comma

la-noun

comma n (genitive commatis); third declension

commatis (genitive)
comma (nominative singular)
commata (nominative plural)
commatis (genitive singular)
commatum (genitive plural)
commatī (dative singular)
commatibus (dative plural)
comma (accusative singular)
commata (accusative plural)
commate (ablative singular)
commatibus (ablative plural)
comma (singular vocative)
commata (plural vocative)

From the Ancient Greek κόμμα (kómma), from κόπτω (kóptō, “I cut”).

a comma (a division, member, or section of a period smaller than a colon)

(in grammar):
a comma (a mark of punctuation)


eo

la-verb

eō (present infinitive īre, perfect active iī or īvī, supine itum); irregular conjugation, irregular

eō (canonical)
irregular conjugation (canonical)
īre (infinitive present)
iī (active perfect)
īvī (active perfect)
itum (supine)
eō (active first-person indicative present singular)
īs (active indicative present second-person singular)
it (active indicative present singular third-person)
īmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
ītis (active indicative plural present second-person)
eunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
ībam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ībās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
ībat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
ībāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
ībātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
ībant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ībō (active first-person future indicative singular)
ībis (active future indicative second-person singular)
ībit (active future indicative singular third-person)
ībimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
ībitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
ībunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
iī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
īvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
īstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
īvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
iit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
īvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
iimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
īstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
iērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
iēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ieram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
ierās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
ierat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ierāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
ierātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ierant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
ierō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
ieris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
ierit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
ierimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
ieritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
ierint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
eor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
īris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
īre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ītur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
īmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
īminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
euntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ībar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
ībāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ībāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ībātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
ībāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
ībāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
ībantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
ībor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
īberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ībere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ībitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
ībimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
ībiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
ībuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
itus + present active indicative of sum (indicative passive perfect)
itus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
eam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
eās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
eat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
eāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
eātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
eant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
īrem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
īrēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
īret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
īrēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
īrētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
īrent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ierim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
ierīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ierit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ierīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
ierītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ierint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
īssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
īssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
īsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
īssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
īssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
īssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ear (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
eāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
eāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
eātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
eāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
eāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
eantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
īrer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
īrēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
īrēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
īrētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
īrēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
īrēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
īrentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ī (active imperative present second-person singular)
īte (active imperative plural present second-person)
ītō (active future imperative second-person singular)
ītō (active future imperative singular third-person)
ītōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
euntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
īre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
īminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
ītor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
ītor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
euntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
īre (active infinitive present)
īsse (active infinitive perfect)
itūrum esse (active future infinitive)
īrī (infinitive passive present)
īrier (infinitive passive present)
itum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
itum īrī (future infinitive passive)
iēns (active participle present)
itūrus (active future participle)
itus (participle passive perfect)
eundus (future participle passive)
eundī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
eundō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
eundum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
eundō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
itum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
itū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: ii

Dalmatian:

zer

Italo-Romance:

desc

Italian: gire, ire (obsolete, archaic, regional) (both regional or obsolete)

Neapolitan: jire

Sicilian: jiri

Padanian:

Istriot: zì

Ladin: jì, jir

Romansch: ir, eir (Surmiran)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: ir (rare infinitive form of allar), ir- (future/conditional stem of allar)

French: ir- (future/conditional stem of aller)

qualifier

1st plural person indicative present form of aler, from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">eāmus</i>

Walloon: djans (1st plural person indicative present form of aler, from Latin eāmus)

Occitano-Romance:

q

Catalan: ir- (future/conditional stem in northern dialects)

Old Occitan: ir (only in certain dialects)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: ir

Asturian: dir

Extremaduran: dir

Galician: ir

Leonese: dire

Mirandese: ir

Portuguese: ir

Spanish: ir

From Proto-Italic *eō, from earlier *ejō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti.

quidquid se Tigris ab Haemo dividit, hoc certa proponit merce locandum institor imperii, caupo famosus honorum. hic Asiam villa pactus regit; ille redemit coniugis ornatu Syriam; dolet ille paterna Bithynos mutasse domo. subfixa patenti vestibulo pretiis distinguit regula gentes: tot Galatae, tot Pontus eat, tot Lydia nummis...

All the country between the Tigris and Mount Haemus he exposes for sale at a fixed price, this huckster of empire, this infamous dealer in honours. This man governs Asia for the which his villa has paid. That man buys Syria with his wife’s jewels. Another repents of having taken Bithynia in exchange for his paternal mansion. Fixed above the open doors of his hall is a list giving the provinces and their prices: so much for Galatia, for Pontus so much, so much may buy one Lydia...

(business) to go for; to be sold at (a certain price)


neuter

la-adj

neuter (feminine neutra, neuter neutrum); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er, pronominal)

neutra (feminine)
neutrum (neuter)
in -er (masculine nominative singular)
neuter (masculine nominative singular)
neutra (feminine nominative singular)
neutrum (neuter nominative singular)
neutrī (masculine nominative plural)
neutrae (feminine nominative plural)
neutra (neuter nominative plural)
neutrī̆us (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
neutrōrum (genitive masculine plural)
neutrārum (feminine genitive plural)
neutrōrum (genitive neuter plural)
neutrī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
neutrīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
neutrum (accusative masculine singular)
neutram (accusative feminine singular)
neutrum (accusative neuter singular)
neutrōs (accusative masculine plural)
neutrās (accusative feminine plural)
neutra (accusative neuter plural)
neutrō (ablative masculine singular)
neutrā (ablative feminine singular)
neutrō (ablative neuter singular)
neutrīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
neuter (masculine singular vocative)
neutra (feminine singular vocative)
neutrum (neuter singular vocative)
neutrī (masculine plural vocative)
neutrae (feminine plural vocative)
neutra (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: neutre

→ French: neutre

→ Friulian: neutri

→ Galician: neutro

→ Italian: neutro

→ Occitan: neutre

→ Portuguese: neutro

→ Piedmontese: nèutr

→ Romanian: neutru

→ Spanish: neutro

From ne (“not”) + uter (“either”). In the grammatical sense, a semantic loan from Koine Greek οὐδέτερος (oudéteros), from οὐδέ (oudé, “not”) + ἕτερος (héteros, “one or the other (of two)”).

af

(grammar) neuter, intransitive (of a verb)


abavus

la-noun

abavus m (genitive abavī); second declension

abavī (genitive)
abavus (nominative singular)
abavī (nominative plural)
abavī (genitive singular)
abavōrum (genitive plural)
abavō (dative singular)
abavīs (dative plural)
abavum (accusative singular)
abavōs (accusative plural)
abavō (ablative singular)
abavīs (ablative plural)
abave (singular vocative)
abavī (plural vocative)

Abavus dicitur, quia abest ab avo, & est avus avi

c. 2nd century, Sextus Pompeius Festus, De verborum significatione

Great-great-grandfather he's called, for he's distant from the grandfather & is the grandfather of the grandfather.


SC

(chiefly money) Initialism of Senatus consulto, with the consultation of the Senate, by order of the Senate.


MD

(money) Abbreviation of Mediolanum, Milan.


regina

rēgīna f (genitive rēgīnae, masculine rēx); first declension

rēgīna (canonical feminine)
rēgīnae (genitive)
rēx (masculine)
rēgīna (nominative singular)
rēgīnae (nominative plural)
rēgīnae (genitive singular)
rēgīnārum (genitive plural)
rēgīnae (dative singular)
rēgīnīs (dative plural)
rēgīnam (accusative singular)
rēgīnās (accusative plural)
rēgīnā (ablative singular)
rēgīnīs (ablative plural)
rēgīna (singular vocative)
rēgīnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: reina

Franco-Provençal: rêna

Friulian: reìne

Italian: regina

Maltese: reġina

Neapolitan: riggina

desctree

Old French: royne
French: reine
Norman: royne, ranne, reine
Walloon: royinne
→ Old East Slavic: ръ́ина (rŭ́ina)

Old Galician-Portuguese: reinha, reỹa, reynna, reýña, reyña, rreýña, rreyña, rainha, raynna, raỹa, rayña
Galician: raíña
Portuguese: rainha

Old Occitan: reina
Occitan: reina

Old Spanish: reyna
Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: regina, rigegna, raïna

Sardinian: reina, arreina

desc

Sicilian: rijina (obsolete), riggina (influenced by Italian)

Venetan: rexina

Walloon: royinne

→ Basque: erregina

→ English: Regina, regina

→ Interlingua: regina

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: regina

→ Romanian: regină

→ Translingual: Regina

Inherited from Proto-Italic *rēgīnā, see there for more. A feminine counterpart to rēx, rēgis (“king”).

‘cūr igitur rēgīna vocor prīncepsque deārum?

“Therefore, why am I being called queen and foremost of the goddesses? Why have they given me a golden scepter for my right hand?”


servus

la-noun

servus m (genitive servī, feminine serva); second declension

servī (genitive)
serva (feminine)
servus (nominative singular)
servī (nominative plural)
servī (genitive singular)
servōrum (genitive plural)
servō (dative singular)
servīs (dative plural)
servum (accusative singular)
servōs (accusative plural)
servō (ablative singular)
servīs (ablative plural)
serve (singular vocative)
servī (plural vocative)

Asturian: siervu

Catalan: serf

Friulian: sierf

Italian: servo

Occitan: sèrve

desctree

Old French: serf
Middle French: serf
French: serf
→ English: serf

Portuguese: servo

Romanian: șerb, → serv

Sicilian: serbu

Spanish: siervo

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ʊs̠]

From Old Latin servos, from Proto-Italic *serwos (“guardian”), from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo-s (“guardian”), possibly from *ser- (“watch over, protect”). Cognate with servō, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (haraⁱti, “he heeds, protects”). By surface analysis, Proto-Indo-European *ser- + -vus.

surf

Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ser-</i>

Quem patrem, qui servos est?

Captivi ("the captives") by Plautus (English and Latin text)

Father! What do you mean, when he’s a slave?


servus

la-adj

servus (feminine serva, neuter servum); first/second-declension adjective

serva (feminine)
servum (neuter)
servus (masculine nominative singular)
serva (feminine nominative singular)
servum (neuter nominative singular)
servī (masculine nominative plural)
servae (feminine nominative plural)
serva (neuter nominative plural)
servī (genitive masculine singular)
servae (feminine genitive singular)
servī (genitive neuter singular)
servōrum (genitive masculine plural)
servārum (feminine genitive plural)
servōrum (genitive neuter plural)
servō (dative masculine singular)
servae (dative feminine singular)
servō (dative neuter singular)
servīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
servum (accusative masculine singular)
servam (accusative feminine singular)
servum (accusative neuter singular)
servōs (accusative masculine plural)
servās (accusative feminine plural)
serva (accusative neuter plural)
servō (ablative masculine singular)
servā (ablative feminine singular)
servō (ablative neuter singular)
servīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
serve (masculine singular vocative)
serva (feminine singular vocative)
servum (neuter singular vocative)
servī (masculine plural vocative)
servae (feminine plural vocative)
serva (neuter plural vocative)

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ʊs̠]

slavish, servile (to the senses or to authority)

(of lands, buildings) subject or liable to servitude


as

assis (genitive)
as (nominative singular)
assēs (nominative plural)
assis (genitive singular)
assium (genitive plural)
assum (genitive plural)
assī (dative singular)
assibus (dative plural)
assem (accusative singular)
assēs (accusative plural)
assīs (accusative plural)
asse (ablative singular)
assibus (ablative plural)
as (singular vocative)
assēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: as

desctree

Old French: as
Middle French: as
French: as (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Dutch: aes
Dutch: aas
Afrikaans: aas
→ Middle English: as
English: ace (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ace

Italian: asso, asse

Portuguese: ás, asse

Sicilian: asu

Spanish: as

→ English: as

→ Polish: as

Probably borrowed from Etruscan: compare lībra and nummus, also loanwords. Original meaning was 'a rectangular bronze plaque weighing a pound'.

as; a Roman coin originally made of bronze and weighing one pound, but later made of copper and reduced to two ounces, one ounce, and eventually half an ounce.

a penny, a copper (any coin of similarly low value)

any undivided unit of measurement
(with ex) a whole estate

any undivided unit of measurement
a whole estate


basis

la-noun

basis f (genitive basis); third declension

basis (genitive)
basis (nominative singular)
basēs (nominative plural)
basis (genitive singular)
basium (genitive plural)
basī (dative singular)
basibus (dative plural)
basim (accusative singular)
basēs (accusative plural)
basīs (accusative plural)
basī (ablative singular)
basibus (ablative plural)
basis (singular vocative)
basēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: base

→ Catalan: base

→ Danish: basis

→ Dutch: basis, base

→ Indonesian: basis, basa

→ English: basis

desctree

→ Dutch: base, basis (obsolete in this sense)
→ Indonesian: basa

→ English: base

→ Finnish: basis

→ Galician: base

→ German: Basis

⇒ German: Base

→ Italian: base

→ Macedonian: база (baza)

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: basis

Norwegian Nynorsk: basis

Old French: base
French: base
→ Czech: báze
→ Danish: base
→ Icelandic: basi m
→ Norwegian:
→ Norwegian Bokmål: base
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: base
→ Romanian: bază
→ Russian: база (baza)
→ Armenian: բազա (baza)
→ Azerbaijani:
Cyrillic script: база
Latin script: baza
→ Crimean Tatar:
Cyrillic script: база
Latin script: baza
→ Georgian: ბაზა (baza)
→ Kazakh:
Arabic script: بازا (baza)
Cyrillic script: база (baza)
→ Mongolian:
Mongolian script: [Term?]
Cyrillic script: бааз (baaz)
→ Tuvan: бааза (baaza)
⇒ French: baser
→ Dutch: baseren
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: basere
Norwegian Nynorsk: basere
→ Romanian: baza
→ Middle English: base, bace, bas, baas, basse
English: base
Scots: base

→ Polish: baza

→ Portuguese: base

→ Russian: ба́за (báza), ба́зис (bázis)

→ Armenian: բազա (baza)

→ Azerbaijani: baza

→ Kazakh: база (baza)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: ба́за

Latin: báza

→ Slovene: bāza

→ Spanish: base

→ Swedish: bas

→ Turkish: baz

→ Ukrainian: ба́за (báza)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βᾰ́σῐς (básis, “stepping, step; foot; base, pedestal”).


apex

la-noun

apex m (genitive apicis); third declension

apicis (genitive)
apex (nominative singular)
apicēs (nominative plural)
apicis (genitive singular)
apicum (genitive plural)
apicī (dative singular)
apicibus (dative plural)
apicem (accusative singular)
apicēs (accusative plural)
apice (ablative singular)
apicibus (ablative plural)
apex (singular vocative)
apicēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: àpex

→ English: apex

→ French: apex

→ Galician: ápice

→ German: Apex

→ Italian: apice

→ Portuguese: ápice, ápex

→ Romanian: apex

→ Spanish: ápice, ápex

From Proto-Italic *apeks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep- (“to join, fit”). Cognate with Latin apō (“to fasten, join, tie to”).

der

(grammar) The macron (long mark over a vowel).

The macron (long mark over a vowel).
The forms or outlines of the letters.


era

la-noun

era f (genitive erae, masculine erus); first declension

erae (genitive)
erus (masculine)
era (nominative singular)
erae (nominative plural)
erae (genitive singular)
erārum (genitive plural)
erae (dative singular)
erīs (dative plural)
eram (accusative singular)
erās (accusative plural)
erā (ablative singular)
erīs (ablative plural)
era (singular vocative)
erae (plural vocative)

mistress (of a house, with respect to the servants)


genitor

genitor m (genitive genitōris, feminine genetrīx or genitrīx); third declension

genitōris (genitive)
genetrīx (feminine)
genitrīx (feminine)
genitor (nominative singular)
genitōrēs (nominative plural)
genitōris (genitive singular)
genitōrum (genitive plural)
genitōrī (dative singular)
genitōribus (dative plural)
genitōrem (accusative singular)
genitōrēs (accusative plural)
genitōre (ablative singular)
genitōribus (ablative plural)
genitor (singular vocative)
genitōrēs (plural vocative)

English: genitor

French: géniteur

Friulian: genitôr

Ido: genitoro

Italian: genitore

Ladino: jenitor (זﬞיניטור)

Portuguese: genitor

Romansch: genitur

Sicilian: genituri, ginituri

Spanish: genitor

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tōr (“parent”). Equivalent to genō + -tor.

subiit cārī genitōris imāgō

“the thought of [my] dear father came to mind”

ecce deûm genitor rutilās per nūbila flammās spargit

Behold the father of the gods scattering his reddening flames through the clouds

parent, father, sire, begetter, procreator


PS

(Late Latin, money) Abbreviation of pustulatum, pusulatum.


genus

genus n (genitive generis); third declension

generis (genitive)
genus (nominative singular)
genera (nominative plural)
generis (genitive singular)
generum (genitive plural)
generī (dative singular)
generibus (dative plural)
genus (accusative singular)
genera (accusative plural)
genere (ablative singular)
generibus (ablative plural)
genus (singular vocative)
genera (plural vocative)

Catalan: gens

Franco-Provençal: gins

Old French: giens

→ Arabic: جِنْس (jins)

→ Catalan: gènere

→ Danish: genus

→ Dutch: genus

→ English: genus (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnish: genus

→ Galician: xendra, xénero

→ German: Genus

→ Irish: géineas

→ Italian: genere

→ Old French: gen(d)re (see there for further descendants)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: genus

→ Portuguese: género, gênero (Brazil)

→ Romanian: gen

→ Spanish: género

→ Swedish: genus

From Proto-Italic *genos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os n (“race”), from the root *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, beget”); compare also gēns, gignō and -gnus, from the same root. From the genitive gener-is (< PIE *ǵénh₁es-os), the sound shift -r- < *-s- can be observed, through which the Old Latin form *genes-is can be reconstructed.
Cognates include Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “race, stock, kin, kind”), Sanskrit जनस् (jánas, “race, class of beings”), Proto-Celtic *genos (“birth; family”), and English kin. Doublet of genea.

cog

6th century, Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus (attributed): Commentarium de oratione et de octo partibus orationis. In: „Patrologiae cursus completus sive Bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, omnium ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum qui ab aevo apostolico ad innocentii III tempora floruerunt; […] . Series prima, in qua prodeunt patres, doctores scriptoresque ecclesiae latinae a tertulliano ad gregorium magnum. Accurante J.-P. Migne, cursuum completorum in singulos scientiae ecclesiaticae ramos editore. Patrologiae tomus LXX. Cassiodori tomus posterior. – Magni Aurelii Cassiodori senatoris, viri patricii, consularis, et vivariensis abbatis opera omnia in duos tomos distributa, ad fidem manuscriptiorum codicum emendata et aucta, notis, observationibus et indicibus locupletata, praecedente auctoris vita, quae nunc primum in lucem prodit cum dissertatione de ejus monarchatu. Opera et studio J. Garetii monarchi ordinis sancti Benedicti e congregatione sancti mauri. Nobis autem curantibus accesserunt complexiones in epistolas b. Pauli quas edidit et annotavit scipio Maffeius. Tomus posterior. – Parisiis, venit apud editorem, in via dicta d'amboise, près la barriere d'enfer, ou petit-montrouge. 1847“, p. 1225

Nouns have six genders: masculine, e.g. hic Cato 'this man Cato'; feminine, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'; neuter, e.g. hoc monile 'this necklace'; common to two genders, e.g. hic et haec sacerdos 'this priest or priestess'; of three genders, e.g. hic, et haec, et hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman or thing'; epicene, called promiscous in Latin, e.g. passer 'sparrow', aquila 'eagle'.

Genera nominum sunt sex: masculinum, ut hic Cato; femininum, ut haec musa; neutrum, ut hoc monile; commune duorum generum, ut hic et haec sacerdos: trium generum, ut hic, et haec, et hoc felix; epicoenon, quod Latine promiscuum dicitur, ut passer, aquila.

Genera nominum, septem sunt. Masculinum, cui praeponitur hic: ut hic Dominus. Foemineum, cui praeponitur haec: ut haec musa. Neutrum, cui praeponuntur hoc: ut hoc templum. Commune, cui praeponuntur hic, & haec: ut hic, & haec Sacerdos. Omne, cui praeponuntur hic, haec, hoc, vel per tres varias voces inflectitur: ut hic, haec, hoc felix, bonus, bona, bonum. Dubium, quod modo masculinum, modo faemineum, apud Oratores etiam invenitur: ut hic, vel haec dies. Promiscuum, in quo sexus uterque per alterum apparet: ut hic passer, haec aquila, hic lepus.

16th century, Andreas Semperius (a.k.a. Andreas Sampere, Andreu Sempere): Andreae Semperii Valentini Alcodiani, doctoris medici, prima grammaticae latinae institutio tribus libris explicata, Majorca/Mallorca, 1819, p.19

Nouns have seven genders. Masculine, which you can precede with hic: hic dominus 'this Lord'. Feminine, which you can precede with haec, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'. Neuter, which you can precede with hoc, e.g. hoc templum 'this temple'. Common, which you can precede with hic and haec: hic & haec sacerdos 'this male or female priest'. Universal, which you can precede with all three of hic, haec, hoc, or which vary in three forms, e.g. hic, haec, hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman, thing', hic bonus, haec bona, hoc bonum 'this good man, good woman, good thing'. Doubtful, which in the orators can be found to be sometimes masculine, sometimes feminine, e.g. hic, vel haec dies 'this day'. Promiscuous, in which a gender appears instead of another, e.g. hic passer 'this sparrow' (always masculine), haec aquila 'this eagle' (always feminine), hic lepus 'this rabbit' (always masculine).

Genera verborum quot sunt? Quinque. Quae? Activa passiva neutra deponentia communia.

How many types of verbs are there? Five. Which ones? Active, passive, neuter, deponent, common.

Verborum genera quinque sunt, activa passiva neutra communia deponentia.

Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentarius in Artem Donati

There are five types of verbs: active, passive, neuter, common, deponent.


drachma

la-noun

drachma f (genitive drachmae); first declension

drachmae (genitive)
drachma (nominative singular)
drachmae (nominative plural)
drachmae (genitive singular)
drachmārum (genitive plural)
drachmae (dative singular)
drachmīs (dative plural)
drachmam (accusative singular)
drachmās (accusative plural)
drachmā (ablative singular)
drachmīs (ablative plural)
drachma (singular vocative)
drachmae (plural vocative)

⇒ Late Latin: dragma (see there for further descendants)

→ Armenian: դրախմա (draxma)

→ Belarusian: дра́хма (dráxma)

→ Bulgarian: дра́хма (dráhma)

→ Catalan: dracma, drama

→ Czech: drachma

→ English: drachma

→ Faroese: drakma

→ Finnish: drakma

→ Galician: dracma

→ Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌼𐌰 (drakma)

→ Italian: dracma, dramma

→ Macedonian: драхма (drahma)

→ Portuguese: dracma

→ Russian: дра́хма (dráxma)

→ Serbo-Croatian: дра̀хма (dràhma)

→ Spanish: dracma

→ Ukrainian: дра́хма (dráxma)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).

(Classical Latin) drachma (Ancient Greek coin, one hundredth of a mina)


onus

onus n (genitive oneris); third declension

oneris (genitive)
onus (nominative singular)
onera (nominative plural)
oneris (genitive singular)
onerum (genitive plural)
onerī (dative singular)
oneribus (dative plural)
onus (accusative singular)
onera (accusative plural)
onere (ablative singular)
oneribus (ablative plural)
onus (singular vocative)
onera (plural vocative)

→ Dutch: onus (learned)

→ English: onus (learned)

→ German: Onus (learned)

Italian: onere

Sicilian: òniri

Portuguese: ónus

From Proto-Italic *onos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃énh₂os, from the root *h₃enh₂-. Cognate with Sanskrit अनस् (ánas, “heavy cart; mother; birth; offspring”). See Ancient Greek ὄνομαι (ónomai, “impugn, quarrel with”).


puer

la-noun

puer m (genitive puerī, feminine puera); second declension

puerī (genitive)
puera (feminine)
puer (nominative singular)
puerī (nominative plural)
puerī (genitive singular)
puerōrum (genitive plural)
puerō (dative singular)
puerīs (dative plural)
puerum (accusative singular)
puerōs (accusative plural)
puerō (ablative singular)
puerīs (ablative plural)
puer (singular vocative)
puerī (plural vocative)

desc

→ English: puer, puer aeternus, puerile, puerilism, puerperium, puerility, puerperal, puerperous

→ Ido: puero

⇒ Romanian: prunc

From Proto-Italic *puweros, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂weros, from *peh₂w-. Cognate with Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌂𐌋𐌖𐌌 (puglum), Ancient Greek παῖς (paîs, “boy”).


avus

la-noun

avus m (genitive avī); second declension

avī (genitive)
avus (nominative singular)
avī (nominative plural)
avī (genitive singular)
avōrum (genitive plural)
avō (dative singular)
avīs (dative plural)
avum (accusative singular)
avōs (accusative plural)
avō (ablative singular)
avīs (ablative plural)
ave (singular vocative)
avī (plural vocative)

⇒ Aromanian: aush

Catalan: avi

Spanish: abuelo

French: aïeul

Lombard: av, ev

Italian: avo

⇒ Romanian: auș

Sardinian: abu, àviu, avu

Sicilian: avu

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os (“grandfather, uncle”).

inh

… māternō veniēns ab avō Cyllēnia prōlēs.

[... Mercury, that] child of [Mount] Cyllene, approaching from [the mountain of] his maternal grandfather, [Atlas].
(Mount Atlas is personified as the Titan Atlas, father of Maia, the mother of Mercury, who was born on Mount Cyllene.)


abbas

la-noun

abbās m (genitive abbātis, feminine abbātissa); third declension

abbās (canonical masculine)
abbātis (genitive)
abbātissa (feminine)
abbās (nominative singular)
abbātēs (nominative plural)
abbātis (genitive singular)
abbātum (genitive plural)
abbātī (dative singular)
abbātibus (dative plural)
abbātem (accusative singular)
abbātēs (accusative plural)
abbāte (ablative singular)
abbātibus (ablative plural)
abbās (singular vocative)
abbātēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: abate (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: abbate

Sicilian: abbati

Padanian:

Piedmontese: abà

Romagnol: abêt

Old Occitan:

Catalan: abat

Occitan: abat

West Iberian

Asturian: abá

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: abade
Galician: abade
Portuguese: abade

Old Spanish: abbat, abad

Spanish: abad (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings

→ Crimean Tatar: abbat

→ Danish: abbed

→ Finnish: apotti

→ Georgian: აბატი (abaṭi)

→ Indonesian: abbas

→ Latvian: abats

→ Lithuanian: abatas

→ Middle Dutch: abbet

Dutch: abt
Afrikaans: ab

→ Old English: abbat, abbod

Middle English: abbot, abbod

English: abbot
Gullah: aabut

→ Old Norse: ábóti

Icelandic: ábóti

Norwegian: abbed

→ Old French: abbet (see there for further descendants)

→ Old High German: abbāt

Middle High German: abbāt

German: Abt

Luxembourgish: Abt

→ Hungarian: apát

→ Czech: opat
→ Polish: opat

→ Macedonian: опат (opat)

→ Serbo-Croatian: опат

→ Slovak: opát

→ Slovene: opat

→ Ukrainian: опат (opat)

→ Old Irish: ap (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: abbati

Faroese: abbati

→ Old Saxon: *abbat

Middle Low German: abbet, abt

→ Old Swedish: abbot

Swedish: abbot

→ Proto-Brythonic: *abad

Breton: abad

Cornish: abas

Middle Welsh: abat

Welsh: abad

→ West Frisian: abt

From Ancient Greek ἀββα, ἀββᾶς (abba, abbâs, “father or abbot”), from Aramaic אבא (’abbā, “father”).


rex

la-noun

rēx m (genitive rēgis, feminine rēgīna); third declension

rēx (canonical masculine)
rēgis (genitive)
rēgīna (feminine)
rēx (nominative singular)
rēgēs (nominative plural)
rēgis (genitive singular)
rēgum (genitive plural)
rēgī (dative singular)
rēgibus (dative plural)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgēs (accusative plural)
rēge (ablative singular)
rēgibus (ablative plural)
rēx (singular vocative)
rēgēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: rè

Italian: re
→ Maltese: re

Neapolitan: rré

Sicilian: re, reji

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rà

Old Lombard: rex

Lombard: rè, re

Piedmontese: rèj

Friulian: re

Ladin: re

Ligurian: re

Romansch: retg, raig, rai

Venetan: re

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rê

desctree

Old French: roi, rex, rei, rai, roy
Middle French: roy
French: roi, roy (obsolete) (pre-1800)
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa
Norman:
Continental Normandy: rai, ré, rey
Guernsey: ré, roué
Jersey: rouai
Sark: rwe
Walloon: roy, rwè
→ Middle English: roy, roye
English: roy

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: rei, rey

Catalan: rei

Old Occitan: rei
Occitan: rei, rèi

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: rei, rey

Aragonese: rei

Old Leonese: rei, rey, re

Asturian: rei, reye

Leonese: rei

Mirandese: rei

Old Galician-Portuguese: rei
Fala: rei
Galician: rei
Portuguese: rei (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rey
Ladino: rey
Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: re, rei

→ Albanian: regj

→ Basque: errege

→ English: rex, Rex

→ Esperanto: reĝo

→ Koine Greek: ῥήξ (rhḗx)

→ Greek: ρήγας (rígas)

→ Albanian: rig

→ Romanian: rigă

→ Ido: rejo

→ Interlingua: rege

→ Italian: rege

→ Romanian: rege

→? Sicilian: reghi

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Balaeniceps rex, Tyrannosaurus rex

→ Volapük: reg

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
From Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”).

etymon

rēx

inh

(derogatory) despot, tyrant (during the time of the Republic when there were no kings and executive power was usually divided)


pater

la-noun

pater m (genitive patris); third declension

patris (genitive)
pater (nominative singular)
patrēs (nominative plural)
patris (genitive singular)
patrum (genitive plural)
patrī (dative singular)
patribus (dative plural)
patrem (accusative singular)
patrēs (accusative plural)
patre (ablative singular)
patribus (ablative plural)
pater (singular vocative)
patrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: pate

Old Italian: patre

Italian: padre
→ English: padre

Sicilian: patri

Western Romance:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: pèder, pär

Ligurian: paire, poæ

Old Lombard: patre

Lombard: pader, pare

desc

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: patr′, paddö, pà, pätri

Piedmontese: pare, peri

Venetan: pare

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pâre

desctree

Old French: pere, pedre
Bourguignon: peire
Middle French: pere
French: père
→ Dutch: pere
→ English: père
Norman: père, pére, péthe
Walloon: pere

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese:

Asturian: pá, pai, padre

Extremaduran: pairi

Leonese: pai

Mirandese: pai

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: pai

Old Galician-Portuguese: padre
Galician: padre
Portuguese: padre (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old Galician-Portuguese: pay
Galician: pai
Portuguese: pai (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: padre

Ladino:

Hebrew script: פאדרי

Latin script: padre

Spanish: padre
→ Chinese: 巴禮／巴礼
→ Classical Nahuatl: padre
→ English: padre
→ Mecayapan Nahuatl: pa̱lej
→ Tagalog: pari

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: paire
Occitan: paire

Catalan: pare

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: pari

Romansch: pader

→ Dutch: pater

→ English: pater
Tok Pisin: pater

→ Romanian: pater

→ Welsh: pader

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr?
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Proto-Italic *patēr
Latin pater
From Proto-Italic *patēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. As a titular suffix, shares cognate roots with Old Latin Diēspiter (“Father Jove”), Latin Iuppiter (“Jupiter”).


frater

la-noun

frāter m (genitive frātris); third declension

frāter (canonical masculine)
frātris (genitive)
frāter (nominative singular)
frātrēs (nominative plural)
frātris (genitive singular)
frātrum (genitive plural)
frātrī (dative singular)
frātribus (dative plural)
frātrem (accusative singular)
frātrēs (accusative plural)
frātre (ablative singular)
frātribus (ablative plural)
frāter (singular vocative)
frātrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: frati, frate

Istro-Romanian: fråte

Romanian: frate

Dalmatian:

frutro

Italo-Romance:

Italian: frate
→ English: fra

Neapolitan: frate

Sicilian: frati

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: frade

North Italian:

Friulian: fradi

Istriot: fra

Old Piedmontese: frère, frer

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: frær

Old Ligurian: frae

Ligurian: fræ, frai

Lombard: frar

Romansch: frar

desc

Venetan: frade, brade (influenced by germanic)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: frâre

Old French: frere (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: frare

Old Occitan: fraire (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: frade

Galician: frade

Portuguese: frade

Old Spanish: fradre, frade (early)

Borrowings:

→? Albanian: frat

→ Dutch: frater (learned)

→ Indonesian: frater

→ English: frater (learned)

→ German: Frater (learned)

From Proto-Italic *frātēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.


bes

la-noun

bes m (genitive bessis); third declension

bessis (genitive)
bes (nominative singular)
bessēs (nominative plural)
bessis (genitive singular)
bessium (genitive plural)
bessī (dative singular)
bessibus (dative plural)
bessem (accusative singular)
bessēs (accusative plural)
bessīs (accusative plural)
besse (ablative singular)
bessibus (ablative plural)
bes (singular vocative)
bessēs (plural vocative)

From a derivative of *duō (“two”) (compare bis) + as.


uxor

uxor f (genitive uxōris); third declension

uxōris (genitive)
uxor (nominative singular)
uxōrēs (nominative plural)
uxōris (genitive singular)
uxōrum (genitive plural)
uxōrī (dative singular)
uxōribus (dative plural)
uxōrem (accusative singular)
uxōrēs (accusative plural)
uxōre (ablative singular)
uxōribus (ablative plural)
uxor (singular vocative)
uxōrēs (plural vocative)

desctree

Old French: oissor, oissour, uissor, usor
Middle French: oisour (early)

⇒ Aromanian: ãnsor

⇒ Romanian: însura

→ Interlingua: uxor

desc

→⇒ English: uxoricide, uxorious, uxorial

From Proto-Italic *uksōr which is of unknown origin. Possibly cognate with Old Armenian ամուսին (amusin). Alternatively a cognate to Latvian uõsis (“father-in-law”), Lithuanian uošvė (“mother-in-law”) and Ossetian ус (us, “woman”).


alumnus

la-noun

alumnus m (genitive alumnī, feminine alumna); second declension

alumnī (genitive)
alumna (feminine)
alumnus (nominative singular)
alumnī (nominative plural)
alumnī (genitive singular)
alumnōrum (genitive plural)
alumnō (dative singular)
alumnīs (dative plural)
alumnum (accusative singular)
alumnōs (accusative plural)
alumnō (ablative singular)
alumnīs (ablative plural)
alumne (singular vocative)
alumnī (plural vocative)

English: alumnus

Catalan: alumne

Italian: alunno

Portuguese: aluno

Romanian: alumn

Spanish: alumno

[äˈɫ̪ʊmnʊs̠]

* From Proto-Italic *alomanos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-o-mh₁no- (“being nourished”), mediopassive participle (see *-mh₁nos) of *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”) (whence alō).
* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”) + *-mno- (see *-mn̥).

der

pervenit ad Cranēn et rem docet, illa ‘timōrem
pōne: tuus sospes’ dīxit ‘alumnus erit.’
She comes to Cranê and tells her what has happened; [and to] that, Cranê replies: “Put fear aside; your nursling will be unharmed.”
(A nurse-maid summons Cranê’s aid because a baby has been attacked by striges; however, Ovid in these verses conflates names and mythologies: see Cardea.)


mater

la-noun

māter f (genitive mātris); third declension

māter (canonical feminine)
mātris (genitive)
māter (nominative singular)
mātrēs (nominative plural)
mātris (genitive singular)
mātrum (genitive plural)
mātrī (dative singular)
mātribus (dative plural)
mātrem (accusative singular)
mātrēs (accusative plural)
mātre (ablative singular)
mātribus (ablative plural)
māter (singular vocative)
mātrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: madre

Sicilian: matri

North Italian:

Friulian: mari

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: mare, mèr, mèdar, madra

Ligurian: moæ, mâre, mâje

Lombard: mader, madar, madra

Piedmontese: mare, mari, mèri

Istriot: mare

Ladin: mère

Venetan: mare

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: mâre

desctree

Old French: mere, medre
Bourguignon: meire
Middle French: mere
French: mère
Haitian Creole: mè
Norman: mère, méthe
Walloon: mere

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: mare

Gascon: mair

Occitan: maire

Limousin: mair

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: mai

Old Leonese:

Asturian: madre, ma

Extremaduran: mairi

Leonese: mai

Mirandese: mai, madre

Old Galician-Portuguese: madre
Galician: madre
Portuguese: madre

Fala: mairi

Old Galician-Portuguese: mãy
Fala: má
Galician: mai, nai
Portuguese: mãe (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: madre

Ladino:

Hebrew script: מאדרי

Latin script: madre

Spanish: madre
→ Tagalog: madre

Borrowings:

→ English: mater

→ Ido: matro
→ Esperanto: matro

→ Interlingua: matre

→ Middle English: matere

English: mater

From Proto-Italic *mātēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Cognate with Old English mōdor (English mother).

Nē, māter; suam.


syllaba

la-noun

syllaba f (genitive syllabae); first declension

syllabae (genitive)
syllaba (nominative singular)
syllabae (nominative plural)
syllabae (genitive singular)
syllabārum (genitive plural)
syllabae (dative singular)
syllabīs (dative plural)
syllabam (accusative singular)
syllabās (accusative plural)
syllabā (ablative singular)
syllabīs (ablative plural)
syllaba (singular vocative)
syllabae (plural vocative)

Asturian: sílaba

→ Catalan: síl·laba

→ English: syllaba anceps

desctree

Old French: sillable
→ Middle English: sillable, syllable
English: syllable
French: syllabe

Galician: sílaba

→ Old High German: sillaba

Middle High German: silbe, sillabe

German: Silbe

→ Latvian: zilbe

→ Romansch: silba

→ Old Irish: sillab

Irish: siolla

Italian: sillaba

Portuguese: sílaba

Romanian: silabă

Spanish: sílaba

→ Welsh: syllaf, sill

[ˈs̠ʏlːʲäbä]

From Ancient Greek συλλαβή (sullabḗ), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).

(figuratively, in the plural) poems, verses


virgo

la-noun

virgō f (genitive virginis); third declension

virgō (canonical feminine)
virginis (genitive)
virgō (nominative singular)
virginēs (nominative plural)
virginis (genitive singular)
virginum (genitive plural)
virginī (dative singular)
virginibus (dative plural)
virginem (accusative singular)
virginēs (accusative plural)
virgine (ablative singular)
virginibus (ablative plural)
virgō (singular vocative)
virginēs (plural vocative)

Albanian: virgjër

Aromanian: virghirã

Asturian: virxe

Catalan: verge

English: virgin

Piedmontese: verzo, vergio

Ligurian: verzo

French: vierge

Friulian: virgin

Galician: virxe

Italian: vergine

Lithuanian: mergelė (calque)

Occitan: verge

Papiamentu: vírgen

Portuguese: virgem

Romanian: virgin, vergură

Sicilian: vìrgini

Spanish: virgen, virgo

Walloon: viêdge

Uncertain; one hypothesis is that it is related to virga (“young shoot”).

a virgin; someone (female) who has never experienced sexual intercourse

(by extension, Ecclesiastical Latin, of the Church Fathers) a male virgin


virgo

[…] cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam propter unius ex illis X viris intemperiem in foro sua manu interemisset

54 BCE – 51 BCE, Cicero, De re publica 2.37.63

[…] that a certain Decimus Virginius was obliged, on account of the libidinous violence of one of these decemvirs, to stab his virgin daughter in the midst of the forum


verbum

verbum n (genitive verbī); second declension

verbī (genitive)
verbum (nominative singular)
verba (nominative plural)
verbī (genitive singular)
verbōrum (genitive plural)
verbō (dative singular)
verbīs (dative plural)
verbum (accusative singular)
verba (accusative plural)
verbō (ablative singular)
verbīs (ablative plural)
verbum (singular vocative)
verba (plural vocative)

Asturian: vierbu

French: verve

Old Galician-Portuguese: vervo, verva

Galician: verbo, verba

Portuguese: verbo, verba

Italian: verbo, verba

Romanian: vorbă (possibly)

Sardinian: belvu, berbu

→ Aragonese: berbo

→ Asturian: verbu

→ Basque: berba

→ Catalan: verb

→ Corsican: verbu

→ Czech: verbum

→ English: verb

→ French: verbe

→ German: Verb, Verbum

→ Lombard: verb

→ Norwegian Bokmål: verb, verbo

→ Occitan: vèrb

→ Piedmontese: verb

→ Romanian: verb

→ Sicilian: verbu

Old Spanish: vierbo

Ladino: byervo

Spanish: verbo

→ Swedish: verb

→ Welsh: berf

From Proto-Italic *werβom, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om (“word”). Cognate with Umbrian 𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄 (uerfale), English word.
In the grammatical sense of “verb”, it is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ῥῆμᾰ (rhêma).


serva

la-noun

serva f (genitive servae, masculine servus); first declension

servae (genitive)
servus (masculine)
serva (nominative singular)
servae (nominative plural)
servae (genitive singular)
servārum (genitive plural)
servae (dative singular)
servīs (dative plural)
servam (accusative singular)
servās (accusative plural)
servā (ablative singular)
servīs (ablative plural)
serva (singular vocative)
servae (plural vocative)

From servus (“slave, servant”) + -a (feminine suffix).


puella

la-noun

puella f (genitive puellae, masculine puellus); first declension

puellae (genitive)
puellus (masculine)
puella (nominative singular)
puellae (nominative plural)
puellae (genitive singular)
puellārum (genitive plural)
puellae (dative singular)
puellīs (dative plural)
puellam (accusative singular)
puellās (accusative plural)
puellā (ablative singular)
puellīs (ablative plural)
puella (singular vocative)
puellae (plural vocative)

Old French: polle

→ English: puella, ⇒ puella aeterna, puella publica, puellile, puelline

Venetan: putèła

From puellus (“a little boy”), contracted from puerulus (“little boy, little slave”), the diminutive of puer (“boy”).

parvola puella

pueri atque puellae

pueri innuptaeque puellae


libra

lībra f (genitive lībrae); first declension

lībra (canonical feminine)
lībrae (genitive)
lībra (nominative singular)
lībrae (nominative plural)
lībrae (genitive singular)
lībrārum (genitive plural)
lībrae (dative singular)
lībrīs (dative plural)
lībram (accusative singular)
lībrās (accusative plural)
lībrā (ablative singular)
lībrīs (ablative plural)
lībra (singular vocative)
lībrae (plural vocative)

Catalan: lliura

desctree

Old French: livre m
Middle French: livre
French: livre
Norman: livre

Galician: libra

Italian: libra, libbra, lira

→ Catalan: lira

→ Czech: lira

→ Danish: lire

→ Faroese: liri

→ English: lira

→ Finnish: liira

→ German: Lira

→ Galician: lira

→ Maori: rira

→ Malay: lira

→ Maltese: lira

→ Norwegian: lira

→ Portuguese: lira

→ Serbo-Croatian: lira

→ Spanish: lira

→ Turkish: lira

Piedmontese: livra

Portuguese: libra

Romanian: livră

Spanish: libra

→ Tagalog: libra

Of uncertain origin. The word's original form was something like Proto-Italic *līðrā, *leiðrā (“pound”), surviving also in Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra), whence English liter.
Weiss derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to pour”) suffixed with the instrumental/resultative suffix *-dʰrom, under the assumption that the term originally meant "pouring (of metal)" before evolving to mean a unit of weight. In this case, then cognate with Proto-Slavic *lìti (“to pour”), Proto-Celtic *liyeti (“to flow”), Ancient Greek λείβω (leíbō, “to pour”), Lithuanian líeti (“to let flow”).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) pound, any of various currencies derived from the use of pound as a weight in silver


vir

la-noun

vir m (genitive virī); second declension

virī (genitive)
vir (nominative singular)
virī (nominative plural)
virī (genitive singular)
virōrum (genitive plural)
virō (dative singular)
virīs (dative plural)
virum (accusative singular)
virōs (accusative plural)
virō (ablative singular)
virīs (ablative plural)
vir (singular vocative)
virī (plural vocative)

→ Italian: viro (learned)

From Proto-Italic *wiros, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós. Cognates include Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Old Prussian wijrs, Lithuanian vyras, Latvian vīrs, Old Irish fer, Old Norse verr, Ossetian ир (ir, “Ossetians”) and Old English wer (English were-; also see world).

Arma virumque cano.


papa

pāpa f (genitive pāpae); first declension

pāpa (canonical feminine)
pāpae (genitive)
pāpa (nominative singular)
pāpae (nominative plural)
pāpae (genitive singular)
pāpārum (genitive plural)
pāpae (dative singular)
pāpīs (dative plural)
pāpam (accusative singular)
pāpās (accusative plural)
pāpā (ablative singular)
pāpīs (ablative plural)
pāpa (singular vocative)
pāpae (plural vocative)

A nursery word imitative of the movement of the infant's lips during eating. Compare English pap, German Papp, Hungarian papi, Polish papu. Also see the derivative pappō.

onomatopoeic

imitative

Cum cibum ac pōtiōnem "buās" ac "pāpās" vocent, mātrem "mammam", patrem "tatam".

Since children call food "papa" and drink “bua”, mother "mamma" and father "tata". (Nonius Marcellus, De Compendiosa Doctrina, 81 M, 2-4)

(childish) yum yum, num-num, food (especially pap)


papa

la-noun

pāpa m (genitive pāpae, feminine pāpissa); first declension

pāpa (canonical masculine)
pāpae (genitive)
pāpissa (feminine)
pāpa (nominative singular)
pāpae (nominative plural)
pāpae (genitive singular)
pāpārum (genitive plural)
pāpae (dative singular)
pāpīs (dative plural)
pāpam (accusative singular)
pāpās (accusative plural)
pāpā (ablative singular)
pāpīs (ablative plural)
pāpa (singular vocative)
pāpae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: papë

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pab

Middle Welsh: pap

Welsh: pab

→ Middle Dutch: pape

Dutch: paap

→ Old English: pāpa (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: pape (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: pápa

→ Old Irish: pápa

Irish: pápa

Scottish Gaelic: pàpa

→ Italian: papa
→ Turkish: papa

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: papa

Galician: papa

Portuguese: papa
→ Swahili: papa

→ Romanian: papă

→ Spanish: papa
→ Tagalog: Papa

From early Byzantine Greek πάπας (pápas, title for priests & bishops, especially by 3rd c. the bishop of Alexandria), from πάππας (páppas, “papa, daddy”).

bor

The traditional exclamation in Rome after a papal election:

"Habemus papam!" ― "We have a [new] pope!"

(Ecclesiastical Latin) a pope (the Roman Catholic bishop of Rome)

(Ecclesiastical Latin) a patriarch (in primatial sees, notably Coptic Alexandria).


moneta

la-noun

monēta f (genitive monētae); first declension

monēta (canonical feminine)
monētae (genitive)
monēta (nominative singular)
monētae (nominative plural)
monētae (genitive singular)
monētārum (genitive plural)
monētae (dative singular)
monētīs (dative plural)
monētam (accusative singular)
monētās (accusative plural)
monētā (ablative singular)
monētīs (ablative plural)
monēta (singular vocative)
monētae (plural vocative)

Cicero
Domitian
Suda
Æthelwulf, King of Wessex

Dalmatian:

monaita

Italo-Romance:

Italian: moneta

Sicilian: munita

Padanian:

Friulian: monede

Ladin: muneida, munëida

Ligurian: monæa, monæ

Lombard: moneda, monida

→ Piedmontese: monèda

desc

Piedmontese: monèja, monèa, monè, monèida (Oriental)

Romansch: munaida, muneida

Venetan: monéda, monèa

→? Albanian: monedhë

→ Greek: μονέδα (monéda)

→ Romanian: monedă

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: moneia

Franco-Provençal: monéya, mounêya, mounia, môniiâ

desctree

Old French: monoie, menoie, menoiie, moneie, monoë, monnoie, monnoye, monoye, muneie (Anglo-Norman)
Middle French: monnoye, monnoie
French: monnaie
Poitevin-Saintongeais: mounàie
Norman: mounaie
Picard: monnouaie
→ Middle English: moneye (see there for further descendants)
→? Walloon: manoye

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: moneda

Catalan: moneda

Old Occitan: moneda
Occitan: moneda
Limousin: moneda, monuda
Vivaro-Alpine: monea, moneia, monha, monìa

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: moneda, monea

Old Galician-Portuguese: mõeda

Galician: moeda

Portuguese: moeda

Spanish: moneda

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: moneda, moneta, muneda

Borrowings:

→ Basque: mota

→ Bulgarian: моне́та (monéta)

→ German: Moneten

→ Ido: moneto

→? Middle Scots: monet

→ Polish: moneta

→ Russian: моне́та (monéta)

→ Azerbaijani: manat

→ English: manat

→ Turkmen: manat

→ English: manat

→ Proto-West Germanic: *munit (see there for further descendants)

From Monēta, an Italian goddess conflated with Juno after her introduction (cf. evocatio) to Rome in 344 BC. Her temple was used by the Roman mint from 273 BC until it was destroyed by fire and moved to the Colosseum by Domitian in AD 84. The usual derivation—given by Cicero and the Byzantine Suda— is from monēre (“to warn, to advise”) + a variant of -īta, but it is now considered more likely the earlier Italian goddess's name came from a form of Ancient Greek μονήρης (monḗrēs, “solitary, alone, unique”).

der

(Medieval Latin, historical) Abbreviation of monētārius ("moneyer, minter") in its various forms


active

la-adv

āctīvē (comparative āctīvius, superlative āctīvissimē)

āctīvē (canonical)
āctīvius (comparative)
āctīvissimē (superlative)


alumna

la-noun

alumna f (genitive alumnae, masculine alumnus); first declension

alumnae (genitive)
alumnus (masculine)
alumna (nominative singular)
alumnae (nominative plural)
alumnae (genitive singular)
alumnārum (genitive plural)
alumnae (dative singular)
alumnīs (dative plural)
alumnam (accusative singular)
alumnās (accusative plural)
alumnā (ablative singular)
alumnīs (ablative plural)
alumna (singular vocative)
alumnae (plural vocative)

English: alumna

Catalan: alumne

Italian: alunna

Portuguese: aluna

Romanian: alumnă

Spanish: alumna


author

author m (genitive authōris); third declension

authōris (genitive)
author (nominative singular)
authōrēs (nominative plural)
authōris (genitive singular)
authōrum (genitive plural)
authōrī (dative singular)
authōribus (dative plural)
authōrem (accusative singular)
authōrēs (accusative plural)
authōre (ablative singular)
authōribus (ablative plural)
author (singular vocative)
authōrēs (plural vocative)

Late variant of auctor and autor under influence of descendants such as English author.

(New Latin, proscribed) Alternative form of auctor: source, creator, vendor, author, artist.


masculinus

la-adj

masculīnus (feminine masculīna, neuter masculīnum); first/second-declension adjective

masculīnus (canonical)
masculīna (feminine)
masculīnum (neuter)
masculīnus (masculine nominative singular)
masculīna (feminine nominative singular)
masculīnum (neuter nominative singular)
masculīnī (masculine nominative plural)
masculīnae (feminine nominative plural)
masculīna (neuter nominative plural)
masculīnī (genitive masculine singular)
masculīnae (feminine genitive singular)
masculīnī (genitive neuter singular)
masculīnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
masculīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
masculīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
masculīnō (dative masculine singular)
masculīnae (dative feminine singular)
masculīnō (dative neuter singular)
masculīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
masculīnum (accusative masculine singular)
masculīnam (accusative feminine singular)
masculīnum (accusative neuter singular)
masculīnōs (accusative masculine plural)
masculīnās (accusative feminine plural)
masculīna (accusative neuter plural)
masculīnō (ablative masculine singular)
masculīnā (ablative feminine singular)
masculīnō (ablative neuter singular)
masculīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
masculīne (masculine singular vocative)
masculīna (feminine singular vocative)
masculīnum (neuter singular vocative)
masculīnī (masculine plural vocative)
masculīnae (feminine plural vocative)
masculīna (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: masculí

→ Corsican: masculinu

→ English: masculine

→ French: masculin

→ Friulian: masculin

→ Galician: masculino

→ Italian: mascolino

→ Occitan: masculin

→ Portuguese: masculino

→ Romanian: masculin

→ Sicilian: masculinu

→ Spanish: masculino

→ Turkish: maskülen

Adjective from māsculus (“like a male, mannish”), diminutive of mās (“male, man”), + -īnus (suffix forming adjectives indicating possession or origin).


pontifex

la-noun

pontifex m (genitive pontificis); third declension

pontificis (genitive)
pontifex (nominative singular)
pontificēs (nominative plural)
pontificis (genitive singular)
pontificum (genitive plural)
pontificī (dative singular)
pontificibus (dative plural)
pontificem (accusative singular)
pontificēs (accusative plural)
pontifice (ablative singular)
pontificibus (ablative plural)
pontifex (singular vocative)
pontificēs (plural vocative)

→? Catalan: pontífex

→? Italian: pontefice

desctree

→ Middle French: pontife m (learned)
French: pontife m
→? Romanian: pontif m
→ English: pontiff

→ Portuguese: pontífice (learned)

→ Romanian: pontifice

→ Russian: понти́фик m (pontífik)

→ Spanish: pontífice

Often interpreted as a compound originally meaning “bridge-maker”, from Proto-Italic *pontifaks, equivalent to pōns m (“bridge”) + -fex (suffix representing a maker or producer), either metaphorically “one who negotiates between gods and men” or literally if at some point the social class which supplied the priests was more or less identical with engineers that were responsible for building bridges. Compare Sanskrit पथिकृत् (pathikṛ́t, “path-maker”), attested as an epithet of rishis in the Rig Veda.

cog

adiacet antīquus Tiberīnō lūcūs Helernī:

The ancient grove of Helernus is near by the Tiber [River]:
Even now the high priests bring sacrifices to there.
(See: Helernus; “Tiberinus” is an alternative name for the Tiber River.)

pontificēs illūc nunc quoque sacra ferunt.

an ancient Roman high priest, state minister, pontiff


abbatissa

la-noun

abbātissa f (genitive abbātissae, masculine abbās); first declension

abbātissa (canonical feminine)
abbātissae (genitive)
abbās (masculine)
abbātissa (nominative singular)
abbātissae (nominative plural)
abbātissae (genitive singular)
abbātissārum (genitive plural)
abbātissae (dative singular)
abbātissīs (dative plural)
abbātissam (accusative singular)
abbātissās (accusative plural)
abbātissā (ablative singular)
abbātissīs (ablative plural)
abbātissa (singular vocative)
abbātissae (plural vocative)

→ Breton: abadessa

Catalan: abadessa

→ Czech: abatyše

→ Danish: abbedisse

→ Dutch: abdis

→ English: abbatess

→ Finnish: abbedissa

→ Icelandic: abbadís

desc

Italian: badessa, abadessa, abbadessa (archaic)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abbedisse

Old French: abaesse, abeesse

French: abbesse

Norman: abbêsse

→ Middle English: abbesse

English: abbess

→ Middle High German: abtissine

→ Czech: jeptiška

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: abadessa
Galician: abadesa
Portuguese: abadessa

Old Spanish: abbadesa

Spanish: abadesa
→ Basque: abadesa
→ Hiligaynon: abadesa
→ Tagalog: abadesa

→ Polish: abtysa (learned)

Romanian: abatesă

→ Russian: аббатиса (abbatisa)

→ Swedish: abbedissa

→ Ukrainian: абатиса (abatysa)

→ Welsh: abades

[äbːäːˈt̪ɪs̠ːä]

[äbːäˈt̪isːä]

abbās (“abbot”) + -issa (“feminine noun-forming suffix”).

affix

(Late Latin) abbess, female head of an abbey


nomen

la-noun

nōmen n (genitive nōminis); third declension

nōmen (canonical neuter)
nōminis (genitive)
nōmen (nominative singular)
nōmina (nominative plural)
nōminis (genitive singular)
nōminum (genitive plural)
nōminī (dative singular)
nōminibus (dative plural)
nōmen (accusative singular)
nōmina (accusative plural)
nōmine (ablative singular)
nōminibus (ablative plural)
nōmen (singular vocative)
nōmina (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: numã, nume, numi

Megleno-Romanian: numi

Istro-Romanian: nome

Romanian: nume

Dalmatian:

naun, naum

Italo-Romance:

Italian: nome

Neapolitan: nomme

Sicilian: nomu, nomi

Padanian:

Friulian: non

Istriot: non, nom

Ladin: inom, inuem

Ligurian: nómme

Old Lombard: nom

Lombard: nòmm

Piedmontese: nòm

Romagnol: nóm

Romansch: num, nom

Venetan: nome

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: nom

Old French: nom (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: nom

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: nome, ñome, nom

Mirandese: nome

desctree

Navarro-Aragonese: nombre
Aragonese: nombre

Old Galician-Portuguese: nome
Fala: nomi
Galician: nome
Portuguese: nome

Old Spanish: nomne, nomre

Spanish: nombre (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: numene, nomene

Borrowings:

→ Spanish: nómina

→ English: nomen

From Proto-Italic *nōmn̥, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”). The long ō (and spurious g in compounds) is from false association with gnōscō (“know, recognize”). In the grammatical sense of “noun”, it is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma).
Cognate with Hittite 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman), Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma), Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man), Tocharian A ñom, Old Irish ainmm, Old Church Slavonic имѧ (imę), Old English nama (English name). Doublet of onoma.

semantic loan

(historical) Short for nomen gentile, nomen, the family name in a Roman name, indicating the person's gens


filius

la-noun

fīlius m (genitive fīliī or fīlī, feminine fīlia); second declension

fīlius (canonical masculine)
fīliī (genitive)
fīlī (genitive)
fīlia (feminine)
fīlius (nominative singular)
fīliī (nominative plural)
fīliī (genitive singular)
fīlī (genitive singular)
fīliōrum (genitive plural)
fīliō (dative singular)
fīliīs (dative plural)
fīlium (accusative singular)
fīliōs (accusative plural)
fīliō (ablative singular)
fīliīs (ablative plural)
fīlī (singular vocative)
fīliī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: hilj, hiljiu, hilju

Istro-Romanian: fiľ

Megleno-Romanian: il'u

Romanian: fiu

Dalmatian:

felj

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: figliu

Italian: figlio

Judeo-Italian: פִילְייוֹ (figlio)

Sicilian: figghiu

Padanian:

Friulian: fi

Istriot: feîo, fèio

Ligurian: fìggio

Piedmontese: fieul, fij

Romansch: figl, fegl

Venetan: fio

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fill

Franco-Provençal: fely, fily

desctree

Old French: fil
Bourguignon: fi
Walloon: fi

⇒ Old French: filz, fils, fis, fitz, fiz (nominative singular)
Middle French: filz
French: fils
Norman: fils, fis (Jersey)
→ English: Fitz- (via Anglo-Norman fitz)

Old Occitan: filh
Occitan: filh, fiu, hilh

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: fillo

Mozarabic: פליו (flyw)

Old Leonese: fiyo, fijo (Salamanca), fillo (Asturias)
Asturian: fíu, ḥiyu, fiyu
Leonese: fiyu
Extremaduran: iju
Mirandese: filho

Old Galician-Portuguese: filho, fi' (apocopic form), fillo
Fala: fillu
Galician: fillo
Portuguese: filho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: fijo
Ladino: ijo, fijo
Spanish: hijo (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: fillu

Logudorese: fizu, figiu

From Proto-Italic *fīlios, *feilios (the Latin can reflect either one, but Faliscan 𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏 (fīleo, hīleo), if original and not modeled on Latin fīlius, would point to *fīl-), from earlier *θeilios, from *dʰeh₁i-l-yo-s (“sucker”), a derivation from the verbal root *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”).
Related to fellō, fēmina, fētus, Old English delu (“nipple, teat”), dēon (“to suck, suckle”), Old Armenian դալ (dal). More at doe.


famulus

la-noun

famulus m (genitive famulī, feminine famula); second declension

famulī (genitive)
famula (feminine)
famulus (nominative singular)
famulī (nominative plural)
famulī (genitive singular)
famulōrum (genitive plural)
famulō (dative singular)
famulīs (dative plural)
famulum (accusative singular)
famulōs (accusative plural)
famulō (ablative singular)
famulīs (ablative plural)
famule (singular vocative)
famulī (plural vocative)

[ˈfämʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From earlier famelus, from Proto-Italic *famelos (“slave”) (whence Oscan 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌋 (famel, “slave”)), from earlier *θamelos; probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”). Probably as a backformation from the predecessor of familia (see there for details).

der

ūnā cum famulō tuō, pāpā nostrō, N.,

together with thy servant, our Pope, N.,


famulus

la-adj

famulus (feminine famula, neuter famulum); first/second-declension adjective

famula (feminine)
famulum (neuter)
famulus (masculine nominative singular)
famula (feminine nominative singular)
famulum (neuter nominative singular)
famulī (masculine nominative plural)
famulae (feminine nominative plural)
famula (neuter nominative plural)
famulī (genitive masculine singular)
famulae (feminine genitive singular)
famulī (genitive neuter singular)
famulōrum (genitive masculine plural)
famulārum (feminine genitive plural)
famulōrum (genitive neuter plural)
famulō (dative masculine singular)
famulae (dative feminine singular)
famulō (dative neuter singular)
famulīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
famulum (accusative masculine singular)
famulam (accusative feminine singular)
famulum (accusative neuter singular)
famulōs (accusative masculine plural)
famulās (accusative feminine plural)
famula (accusative neuter plural)
famulō (ablative masculine singular)
famulā (ablative feminine singular)
famulō (ablative neuter singular)
famulīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
famule (masculine singular vocative)
famula (feminine singular vocative)
famulum (neuter singular vocative)
famulī (masculine plural vocative)
famulae (feminine plural vocative)
famula (neuter plural vocative)

→ Albanian: famull

→ English: famulus

→ German: Famulus

→ Italian: famulo

→ Portuguese: fâmulo

→ Russian: фа́мулус (fámulus)

→ Spanish: fámulo

→ Svan: ფა̈მლი (pämli), ფამლი (pamli)

[ˈfämʊɫ̪ʊs̠]


eques

la-noun

eques m (genitive equitis); third declension

equitis (genitive)
eques (nominative singular)
equitēs (nominative plural)
equitis (genitive singular)
equitum (genitive plural)
equitī (dative singular)
equitibus (dative plural)
equitem (accusative singular)
equitēs (accusative plural)
equite (ablative singular)
equitibus (ablative plural)
eques (singular vocative)
equitēs (plural vocative)

From equus (“horse”) + -es (“-faring”). Compare pedes, mīles for similar formations.


filia

fīlia f (genitive fīliae, masculine fīlius); first declension

fīlia (canonical feminine)
fīliae (genitive)
fīlius (masculine)
fīlia (nominative singular)
fīliae (nominative plural)
fīliae (genitive singular)
fīliārum (genitive plural)
fīliae (dative singular)
fīliīs (dative plural)
fīliābus (dative plural)
fīliam (accusative singular)
fīliās (accusative plural)
fīliā (ablative singular)
fīliīs (ablative plural)
fīliābus (ablative plural)
fīlia (singular vocative)
fīliae (plural vocative)

Aragonese: filla

Aromanian: hilji, hilje

Asturian: fía

Bourguignon: feille

Catalan: filla

Corsican: figlia

Dalmatian: felja

Extremaduran: ija

Franco-Provençal: felye, filye

Friulian: fie

Istro-Romanian: fiľa

Italian: figlia

Judeo-Italian: פִֿילְײַה (figlia)

Ligurian: figgia

Old Lombard: filia

Lombard: fioeula

Lorrain: feille

Megleno-Romanian: il'ă

Mirandese: filha

Norman: fil'ye, fille, fîle

Occitan: filha

desctree

Old French: fille
Middle French: fille
French: fille
Haitian Creole: fi
Louisiana Creole: fiy
Norman: fille, fil'ye
Walloon: feye

Old Galician-Portuguese: filha, filla
Fala: filla
Galician: filla
Portuguese: filha

Old Occitan: filha, filla, hilha

Old Spanish: fija
Ladino: ija
Spanish: hija (see there for further descendants)

Picard: file

Piedmontese: fija

Romanian: fie

Romansch: figlia, feglia

Sardinian: filla, fiza, fitza

Sicilian: figghia, fiza

Venetan: fia

From fīlius (“son”). Displaced the Proto-Italic descendant of Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr, which is attested in Oscan 𐌚𐌖𐌕𐌝𐌓 (futír).


diaeresis

la-noun

diaeresis f (genitive diaeresis or diaereseōs or diaeresios); third declension

diaeresis (genitive)
diaereseōs (genitive)
diaeresios (genitive)
diaeresis (nominative singular)
diaeresēs (nominative plural)
diaereseis (nominative plural)
diaeresis (genitive singular)
diaereseōs (genitive singular)
diaeresios (genitive singular)
diaeresium (genitive plural)
diaeresī (dative singular)
diaeresibus (dative plural)
diaeresim (accusative singular)
diaeresin (accusative singular)
diaeresem (accusative singular)
diaeresēs (accusative plural)
diaeresīs (accusative plural)
diaeresī (ablative singular)
diaerese (ablative singular)
diaeresibus (ablative plural)
diaeresis (singular vocative)
diaeresi (singular vocative)
diaeresēs (plural vocative)
diaereseis (plural vocative)

→ English: diaeresis

→ French: diérèse

→ Portuguese: diérese

→ Spanish: diéresis

[d̪iˈäe̯rɛs̠ɪs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δῐαίρεσῐς (diaíresis).

etymon

AD 98–138, Velius Longus (aut.), T.H.G. Keil (ed.), Liber de orthographia in Grammatici Latini VII (1880), p. 57, ll. 21–28

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

sed et quidam in hac quoque scriptione voluerunt esse differentiam, ut pluralis quidem numeri nominativus casus per a et e scriberetur, genetivus vero singularis per a et i, hoc quoque argumentantes, quod diaeresis, sive dialysis illa dicetur, a nominativo plurali non fit, sed ex singulari obliquo, cum dicitur ‘ a u l a i i n m e d i o ’ et // d i v e s e q u u m , d i v e s p i c t a i v e s t i s e t a u r i , // item rei nostrai, faciendai, magnai.

Fvrit intvs aqvai fvmidvs id est aquae amnis: nec inmerito; nam potest esse et alterius rei amnis, “ut fluvios videt ille cruoris”. Hanc autem diaeresin Tucca et Varius fecerunt: nam Vergilius sic reliquerat “furit intus aquae amnis” et “exuberat amnis”: quod satis asperum fuit. Notandum quod in toto Vergilio non reperiuntur nisi quattuor diaereses, hoc loco, et in tertio ⟨354⟩, ut “aulai medio libabant pocula Bacchi”, et in VI. ⟨747⟩ ut “aurai simplicis ignem”, et in IX. ⟨26⟩ “dives pictai vestis et auri”.

circa''' AD 384, Ser. Honoratus (aut.), G. Thilo & H. Hagen (eds.), In Vergilii Aeneidos commentarii in Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii II (1884), bk vii, l. 464 (p. 160, ll. 1–9)

(grammar) diaeresis (division of a diphthong into two vowels in consecutive syllables)


tata

la-noun

tata m (genitive tatae); first declension

tatae (genitive)
tata (nominative singular)
tatae (nominative plural)
tatae (genitive singular)
tatārum (genitive plural)
tatae (dative singular)
tatīs (dative plural)
tatam (accusative singular)
tatās (accusative plural)
tatā (ablative singular)
tatīs (ablative plural)
tata (singular vocative)
tatae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: tatã, tati

Istro-Romanian: tåtĕ

Megleno-Romanian: tată

Romanian: tată (“father, dad”)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: tuota, teta

Italian: tata, tato

→ Cimbrian: tatta

→ Mòcheno: tata

Neapolitan: tata

Old Occitan:

Old Catalan: taita (“dad”)

Catalan: tata (“dad, brother”) (dialectal)

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: tat (“grandfather”) (dialectal)

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: taie

West Iberian:

Portuguese: tatá

Old Spanish: taita (“dad”)

Spanish: tata, tato, taita

From Proto-Italic *tata, from Proto-Indo-European *tata-, ultimately onomatopoeic, mimicking baby talk.
Compare the similar atta, and also Cornish tat, tas, Breton tad and Breton tata, Ancient Greek τατᾶ (tatâ), τέττα (tétta), Bulgarian та́тко (tátko), Sanskrit तात (tāta), Kamkata-viri tót, tó, Tregami tát, Waigali tati.

dad, daddy, a term used by children for their father


socer

socer m (genitive socerī); second declension

socerī (genitive)
socer (nominative singular)
socerī (nominative plural)
socerī (genitive singular)
socerōrum (genitive plural)
socerō (dative singular)
socerīs (dative plural)
socerum (accusative singular)
socerōs (accusative plural)
socerō (ablative singular)
socerīs (ablative plural)
socer (singular vocative)
socerī (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *swekuros, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros.


levir

lēvir m (genitive lēvirī); second declension

lēvir (canonical masculine)
lēvirī (genitive)
lēvir (nominative singular)
lēvirī (nominative plural)
lēvirī (genitive singular)
lēvirōrum (genitive plural)
lēvirō (dative singular)
lēvirīs (dative plural)
lēvirum (accusative singular)
lēvirōs (accusative plural)
lēvirō (ablative singular)
lēvirīs (ablative plural)
lēvir (singular vocative)
lēvirī (plural vocative)

→ English: levir, ⇒ levirate (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂wḗr (“one's brother-in-law”). For initial l- compare lingua, lacrima. The expected *-ver was possibly altered under the influence of vir (“man”).

der

Coordinate term: glōs f


socrus

la-noun

socrus f (genitive socrūs); fourth declension

socrūs (genitive)
socrus (nominative singular)
socrūs (nominative plural)
socrūs (genitive singular)
socruum (genitive plural)
socruī (dative singular)
socribus (dative plural)
socrum (accusative singular)
socrūs (accusative plural)
socrū (ablative singular)
socribus (ablative plural)
socrus (singular vocative)
socrūs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *swekrus, earlier *swekrū, from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂ (“mother-in-law”).


la-proper noun

♀ m sg (genitive ♀ris); third declension

♀ris (genitive)
♀rēs (nominative plural)
♀ris (genitive singular)
♀rum (genitive plural)
♀rī (dative singular)
♀ribus (dative plural)
♀rem (accusative singular)
♀rēs (accusative plural)
♀re (ablative singular)
♀ribus (ablative plural)
♀rēs (plural vocative)
♀ēs (nominative plural)
♀is (genitive singular)
♀um (genitive plural)
♀ī (dative singular)
♀ibus (dative plural)
♀em (accusative singular)
♀ēs (accusative plural)
♀e (ablative singular)
♀ibus (ablative plural)
♀ēs (plural vocative)

Arte ſivè Chymice parata: ut Vitriolum ♃vis, ☽næ, ♂tis, ☉lis, ♀ris

1701, Johann Christoph Sommerhoff, Lexicon pharmaceutico-chymicum latino-germanicum & germanico-latinum [Pharmaceutico-Chemical Lexicon, Latin–German and German–Latin], page 399:

Those prepared by art or chemically: as vitriol of Jupiter, of the Moon, of Mars, of the Sun, of Venus


avunculus

la-noun

avunculus m (genitive avunculī); second declension

avunculī (genitive)
avunculus (nominative singular)
avunculī (nominative plural)
avunculī (genitive singular)
avunculōrum (genitive plural)
avunculō (dative singular)
avunculīs (dative plural)
avunculum (accusative singular)
avunculōs (accusative plural)
avunculō (ablative singular)
avunculīs (ablative plural)
avuncule (singular vocative)
avunculī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: unchi, unchiu

North Italian:

Old Venetan: avoncoli (plural, hapax)

⇒ Romansch: aug, ô, oc (Sutsilvan)

Gallo-Romance:

Old Franco-Provençal: uncle, onclo, hunclo

Franco-Provençal: onclle, oncllo

Oïl:

desc

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: ouncle, onclïe, onquille

Norman: aonclle (Guernsey), oncl'ye (Jersey), onque

Old French: oncle (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: avoncle, avonclo, oncle

Catalan: oncle, onclo

Old Occitan: avoncle, auncle, aoncle, oncle

Occitan: oncle

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: ungël, ungj

[äˈu̯ʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

By surface analysis, avus + -unculus. Actually from an n-stem noun suffixed with -culus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewh₂-on-, a dialectal diminutive of *h₂éwh₂ō (“grandfather, adult male relative other than one’s father”) (whence also Proto-Celtic *awontīr (“uncle”) and possibly Proto-Germanic *awô (“grandfather”), from *h₂éwh₂os (“older male relative”)), whence also avus (“grandfather”).


patruus

la-noun

patruus m (genitive patruī); second declension

patruī (genitive)
patruus (nominative singular)
patruī (nominative plural)
patruī (genitive singular)
patruōrum (genitive plural)
patruō (dative singular)
patruīs (dative plural)
patruum (accusative singular)
patruōs (accusative plural)
patruō (ablative singular)
patruīs (ablative plural)
patrue (singular vocative)
patruī (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tr̥wyos (“paternal uncle”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *fadurwijô (“paternal uncle”).


frater uterinus

la-noun

frāter uterīnus m (genitive frātris uterīnī); third declension

frāter uterīnus (canonical masculine)
frātris uterīnī (genitive)
frāter uterīnus (nominative singular)
frātrēs uterīnī (nominative plural)
frātris uterīnī (genitive singular)
frātrum uterīnōrum (genitive plural)
frātrī uterīnō (dative singular)
frātribus uterīnīs (dative plural)
frātrem uterīnum (accusative singular)
frātrēs uterīnōs (accusative plural)
frātre uterīnō (ablative singular)
frātribus uterīnīs (ablative plural)
frāter uterīne (singular vocative)
frātrēs uterīnī (plural vocative)

[ˈfräːt̪ɛr ʊt̪ɛˈriːnʊs̠]

Coordinate term: frāter cōnsanguineus

the son of someone’s mother who has a different father; maternal half brother


frater consanguineus

frāter cōnsanguineus m (genitive frātris cōnsanguineī); third declension

frāter cōnsanguineus (canonical masculine)
frātris cōnsanguineī (genitive)
frāter cōnsanguineus (nominative singular)
frātrēs cōnsanguineī (nominative plural)
frātris cōnsanguineī (genitive singular)
frātrum cōnsanguineōrum (genitive plural)
frātrī cōnsanguineō (dative singular)
frātribus cōnsanguineīs (dative plural)
frātrem cōnsanguineum (accusative singular)
frātrēs cōnsanguineōs (accusative plural)
frātre cōnsanguineō (ablative singular)
frātribus cōnsanguineīs (ablative plural)
frāter cōnsanguinee (singular vocative)
frātrēs cōnsanguineī (plural vocative)

[ˈfräːt̪ɛr kõːs̠äŋˈɡʷɪneʊs̠]

Coordinate term: frāter uterīnus

the son of someone’s father who has a different mother; paternal half brother


amita

amita f (genitive amitae); first declension

amitae (genitive)
amita (nominative singular)
amitae (nominative plural)
amitae (genitive singular)
amitārum (genitive plural)
amitae (dative singular)
amitīs (dative plural)
amitam (accusative singular)
amitās (accusative plural)
amitā (ablative singular)
amitīs (ablative plural)
amita (singular vocative)
amitae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: amia

Istriot: gnagna

Galloitalic

Lombard: àmeda, anda

Piedmontese: magna

Ligurian: àmia

desctree

Old French: ante, aunte (Anglo-Norman)
→ Middle English: aunte, ante, aunt, awnte, naunte
English: aunt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aunt
Middle French: tante
French: tante (see there for further descendants)
Norman: tante, tànte

Old Occitan: anda

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: agne, gnagne

Ladin: anda, amdä

Romansch: onda

Venetan: àmia, àmeda, gnagna

→ Cimbrian: amada, gnégna

Vulgar Latin: *mita

⇒ Romanian: mătușă (+ -ușă (diminutive suffix))

→ Albanian: emtë

Diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *amma, *ama (“mother”), a lost baby-word of the papa-type; compare amō (“I love”), Old High German amma (“wet nurse”).

onomatopoeic

baby


matertera

la-noun

mātertera f (genitive māterterae); first declension

mātertera (canonical feminine)
māterterae (genitive)
mātertera (nominative singular)
māterterae (nominative plural)
māterterae (genitive singular)
māterterārum (genitive plural)
māterterae (dative singular)
māterterīs (dative plural)
māterteram (accusative singular)
māterterās (accusative plural)
māterterā (ablative singular)
māterterīs (ablative plural)
mātertera (singular vocative)
māterterae (plural vocative)

[mäːˈt̪ɛrt̪ɛrä]

From māter (“mother”) and the contrastive suffix *-teros which is also found in magister and minister.


saga

sāga f (genitive sāgae); first declension

sāga (canonical feminine)
sāgae (genitive)
sāga (nominative singular)
sāgae (nominative plural)
sāgae (genitive singular)
sāgārum (genitive plural)
sāgae (dative singular)
sāgīs (dative plural)
sāgam (accusative singular)
sāgās (accusative plural)
sāgā (ablative singular)
sāgīs (ablative plural)
sāga (singular vocative)
sāgae (plural vocative)

Italian: saga

→ Translingual: Saga

Substantivisation of the female form of sāgus (“soothsaying”).

a female soothsayer, diviner, fortune-teller, prophetess, witch


consobrina

cōnsobrīna f (genitive cōnsobrīnae, masculine cōnsobrīnus); first declension

cōnsobrīna (canonical feminine)
cōnsobrīnae (genitive)
cōnsobrīnus (masculine)
cōnsobrīna (nominative singular)
cōnsobrīnae (nominative plural)
cōnsobrīnae (genitive singular)
cōnsobrīnārum (genitive plural)
cōnsobrīnae (dative singular)
cōnsobrīnīs (dative plural)
cōnsobrīnam (accusative singular)
cōnsobrīnās (accusative plural)
cōnsobrīnā (ablative singular)
cōnsobrīnīs (ablative plural)
cōnsobrīna (singular vocative)
cōnsobrīnae (plural vocative)


consobrinus

cōnsobrīnus m (genitive cōnsobrīnī, feminine cōnsobrīna); second declension

cōnsobrīnus (canonical masculine)
cōnsobrīnī (genitive)
cōnsobrīna (feminine)
cōnsobrīnus (nominative singular)
cōnsobrīnī (nominative plural)
cōnsobrīnī (genitive singular)
cōnsobrīnōrum (genitive plural)
cōnsobrīnō (dative singular)
cōnsobrīnīs (dative plural)
cōnsobrīnum (accusative singular)
cōnsobrīnōs (accusative plural)
cōnsobrīnō (ablative singular)
cōnsobrīnīs (ablative plural)
cōnsobrīne (singular vocative)
cōnsobrīnī (plural vocative)

Late Latin: cosinus

Old French: cosin

French: cousin

→ English: cousin

→ Dutch: kozijn

→ German: Cousin, Cousine

→ Swedish: kusin

→ Polish: kuzyn

→ Ukrainian: кузе́н (kuzén)

→ Russian: кузе́н (kuzén)

→ Turkish: kuzen

Lorrain: cugin

Norman: cousin, couôsîn, couôthîn

Walloon: cuzén

Aromanian: cusurin

Catalan: cosí

Occitan: cosin

Dalmatian: cosobrain

Franco-Provençal: cusin

Romansch: cusrin, cusregn, cusdrin

Friulian: cusin

Italian: consobrino, cugino

Portuguese: consobrinho

Sicilian: cucinu

Venetan: cuxin

Albanian: kushëri

Esperanto: kuzo, kuzino

Ido: kuzo, kuzino


autor

autor m (genitive autōris); third declension

autōris (genitive)
autor (nominative singular)
autōrēs (nominative plural)
autōris (genitive singular)
autōrum (genitive plural)
autōrī (dative singular)
autōribus (dative plural)
autōrem (accusative singular)
autōrēs (accusative plural)
autōre (ablative singular)
autōribus (ablative plural)
autor (singular vocative)
autōrēs (plural vocative)

Late variant of auctor under influence of descendants such as Italian autore.


tmesis

tmēsis f (genitive tmēsis); third declension

tmēsis (canonical feminine)
tmēsis (genitive)
tmēsis (nominative singular)
tmēsēs (nominative plural)
tmēsis (genitive singular)
tmēsium (genitive plural)
tmēsī (dative singular)
tmēsibus (dative plural)
tmēsin (accusative singular)
tmēsim (accusative singular)
tmēsēs (accusative plural)
tmēsīs (accusative plural)
tmēsī (ablative singular)
tmēsibus (ablative plural)
tmēsis (singular vocative)
tmēsēs (plural vocative)

English: tmesis

French: tmèse

From Ancient Greek τμῆσις (tmêsis, “a cutting”), from τέμνω (témnō, “I cut”).

der

(grammar) The separation of a word, tmesis.


virago

la-noun

virāgō f (genitive virāginis); third declension

virāgō (canonical feminine)
virāginis (genitive)
virāgō (nominative singular)
virāginēs (nominative plural)
virāginis (genitive singular)
virāginum (genitive plural)
virāginī (dative singular)
virāginibus (dative plural)
virāginem (accusative singular)
virāginēs (accusative plural)
virāgine (ablative singular)
virāginibus (ablative plural)
virāgō (singular vocative)
virāginēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: virago

→ English: virago

→ French: virago

→ German: Virago

→ Portuguese: virago

[u̯ɪˈräːɡoː]


tempus

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension

temporis (genitive)
tempus (nominative singular)
tempora (nominative plural)
temporis (genitive singular)
temporum (genitive plural)
temporī (dative singular)
temporibus (dative plural)
tempus (accusative singular)
tempora (accusative plural)
tempore (ablative singular)
temporibus (ablative plural)
tempus (singular vocative)
tempora (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Megleno-Romanian: timp

Romanian: timp

Franco-Provençal: temps

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: tempo

Lombard: temp

Piedmontese: temp

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: tempu

Dalmatian: tiamp

Istriot: tenpo

Italian: tempo (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: tiempo

Sicilian: tempu

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: timp

Ladin: tëmp

Romansch: temp, taimp, tains

Occitano-Romance

Old Catalan: temps

Catalan: temps

desctree

Old Occitan: tems
Occitan: tèms, tems, temps

Oïl

Old French: temps (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: tenpo, tènp

West Iberian

Asturian: tiempu

Old Galician-Portuguese: tempo

Galician: tempo

Portuguese: tempo

Spanish: tiempo

Borrowings

→ Finnish: tempus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tempus

→ Russian: темп (temp)

→ Sardinian: tempus

→ Swedish: tempus

→ Middle Welsh: tymhor

Welsh: tymor

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tempula, *templa

Catalan: templa

Italian: tempia

Old French: temple
French: tempe
→ Middle English: temple
English: temple

Romanian: tâmplă

⇒ Asturian: tenllera

⇒ Galician: tempas

→ Basque: denbora

→ Italian: tempora

→ Portuguese: têmpora

→ Sicilian: tèmpura

→ Spanish: témpora

From Proto-Italic *tempos. Two ultimate roots/origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
* From Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō); compare the etymology of English time. templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots.
Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaíria, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. Compare Old English þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).
As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

cog

(grammar) a tense (property of a verb that indicates the point in time at which an action or state of being occurs)


femina

la-noun

fēmina f (genitive fēminae); first declension

fēmina (canonical feminine)
fēminae (genitive)
fēmina (nominative singular)
fēminae (nominative plural)
fēminae (genitive singular)
fēminārum (genitive plural)
fēminae (dative singular)
fēminīs (dative plural)
fēminam (accusative singular)
fēminās (accusative plural)
fēminā (ablative singular)
fēminīs (ablative plural)
fēmina (singular vocative)
fēminae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

femia

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: feamin

Romanian: famen

→ Albanian: femër, femën — Gheg

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: femina

Istriot: fimana

Italian: femmina

Neapolitan: femmena

Sicilian: fìmmina

Sardinian:

femina, emina, femia

Padanian:

Lombard: femna, fomna, fonna

Friulian: femine

Ladin: femena

Piedmontese: fomna, fombra, fomla

Romansch: femna

Venetan: fémena

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fèna

desctree

Old French: fame, fam, feme
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: fonne
Bourguignon: fanne, fonne
Champenois: fanme, fonme, fomme
Gallo: fame, fom
Lorrain: fomme
Middle French: femme (see there for further descendants)
Norman: femme, fâme, faume, faumme (Guernsey), foume (continental Normandy), fenme (Cotentin), foume, fenme
Picard: fanme, féme, feume
Walloon: feme
→ Middle English: femme, feme
English: femme, feme

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fembra

Old Occitan: femna, feme

Occitan: femna, (Gascon) hemna, frema

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: fema

Old Galician-Portuguese: femea, femẽa, femẽa
Galician: femia, fema, fémea
Portuguese: fêmeo, fêmea

Old Spanish: femna, fembra, fembra
Spanish: hembra
→ English: hembra

Borrowings:

→ Ido: femino

→ English: femina (perhaps via Italian)

→ Spanish: fémina

From Proto-Italic *fēmanā, from earlier *θēmanā, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-m̥h₁n-éh₂ (“[the one] nursing, breastfeeding”), the feminine mediopassive participle of *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck, suckle”). Related to fellō, fētus, fīlius.

der

conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni
aut metus acer erat; navis, quae forte paratae,
corripiunt, onerantque auro: portantur avari

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.361–364

Those came together that either felt ruthless hate or bitter fear for their tyrant. They seized ships that had incidentally already been arranged and loaded them with gold. The treasures of avaricious Pygmalion were carried to the sea; the leader of the action was a woman.

Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina facti.

Prius quam messim facies, porcam praecidaneam hoc modo fieri oportet. Cereri porca praecidanea porco femina, prius quam hasce fruges condantur: far, triticum, hordeum, fabam, semen rapicium. thure, vino Iano Iovi Iunoni praefato, prius quam porcum feminam immolabis.

234 BCE – 149 BCE, Cato the Elder, De Agri Cultura 134.1

Before you carry out the harvest, it is proper to offer the porca praecidanea in this manner. Offer to Ceres a female pig as porca praecidanea before these crops are stored: emmer, wheat, barley, beans, and rapeseed. With incense and wine, offer a prayer to Janus, Jupiter, and Juno before you sacrifice the female pig.

Nam primum aliae (bestiae) mares, aliae feminae sunt, quod perpetuitatis causa machinata natura est, deinde partes corporis et ad procreandum et ad concipiendum aptissimae, et in mari et in femina commiscendorum corporum mirae libidines; …

To begin with, some of them (animals) are of gender males, others females, the which is for nature's perpetuity wrought, whence of each their parts in procreation and conceiving be optimal, and so the wanton desires in male and female towards sexual union of their own body; …

“Paelicem” autem appellatam probrosamque habitam, quae iuncta consuetaque esset cum eo in cuius manu mancipioque alia matrimonii causa foret, hac antiquissima lege ostenditur, quam Numae regis fuisse accepimus: “Paelex aedem Iunonis ne tangito; si tangit, Iunoni crinibus demissis agnum feminam caedito.”

c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 4.3.3.6

1927 translation by John C. Rolfe
Moreover, a woman was called paelex, or “concubine,” and regarded as infamous, if she lived on terms of intimacy with a man who had another woman under his legal control in a state of matrimony, as is evident from this very ancient law, which we are told was one of king Numa’s: “Let no concubine touch the temple of Juno; if she touch it, let her, with hair unbound, offer up a ewe lamb to Juno.”


gener fratris

la-noun

gener frātris m (genitive generī frātris); second declension

gener frātris (canonical masculine)
generī frātris (genitive)
gener frātris (nominative singular)
generī frātris (nominative plural)
generī frātris (genitive singular)
generōrum frātris (genitive plural)
generō frātris (dative singular)
generīs frātris (dative plural)
generum frātris (accusative singular)
generōs frātris (accusative plural)
generō frātris (ablative singular)
generīs frātris (ablative plural)
gener frātris (singular vocative)
generī frātris (plural vocative)

[ˈɡɛnɛr ˈfräːt̪rɪs̠]

Literally "son-in-law of brother", from gener (“son-in-law”) + frātris, genitive of frāter (“brother”)

son-in-law of someone's brother; fraternal nephew-in-law


☾ a (canonical feminine)
☾ae (genitive)
☾a (nominative singular)
☾ae (nominative plural)
☾ae (genitive singular)
☾ārum (genitive plural)
☾ae (dative singular)
☾īs (dative plural)
☾am (accusative singular)
☾ās (accusative plural)
☾ā (ablative singular)
☾īs (ablative plural)
☾a (singular vocative)
☾ae (plural vocative)


♂tis (genitive)
♂tēs (nominative plural)
♂tis (genitive singular)
♂tum (genitive plural)
♂tī (dative singular)
♂tibus (dative plural)
♂tem (accusative singular)
♂tēs (accusative plural)
♂te (ablative singular)
♂tibus (ablative plural)
♂tēs (plural vocative)

Arte ſivè Chymice parata: ut Vitriolum ♃vis, ☽næ, ♂tis, ☉lis, ♀ris

1701, Johann Christoph Sommerhoff, Lexicon pharmaceutico-chymicum latino-germanicum & germanico-latinum [Pharmaceutico-Chemical Lexicon, Latin-German and German-Latin], page 399:


discipula

discipula f (genitive discipulae); first declension

discipulae (genitive)
discipula (nominative singular)
discipulae (nominative plural)
discipulae (genitive singular)
discipulārum (genitive plural)
discipulae (dative singular)
discipulīs (dative plural)
discipulam (accusative singular)
discipulās (accusative plural)
discipulā (ablative singular)
discipulīs (ablative plural)
discipula (singular vocative)
discipulae (plural vocative)

[d̪ɪs̠ˈkɪpʊɫ̪ä]

Feminine form of discipulus; discipulus + -a (feminine suffix).

female student, pupil, scholar or disciple


mulier

mulier f (genitive mulieris); third declension

mulieris (genitive)
mulier (nominative singular)
mulierēs (nominative plural)
mulieris (genitive singular)
mulierum (genitive plural)
mulierī (dative singular)
mulieribus (dative plural)
mulierem (accusative singular)
mulierēs (accusative plural)
muliere (ablative singular)
mulieribus (ablative plural)
mulier (singular vocative)
mulierēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: muljari, muljare, muljeari, muljeare, mljari, mljare, muieri

Istro-Romanian: muľerĕ

Megleno-Romanian: muľari

Romanian: muiere

Dalmatian:

mojer, molier, moler, mulir (Ragusan dialect)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: moglie, mogliera (Tuscan), muglieri (archaic)

Neapolitan: mugliera

Sicilian: mugghieri, muggheri, muglieri

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: muzere, mulleri (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: mujer, mujera

Old Ligurian: moier

Old Lombard: muglier

Lombard: mié

→? Romansch: muglier

Piedmontese: mujé

Romagnol: mój, mujéṟ (Central Romagna)

Friulian: muîr

Istriot: muier

Venetan: mojer, mojere

Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: moillier, muillier

Franco-Provençal: mulyer

Old French: muiler, moylier, muillier, mulier, moillier

Middle French: muillier, molier (hapax)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: muyller, muyler, muller, muyer, muler

Catalan: muller

desctree

Old Occitan: molher
Occitan: molhèr
→ Middle French: moulhé

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: muller

Old Leonese: muyer, mujer (Salamanca), muller (Asturias)
Asturian: muyer
Leonese: muyer, muyere
Mirandese: mulhier

Old Galician-Portuguese: moller, muller, molher
Fala: mullel
Galician: muller
Portuguese: mulher (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: mugier, muger, muller
Ladino: mujer
Spanish: mujer

Borrowings:

→ English: mulier

From Proto-Italic *moljes, of uncertain origin; it has been proposed that it might derive from mollior, comparative of mollis (“soft, tender”). Others propose it might be akin to mulgere and therefore mean “the milk-giver”. Contamination within either of these two terms can be possible.
The former is from Isidore's Etymologies: "Mulier vero a mollitie, tanquam mollier, detracta littera vel mutata, appellata est mulier".

mulier sapiēns es, Nausistrata.

c. 161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Phormio 5.9


magistra

la-noun

magistra f (genitive magistrae, masculine magister); first declension

magistrae (genitive)
magister (masculine)
magistra (nominative singular)
magistrae (nominative plural)
magistrae (genitive singular)
magistrārum (genitive plural)
magistrae (dative singular)
magistrīs (dative plural)
magistram (accusative singular)
magistrās (accusative plural)
magistrā (ablative singular)
magistrīs (ablative plural)
magistra (singular vocative)
magistrae (plural vocative)

[mäˈɡɪs̠t̪rä]

From magister (“teacher, master”) + -a (feminine suffix).


famula

la-noun

famula f (genitive famulae, masculine famulus); first declension

famulae (genitive)
famulus (masculine)
famula (nominative singular)
famulae (nominative plural)
famulae (genitive singular)
famulārum (genitive plural)
famulae (dative singular)
famulīs (dative plural)
famulam (accusative singular)
famulās (accusative plural)
famulā (ablative singular)
famulīs (ablative plural)
famula (singular vocative)
famulae (plural vocative)

Feminine form of famulus; famulus + -a (feminine suffix).

female servant; maid, handmaiden, maid-servant