Hungarian: templom

→ Old Irish: tempul (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *temple

Breton: templ

Cornish: tempel

Middle Welsh: temhyl

Welsh: teml

→ Proto-West Germanic: *templ (see there for further descendants)

[ˈt̪ɛmpɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Term of uncertain origin, with no parallels in other Italic languages.
# Possibly a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *temp- (“to stretch, pull”), whence Latvian tem̃pti (“to pull, stretch”), Old Norse þǫmb (“bow”), and further possibly Proto-Slavic *tętivà (“bowstring”), Old Armenian թամբ (tʻamb, “saddle”). Assuming a shift from “to stretch” to “to measure”, meant as the calculation of the aruspices. Compare also extempulō and more distantly tempus, tendō.
# Parallel formation to Ancient Greek τέμενος (témenos, “sacred enclosure”), reflecting Proto-Indo-European *témh₁-lom, from *temh₁- (“to cut”). The -p- would hence be epenthetic as in exemplum. Further related to temnō, tondeō.

cog

templa deō fīunt

Temples to the god are built
Shrines to the god are made [there]

a space dedicated to a deity; place of divine worship; sanctuary, shrine, temple


lapis

la-noun

lapis m (genitive lapidis); third declension

lapidis (genitive)
lapis (nominative singular)
lapidēs (nominative plural)
lapidis (genitive singular)
lapidum (genitive plural)
lapidī (dative singular)
lapidibus (dative plural)
lapidem (accusative singular)
lapidēs (accusative plural)
lapide (ablative singular)
lapidibus (ablative plural)
lapis (singular vocative)
lapidēs (plural vocative)

Italian: lapida, lapide

→ Catalan: làpida

Spanish: laude

→ Italian: lapis (see there for further descendants)

→ Polish: lapis

→ Portuguese: lápide

→ Russian: ля́пис (ljápis)

→ Spanish: lápida (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *lapets. May be connected with Ancient Greek λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), either from Proto-Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”) (compare secō, saxum; rumpō, rupēs) or, more likely, a Mediterranean substrate language.

cog

et lapis iste quem erexi in titulum vocabitur Domus Dei

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 28:22:

And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house


charrus

la-noun

charrus m (genitive charrī); second declension

charrī (genitive)
charrus (nominative singular)
charrī (nominative plural)
charrī (genitive singular)
charrōrum (genitive plural)
charrō (dative singular)
charrīs (dative plural)
charrum (accusative singular)
charrōs (accusative plural)
charrō (ablative singular)
charrīs (ablative plural)
charre (singular vocative)
charrī (plural vocative)

Alternative form of carrus (“English unit of weight”)


later

later m (genitive lateris); third declension

lateris (genitive)
later (nominative singular)
laterēs (nominative plural)
lateris (genitive singular)
laterum (genitive plural)
laterī (dative singular)
lateribus (dative plural)
laterem (accusative singular)
laterēs (accusative plural)
latere (ablative singular)
lateribus (ablative plural)
later (singular vocative)
laterēs (plural vocative)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”), or from *stelh₃- (“broad”) (in which case latus (“side, flank”) would be its neuter form).


plumbum

plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension

plumbī (genitive)
plumbum (nominative singular)
plumba (nominative plural)
plumbī (genitive singular)
plumbōrum (genitive plural)
plumbō (dative singular)
plumbīs (dative plural)
plumbum (accusative singular)
plumba (accusative plural)
plumbō (ablative singular)
plumbīs (ablative plural)
plumbum (singular vocative)
plumba (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu

Romanian: plumb

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: piombu

Italian: piombo

Neapolitan: chiummo

Sicilian: chiummu

Padanian:

Emilian: piòmb

Friulian: plomp, plomb

Ligurian: cióngio

Lombard: piomb, piom

Piedmontese: piomb

Romagnol: piòmb

Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m

Venetan: piònbo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: plomb

Middle French: plomb

French: plomb ⇒ plombe

→ German: Plombe

→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme

English: plumb

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: plom

→? Asturian: plomu, plombu

q

→? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)

Occitan: plomb

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: plomo, plom

Ribagorçan: pllom

Galician: chumbo

Portuguese: chumbo → prumo (semi-learned)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: plumb

→ English: plumbum

→ German: Plumbum

→ Limburgish: plómb

→ Malay: plumbum

→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum

Middle Welsh: plwm

Welsh: plwm

[ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]

Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.


atrium

la-noun

ātrium n (genitive ātriī or ātrī); second declension

ātrium (canonical neuter)
ātriī (genitive)
ātrī (genitive)
ātrium (nominative singular)
ātria (nominative plural)
ātriī (genitive singular)
ātrī (genitive singular)
ātriōrum (genitive plural)
ātriō (dative singular)
ātriīs (dative plural)
ātrium (accusative singular)
ātria (accusative plural)
ātriō (ablative singular)
ātriīs (ablative plural)
ātrium (singular vocative)
ātria (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: aitre

French: aître

q

Norman: aistre (merged with some Norse root, hence the unetymological ⟨s⟩)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: adriu ⇒ adral

Galician: adro

Portuguese: adro

Borrowed:

→ Catalan: atri

→ English: atrium

→ Galician: atrio

→ Hungarian: átrium

→ Irish: aitriam

→ Italian: atrio

→ Portuguese: átrio

→ Romanian: atriu

→ Spanish: atrio

[ˈäːt̪riʊ̃ˑ]

* Either from Ancient Greek αἴθριον (aíthrion, “under the sky, open”) (see αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “clear sky, heaven”)),
* or related to Latin āter, Umbrian 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖 (atru), Oscan 𐌀𐌀𐌃𐌝𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌔 (aadíriis), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁tr-yom,
* or from Etruscan 𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌄 (aθre, “atrium, temple, house, domus”).
Related to Etruscan 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌖𐌌 (atrium).

bor

It clāmor ad altā / ātria
An outcry goes up to the height of the [palace] halls.
(Translations vary – Mackail, 1885: “the high halls”; Knight, 1956: “the palace-roof”; Fitzgerald, 1981: “the high chambers”; West, 1990: “the high walls of the palace”; Ahl, 2007: “high through the courtyard’s open roof”; Ruden, 2021: “to the rooftop”.)

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.665–666

a welcoming room in a Roman villa; reception hall, main court


stadium

la-noun

stadium n (genitive stadiī or stadī); second declension

stadiī (genitive)
stadī (genitive)
stadium (nominative singular)
stadia (nominative plural)
stadiī (genitive singular)
stadī (genitive singular)
stadiōrum (genitive plural)
stadiō (dative singular)
stadiīs (dative plural)
stadium (accusative singular)
stadia (accusative plural)
stadiō (ablative singular)
stadiīs (ablative plural)
stadium (singular vocative)
stadia (plural vocative)

[ˈs̠t̪äd̪iʊ̃ˑ]

From the Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion).


ulna

ulna f (genitive ulnae); first declension

ulnae (genitive)
ulna (nominative singular)
ulnae (nominative plural)
ulnae (genitive singular)
ulnārum (genitive plural)
ulnae (dative singular)
ulnīs (dative plural)
ulnam (accusative singular)
ulnās (accusative plural)
ulnā (ablative singular)
ulnīs (ablative plural)
ulna (singular vocative)
ulnae (plural vocative)

→? Proto-Albanian: *ulnā

→ Catalan: ulna (learned)

→ English: ulna

→ Galician: ulna (learned)

→ Italian: ulna (learned)

→ Portuguese: ulna (learned)

→ Spanish: ulna (learned)

From Proto-Italic *olenā, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l(e)n-, from the root *Heh₃l- (“to bend”), although this reconstruction remains uncertain. Related to Old Armenian ուլն (uln, “neck”), Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (aleina, “cubit”), Old Church Slavonic ланита (lanita, “cheek”), Ancient Greek ὠλένη (ōlénē, “elbow”), Sanskrit अणि (aṇi, “the point of a needle”), Albanian llërë (“upper arm”), Welsh elin (“forearm; elbow”).


mentum

la-noun

mentum n (genitive mentī); second declension

mentī (genitive)
mentum (nominative singular)
menta (nominative plural)
mentī (genitive singular)
mentōrum (genitive plural)
mentō (dative singular)
mentīs (dative plural)
mentum (accusative singular)
menta (accusative plural)
mentō (ablative singular)
mentīs (ablative plural)
mentum (singular vocative)
menta (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *mentō, *mentōnem

Italo-Romance:

Italian: mento

Sicilian: mentu

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: manton, menton

Piedmontese: manton, menton

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: menton, mentun
French: menton
→ English: menton
→ Esperanto: mentono
Ido: mentono
→ Spanish: mentón

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: mentó

Occitan: menton

→ English: mentum (learned)

→ Portuguese: mento (learned)

[ˈmɛn̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *mentom, from Proto-Indo-European *men-to-, from *men- (“to project”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *munþaz.

Reliqua spatia, quod latiores sint metopae quam triglyphi, pura relinquantur aut numina scalpantur, ad ipsumque mentum coronae incidatur linea quae scotia dicitur.

c. 15 BCE, Vitruvius, De architectura 4.3.6

(transferred sense, architecture) the projecting part of a cornice casting off the rain, the coping


mille

mīlle (canonical neuter)
mīlle (nominative singular)
mīlia (nominative plural)
mīllia (nominative plural)
mīlle (genitive singular)
mīlium (genitive plural)
mīllium (genitive plural)
mīlle (dative singular)
mīlibus (dative plural)
mīllibus (dative plural)
mīlle (accusative singular)
mīlia (accusative plural)
mīllia (accusative plural)
mīlle (ablative singular)
mīlibus (ablative plural)
mīllibus (ablative plural)
mīlle (singular vocative)
mīlia (plural vocative)
mīllia (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: migliu

Italian: miglia, miglio (back-formation)

Gallo-Romance:

French: mille

Norman: mille

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: miza

Iberian-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: milha
Galician: milla
Portuguese: milha

Borrowings:

desc

→ Ancient Greek: μίλιον (mílion), μείλιον (meílion), μίλιν (mílin)

Greek: μίλι (míli)

→ Hebrew: מַיְל (mayl)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: մղոն (młon), միլոն (milon), մողոն (mołon)
→ Armenian: մղոն (młon) (learned)

desc

→ Aramaic: [script needed] (mīlā), [script needed] (mīl)

Classical Syriac: ܡܝܠܐ (mīlā), ܡܝܠ (mīl)

→ Arabic: ميل (mīl)

→ Middle Armenian: միլ (mil)

→ Ottoman Turkish: مِیل (mīl)

Turkish: mil

→ Persian: میل (mil)

desctree

→ Old Irish: míle
Middle Irish: míle
Irish: míle
Manx: milley
Scottish Gaelic: mìle

→ Catalan: milla

→ Spanish: milla

Shortened from Latin mīlle passūs, mīlle passuum (“Roman mile”, literally “a thousand of paces”).

a mile, particularly a Roman mile of 8 stades (stadia); 1,000 paces (passūs); or 5,000 feet (pedes)


nidus

la-noun

nīdus m (genitive nīdī); second declension

nīdus (canonical masculine)
nīdī (genitive)
nīdus (nominative singular)
nīdī (nominative plural)
nīdī (genitive singular)
nīdōrum (genitive plural)
nīdō (dative singular)
nīdīs (dative plural)
nīdum (accusative singular)
nīdōs (accusative plural)
nīdō (ablative singular)
nīdīs (ablative plural)
nīde (singular vocative)
nīdī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: niedo

Asturian: ñeru, nieru, níu, ñíu

Catalan: niu

Corsican: nidu

Dalmatian: naid

Dutch: nis, niche

English: nidus, nide, niche, nyas

Extremaduran: ñíu

French: nid, niche, niais

Friulian: nît, nîd

Haitian Creole: nich

Interlingua: nido

Italian: nido, nidio

Lombard: nid, nin

Neapolitan: nìdo, nìvo

Occitan: nis

Papiamentu: neshi, neishi

Piedmontese: ni

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: *nio
Galician: niño, nin, nío, ninho (reintegrationist)
Portuguese: ninho (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: gnieu, igniv

Sardinian: nidu, niu

Campidanese: niu

Sicilian: nidu

Spanish: nido

Venetan: nit, nìo

From Proto-Italic *nizdos, from Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“nest”). Cognate with Sanskrit नीड (nīḍá), Old Armenian նիստ (nist), Old Church Slavonic гнѣздо (gnězdo), Old English nest (whence English nest).


modulus

la-noun

modulus m (genitive modulī); second declension

modulī (genitive)
modulus (nominative singular)
modulī (nominative plural)
modulī (genitive singular)
modulōrum (genitive plural)
modulō (dative singular)
modulīs (dative plural)
modulum (accusative singular)
modulōs (accusative plural)
modulō (ablative singular)
modulīs (ablative plural)
module (singular vocative)
modulī (plural vocative)

→ English: modulus

→ Occitan: mòtle

→ Old Catalan: motle

Catalan: motlle

→ Spanish: molde

→ Portuguese: molde

→ Old French: modle, mole

→ Middle English: molde, moolde, moulde

English: mold, mould

Scots: muild

French: moule

→ Catalan: mòdul (learned), mòdol

desctree

→ French: module
→ English: module
→ Romanian: modul
→ Turkish: modül

→ Italian: modulo

→ Portuguese: módulo

→ Russian: мо́дуль (módulʹ)

→ Spanish: módulo

[ˈmɔd̪ʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From modus (“measure; manner, way”) + -ulus (diminutive suffix).

af

diminutive of modus (“measure, metre, mode; method”):


cloaca

la-noun

cloāca f (genitive cloācae); first declension

cloāca (canonical feminine)
cloācae (genitive)
cloāca (nominative singular)
cloācae (nominative plural)
cloācae (genitive singular)
cloācārum (genitive plural)
cloācae (dative singular)
cloācīs (dative plural)
cloācam (accusative singular)
cloācās (accusative plural)
cloācā (ablative singular)
cloācīs (ablative plural)
cloāca (singular vocative)
cloācae (plural vocative)

Italian: chiavica

Tuscan, Umbrian: chiòca, chiòvina, chiòdina, chiòcana

Neapolitan: chiaveca

Portuguese: colaga (“alley”)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *clavacaria

Catalan: claveguera

→ Catalan: cloaca

→ Danish: kloak

→ English: cloaca

→ French: cloaque

→ German: Kloake

→ Irish: clóáca

→ Italian: cloaca

→ Portuguese: cloaca

→ Romanian: cloacă

→ Spanish: cloaca

Translingual: Enterobacter cloacae

Related to cluō (“cleanse”), but the derivation is uncertain. See de Vaan (2008) for discussion.

(humorous) Of the mouth and intestines of a voracious person.


stria

stria f (genitive striae); first declension

striae (genitive)
stria (nominative singular)
striae (nominative plural)
striae (genitive singular)
striārum (genitive plural)
striae (dative singular)
striīs (dative plural)
striam (accusative singular)
striās (accusative plural)
striā (ablative singular)
striīs (ablative plural)
stria (singular vocative)
striae (plural vocative)

Italian: stria, striscia (+ fascia)

→ Catalan: estria (learned)

→ English: stria

→ Spanish: estría

→ Portuguese: estria

From Proto-Italic *strig-jā, from what looks like a cross of Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to brush, strip, shear”) and Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“to draw, tie”). Cognate to Latin striga, Latin stringō, English streak, German Striemen (“streak, stripe”), Old High German strimo, Dutch striem.

der

A furrow, channel, groove, hollow.
(architecture) The flute of a column.

A furrow, channel, groove, hollow.
The flute of a column.


masculus

la-adj

masculus (feminine mascula, neuter masculum); first/second-declension adjective

mascula (feminine)
masculum (neuter)
masculus (masculine nominative singular)
mascula (feminine nominative singular)
masculum (neuter nominative singular)
masculī (masculine nominative singular)
masculae (feminine nominative plural)
mascula (neuter nominative plural)
masculī (genitive masculine singular)
masculae (feminine genitive singular)
masculī (genitive neuter singular)
masculōrum (genitive masculine singular)
masculārum (feminine genitive plural)
masculōrum (genitive neuter plural)
masculō (dative masculine singular)
masculae (dative feminine singular)
masculō (dative neuter singular)
masculīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
masculum (accusative masculine singular)
masculam (accusative feminine singular)
masculum (accusative neuter singular)
masculōs (accusative masculine singular)
masculās (accusative feminine plural)
mascula (accusative neuter plural)
masculō (ablative masculine singular)
masculā (ablative feminine singular)
masculō (ablative neuter singular)
masculīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
mascule (masculine singular vocative)
mascula (feminine singular vocative)
masculum (neuter singular vocative)
masculī (masculine singular vocative)
masculae (feminine plural vocative)
mascula (neuter plural vocative)

[ˈmäs̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From mās ("male") + -culus (diminutive ending).


urna

la-noun

urna f (genitive urnae); first declension

urnae (genitive)
urna (nominative singular)
urnae (nominative plural)
urnae (genitive singular)
urnārum (genitive plural)
urnae (dative singular)
urnīs (dative plural)
urnam (accusative singular)
urnās (accusative plural)
urnā (ablative singular)
urnīs (ablative plural)
urna (singular vocative)
urnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: urna

Catalan: urna

English: urn, urna

Esperanto: urno

French: urne

Galician: urna

Georgian: ურნა (urna)

German: Urne

Italian: urna

Norwegian: urne (Bokmål), urne (Nynorsk)

Portuguese: urna

Romanian: urnă

Russian: у́рна (úrna)

Spanish: urna

Probably from *urc-na, with simplification of the cluster. Ernout and Meillet view this word, urceus, orca and Greek ὕρχη (húrkhē) (other words for vessels) as all related somehow via borrowing (with the exact source and pathway unclear). Bennett 1907 indicates that the length of the vowel in the first syllable is not established, noting that the Italian descendant could be a learned form, and hypothesizes that the word is derived from a weak grade of the root arc-, presumably referring to the root found in arceō, arca, and arx, which is now reconstructed as *h₂erk-. However, Schrijver 1991 argues that word-initial *HRC- normally has a reflex of aRC in Latin (as in argentum from *h₂r̥ǵn̥to-), which would exclude Bennett's favored etymology.
By an alternative derivation, from ūrō (“burn, singe”) in reference to the firing of the clay in their creation.

(chiefly historical) ballot box, particularly the urns used in gathering Roman ballots under the Republic


jarra

jarra f (genitive jarrae); first declension

jarrae (genitive)
jarra (nominative singular)
jarrae (nominative plural)
jarrae (genitive singular)
jarrārum (genitive plural)
jarrae (dative singular)
jarrīs (dative plural)
jarram (accusative singular)
jarrās (accusative plural)
jarrā (ablative singular)
jarrīs (ablative plural)
jarra (singular vocative)
jarrae (plural vocative)

From Arabic جَرَّة (jarra). Widely loaned into Romance languages; compare Old French jare (modern French jarre), Italian giara, Spanish jarra.

(Medieval Latin) a liquid measure based on the size of a jar


cryptoporticus

cryptoporticus f (genitive cryptoporticūs); fourth declension

cryptoporticūs (genitive)
cryptoporticus (nominative singular)
cryptoporticūs (nominative plural)
cryptoporticūs (genitive singular)
cryptoporticuum (genitive plural)
cryptoporticuī (dative singular)
cryptoporticibus (dative plural)
cryptoporticum (accusative singular)
cryptoporticūs (accusative plural)
cryptoporticū (ablative singular)
cryptoporticibus (ablative plural)
cryptoporticus (singular vocative)
cryptoporticūs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “concealed, hidden”) + -o- + porticus.


uncia

la-noun

ū̆ncia f (genitive ū̆nciae); first declension

ū̆ncia (canonical feminine)
ū̆nciae (genitive)
ū̆ncia (nominative singular)
ū̆nciae (nominative plural)
ū̆nciae (genitive singular)
ū̆nciārum (genitive plural)
ū̆nciae (dative singular)
ū̆nciīs (dative plural)
ū̆nciam (accusative singular)
ū̆nciās (accusative plural)
ū̆nciā (ablative singular)
ū̆nciīs (ablative plural)
ū̆ncia (singular vocative)
ū̆nciae (plural vocative)

Catalan: unça

Friulian: once

Italian: oncia

Norman: onche

Occitan: onça

Old French: unce

Middle French: once, unce

French: once

→ Middle English: unce, ounce

English: ounce

→ Irish: unsa

q

→ Middle Armenian: ունծայ (uncay) (or from some other medieval European language)

Portuguese: onça, úncia

Romanian: uncie

Romansch: onza, untscha, unza, uonscha

Sicilian: unza

Spanish: onza, uncia

Venetan: onsa, onza, onzha, onça

→ English: uncia

→ Proto-West Germanic: *unciju (see there for further descendants)

→ Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰 (unkja)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: οὐγγία (oungía), οὐγκία (ounkía), ὀγκία (onkía)

Greek: ουγγιά (oungiá), ουγκιά (ougkiá)

→ Aramaic:

Classical Syriac: ܐܘܢܩܝܐ (ʾūnqīyā), ܢܘܩܝܐ (nūqyā)

→ Arabic: أوقية (ʔūqiyya) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: նուկի (nuki)

Armenian: նուկի (nuki)

→ Old Armenian: ունկի (unki)

→ Georgian: უნკი (unḳi)

→ Old Irish: ungae (see there for further descendants)

→ Polish: uncja

→ Russian: у́нция (úncija) (see there for further descendants)

[ˈun̠ʲt͡ʃiä]

Building upon Varro, most modern Latinists derive this word from ūnicus (“unique”) + -ia, itself from ūnus (“one”) (from Proto-Indo-European *óynos) in the sense of twelfths making up the base unit of various ancient systems of measurement.
Following Heron of Alexandria, Weiss instead postulates a borrowing from Ancient Greek ὀγκία (onkía, “uncia”), from ὄγκος (ónkos, “weight”); he considers the loss of medial /i/ necessitated by the traditional etymology unproblematic but the derivation from "unique" semantically implausible.

ounce, similar units in other measurement systems


lapis lazuli

la-noun

lapis lazulī m (genitive lapidis lazulī); third declension

lapis lazulī (canonical masculine)
lapidis lazulī (genitive)
lapis lazulī (nominative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (nominative plural)
lapidis lazulī (genitive singular)
lapidum lazulī (genitive plural)
lapidī lazulī (dative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (dative plural)
lapidem lazulī (accusative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (accusative plural)
lapide lazulī (ablative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (ablative plural)
lapis lazulī (singular vocative)
lapidēs lazulī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪äpɪs̠ ˈɫ̪äz̪d̪͡z̪ʊlʲiː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lep-
Proto-Italic *lapets
Latin lapis
Persian لاژورد
Classical Persian لَاجَوَرْد (lājaward)bor.
Arabic لََازُوَرْد (laāzuward)bor.
Latin lazulum
Latin lapis lazulī
Compound of lapis (“stone”) + lazulum (“heaven”).

etymon

lapis lazulī


areola

la-noun

āreola f (genitive āreolae); first declension

āreola (canonical feminine)
āreolae (genitive)
āreola (nominative singular)
āreolae (nominative plural)
āreolae (genitive singular)
āreolārum (genitive plural)
āreolae (dative singular)
āreolīs (dative plural)
āreolam (accusative singular)
āreolās (accusative plural)
āreolā (ablative singular)
āreolīs (ablative plural)
āreola (singular vocative)
āreolae (plural vocative)

Catalan: arèola

English: areola, areole

French: aréole

Galician: aréola

Italian: aiuola, areola

Portuguese: eiró, Eiró, → aréola

Sicilian: arèula

Spanish: areola


amphora

amphora f (genitive amphorae); first declension

amphorae (genitive)
amphora (nominative singular)
amphorae (nominative plural)
amphorae (genitive singular)
amphorum (genitive plural)
amphorārum (genitive plural)
amphorae (dative singular)
amphorīs (dative plural)
amphoram (accusative singular)
amphorās (accusative plural)
amphorā (ablative singular)
amphorīs (ablative plural)
amphora (singular vocative)
amphorae (plural vocative)

Catalan: àmfora

French: amphore

Galician: ánfora

Italian: anfora

Portuguese: ânfora

Spanish: ánfora

→ English: amphor

→ German: Amphore

→? Proto-West Germanic: *ambrī (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, units of liquid measure”). As a Roman unit, originally an elision of amphora quadrantal.

bor

(chiefly historical) amphora, a large vessel, especially one made of clay with two handles used for storing and transporting wine and oil


aro

la-verb

arō (present infinitive arāre, perfect active arāvī, supine arātum); first conjugation

arō (canonical)
arāre (infinitive present)
arāvī (active perfect)
arātum (supine)
arō (active first-person indicative present singular)
arās (active indicative present second-person singular)
arat (active indicative present singular third-person)
arāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
arātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
arant (active indicative plural present third-person)
arābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
arābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
arābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
arābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
arābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
arābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
arābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
arābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
arābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
arābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
arābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
arābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
arāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
arāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
arāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
arāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
arāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
arāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
arāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
arāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
arāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
arāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
arāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
arāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
arāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
arāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
arāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
arāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
arāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
arāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
arāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
aror (first-person indicative passive present singular)
arāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
arāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
arātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
arāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
arāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
arantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
arābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
arābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
arābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
arābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
arābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
arābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
arābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
arābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
arāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
arābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
arābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
arābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
arābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
arābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
arem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
arēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
aret (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
arēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
arētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
arent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
arārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
arārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
arāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
arārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
arārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
arārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
arāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
arāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
arāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
arāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
arāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
arāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
arāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
arāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
arāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
arāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
arāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
arāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
arer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
arēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
arēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
arētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
arēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
arēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
arentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
arārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
arārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
arārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
arārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
arārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
arārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
arārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
arā (active imperative present second-person singular)
arāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
arātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
arātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
arātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
arantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
arāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
arāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
arātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
arātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
arantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
arāre (active infinitive present)
arārī (infinitive passive present)
arāns (active participle present)
arātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
arātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
arātūrus (active future participle)
arandus (future participle passive)
arāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
arātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
arātus (participle passive perfect)
arātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
arātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
arandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
arandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
arandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
arandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
arātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
arātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Aromanian: ar, arari

Asturian: arar

Franco-Provençal: arar

Friulian: arâ

Istro-Romanian: oru

Italian: arare

Megleno-Romanian: ar, ărari

Occitan: arar

Old Catalan: arar

Old French: arer

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: arar
Galician: arar
Portuguese: arar

Romanian: ara, arare

Sardinian: arai, arare

Sicilian: arari

Spanish: arar

Venetan: arar

From Proto-Italic *araō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éryeti (“to plough”), from the root *h₂erh₃-. The root-final laryngeal was lost in the Proto-Indo-European verb, but was restored in Proto-Italic.
Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀρόω (aróō), Old Church Slavonic орати (orati), Lithuanian arti, and Old English erian (archaic English ear).

inh

to plough, till; to cultivate land, farm; to acquire by tillage


thalamus

la-noun

thalamus m (genitive thalamī); second declension

thalamī (genitive)
thalamus (nominative singular)
thalamī (nominative plural)
thalamī (genitive singular)
thalamōrum (genitive plural)
thalamō (dative singular)
thalamīs (dative plural)
thalamum (accusative singular)
thalamōs (accusative plural)
thalamō (ablative singular)
thalamīs (ablative plural)
thalame (singular vocative)
thalamī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: tàlem

→ English: thalamus

→ French: thalamus

Galician: tambo (obsolete)

Italian: talamo

Sicilian: tàlamu

Spanish: tálamo

[ˈt̪ʰäɫ̪ämʊs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek θάλαμος (thálamos, “inner room”), especially from Homer.


domus

la-noun

domus f (irregular, variously declined, genitive domūs or domī); fourth declension, second declension

domūs (genitive)
domī (genitive)
domus (nominative singular)
domūs (nominative plural)
domūs (genitive singular)
domī (genitive singular)
domuum (genitive plural)
domōrum (genitive plural)
domuī (dative singular)
domō (dative singular)
domū (dative singular)
domibus (dative plural)
domum (accusative singular)
domūs (accusative plural)
domōs (accusative plural)
domū (ablative singular)
domō (ablative singular)
domibus (ablative plural)
domus (singular vocative)
domūs (plural vocative)
domī (locative singular)
domibus (locative plural)

Italian: duomo, domo (“cathedral”)

→ Middle French: dome

French: dôme (“cathedral”)

→? Piedmontese: dòm, dom

→? Portuguese: domo

Old French: dom (rare)

Venetan: domo

Sardinian: domu, domo, dommu

Sicilian: domu

q

→ Proto-West Germanic: *dōm (see there for further descendants; some were later influenced by French)

For Proto-Italic *domos, from Proto-Indo-European *dṓm (“house, home”), from root *dem- (“to build”). Cognates include Ancient Greek δόμος (dómos), Albanian dhomë (“a chamber, a room”), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬨- (dam-) Sanskrit दम (dáma), Proto-Slavic *domъ and further to English timber. At least indirectly cognate to Latin dominus.
The feminine gender is probably due to the original root noun; attempts to transfer it to the 4th declension are due to 2nd declension feminines being unusual outside of tree names. Some manuscripts of Plautus show forms in dem-; De Vaan (2008) doubts their authenticity.

domī habeō

I have at home, I have in abundance, I am provided with

domō

from home, out of the house; at home, in the house; adverbial form

domum

home, homewards, to the house; adverbial form

extrā domum

placed outside of the house; refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery

prō domō

for one’s own home or house; serving the interests of a given perspective or for the benefit of a given group

any dwelling-place or abode (of people or animals)


aula

la-noun

aula f (genitive aulae); first declension

aulae (genitive)
aula (nominative singular)
aulae (nominative plural)
aulae (genitive singular)
aulārum (genitive plural)
aulae (dative singular)
aulīs (dative plural)
aulam (accusative singular)
aulās (accusative plural)
aulā (ablative singular)
aulīs (ablative plural)
aula (singular vocative)
aulae (plural vocative)

Catalan: aula

→ Dutch: aula

→ English: aula

→ Finnish: aula

Galician: aula

Italian: aula

→ German: Aula

→ Polish: aula

Portuguese: aula

→ Romanian: aulă

Sicilian: aula

Spanish: aula

From Ancient Greek αὐλή (aulḗ, “courtyard”).


palma

palma f (genitive palmae); first declension

palmae (genitive)
palma (nominative singular)
palmae (nominative plural)
palmae (genitive singular)
palmārum (genitive plural)
palmae (dative singular)
palmīs (dative plural)
palmam (accusative singular)
palmās (accusative plural)
palmā (ablative singular)
palmīs (ablative plural)
palma (singular vocative)
palmae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: palmã

Megleno-Romanian: palmă

Romanian: palmă

Gallo-Italic

Piedmontese: palma

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: palma

Dalmatian: puolma

Italian: palma

→ Maltese: palm

Sicilian: parma, pamma

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: palma, palmell

Occitan: palma, pauma

desctree

Old French: paume, palme, pasme, paulme
Middle French: paulme
French: paume
Norman: paûmé

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: palme

Sardinian: palma, parma, prama

Venetan: palma

West Iberian

Asturian: palma

Old Galician-Portuguese: palma

Galician: palma

Portuguese: palma
→ English: palma

Spanish: palma
→ English: palma

Borrowings

→ Azerbaijani: palma

→ Belarusian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Bulgarian: палма (palma)

→ Cornish: palv

→ Czech: palm

→ Estonian: palm

→ Georgian: პალმა (ṗalma)

→ Hungarian: pálma

→ Lao: ປາມ (pām)

→ Latvian: palm

→ Lithuanian: palmė

→ Macedonian: палма (palma)

→ Malayalam: പം (paṁ)

→ Old Dutch: palma

Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm
→ Caribbean Javanese: palem
→ Indonesian: palem

→ Old English: palm (“palm tree”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: palme

French: palme
→ Romanian: palm

Norman: palme

→ Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm

→ Old High German: palm m, palma f
Middle High German: palme, balme
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Palme, Pallem
German: Palme

→ Old Norse: palmi

Faroese: pálmi

Icelandic: pálmi

Danish: palme

Norwegian Bokmål: palme

Norwegian Nynorsk: palme

Old Swedish: palma

Swedish: palm
→ Finnish: palmu

→ Polish: palma

→ Russian: пальма (palʹma) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: palma, палма

→ Slovak: palma

→ Slovene: palma

→ Turkish: palmiye

→ Turkmen: palma

→ Ukrainian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Uyghur: پالما (palma)

→ Uzbek: palma

→ Welsh: palf

From Proto-Italic *palamā, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē), Old Irish lám, Old English folm, and Albanian shpall.


ianua

la-noun

iānua f (genitive iānuae); first declension

iānua (canonical feminine)
iānuae (genitive)
iānua (nominative singular)
iānuae (nominative plural)
iānuae (genitive singular)
iānuārum (genitive plural)
iānuae (dative singular)
iānuīs (dative plural)
iānuam (accusative singular)
iānuās (accusative plural)
iānuā (ablative singular)
iānuīs (ablative plural)
iānua (singular vocative)
iānuae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Old Neapolitan: januwa (Abruzzo)

Sicilian: janua (Calabria)

Gallo-Romance:

Gascon: jan, janc (“louvered door”) (Pyrenean)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: janna, zanna

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: יאנה (yʔnh)

Vulgar Latin:

*iānuella (see there for further descendants)

*ienua

Franco-Provençal: genne (16th c.), djemme, jaime

desc

Romansch: dźəinə, dźe̢nə, dze̢nna, dźe̢na, yẹnna

Sardinian: genna, enna (Campidanese)

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to go, go in, travel”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic ꙗдо (jado, “to travel”) and Sanskrit यान (yāna, “path”).


passus

la-noun

passus m (genitive passūs); fourth declension

passūs (genitive)
passus (nominative singular)
passūs (nominative plural)
passūs (genitive singular)
passuum (genitive plural)
passum (genitive plural)
passuī (dative singular)
passibus (dative plural)
passum (accusative singular)
passūs (accusative plural)
passū (ablative singular)
passibus (ablative plural)
passus (singular vocative)
passūs (plural vocative)

Albanian: pash

Catalan: pas

Dalmatian: puas

→ English: passus

Friulian: pas

Galician: paso

German: Passus

Italian: passo

Lombard: pass

Occitan: pas

Old French: pas

→ English: pace

French: pas

→ English: pas

→ Polish: pas

→ Middle Dutch: pas

Dutch: pas

Afrikaans: pas

→ Indonesian: pas

Portuguese: passo

Romanian: pas

Romansch: pass

Sardinian: passu

Sicilian: passu

Spanish: paso

→ Cebuano: paso

Swedish: passus

Venetan: paso

From Proto-Italic *pat-s-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread”). Equivalent to pandō + -tus.

der

pace: a Roman unit of length equal to five Roman feet


triforium

la-noun

triforium n (genitive triforiī or triforī); second declension

triforiī (genitive)
triforī (genitive)
triforium (nominative singular)
triforia (nominative plural)
triforiī (genitive singular)
triforī (genitive singular)
triforiōrum (genitive plural)
triforiō (dative singular)
triforiīs (dative plural)
triforium (accusative singular)
triforia (accusative plural)
triforiō (ablative singular)
triforiīs (ablative plural)
triforium (singular vocative)
triforia (plural vocative)

→ English: triforium

→ Italian: triforio

→ Norwegian Bokmål: triforium

→ Spanish: triforio

[t̪rɪˈfɔriʊ̃ˑ]

(Medieval Latin, architecture) triforium


aedis

aedis f (genitive aedis); third declension

aedis (genitive)
aedis (nominative singular)
aedēs (nominative plural)
aedis (genitive singular)
aedium (genitive plural)
aedī (dative singular)
aedibus (dative plural)
aedem (accusative singular)
aedēs (accusative plural)
aedīs (accusative plural)
aede (ablative singular)
aedibus (ablative plural)
aedis (singular vocative)
aedēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *aiðes, genitive of *aiss, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-s, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite; fire”).


columbarium

columbārium n (genitive columbāriī or columbārī); second declension

columbārium (canonical neuter)
columbāriī (genitive)
columbārī (genitive)
columbārium (nominative singular)
columbāria (nominative plural)
columbāriī (genitive singular)
columbārī (genitive singular)
columbāriōrum (genitive plural)
columbāriō (dative singular)
columbāriīs (dative plural)
columbārium (accusative singular)
columbāria (accusative plural)
columbāriō (ablative singular)
columbāriīs (ablative plural)
columbārium (singular vocative)
columbāria (plural vocative)

[kɔɫ̪ʊmˈbäːriʊ̃ˑ]

From columba (“dove”) + -ārium (“place for”).

dovecote, birdhouse for domestic pigeons

(architecture) a hole for a horizontal member such as a joist or rafter; a gain or mortise


cura

cūra f (genitive cūrae); first declension

cūra (canonical feminine)
cūrae (genitive)
cūra (nominative singular)
cūrae (nominative plural)
cūrae (genitive singular)
cūrārum (genitive plural)
cūrae (dative singular)
cūrīs (dative plural)
cūram (accusative singular)
cūrās (accusative plural)
cūrā (ablative singular)
cūrīs (ablative plural)
cūra (singular vocative)
cūrae (plural vocative)

Catalan: cura

Corsican: cura

Friulian: cure

Italian: cura

Ladin: cura

desctree

→ Middle Irish: *cúramm
Irish: cúram
Manx: currym
Scottish Gaelic: cùram

Old French: cure
→ Middle Dutch: cure
Dutch: kuur
→ Middle English: cure
English: cure
Middle French: cure
French: cure

Piedmontese: cura

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kʉr

Middle Welsh: kur

Welsh: cur

Old Galician-Portuguese: cura

Portuguese: cura

Romagnol: cùra

Romanian: cură

Sicilian: cura

Spanish: cura

From Proto-Italic *kʷoizā, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to heed”).


lustrum

la-noun

lustrum n (genitive lustrī); second declension

lustrī (genitive)
lustrum (nominative singular)
lustra (nominative plural)
lustrī (genitive singular)
lustrōrum (genitive plural)
lustrō (dative singular)
lustrīs (dative plural)
lustrum (accusative singular)
lustra (accusative plural)
lustrō (ablative singular)
lustrīs (ablative plural)
lustrum (singular vocative)
lustra (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: lyshtër

→ English: luster (“den”)

Per De Vaan (2008), from Proto-Indo-European *l(H)u-(s)tro- (“dirty place”), from Proto-Indo-European *le(H)w- (the same root as lutum (“mud, dirt, clay”)). Valpy (1828) proposed instead a borrowing, with change of *d to /l/, from Ancient Greek *δύστρον (*dústron), from δύω (dúō, “to plunge”).

der

(usually in the plural) den or lair of wild beasts; wood, forest


carrus

la-noun

carrus m (genitive carrī); second declension

carrī (genitive)
carrus (nominative singular)
carrī (nominative plural)
carrī (genitive singular)
carrōrum (genitive plural)
carrō (dative singular)
carrīs (dative plural)
carrum (accusative singular)
carrōs (accusative plural)
carrō (ablative singular)
carrīs (ablative plural)
carre (singular vocative)
carrī (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: *karr

Albanian: qerre

Albanian: kerr

→ Ancient Greek: κάρρον (kárrhon)

Aromanian: car

Asturian: carru

Catalan: carro

→ Czech: kára

→ Dutch: kar

Friulian: cjâr, cjar

→ German: Karre

Italian: carro

Occitan: car, carri, carro

desctree

→ Old Armenian: կառք (kaṙkʻ), կառ (kaṙ) — uncommon, in the singular
→ Armenian: կառք (kaṙkʻ)

Old French: char

French: char

Old French: carre
→ Middle English: carre, car, kerre
English: car (see there for further descendants)
Yola: car

Old Galician-Portuguese: carro
Fala: carru
Galician: carro
Portuguese: carro

Old Spanish: carro
Spanish: carro
→ Cebuano: karo
→ Tagalog: karo

→ Polish: kareta

→ Russian: карета (kareta)

Romagnol: car

Romanian: car, încărca

Sardinian: carru

Sicilian: carru

Venetan: car, caro, caret

→ Old Norse: kerra f
Icelandic: kerra
Faroese: kerra
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjerre; (dialectal) kjerra, kjørr, kjarra
Norwegian Bokmål: kjerre
Swedish: kärra
Danish: kærre

Borrowed from Gaulish *karros, from Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós, zero-grade form of *ḱers- (“to run”). Doublet of currus.

Saccus lane debet ponderare viginti & octo petras & solebat ponderare unam summam frumenti & ponderat sextam partem unius carri de plumbo

c. 1300, Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris:

The sack of wool ought to weigh twenty & eight stone & is accustomed to weigh one quarter of wheat & weights the sixth part of one cartload of lead.

(Medieval Latin) a load, an English unit of weight


tympanum

la-noun

tympanum n (genitive tympanī); second declension

tympanī (genitive)
tympanum (nominative singular)
tympana (nominative plural)
tympanī (genitive singular)
tympanōrum (genitive plural)
tympanō (dative singular)
tympanīs (dative plural)
tympanum (accusative singular)
tympana (accusative plural)
tympanō (ablative singular)
tympanīs (ablative plural)
tympanum (singular vocative)
tympana (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: timpà

→ English: tympanum, timpani

→ French: tympan

→ Galician: tímpano

→ Irish: tiompán

→ Italian: timpano; tempano (Lucca), tempono (Arezzo)

→ Neapolitan: timpanu (Calabria)

→ Old English: timpan

→ Portuguese: tímpano

Provençal: temp(l)o

Romanian: tâmpină, tîmpină, întâmpina

Sardinian: trimpanu

→ Spanish: tímpano, tembal; timple (Murcia)

[ˈt̪ʏmpänʊ̃ˑ]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τῠ́μπᾰνον (tŭ́mpănon, “a kettledrum, drum”), from τῠ́πτω (tŭ́ptō, “to strike, beat, smite”).

bor

(transferred sense) (of things of a like shape):

(of things of a like shape):
triangular area of a pediment

(of things of a like shape):
panel of a door

(of things of a like shape):
part of the clepsydra


xystus

la-noun

xystus m (genitive xystī); second declension

xystī (genitive)
xystus (nominative singular)
xystī (nominative plural)
xystī (genitive singular)
xystōrum (genitive plural)
xystō (dative singular)
xystīs (dative plural)
xystum (accusative singular)
xystōs (accusative plural)
xystō (ablative singular)
xystīs (ablative plural)
xyste (singular vocative)
xystī (plural vocative)

English: xystus

Portuguese: xisto

[ˈks̠ʏs̠t̪ʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek ξυστός (xustós, “xystus”).

covered portico or gallery (or one planted with trees)


plana

plāna f (genitive plānae); first declension

plāna (canonical feminine)
plānae (genitive)
plāna (nominative singular)
plānae (nominative plural)
plānae (genitive singular)
plānārum (genitive plural)
plānae (dative singular)
plānīs (dative plural)
plānam (accusative singular)
plānās (accusative plural)
plānā (ablative singular)
plānīs (ablative plural)
plāna (singular vocative)
plānae (plural vocative)

plāna

Bresciano: piona

Catalan: plana

Comasco: piana, piona

Old French: plaine

→ Middle English: plaine, plaine

English: plane

→ Irish: plána

Friulian: plana

Istriot: spiana

Ladin: plana

Lombard: piana

Neapolitan: chiana

Sardinian: prana

Piedmontese: piana

Portuguese: plaina

Old Occitan: plana

Sicilian: chiana

Spanish: llana, plana

Trentino: piona

Venetan: piana

Veronese: piona

→ Greek: πλάνη (pláni)

*plānea

Northern Italian: piagna

→ Greek: πλάνια (plánia)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پلانیه (planya)

Turkish: planya

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бла̏ња

Latin script: blȁnja

Italian: pialla

Habet desuper solarium curticulam similiter tunimo interclusam, pomerium contiguum, diversi generis arborum pemorosum; infra vivarium cum piscibus I. hortum bene compositum I. vestimenta ad lectum parandum I. drappos ad discum parandum I. toaclam I. Utensilia, concas aereas II. pocularem I. baccinum I. caldaria aerea II. ferrum I. sartaginem I. cramalium I. andedam I. terebros II. scalprum I. asciam I. runcinam I. planam I. falces II. falciolas III. fussoria II. palas ferro paratas II. Utensilia lignea sufficienter.

c. 800, “Caroli Magni Breviarium rerum fiscalinum”, in Julius Ludwig Ideler, editor, Leben und Wandel Karls des Großen. Einleitung, Urschrift, Erläuterung, Urkundensammlung, in zwei Bänden, volume 2, published 1839, page 239 l. 6:

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) smoothing plane


triclinium

trīclīnium n (genitive trīclīniī or trīclīnī); second declension

trīclīnium (canonical neuter)
trīclīniī (genitive)
trīclīnī (genitive)
trīclīnium (nominative singular)
trīclīnia (nominative plural)
trīclīniī (genitive singular)
trīclīnī (genitive singular)
trīclīniōrum (genitive plural)
trīclīniō (dative singular)
trīclīniīs (dative plural)
trīclīnium (accusative singular)
trīclīnia (accusative plural)
trīclīniō (ablative singular)
trīclīniīs (ablative plural)
trīclīnium (singular vocative)
trīclīnia (plural vocative)

Italian: triclinio

From Ancient Greek τρικλίνιον (triklínion), from τρεῖς (treîs, “three”) + κλίνω (klínō, “to lean”).

dining room, where three couches are laid out for dining around a small serving table.


tablinum

tablīnum n (genitive tablīnī); second declension

tablīnum (canonical neuter)
tablīnī (genitive)
tablīnum (nominative singular)
tablīna (nominative plural)
tablīnī (genitive singular)
tablīnōrum (genitive plural)
tablīnō (dative singular)
tablīnīs (dative plural)
tablīnum (accusative singular)
tablīna (accusative plural)
tablīnō (ablative singular)
tablīnīs (ablative plural)
tablīnum (singular vocative)
tablīna (plural vocative)

[t̪äˈblʲiːnʊ̃ˑ]

From tabula (“writing tablet, records office”).


hortus

hortus m (genitive hortī); second declension

hortī (genitive)
hortus (nominative singular)
hortī (nominative plural)
hortī (genitive singular)
hortōrum (genitive plural)
hortō (dative singular)
hortīs (dative plural)
hortum (accusative singular)
hortōs (accusative plural)
hortō (ablative singular)
hortīs (ablative plural)
horte (singular vocative)
hortī (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: oltu, ortu, otu

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: ortu

Dalmatian: vart

Italian: orto

Sicilian: ortu

Venetan: orto, ort

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: ort

Romansch: üert, iert

Gallo-Italian:

Piedmontese: òrt

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: hort, horta

Occitan: òrt, òrta

desc

Old French: ort, hort, ortelon, ortel, ortage, ortelage, ortelain, ortellerie, orte

Middle French: hortailles, horteau, hortel, hortelage, hortelin, hortif, hortillon

French: hortillonnages, hortillon, hortelain (dialectal)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: horto, horta

Portuguese: horto, horta

Old Leonese:

Asturian: güertu

Leonese: guertu

Mirandese: huorta

Spanish: huerto, huerta

→ Basque: ortu

From Proto-Italic *hortos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos. Cognate with Oscan 𐌇𐌞𐌓𐌆 (húrz), Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos).


fauces

la-noun

faucēs f pl (genitive faucium); third declension

faucēs (canonical feminine plural)
faucium (genitive)
faucēs (nominative plural)
faucium (genitive plural)
faucibus (dative plural)
faucēs (accusative plural)
faucīs (accusative plural)
faucibus (ablative plural)
faucēs (plural vocative)

→ English: fauces

→ Galician: fauces

→ Italian: fauci

→ Portuguese: fauces

→ Spanish: fauces

unk

unknown

(transferred sense)
a narrow entrance, entry passage


tegula

la-noun

tēgula f (genitive tēgulae); first declension

tēgula (canonical feminine)
tēgulae (genitive)
tēgula (nominative singular)
tēgulae (nominative plural)
tēgulae (genitive singular)
tēgulārum (genitive plural)
tēgulae (dative singular)
tēgulīs (dative plural)
tēgulam (accusative singular)
tēgulās (accusative plural)
tēgulā (ablative singular)
tēgulīs (ablative plural)
tēgula (singular vocative)
tēgulae (plural vocative)

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: tiola, tìvola

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: teula

Franco-Provençal: tiola

Old French: tiule (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: teule

Sicilian: tìgula, Tìguli, Tìvuli

Vulgar Latin: tegla

Dalmatian: tacla

Italo-Romance:

Italian: tegghia

desc

⇒ Italian: teglia (through de-vulgarization)

Sicilian: tegghia

North-Italian:

Friulian: tecje, tečhe (alternative orthography)

Piedmontese: teja

Venetan: técia

Gallo-Romance:

Champenois: teille

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: teya

Old Galician-Portuguese: telha

Galician: tella

Portuguese: telha

Spanish: teja

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tegella

Italian: tiella

Portuguese: tigela

Sicilian: tijeḍḍa

Borrowings:

→? Italian: tegola (semi-learned)

→ Albanian: tjegull

→ Andalusian Arabic: تاقرة (tāqra, “milking-pail”)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: tagra (“a liquid measure”)

→ Old Spanish: tagara (“bowl”)

→ Old Leonese: tagara, tagarra (“bowl”)

→ Galician: tarro (“jar”)

→ Portuguese: tarro (“pot; milking-pail”)

→ Spanish: tarro (“jar; pot”)

→ Moroccan Arabic: طارو (ṭārru, “garbage-can”)

→ Moroccan Arabic: تاكرة (tāgra, “tajine”)

→ Proto-Germanic: *tigulǭ (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: tégla

→ English: tegula

→ Greek: τούγλα (toúgla)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: طوغله (tuğla), توغله (tuğla)
Turkish: tuğla
→ Albanian: tullë
→ Armenian: թուղլա (tʻuġla)
→ Laz: თუღლა (tuğla), თუღულა (tuğula) — Arkabi

→ Macedonian: тегла (tegla)

→ Portuguese: tégula

→ Serbo-Croatian: тегла (tegla)

→ Slovak: tehla

[ˈt̪eːɡʊɫ̪ä]

From Proto-Italic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”). By surface analysis, tegō (“to cover”) + -ula. For the meaning development compare German Kachel. Though the sense “frying-pan” has been said to be derived from Ancient Greek τάγηνον (tágēnon), τήγανον (tḗganon), this is formally difficult; the distinction between it and “rooftile” may thus be seen as unfounded.
The long vowel is difficult to explain, but according to some authors it is an artifact of early simplification of the cluster *gdʰ in *teg-dʰlom (see -bulum for the suffix); compare rēgula. Contrast the later formation tegulum, with a short vowel.

surf

Glires: isicio porcino, item pulpis ex omni membro glirium trito, cum pipere, nucleis, lasere, liquamine farcies glires, et sutos in tegula positos mittes in furnum aut farsos in clibano coques.

Dormice: Fill the dormice with minced meat of pork and all parts of the dormice, ground pepper, pinenuts, laser, fish-sauce, and put them sewn together and laid upon a tile-pan into the oven, or cook them stuffed in the clibanus.

a tile, whether to lay the roof (rooftile) or to bake food upon it (baking tile, frying pan)


fimum

la-noun

fimum n (genitive fimī); second declension

fimī (genitive)
fimum (nominative singular)
fima (nominative plural)
fimī (genitive singular)
fimōrum (genitive plural)
fimō (dative singular)
fimīs (dative plural)
fimum (accusative singular)
fima (accusative plural)
fimō (ablative singular)
fimīs (ablative plural)
fimum (singular vocative)
fima (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: fimo

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *femum

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fien

Old French: fien

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: fiemo

→ Spanish: fiemo, fimo

Catalan: fem

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *femārium

Old French: femier

Sicilian: fumeri

From Proto-Italic *fūje-, from earlier *θūje, modeled on Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂-yé-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-. See also Latin furvus (“dark, swarthy”), fūmus (“smoke”) and fūlīgō (“soot”).


iugum

iugum n (genitive iugī); second declension

iugī (genitive)
iugum (nominative singular)
iuga (nominative plural)
iugī (genitive singular)
iugōrum (genitive plural)
iugō (dative singular)
iugīs (dative plural)
iugum (accusative singular)
iuga (accusative plural)
iugō (ablative singular)
iugīs (ablative plural)
iugum (singular vocative)
iuga (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: giug

Romanian: jug

Dalmatian:

zaug

Italo-Romance:

Italian: giogo

→ Sicilian: giugu

Neapolitan: jugo

Sicilian: jugu, juvu

North Italian:

Emilian: zu, zof, zov

Friulian: jôf, jôv

Ligurian: zôvo

Lombard: zof, xof, giov

Piedmontese: giou, gio, xof, xovo

Romagnol: zof, zov, zouf

Romansch: giuf

desc

Venetan: dóvo, dógo, dóo, zóo, dhovo, dóf

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: jog

Old French: jug, jou, jof

French: joug

Walloon: djeu

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: chuvo

Catalan: jou, jeu, jova

Occitan: jo, joc

Gascon: jun

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: yugo

Asturian: xugu

Galician: xugo

Portuguese: jugo

Spanish: yugo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: giú, giubu, giuu, giuvu, yuu

Borrowings:

→ English: jugum

Esperanto: jugo

Tashelhit: tayuga

From Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm, from *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) + *-óm. Cognate with Sanskrit युग (yuga), Ancient Greek ζῠγόν (zŭgón), and Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk). Equivalent to a substantivization of the adjective iugus (“belonging together”).

Ille, Modos, quibus metirentur rura, alius alios constituit. Nam in Hispania ulteriore metiuntur iugis, in Campania versibus, apud nos in agro Romano ac Latino iugeris. Iugum vocant, quod iuncti boves uno die exarare possint.

1st c. BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Rerum rusticarum libri III 1.10

Each country has its own method of measuring land. Thus in farther Spain the unit of measure is the iugum, in Campania the versus, with us here in the district of Rome and in Latium the iugerum. The iugum is the amount of land which a yoke of oxen can plough in a day.)

(transferred sense)
in Kent, a yoke of land, quarter sulung

Tertius vineae annus palmitem velocem robustumque emittit et quem faciat aetas vitem. hic in iugum insilit.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 17.35.175

(architecture) a horizontal beam or rail fastened perpendicular to a post or pole; a crossbeam, crossrail

[…]: tela iugo vincta est, stamen secernit harundo, […]

inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sedebant, deturbat laxatque foros; simul accipit alueo ingentem Aenean.

any of various types of horizontal structural member: the beam which united the upright posts of a loom, the crossbar of a lyre, the crossrail of a trellis, the thwart or cross-bench of a boat (the rower's bench)

L. quidem Tarutius Firmanus, familiaris noster, in primis Chaldaeicis rationibus eruditus, urbis etiam nostrae natalem diem repetebat ab iis Pardibus, quibus eam a Romulo conditam accepimus, Romamque, in iugo cum esset Luna, natam esse dicebat, nec eius fata canere dubitabat.

a scalebeam; (metonymically) a pair of scales; (astronomy) the Libra


caldarium

la-noun

caldārium n (genitive caldāriī or caldārī); second declension

caldārium (canonical neuter)
caldāriī (genitive)
caldārī (genitive)
caldārium (nominative singular)
caldāria (nominative plural)
caldāriī (genitive singular)
caldārī (genitive singular)
caldāriōrum (genitive plural)
caldāriō (dative singular)
caldāriīs (dative plural)
caldārium (accusative singular)
caldāria (accusative plural)
caldāriō (ablative singular)
caldāriīs (ablative plural)
caldārium (singular vocative)
caldāria (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: kaldar

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: καλδάριον (kaldárion), καρδάριν (kardárin)

Greek: καρδάρι (kardári)

⇒ Greek: καρδάρα (kardára)

→ Bulgarian: ка́рда (kárda), га́рда (gárda)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كردل (gerdel), كردر (gerder), كردهل (gerdel)
Turkish: gerdel
→ Arabic: جَرْدَل (jardal)
→ Armenian: կէռտէլ (kēṙtēl)
→ Greek: γκερδέλι (gkerdéli), γερδέλι (gerdéli)

→ English: caldarium

→ French: caldarium

→ Italian: calidario

Megleno-Romanian: căldar

[käɫ̪ˈd̪äːriʊ̃ˑ]

From caldus (“warm in temperature”, alternative form of calidus) + -ārium (improperly for an adjective), via *caldārius.

affix

alternative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">calidus</i>


frigidarium

la-noun

frīgidārium n (genitive frīgidāriī or frīgidārī); second declension

frīgidārium (canonical neuter)
frīgidāriī (genitive)
frīgidārī (genitive)
frīgidārium (nominative singular)
frīgidāria (nominative plural)
frīgidāriī (genitive singular)
frīgidārī (genitive singular)
frīgidāriōrum (genitive plural)
frīgidāriō (dative singular)
frīgidāriīs (dative plural)
frīgidārium (accusative singular)
frīgidāria (accusative plural)
frīgidāriō (ablative singular)
frīgidāriīs (ablative plural)
frīgidārium (singular vocative)
frīgidāria (plural vocative)

[friːɡɪˈd̪äːriʊ̃ˑ]


sulcus

sulcus m (genitive sulcī); second declension

sulcī (genitive)
sulcus (nominative singular)
sulcī (nominative plural)
sulcī (genitive singular)
sulcōrum (genitive plural)
sulcō (dative singular)
sulcīs (dative plural)
sulcum (accusative singular)
sulcōs (accusative plural)
sulcō (ablative singular)
sulcīs (ablative plural)
sulce (singular vocative)
sulcī (plural vocative)

Catalan: solc

→ English: sulcus

Friulian: solç

Galician: suco

Italian: solco

Neapolitan: surco

Piedmontese: sorch

Portuguese: suco

→ Portuguese: sulco

→ Romanian: sulc

Sardinian: surcu

Sicilian: surcu

→ Spanish: sulco, surco

Venetan: solco, solç, solzh

[ˈs̠ʊɫ̪kʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *solkos, from Proto-Indo-European *solk-o-s (“furrow”), *selk- (“to pull, drag”), whence also Old English sulh. Doublet of holcus.

(transferred sense):
(agriculture) Ploughing.


canile

canīle n (genitive canīlis); third declension

canīle (canonical neuter)
canīlis (genitive)
canīle (nominative singular)
canīlia (nominative plural)
canīlis (genitive singular)
canīlium (genitive plural)
canīlī (dative singular)
canīlibus (dative plural)
canīle (accusative singular)
canīlia (accusative plural)
canīlī (ablative singular)
canīlibus (ablative plural)
canīle (singular vocative)
canīlia (plural vocative)

From canis + -īle. Compare Vulgar Latin *canīle.


canile

canīle (canonical masculine)
canīlēs (plural)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: canile

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: cheni

desctree

Old French: chenil, *kenil (northern)
French: chenil
Poitevin-Saintongeais: chni, cheneuil
Walloon: tchini
→ Middle English: kenel, kenell
English: kennel

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: canil

Portuguese: canil

Spanish: canil

From can- (“dog”) + -īle (“place for keeping”).


striga

la-noun

striga f (genitive strigae); first declension

strigae (genitive)
striga (nominative singular)
strigae (nominative plural)
strigae (genitive singular)
strigārum (genitive plural)
strigae (dative singular)
strigīs (dative plural)
strigam (accusative singular)
strigās (accusative plural)
strigā (ablative singular)
strigīs (ablative plural)
striga (singular vocative)
strigae (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *strigā, from what looks like a cross of Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to brush, strip, shear”) and Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“to draw, tie”).

der

A strip, row, line.
(agriculture) A windrow.


bibliotheca

la-noun

bibliothēca f (genitive bibliothēcae); first declension

bibliothēca (canonical feminine)
bibliothēcae (genitive)
bibliothēca (nominative singular)
bibliothēcae (nominative plural)
bibliothēcae (genitive singular)
bibliothēcārum (genitive plural)
bibliothēcae (dative singular)
bibliothēcīs (dative plural)
bibliothēcam (accusative singular)
bibliothēcās (accusative plural)
bibliothēcā (ablative singular)
bibliothēcīs (ablative plural)
bibliothēca (singular vocative)
bibliothēcae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: bibliotekë

→ Asturian: biblioteca

→ Catalan: biblioteca

→ English: bibliotheca

→ Galician: biblioteca

→ Italian: biblioteca

→ Middle French: bibliotheque

desctree

French: bibliothèque
→ Belarusian: бібліятэ́ка (biblijatéka)
→ Bulgarian: библиотека (biblioteka)
→ Danish: bibliotek
→ Dutch: bibliotheek
Afrikaans: biblioteek
→ Indonesian: bibliotek
→ German: Bibliothek
→ Latvian: bibliotēka
→ Lithuanian: biblioteka
→ Lower Sorbian: biblioteka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bibliotek
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bibliotek
→ Polish: biblioteka
→ Russian: библиоте́ка (bibliotéka)
→ Serbo-Croatian: библиоте́ка (bibliotéka)
→ Swedish: bibliotek
→ Turkish: bibliyotek
→ Ukrainian: бібліоте́ка (bibliotéka)
→ Upper Sorbian: biblioteka
→ Yiddish: ביבליאָטעק (biblyotek)

→ English: bibliotheque

→ Norman: bibliothèque

→ Occitan: bibliotèca

→ Old Spanish:

Ladino: biblioteka

Spanish: biblioteca
→ Tagalog: bibliyoteka

→ Portuguese: biblioteca

→ Romanian: bibliotecă

From Ancient Greek βιβλιοθήκη (bibliothḗkē, “library”), from βιβλίον (biblíon) + θήκη (thḗkē).

compound

βιβλίον (biblíon) + θήκη (thḗkē)

a library (room for books or collection of books)


culina

la-noun

culīna f (genitive culīnae); first declension

culīna (canonical feminine)
culīnae (genitive)
culīna (nominative singular)
culīnae (nominative plural)
culīnae (genitive singular)
culīnārum (genitive plural)
culīnae (dative singular)
culīnīs (dative plural)
culīnam (accusative singular)
culīnās (accusative plural)
culīnā (ablative singular)
culīnīs (ablative plural)
culīna (singular vocative)
culīnae (plural vocative)

→ Old English: cyline, cylne

desctree

Middle English: kilne, kylne, kulne, kylle, kelme
English: kiln
Scots: kill

→ Old Norse: kylna (possibly)

Old Swedish: kølna

Swedish: kölna

Deformed from coquīna (“kitchen”), from coquō (“I cook”). According to another interpretation, resulting by cluster simplification of a pre-form *kokʷlīna, from suffixed *kokʷ-el-īna, from the same verbal root that gave coquō.

Qui inter haec nutriuntur, non magis sapere possunt quam bene olere qui in culina habitant.

c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 2

Whoever is nurtured by this will not be so much tasteful as fragrant as someone living in a kitchen.


corsa

la-noun

corsa f (genitive corsae); first declension

corsae (genitive)
corsa (nominative singular)
corsae (nominative plural)
corsae (genitive singular)
corsārum (genitive plural)
corsae (dative singular)
corsīs (dative plural)
corsam (accusative singular)
corsās (accusative plural)
corsā (ablative singular)
corsīs (ablative plural)
corsa (singular vocative)
corsae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόρση (kórsē).

(architecture) The outer strip in the molding about a door, a girder