abacus

la-noun

abacus m (genitive abacī); second declension

abacī (genitive)
abacus (nominative singular)
abacī (nominative plural)
abacī (genitive singular)
abacōrum (genitive plural)
abacō (dative singular)
abacīs (dative plural)
abacum (accusative singular)
abacōs (accusative plural)
abacō (ablative singular)
abacīs (ablative plural)
abace (singular vocative)
abacī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: àbac

→ English: abacus

⇒ Esperanto: abako

→ French: abaque

→ Romanian: abac

→ Galician: ábaco

→ German: Abakus

→ Irish: abacas

→ Italian: abaco

→ Malay: abakus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus

→ Portuguese: ábaco

→ Russian: аба́к (abák)

→ Spanish: ábaco

From Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).

Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis quadrigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde propalam, ut nemini dubium esset eo die utique affuturum.

c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum Neronis XXII.period1

But in the early stages of his rule he used to play every day on a gaming board with ivory chariots. He would also travel from his retreat to the Circus games, even the least important ones, at first in secret and then openly. As a result, no one was in any doubt that he would be present in Rome that day at least.


regina

rēgīna f (genitive rēgīnae, masculine rēx); first declension

rēgīna (canonical feminine)
rēgīnae (genitive)
rēx (masculine)
rēgīna (nominative singular)
rēgīnae (nominative plural)
rēgīnae (genitive singular)
rēgīnārum (genitive plural)
rēgīnae (dative singular)
rēgīnīs (dative plural)
rēgīnam (accusative singular)
rēgīnās (accusative plural)
rēgīnā (ablative singular)
rēgīnīs (ablative plural)
rēgīna (singular vocative)
rēgīnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: reina

Franco-Provençal: rêna

Friulian: reìne

Italian: regina

Maltese: reġina

Neapolitan: riggina

desctree

Old French: royne
French: reine
Norman: royne, ranne, reine
Walloon: royinne
→ Old East Slavic: ръ́ина (rŭ́ina)

Old Galician-Portuguese: reinha, reỹa, reynna, reýña, reyña, rreýña, rreyña; rainha, raynna, raỹa, rayña
Galician: raíña
Portuguese: rainha

Old Occitan: reina
Occitan: reina

Old Spanish: reyna
Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: regina, rigegna, raïna

Sardinian: reina, arreina

desc

Sicilian: rijina (obsolete), riggina (influenced by Italian)

Venetian: rexina

Walloon: royinne

→ Basque: erregina

→ English: Regina, regina

→ Interlingua: regina

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: regina

→ Romanian: regină

→ Translingual: Regina

From Proto-Italic *rēgīnā, see there for more. A feminine counterpart to rēx, rēgis (“king”).


rex

la-noun

rēx m (genitive rēgis, feminine rēgīna); third declension

rēx (canonical masculine)
rēgis (genitive)
rēgīna (feminine)
rēx (nominative singular)
rēgēs (nominative plural)
rēgis (genitive singular)
rēgum (genitive plural)
rēgī (dative singular)
rēgibus (dative plural)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgēs (accusative plural)
rēge (ablative singular)
rēgibus (ablative plural)
rēx (singular vocative)
rēgēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: rè

Italian: re
→ Maltese: re

Neapolitan: rré

Sicilian: re, reji

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rà

Old Lombard: rex

Lombard: rè, re

Piedmontese: rèj

Friulian: re

Ladin: re

Ligurian: re

Romansch: retg, raig, rai

Venetian: re

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rê

desctree

Old French: roi, rex; rei; rai; roy
Middle French: roy
French: roi, roy (obsolete) (pre-1800)
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa
Norman:
Continental Normandy: rai, ré, rey
Guernsey: ré, roué
Jersey: rouai
Sark: rwe
Walloon: roy, rwè
→ Middle Breton: roe
Breton: roue
→ Middle Cornish: ruy
Cornish: ruw
→ Middle English: roy, roye
English: roy

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: rei, rey

Catalan: rei

Old Occitan: rei
Occitan: rei, rèi

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: rei, rey

Aragonese: rei

Old Leonese: rei, rey, re

Asturian: rei, reye

Leonese: rei

Mirandese: rei

Old Galician-Portuguese: rei
Fala: rei
Galician: rei
Portuguese: rei (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rey
Ladino: rey
Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: re, rei

→ Albanian: regj

→ Basque: errege

→ English: rex, Rex

→ Esperanto: reĝo

→ Koine Greek: ῥήξ (rhḗx)

→ Greek: ρήγας (rígas)

→ Albanian: rig

→ Romanian: rigă

→ Ido: rejo

→ Interlingua: rege

→ Italian: rege

→ Romanian: rege

→? Sicilian: reghi

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Balaeniceps rex, Tyrannosaurus rex

→ Volapük: reg

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
From Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”).

etymon

rēx


eques

la-noun

eques m (genitive equitis); third declension

equitis (genitive)
eques (nominative singular)
equitēs (nominative plural)
equitis (genitive singular)
equitum (genitive plural)
equitī (dative singular)
equitibus (dative plural)
equitem (accusative singular)
equitēs (accusative plural)
equite (ablative singular)
equitibus (ablative plural)
eques (singular vocative)
equitēs (plural vocative)

From equus (“horse”) + -es (“-faring”). Compare pedes, mīles for similar formations.


miles

mīles m or f (genitive mīlitis); third declension

mīles (canonical feminine masculine)
mīlitis (genitive)
mīles (nominative singular)
mīlitēs (nominative plural)
mīlitis (genitive singular)
mīlitum (genitive plural)
mīlitī (dative singular)
mīlitibus (dative plural)
mīlitem (accusative singular)
mīlitēs (accusative plural)
mīlite (ablative singular)
mīlitibus (ablative plural)
mīles (singular vocative)
mīlitēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: milite

→ Piedmontese: mìlit

→ Portuguese: mílite

Romanian: mire (uncertain)

→ Spanish: mílite

→ Welsh: milwr

Unknown. Possibly of Etruscan origin. The suffix seems similar to that of pedes, eques, veles, comes, but the origin of mīl- is opaque. A connection to mīlia (“thousands”), perhaps as "person going by the thousand(s)", is difficult to confidently motivate semantically.

A man in boardgames such as ludus latrunculi and chess.


alveolus

alveolus m (genitive alveolī); second declension

alveolī (genitive)
alveolus (nominative singular)
alveolī (nominative plural)
alveolī (genitive singular)
alveolōrum (genitive plural)
alveolō (dative singular)
alveolīs (dative plural)
alveolum (accusative singular)
alveolōs (accusative plural)
alveolō (ablative singular)
alveolīs (ablative plural)
alveole (singular vocative)
alveolī (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: nullë

→ Catalan: alvèol

→ English: alveolus

→ French: alvéole

Irish: ailbheolas

→ Italian: alveolo

→ Portuguese: alvéolo

→ Romanian: alveolă

→ Russian: альвео́ла (alʹveóla)

→ Spanish: alvéolo

→ Venetian: alvèolo, albòl

Vulgar Latin: *albiolus, *albiola

→ Italian: albiolo

Romanian: albioară

[äɫ̪ˈu̯eɔɫ̪ʊs̠]

From alveus (“a hollow, cavity”) + -olus (diminutive nominal suffix).

suffix

(board games) a small gaming board upon which the dice are thrown


pedes

la-noun

pedes m (genitive peditis); third declension

peditis (genitive)
pedes (nominative singular)
peditēs (nominative plural)
peditis (genitive singular)
peditum (genitive plural)
peditī (dative singular)
peditibus (dative plural)
peditem (accusative singular)
peditēs (accusative plural)
pedite (ablative singular)
peditibus (ablative plural)
pedes (singular vocative)
peditēs (plural vocative)

From pēs (“foot”) + -es (“-faring”), from eō (“I fare, go”). Compare āles, eques, caeles.


alea

ālea f (genitive āleae); first declension

ālea (canonical feminine)
āleae (genitive)
ālea (nominative singular)
āleae (nominative plural)
āleae (genitive singular)
āleārum (genitive plural)
āleae (dative singular)
āleīs (dative plural)
āleam (accusative singular)
āleās (accusative plural)
āleā (ablative singular)
āleīs (ablative plural)
ālea (singular vocative)
āleae (plural vocative)

Italian: alea

Spanish: álea, aleas

Originally "pivot-bone" or "joint-bone", since bones were used as early dice; from axis (via a form *axlea).

Caesar: ... "Iacta alea est", inquit.

c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum divi Iuli 33


ludus

lūdus m (genitive lūdī); second declension

lūdus (canonical masculine)
lūdī (genitive)
lūdus (nominative singular)
lūdī (nominative plural)
lūdī (genitive singular)
lūdōrum (genitive plural)
lūdō (dative singular)
lūdīs (dative plural)
lūdum (accusative singular)
lūdōs (accusative plural)
lūdō (ablative singular)
lūdīs (ablative plural)
lūde (singular vocative)
lūdī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪uːd̪ʊs̠]

By surface analysis, deverbal from lūdō (“to play”).


turris

la-noun

turris f (genitive turris); third declension

turris (genitive)
turris (nominative singular)
turrēs (nominative plural)
turris (genitive singular)
turrium (genitive plural)
turrī (dative singular)
turribus (dative plural)
turrim (accusative singular)
turrem (accusative singular)
turrēs (accusative plural)
turrīs (accusative plural)
turrī (ablative singular)
turre (ablative singular)
turribus (ablative plural)
turris (singular vocative)
turrēs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: turon

Romanian: turn

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: tårr

Lombard: torr [tor, tur]

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: torre

Sicilian: turri

→ Maltese: torri

Old French: tor (see there for further descendants)

Middle French: tour

French: tour (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: tour

Old Occitan: torre
Occitan: torre

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: tor, tur, tuor

Venetian: tor, tore

West Iberian

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: torre

Old Leonese:

Asturian: torre

Old Galician-Portuguese: torre

Galician: torre

Portuguese: torre (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: torre

Spanish: torre (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: tor

Old Welsh: *tor

Welsh: tŵr

Old Irish:

Irish: tor

→ Old English: tor, torr

Middle English: tor

English: tor, tower

→ Albanian: turrë

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis) (Hesychius), τύρσις (túrsis), likely ultimately a Mediterranean substrate loan. Compare Τυρρηνός (Turrhēnós, “Etruscan”). Also compare the tribe Taurini.


bucca

bucca f (genitive buccae); first declension

buccae (genitive)
bucca (nominative singular)
buccae (nominative plural)
buccae (genitive singular)
buccārum (genitive plural)
buccae (dative singular)
buccīs (dative plural)
buccam (accusative singular)
buccās (accusative plural)
buccā (ablative singular)
buccīs (ablative plural)
bucca (singular vocative)
buccae (plural vocative)

→? Albanian: bukë (disputed)

→? Egyptian Arabic: بق (disputed)

→ Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic: *box

Breton: boc'h

Cornish: bogh

Welsh: boch

Irish: bus

Scottish Gaelic: bòc

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: bucã

Romanian: bucă

→ English: bucca, ⇒ buccal

→⇒ Finnish: bukkaalinen

Franco-Provençal: boche

⇒ French: buccal

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: bócca

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: bocca

Dalmatian: buca

Istriot: buca

Italian: bocca

Neapolitan: vocca

Sassarese: bocca

Sicilian: vucca, 'ucca; ucca

Old Occitan: bocha

Occitan: boca

Oïl:

Old French: boche

Bourguignon: bôche

Middle French: bouche

French: bouche

Norman: bouoche

Walloon: boutche

Rhaeto-Romance:

desc

Friulian: bocje, bočhe (alternative orthography)

Romansch: bucca

Sardinian: buca

Gallurese: bucca

Venetian: boca

Western Iberian:

Extremaduran: boca

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: boca

Old Leonese:

Asturian: boca

Leonese: bouca

Mirandese: boca

Old Galician-Portuguese: boca

Galician: boca

Portuguese: boca

Old Spanish: boca

Spanish: boca

Uncertain. Celtic origin is suspected due to similarity with beccus (“beak”), names like Gaulish Buccus, Buccō, Bucciō as well as the appearance of words bocca and boca (of unknown meaning) on the Larzac tablet. IEW compares it with Proto-Germanic *pukkô (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew, *bʰew- (“to swell, puff”), whose initial b- would point to a substrate or imitative origin. Compare also English puke, German fauchen.

onomatopoeic

imitative

bucca, bucca, quot sunt hīc?

c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 64.12

(hapax) A catchword of uncertain meaning used in a guessing game, possibly equivalent and/or related to English buck buck.


scacci

la-noun

scaccī m pl (genitive scaccōrum); second declension

scaccī (canonical masculine plural)
scaccōrum (genitive)
scaccī (nominative plural)
scaccōrum (genitive plural)
scaccīs (dative plural)
scaccōs (accusative plural)
scaccīs (ablative plural)
scaccī (plural vocative)

From Arabic شَاه (šāh, “king [in chess]”), from Classical Persian شاه (šāh, “shah”).


vulturius

vulturius m (genitive vulturiī or vulturī); second declension

vulturiī (genitive)
vulturī (genitive)
vulturius (nominative singular)
vulturiī (nominative plural)
vulturiī (genitive singular)
vulturī (genitive singular)
vulturiōrum (genitive plural)
vulturiō (dative singular)
vulturiīs (dative plural)
vulturium (accusative singular)
vulturiōs (accusative plural)
vulturiō (ablative singular)
vulturiīs (ablative plural)
vulturie (singular vocative)
vulturiī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: vultur

Romanian: vultur

Italo-Romance:

Italian: avvoltoio

→ Venetian: avoltogio

Sicilian: vuturu, avuturu

Padanian:

Ladin: valtoi

Piedmontese: votor

Venetian: voltor

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: vôtor

Old French: voltur, voutour

French: vautour

Southern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: vüeitre, voitre, vuitre, vutre, güeitre

Catalan: voltor

Occidental and Septentrional: volter

Occitan: voltor, voutor

Gascon: votre, vutre, voltre, votèir, voter, voïtre

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: utra, utre, utru, uitre, utria, butre

Galician: voitre, vutre, voitor, abutre, voutre, bruite, brute, bruita

⇒ voitirón, viturón, voitiró, voiturón

Old Spanish: boitre

Spanish: buitre

Portuguese: abutre

[u̯ʊɫ̪ˈt̪ʊriʊs̠]

From Old Latin voltur, most likely related to vello.


aleator

la-noun

āleātor m (genitive āleātōris); third declension

āleātor (canonical masculine)
āleātōris (genitive)
āleātor (nominative singular)
āleātōrēs (nominative plural)
āleātōris (genitive singular)
āleātōrum (genitive plural)
āleātōrī (dative singular)
āleātōribus (dative plural)
āleātōrem (accusative singular)
āleātōrēs (accusative plural)
āleātōre (ablative singular)
āleātōribus (ablative plural)
āleātor (singular vocative)
āleātōrēs (plural vocative)

[äːɫ̪eˈäːt̪ɔr]


aleatorium

āleātōrium n (genitive āleātōriī or āleātōrī); second declension

āleātōrium (canonical neuter)
āleātōriī (genitive)
āleātōrī (genitive)
āleātōrium (nominative singular)
āleātōria (nominative plural)
āleātōriī (genitive singular)
āleātōrī (genitive singular)
āleātōriōrum (genitive plural)
āleātōriō (dative singular)
āleātōriīs (dative plural)
āleātōrium (accusative singular)
āleātōria (accusative plural)
āleātōriō (ablative singular)
āleātōriīs (ablative plural)
āleātōrium (singular vocative)
āleātōria (plural vocative)

[äːɫ̪eäːˈt̪oːriʊ̃ˑ]

Substantive from āleātōrius (“of or pertaining to a gamester”)


alveus

alveus m (genitive alveī); second declension

alveī (genitive)
alveus (nominative singular)
alveī (nominative plural)
alveī (genitive singular)
alveōrum (genitive plural)
alveō (dative singular)
alveīs (dative plural)
alveum (accusative singular)
alveōs (accusative plural)
alveō (ablative singular)
alveīs (ablative plural)
alvee (singular vocative)
alveī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: alghinã

Catalan: obi

→ English: alveus

French: auge

Istro-Romanian: albire

→ Italian: alveo

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: albio

Piedmontese: arbi

Romagnol: ébi (Ravenna)

Occitan: auve

Megleno-Romanian: ălbină

→ Portuguese: álveo

Romanian: albie, albină

→ Spanish: álveo

Venetian: albi, albio, albina

[ˈäɫ̪u̯eʊs̠]

From alvus (“the belly, paunch, bowels”) + -eus.

af

(especially):
(board games) hollowed gaming board


scaccus

[ˈs̠käkːʊs̠]


latrunculus

la-noun

latrunculus m (genitive latrunculī); second declension

latrunculī (genitive)
latrunculus (nominative singular)
latrunculī (nominative plural)
latrunculī (genitive singular)
latrunculōrum (genitive plural)
latrunculō (dative singular)
latrunculīs (dative plural)
latrunculum (accusative singular)
latrunculōs (accusative plural)
latrunculō (ablative singular)
latrunculīs (ablative plural)
latruncule (singular vocative)
latrunculī (plural vocative)

[ɫ̪äˈt̪rʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

[ɫ̪ät̪ˈrʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From latrō, latrōnis (“thief”) + -culus.

a man in the Ancient Roman boardgame of ludus latrunculorum, extended to pieces in other games such as chess and draughts.


binio

bīniō m (genitive bīniōnis); third declension

bīniō (canonical masculine)
bīniōnis (genitive)
bīniō (nominative singular)
bīniōnēs (nominative plural)
bīniōnis (genitive singular)
bīniōnum (genitive plural)
bīniōnī (dative singular)
bīniōnibus (dative plural)
bīniōnem (accusative singular)
bīniōnēs (accusative plural)
bīniōne (ablative singular)
bīniōnibus (ablative plural)
bīniō (singular vocative)
bīniōnēs (plural vocative)

(dice games) The number two on a die; deuce


ludus latrunculorum

lūdus latrunculōrum m (genitive lūdī latrunculōrum); second declension

lūdus latrunculōrum (canonical masculine)
lūdī latrunculōrum (genitive)
lūdus latrunculōrum (nominative singular)
lūdī latrunculōrum (nominative plural)
lūdī latrunculōrum (genitive singular)
lūdōrum latrunculōrum (genitive plural)
lūdō latrunculōrum (dative singular)
lūdīs latrunculōrum (dative plural)
lūdum latrunculōrum (accusative singular)
lūdōs latrunculōrum (accusative plural)
lūdō latrunculōrum (ablative singular)
lūdīs latrunculōrum (ablative plural)
lūde latrunculōrum (singular vocative)
lūdī latrunculōrum (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪uːd̪ʊs̠ ɫ̪ät̪rʊŋkʊˈɫ̪oːrʊ̃ˑ]

(Classical Latin, Late Latin) game of the latrunculi (ancient board game somewhat similar to chess)


nerdiludium

nerdilūdium n (genitive nerdilūdiī); second declension

nerdilūdium (canonical neuter)
nerdilūdiī (genitive)
nerdilūdium (nominative singular)
nerdilūdia (nominative plural)
nerdilūdiī (genitive singular)
nerdilūdiōrum (genitive plural)
nerdilūdiō (dative singular)
nerdilūdiīs (dative plural)
nerdilūdium (accusative singular)
nerdilūdia (accusative plural)
nerdilūdiō (ablative singular)
nerdilūdiīs (ablative plural)
nerdilūdium (singular vocative)
nerdilūdia (plural vocative)

Compound noun from Classical Persian نَرْد (nard, “dice”) and lūdus (“game”).

Hæc autem tanta confundendi Nomina licentia inde forte accidit, quia ex Aleæ ſpeciebus ſunt dicti tres Ludi …. Hic Ludus linguâ Japonicâ dicitur Sugurótu, Indicâ Sanſcreticâ Dûta, Malaicâ جوج Gjûgjy, Georgianâ ſeu Ibericâ ნარდი Nardi, quod à veteribus Perſis mutuò acceptum eſt. Hic enim Ludus per totum fere Orientem notus eſt antiquo ejuſdem Nomine Perſico نرد Nerd: ideóque nos illum Nerdiludium nominavimus.
However, there is a great laxity towards confusion as alea can refer to three games. … This game is called sugurótu in Japanese, dûta in Sanskrit, gjûgjy in Malay. Also nardi in Georgian, as they borrowed it from ancient Persians —the reason why the game is known in almost all the Orient by its ancient Persian name Nerd. For this latter reason, I have called it nerdiludium.


ludus duodecim scriptorum

lūdus duodecim scrīptōrum m (genitive lūdī duodecim scrīptōrum); second declension

lūdus duodecim scrīptōrum (canonical masculine)
lūdī duodecim scrīptōrum (genitive)
lūdus duodecim scrīptorum (nominative singular)
lūdī duodecim scrīptorum (nominative plural)
lūdī duodecim scrīptorum (genitive singular)
lūdōrum duodecim scrīptorum (genitive plural)
lūdō duodecim scrīptorum (dative singular)
lūdīs duodecim scrīptorum (dative plural)
lūdum duodecim scrīptorum (accusative singular)
lūdōs duodecim scrīptorum (accusative plural)
lūdō duodecim scrīptorum (ablative singular)
lūdīs duodecim scrīptorum (ablative plural)
lūde duodecim scrīptorum (singular vocative)
lūdī duodecim scrīptorum (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪uːd̪ʊs̠ d̪uˈɔd̪ɛkɪ̃ˑ s̠kriːpˈt̪oːrʊ̃ˑ]

(Classical Latin) the ancient XII scripta tables board game (literally "game of the twelve markings")

tabula

early medieval game, possibly descending from XII scripta


regina regit colorem

[reːˈɡiːnä ˈrɛɡɪt̪ kɔˈɫ̪oːrɛ̃ˑ]

Literally, “The Queen rules [her own] colour”, or more loosely translated as “the Queen takes her own colour”. From the fact that, in chess, the white Queen always starts the game on the white file d1, and black Queen starts on the black file d8.

lit

(chess) the Queen in chess, always starts on the colour of its own.