sol

la-noun

sōl m (genitive sōlis); third declension

sōl (canonical masculine)
sōlis (genitive)
sōl (nominative singular)
sōlēs (nominative plural)
sōlis (genitive singular)
sōlum (genitive plural)
sōlī (dative singular)
sōlibus (dative plural)
sōlem (accusative singular)
sōlēs (accusative plural)
sōle (ablative singular)
sōlibus (ablative plural)
sōl (singular vocative)
sōlēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: soari

Istro-Romanian: sore

Megleno-Romanian: soari

Romanian: soare

Dalmatian: Dalmatian: saul

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: soli

Gallurese: soli

Sassarese: sori

Italian: sole

Neapolitan: sole

Tarantino: sole

Sicilian: suli

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: sole, sobi, soi, soli

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: sôl, soul, saul

Ligurian: sô

Lombard: sol, so

Piedmontese: sol, so

Romagnol: sól

Istriot: sul

Venetian: sołe

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: sol

Franco-Provençal: sol

Old Gascon: só

Old Occitan: sol

Occitan: sol (Florac, Lastic, Creuse)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: sol

Mozarabic: שול (šwl)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: sol

Extremaduran: sol

Leonese: sol

Mirandese: sol

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: sol
Fala: sol
Galician: sol
Portuguese: Sol (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: sol

Vulgar Latin: *sōliculum (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

Proto-Brythonic: [Term?]

Cornish: Sul

Breton: Sul

Welsh: Sul

From Proto-Italic *s(u)wōl, from Proto-Indo-European *suh₂ṓl (*suh₂ól-s) ~ *suh₂l-és m (“the sun”), rebuilt s-stem from *súh₂el ~ *suh₂éns n (whence Sanskrit स्वर् (svar, “the sun”)), leveled from *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *suh₂éns (from *sh₂wéns via laryngeal metathesis). Alternatively from Proto-Italic *saul through an irregular change conditioned by -l, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ul.


ignis

la-noun

ignis m (genitive ignis); third declension

ignis (genitive)
ignis (nominative singular)
ignēs (nominative plural)
ignis (genitive singular)
ignium (genitive plural)
ignī (dative singular)
ignibus (dative plural)
ignem (accusative singular)
ignēs (accusative plural)
ignīs (accusative plural)
igne (ablative singular)
ignī (ablative singular)
ignibus (ablative plural)
ignis (singular vocative)
ignēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: igne

Romanian: Igniș (toponym)

Inherited from Proto-Italic *əngʷnis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnís (“fire”). Cognate with Sanskrit अग्नि (agní), Hittite 𒀀𒀝𒉌𒅖 (akniš) (an Indo-Iranian borrowing), Old Church Slavonic огнь (ognĭ) and Old Prussian ugnis.

ferro ignique

striduntque cavernis / stricturae Chalybum et fornacibus ignis anhelat

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 8.420–421

Chalybian ores hiss in the caverns, and from the furnace mouths puff the hot-panting fires


candela

candēla f (genitive candēlae); first declension

candēla (canonical feminine)
candēlae (genitive)
candēla (nominative singular)
candēlae (nominative plural)
candēlae (genitive singular)
candēlārum (genitive plural)
candēlae (dative singular)
candēlīs (dative plural)
candēlam (accusative singular)
candēlās (accusative plural)
candēlā (ablative singular)
candēlīs (ablative plural)
candēla (singular vocative)
candēlae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: candela, candelu

Italian: candela

Sicilian: cannila

Padanian:

Friulian: cjandele

Lombard: candéla

desc

Piedmontese: candèila, candèira, candèlia, candaia

Romansch: chandaila

Venetian: candéła

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: canela

Franco-Provençal: chandêla

desctree

Old French: chandoile, chandele, chandeile
Middle French: chandelle (see there for further descendants)
Gallo: chandelle
Norman: candelle
Picard: candelle
Walloon: tchandèle

Occitan: candèla, chandela

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: candela

Asturian: candela

Extremaduran: candela

Leonese: candela

Mirandese: candela

Old Galician-Portuguese: candea (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: candela

Ladino: kandela

Spanish: candela (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: këndell

→ Ancient Greek: κανδήλη (kandḗlē) (see there for further descendants)

→ Basque: kandela

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kantuɨll (see there for further descendants)

→ Catalan: candela

→ Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚢᚾᛞᛁᛚᚨ (*kundila)

Old Norse: kyndill

Faroese: kyndil

Icelandic: kyndill

Old Swedish: kyndil

→ Finnish: kynttilä, kyntteli

→ Ingrian: kyntteli

→ Votic: tšüntteli

→ Estonian: küünal

Old Danish: kyndæl

→ Old English: candel, candell, condel, condell
Middle English: candel, condel, kandyl, kandel, candyll, candell
English: candle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: candil, candel, candle
Yola: condale, candale, condel

→ Old Irish: caindel
Middle Irish: caindel
Irish: coinneal
Manx: cainle
Scottish Gaelic: coinneal

[kän̪ˈd̪eːɫ̪ä]

[kän̪ˈd̪ɛːlä]

From candeō (“shine, glitter; glow”) + -ēla.

A light made of wax or tallow; tallow candle or taper.


lux

la-noun

lūx f (genitive lūcis); third declension

lūx (canonical feminine)
lūcis (genitive)
lūx (nominative singular)
lūcēs (nominative plural)
lūcis (genitive singular)
lūcum (genitive plural)
lūcī (dative singular)
lūcibus (dative plural)
lūcem (accusative singular)
lūcēs (accusative plural)
lūce (ablative singular)
lūcī (ablative singular)
lūcibus (ablative plural)
lūx (singular vocative)
lūcēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: luz

Asturian: lluz

→ Catalan: lux

→ Czech: lux

→ English: lux (technical term)

Dalmatian: loic

→ Finnish: luksi

→ French: lux

Friulian: lûs

→ Greek: λουξ (loux)

Italian: luce

→ Italian: lux

Ligurian: lûxe

Lombard: lüs

Mirandese: luç

Neapolitan: luce

Old Occitan:

Old Catalan: luts

Occitan: lutz

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: luz
Galician: luz
Portuguese: luz

Piedmontese: luce, lus

→ Polish: luks

→ Portuguese: lux

Romagnol: luš

Romanian: luce

Romansch: glisch, glüsch, gleisch

Sardinian: luche, lughe, luxi

Sicilian: luci

Spanish: luz

→ Spanish: lux

→ Swedish: lux

Venetian: łuxe

From Proto-Italic *louks, from Proto-Indo-European *léwks. Cognates include Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white, blank, light, bright, clear”), Ancient Greek λύκη (lúkē, “light, morning twilight”), Sanskrit रोचते (rocate) and Old English lēoht (English light (noun)).

cog

dīxitque Deus fīat lūx et facta est lūx

And God said: Let there be light. And there was light.

prima luce

ad lucem

huic aliquis iuvenum dīxisset amantia verba,
reddēbat tālēs prōtinus illa sonōs:
‘haec loca lūcīs habent nimis et cum lūce pudōris;

If ever some young man spoke to this [nymph] the words of love, immediately she replied with statements such as: “These places have too much of daylight and, with the light, [too much] of shame; if you lead to more secluded caves, I [will] follow [you].”
(A clever ruse used by Cardea; along the journey to the cave, she would then hide from her unsuspecting suitor.)

sī sēcrēta magis dūcis in antra, sequor.’


lumen

la-noun

lūmen n (genitive lūminis); third declension

lūmen (canonical neuter)
lūminis (genitive)
lūmen (nominative singular)
lūmina (nominative plural)
lūminis (genitive singular)
lūminum (genitive plural)
lūminī (dative singular)
lūminibus (dative plural)
lūmen (accusative singular)
lūmina (accusative plural)
lūmine (ablative singular)
lūminibus (ablative plural)
lūmen (singular vocative)
lūmina (plural vocative)

Aromanian: lumi, lunjinã

Asturian: llume

Catalan: llum

Friulian: lum

Istriot: loûme

Italian: lume

Istro-Romanian: lume

Megleno-Romanian: lumi

Mirandese: lhume

Occitan: lum

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: lume
Galician: lume
Portuguese: lume

Piedmontese: lum

Romanian: lume, lumină

Sicilian: lumi

Spanish: lumbre

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: lumen

→ Czech: lumen

→ English: lumen

→ French: lumen

→ German: Lumen

→ Greek: λούμεν (loúmen)

→ Italian: lumen

→ Polish: lumen

→ Portuguese: lúmen

→ Romanian: lumen

→ Russian: люмен (ljumen)

→ Spanish: lumen

→ Swedish: lumen

From Proto-Italic *louksmən, from Proto-Indo-European *léwk-s-mn̥, derived from the root *lewk- (“bright”).
Equivalent to lūx + -men.

(figuratively) a luminary, star, light (a most distinguished person)


sufflavus

la-adj

sufflāvus (feminine sufflāva, neuter sufflāvum); first/second-declension adjective

sufflāvus (canonical)
sufflāva (feminine)
sufflāvum (neuter)
sufflāvus (masculine nominative singular)
sufflāva (feminine nominative singular)
sufflāvum (neuter nominative singular)
sufflāvī (masculine nominative plural)
sufflāvae (feminine nominative plural)
sufflāva (neuter nominative plural)
sufflāvī (genitive masculine singular)
sufflāvae (feminine genitive singular)
sufflāvī (genitive neuter singular)
sufflāvōrum (genitive masculine plural)
sufflāvārum (feminine genitive plural)
sufflāvōrum (genitive neuter plural)
sufflāvō (dative masculine singular)
sufflāvae (dative feminine singular)
sufflāvō (dative neuter singular)
sufflāvīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
sufflāvum (accusative masculine singular)
sufflāvam (accusative feminine singular)
sufflāvum (accusative neuter singular)
sufflāvōs (accusative masculine plural)
sufflāvās (accusative feminine plural)
sufflāva (accusative neuter plural)
sufflāvō (ablative masculine singular)
sufflāvā (ablative feminine singular)
sufflāvō (ablative neuter singular)
sufflāvīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
sufflāve (masculine singular vocative)
sufflāva (feminine singular vocative)
sufflāvum (neuter singular vocative)
sufflāvī (masculine plural vocative)
sufflāvae (feminine plural vocative)
sufflāva (neuter plural vocative)

[s̠ʊfˈfɫ̪äːu̯ʊs̠]


lanterna

la-noun

lanterna f (genitive lanternae); first declension

lanternae (genitive)
lanterna (nominative singular)
lanternae (nominative plural)
lanternae (genitive singular)
lanternārum (genitive plural)
lanternae (dative singular)
lanternīs (dative plural)
lanternam (accusative singular)
lanternās (accusative plural)
lanternā (ablative singular)
lanternīs (ablative plural)
lanterna (singular vocative)
lanternae (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: llinterna

→ Catalan: llanterna

→ Galician: lanterna

desctree

→ Italian: lanterna
→ Alemannic German: Lantärne

Luxembourgish: Lanter

→ Middle High German: latërne

German: Laterne

Hunsrik: Latern

Pennsylvania German: Ladann

→ Estonian: latern

→ Latvian: laterna

→ Polish: latarnia

→ Slovene: laterna

→ Old French: lanterne
French: lanterne
→ Danish: lanterne
→ Dutch: lantaarn
→ Norwegian: lanterne
→ Romanian: lanternă
→ Swedish: lanterna
Norman: lantèrne
Walloon: lantiene
→ Middle English: lanterne, launterne, lantren, lantern
English: lantern
→ Bengali: লন্ঠন (lonṭhon)
Hindi: लालटेन (lālṭen)
→ Irish: laindéar
→ Malay: lentera
Indonesian: lentera
→ Telugu: లాంతరు (lāntaru)
Scots: lantern

→ Portuguese: lanterna
Papiamentu: lanterna

→ Spanish: linterna

[ɫ̪än̪ˈt̪ɛrnä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λαμπτήρ (lamptḗr), from λάμπω (lámpō, “to shine”), with influence from lucerna (“oil lamp”).


focus

la-noun

focus m (genitive focī); second declension

focī (genitive)
focus (nominative singular)
focī (nominative plural)
focī (genitive singular)
focōrum (genitive plural)
focō (dative singular)
focīs (dative plural)
focum (accusative singular)
focōs (accusative plural)
focō (ablative singular)
focīs (ablative plural)
foce (singular vocative)
focī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: foc

Istro-Romanian: foc

Megleno-Romanian: foc

Romanian: foc

Dalmatian:

fuc

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: focu

Italian: fuoco

Neapolitan: fuoco

Sicilian: focu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: fogu, focu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: fûg

Ligurian: fêugo

Lombard: fœg, fœi, fœv

Piedmontese: feu, feug

Romagnol: fug, fóg (Faenza, Imola)

Friulian: fûc

Istriot: fògo

Ladin: fech, fesc

Romansch: fieu, fiug

Venetian: fogo

→ Byzantine Greek: φουγκού (phounkoú)

→ Turkish: fufu

→ Greek: φουφού (foufoú)

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: foc

Franco-Provençal: fuè

desctree

Old French: fu
Middle French: feu
French: feu

Walloon: feu

Old Occitan: foc, fuec, fuoc
Occitan: fuòc, fòc, fuec, hoec (Gascony), huec (Gascony)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: fuego

Asturian: fueu, fuegu, ḥuego

Extremaduran: hueu

Mirandese: fuogo

Old Galician-Portuguese: fogo
Fala: fogu
Galician: fogo
Portuguese: fogo (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: fuego
Ladino: fuego
Spanish: fuego

→ Catalan: focus

→ Dutch: focus

→ English: focus

→ Esperanto: fokuso

→ Finnish: fokus

→ French: focus

→ Galician: foco

→ German: Fokus

→ Italian: focus

→ Portuguese: foco

→ Russian: фо́кус (fókus)

→ Spanish: foco

→ Swedish: fokus

* The origin is uncertain. Usually connected with Old Armenian բոց (bocʻ).
* Some connect this along with faciēs, facētus, fax to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”). In that case, cognate at the root level with Sanskrit भाति (bhā́ti), Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to shine”), etc.


candelabrum

la-noun

candēlābrum n (genitive candēlābrī); second declension

candēlābrum (canonical neuter)
candēlābrī (genitive)
candēlābrum (nominative singular)
candēlābra (nominative plural)
candēlābrī (genitive singular)
candēlābrōrum (genitive plural)
candēlābrō (dative singular)
candēlābrīs (dative plural)
candēlābrum (accusative singular)
candēlābra (accusative plural)
candēlābrō (ablative singular)
candēlābrīs (ablative plural)
candēlābrum (singular vocative)
candēlābra (plural vocative)

Aragonese: candeler

Catalan: canelobre

Dutch: kandelaar

English: candelabrum, chandelier

French: candélabre, chandelier

German: Kandelaber

Hungarian: kandeláber

Ido: kandelabro

Italian: candelabro

Polish: kandelabr

Portuguese: candelabro

Russian: канделя́бр (kandeljábr)

Sardinian:

Sardinian: candelobre

Sassarese: canderabru

Spanish: candelabro

[kän̪d̪eːˈɫ̪äːbrʊ̃ˑ]

branched candlestick; chandelier, candelabrum, lampstand


albus

la-adj

albus (feminine alba, neuter album, comparative albior, superlative albissimus); first/second-declension adjective

alba (feminine)
album (neuter)
albior (comparative)
albissimus (superlative)
albus (masculine nominative singular)
alba (feminine nominative singular)
album (neuter nominative singular)
albī (masculine nominative plural)
albae (feminine nominative plural)
alba (neuter nominative plural)
albī (genitive masculine singular)
albae (feminine genitive singular)
albī (genitive neuter singular)
albōrum (genitive masculine plural)
albārum (feminine genitive plural)
albōrum (genitive neuter plural)
albō (dative masculine singular)
albae (dative feminine singular)
albō (dative neuter singular)
albīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
album (accusative masculine singular)
albam (accusative feminine singular)
album (accusative neuter singular)
albōs (accusative masculine plural)
albās (accusative feminine plural)
alba (accusative neuter plural)
albō (ablative masculine singular)
albā (ablative feminine singular)
albō (ablative neuter singular)
albīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
albe (masculine singular vocative)
alba (feminine singular vocative)
album (neuter singular vocative)
albī (masculine plural vocative)
albae (feminine plural vocative)
alba (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: albu, alb

Istro-Romanian: åb

Megleno-Romanian: alb, albu

Romanian: alb

Dalmatian:

jualb, juolb

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: alv, alb

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: الب (əlb)

Old Spanish: obo, oba (in toponyms)

Portuguese: alvo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: abru, alvu, arvu, arbu

Derived forms:

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *alba (“dawn”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: albellus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Medieval Latin: albinus

→ Spanish: albino

→ English: albino

→ French: albinos

⇒ Neo-Latin: albana

→ French: albane

→ English: alban

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: alb

→ French: albe

→ Italian: albo

→ Old English: albe

English: alb

→ Old Spanish: albo

Spanish: albo

From Proto-Italic *alβos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós. Cognates include Umbrian 𐌀𐌋𐌚𐌖 (alfu), Ancient Greek ἀλφός (alphós, “whiteness, white leprosy”), Hittite 𒀠𒉺𒀸 (alpas, “cloud”), Middle Welsh elbid (“world”), English elf, and Russian ле́бедь (lébedʹ, “swan”).

cog

p. 1250, Thomas Aquinas, De ente et essentia
[…] et sic de ipsa aliquid praedicatur per accidens ratione eius, in quo est, sicut dicitur quod homo est albus, quia Socrates est albus, quamvis hoc non conveniat homini in eo quod homo.
And thus something is accidentally asserted, that is, we say that man is white because Socrates is white, although this does not come about for men because [Socrates] is a man.


nox

la-noun

nox f (genitive noctis); third declension

noctis (genitive)
nox (nominative singular)
noctēs (nominative plural)
noctis (genitive singular)
noctium (genitive plural)
noctī (dative singular)
noctibus (dative plural)
noctem (accusative singular)
noctēs (accusative plural)
noctīs (accusative plural)
nocte (ablative singular)
noctibus (ablative plural)
nox (singular vocative)
noctēs (plural vocative)

Balkan-Romance:

Aromanian: noapti, noapte, nopti

Istro-Romanian: nopte

Megleno-Romanian: noapti

Romanian: noapte

Dalmatian:

nuot

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: notte

Italian: notte

Neapolitan: notte

Sicilian: notti

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: nôt, nòcc

Old Lombard: nog

Lombard: neucc, nòcc, nò

Piedmontese: nog

desc

Piedmontese: neuit (western), neucc (eastern)

Friulian: gnot

Istriot: nuoto, noto

Romansch: not, notg

Venetian: note

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: nuet, nait, noit, not, net, nit, gnuet

desctree

Old French: noit, nuit
Bourguignon: neut
Champenois: nutie
Middle French: nuyt
French: nuit
Haitian Creole: nwit
Norman: gniaette, gniet, niet, nyit
Walloon: nute

Occitano-Romance:

desc

Gascon: nuèit, nueit, nèit, net, nèi, nuit

Old Catalan: nuyt, nit

Catalan: nit

Occitan:

Auvergnat: neut, nueit

Languedocien: nuèit, nèit, nuèch, nuòch, nhuèch, nhòch, nèch

Limousin: nuech, nueit

Provençal: nuech, nhuech

Vivaro-Alpine: nuech, nhuech, neit

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: nueit, nuet, nuei

Ribagorçan: nit

Mozarabic: نخت (nuxti)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: nueche, nueite (western)

Extremaduran: nochi

Leonese: nueite, nuoite, nueiche

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: noite, noute
Fala: noiti
Galician: noite
Portuguese: noite (see there for further descendants)
→ Mirandese: nuite

Old Spanish: noche
Ladino: noche
Spanish: noche

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: notti (Campidanese), notte (Logudorese, Nuorese)

Borrowings:

→ English: nox

→ Esperanto: nokto

From Proto-Italic *nokts, from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts. Cognate with Ancient Greek νύξ (núx), Sanskrit नक्ति (nákti), Old English niht (whence English night), Proto-Slavic *noťь.


phoeniceus

la-adj

phoenīceus (feminine phoenīcea, neuter phoenīceum); first/second-declension adjective

phoenīceus (canonical)
phoenīcea (feminine)
phoenīceum (neuter)
phoenīceus (masculine nominative singular)
phoenīcea (feminine nominative singular)
phoenīceum (neuter nominative singular)
phoenīceī (masculine nominative plural)
phoenīceae (feminine nominative plural)
phoenīcea (neuter nominative plural)
phoenīceī (genitive masculine singular)
phoenīceae (feminine genitive singular)
phoenīceī (genitive neuter singular)
phoenīceōrum (genitive masculine plural)
phoenīceārum (feminine genitive plural)
phoenīceōrum (genitive neuter plural)
phoenīceō (dative masculine singular)
phoenīceae (dative feminine singular)
phoenīceō (dative neuter singular)
phoenīceīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
phoenīceum (accusative masculine singular)
phoenīceam (accusative feminine singular)
phoenīceum (accusative neuter singular)
phoenīceōs (accusative masculine plural)
phoenīceās (accusative feminine plural)
phoenīcea (accusative neuter plural)
phoenīceō (ablative masculine singular)
phoenīceā (ablative feminine singular)
phoenīceō (ablative neuter singular)
phoenīceīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
phoenīcee (masculine singular vocative)
phoenīcea (feminine singular vocative)
phoenīceum (neuter singular vocative)
phoenīceī (masculine plural vocative)
phoenīceae (feminine plural vocative)
phoenīcea (neuter plural vocative)

English: Phoenician

French: phénicien

Italian: fenicio

Portuguese: fenício

Spanish: fenicio

Borrowed from Ancient Greek φοινῑ́κεος (phoinī́keos).


sanguineus

sanguineus (feminine sanguinea, neuter sanguineum); first/second-declension adjective

sanguinea (feminine)
sanguineum (neuter)
sanguineus (masculine nominative singular)
sanguinea (feminine nominative singular)
sanguineum (neuter nominative singular)
sanguineī (masculine nominative plural)
sanguineae (feminine nominative plural)
sanguinea (neuter nominative plural)
sanguineī (genitive masculine singular)
sanguineae (feminine genitive singular)
sanguineī (genitive neuter singular)
sanguineōrum (genitive masculine plural)
sanguineārum (feminine genitive plural)
sanguineōrum (genitive neuter plural)
sanguineō (dative masculine singular)
sanguineae (dative feminine singular)
sanguineō (dative neuter singular)
sanguineīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
sanguineum (accusative masculine singular)
sanguineam (accusative feminine singular)
sanguineum (accusative neuter singular)
sanguineōs (accusative masculine plural)
sanguineās (accusative feminine plural)
sanguinea (accusative neuter plural)
sanguineō (ablative masculine singular)
sanguineā (ablative feminine singular)
sanguineō (ablative neuter singular)
sanguineīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
sanguinee (masculine singular vocative)
sanguinea (feminine singular vocative)
sanguineum (neuter singular vocative)
sanguineī (masculine plural vocative)
sanguineae (feminine plural vocative)
sanguinea (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: sanguineu

Catalan: sanguini, sanguinyol

English: sanguine, sanguineous

French: sanguin

Galician: sanguiño

Italian: sanguigno, sanguineo

Portuguese: sanguinho, sanguíneo

Romanian: sânger, sangvin, sanguin

Spanish: sangüeño, sanguíneo

[s̠äŋˈɡʷɪneʊs̠]

of blood, bloody, blood-stained, bloodshot

“… pectora quōrum inter flūctūs arrēcta iubaeque
sanguineae superant undās ….”
“[Sea serpents, with] their chests erect among the waves, and their blood-red crests rising over the waters ….” – Aeneas

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.206–207


flamma

la-noun

flamma f (genitive flammae); first declension

flammae (genitive)
flamma (nominative singular)
flammae (nominative plural)
flammae (genitive singular)
flammārum (genitive plural)
flammae (dative singular)
flammīs (dative plural)
flammam (accusative singular)
flammās (accusative plural)
flammā (ablative singular)
flammīs (ablative plural)
flamma (singular vocative)
flammae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: fleamã

Asturian: llama

Catalan: flama

Franco-Provençal: fllama

Friulian: flame

→ German: Flamme

→ Danish: flamme

→ Norwegian Bokmål: flamme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: flamme

desc

Greek: φλαμούρι (flamoúri), φλαμουριά (flamouriá)

Italian: fiamma

Occitan: flamba

Old French: flamme

→ English: flame

French: flamme

→ Old Dutch: flamma

Middle Dutch: vlamme

desctree

Dutch: vlam
Afrikaans: vlam
Negerhollands: vlam

→ Swedish: flamma

Old Galician-Portuguese: chama

Galician: chama

Portuguese: chama

→ Portuguese: flama

→ Romanian: flamă

Sardinian: fiama, fiamma

Sicilian: ciamma

Spanish: llama, flama

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *flammizāre (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *flagmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥-g-mh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥g- (“to shimmer, gleam, shine”). Compare flagrō (“to blaze”) from the same root.

der

Urbi ferrō flammāque minitatus est.

He threatened the city with fire and sword.


flavus

la-adj

flāvus (feminine flāva, neuter flāvum, comparative flāvior, superlative flāvissimus); first/second-declension adjective

flāvus (canonical)
flāva (feminine)
flāvum (neuter)
flāvior (comparative)
flāvissimus (superlative)
flāvus (masculine nominative singular)
flāva (feminine nominative singular)
flāvum (neuter nominative singular)
flāvī (masculine nominative plural)
flāvae (feminine nominative plural)
flāva (neuter nominative plural)
flāvī (genitive masculine singular)
flāvae (feminine genitive singular)
flāvī (genitive neuter singular)
flāvōrum (genitive masculine plural)
flāvārum (feminine genitive plural)
flāvōrum (genitive neuter plural)
flāvō (dative masculine singular)
flāvae (dative feminine singular)
flāvō (dative neuter singular)
flāvīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
flāvum (accusative masculine singular)
flāvam (accusative feminine singular)
flāvum (accusative neuter singular)
flāvōs (accusative masculine plural)
flāvās (accusative feminine plural)
flāva (accusative neuter plural)
flāvō (ablative masculine singular)
flāvā (ablative feminine singular)
flāvō (ablative neuter singular)
flāvīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
flāve (masculine singular vocative)
flāva (feminine singular vocative)
flāvum (neuter singular vocative)
flāvī (masculine plural vocative)
flāvae (feminine plural vocative)
flāva (neuter plural vocative)

desc

flāvulus (diminutive) ⇒ Neapolitan: (Irpino dialect) javolo (“pallid”)

>? French: flou (disputed; see etymology for discussion)

→ Esperanto: flava

→ Ido: flava

→ Italian: flavo

→ Portuguese: flavo

→ Spanish: flavo

[ˈfɫ̪äːu̯ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *flāwos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₁wós, from *bʰel- (“light, bright”, whence Russian бе́лый (bélyj), Sanskrit भर्ग (bharga), English blue) + *-wós (whence Latin -vus). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *blāwos (“yellow”) and Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (“blue”).

af

whence Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-vus</i>


lac

la-noun

lac n sg (genitive lactis); third declension

lactis (genitive)
lac (nominative singular)
lactis (genitive singular)
lactī (dative singular)
lac (accusative singular)
lacte (ablative singular)
lac (singular vocative)

Late Latin: lactis (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ English: lactic, lact(o)-

→ Esperanto: lakto

Ido: lakto

→ Interlingua: lacte

From lact by simplification of a word-final sequence of two plosives (the variant nominative/accusative form lacte shows the addition of a vowel as an alternative). The etymology is controversial: there is no consensus on the cognate set, the manner of descent (inheritance vs. borrowing), or the form and ultimate origin of the etymon. Possible cognates include Ancient Greek γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ- (gála, gálakt-/gálak-, “milk”), Old Armenian կաթն (katʻn, “milk”) (or perhaps only its variant form Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ), reconstructed as the ancestor of modern dialectal Armenian կախց (kaxcʻ)) Hittite 𒂵𒆷𒀝𒋻 (galaktar, “balm, resin”), Albanian dhallë (“buttermilk”), Romanian zară (“buttermilk”) and Waigali zōr (“milk”).
More information
Pokorny reconstructs the Latin and Greek words as inherited from Proto-Indo-European *glakt n from a root *glag- or *glak-. De Vaan derives the Latin, Greek and Armenian forms from Proto-Indo-European *gl̥gt-, and follows Meiser in explaining the loss of initial *g- in Latin as a result of long-distance dissimilation. Per Nielsen, the Latin and Greek words can be derived from *glakt-, Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ) can be derived from *g(a)l(ḱ)t- (requiring an initial non-palatal velar), and Albanian dhallë can perhaps be derived from *ǵal(K)- (requiring an initial palatal velar); on the basis of the variability in the initial consonant and the unusual root structure, Nielsen considers the root to be non-Indo-European in origin.
There have been attempts to derive the word instead from the root *h₂melǵ- (“milk”).
* Garnier, Sagart and Sagot 2017 cite Garnier 2016's reconstruction of a verb *ambĭ-blactāre (“to milk with both hands”) > *amblactāre, supposing this was subsequently reanalyzed as *amb-lactāre and lost the prefix to yield the attested verb lactāre. The noun lac(t) would then derive by back-formation from the verb lactāre.

cog

γάλα, γᾰ́λᾰκτ-/γᾰ́λᾰκ-

Forte sub umbrosis nemorosae vallibus Idae
candidus, armenti gloria, taurus erat,
signatus tenui media inter cornua nigro;

2 CE, Publius Ovidius Naso, Ars Amatoria I.290

As fortune had it, in the shadowy valleys of forested Ida,
there was a white bull, the glory of its herd,
marked by slightly black colour between its horns;
the blemish was (only) one, the rest were milk-white.


candidus

la-adj

candidus (feminine candida, neuter candidum, comparative candidior, superlative candidissimus); first/second-declension adjective

candida (feminine)
candidum (neuter)
candidior (comparative)
candidissimus (superlative)
candidus (masculine nominative singular)
candida (feminine nominative singular)
candidum (neuter nominative singular)
candidī (masculine nominative plural)
candidae (feminine nominative plural)
candida (neuter nominative plural)
candidī (genitive masculine singular)
candidae (feminine genitive singular)
candidī (genitive neuter singular)
candidōrum (genitive masculine plural)
candidārum (feminine genitive plural)
candidōrum (genitive neuter plural)
candidō (dative masculine singular)
candidae (dative feminine singular)
candidō (dative neuter singular)
candidīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
candidum (accusative masculine singular)
candidam (accusative feminine singular)
candidum (accusative neuter singular)
candidōs (accusative masculine plural)
candidās (accusative feminine plural)
candida (accusative neuter plural)
candidō (ablative masculine singular)
candidā (ablative feminine singular)
candidō (ablative neuter singular)
candidīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
candide (masculine singular vocative)
candida (feminine singular vocative)
candidum (neuter singular vocative)
candidī (masculine plural vocative)
candidae (feminine plural vocative)
candida (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: càndid

→ English: candid

→ Spanish: cándido

→ French: candide

→ Galician: cándido

Italian: candido

Piedmontese: candi

→ Portuguese: cândido

→ Romanian: candid

[ˈkän̪d̪ɪd̪ʊs̠]

Toga candida.


ardeo

la-verb

ārdeō (present infinitive ārdēre, perfect active ārsī, supine ārsum); second conjugation

ārdeō (canonical)
ārdēre (infinitive present)
ārsī (active perfect)
ārsum (supine)
ārdeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
ārdēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
ārdet (active indicative present singular third-person)
ārdēmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
ārdētis (active indicative plural present second-person)
ārdent (active indicative plural present third-person)
ārdēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ārdēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
ārdēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
ārdēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
ārdēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
ārdēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ārdēbō (active first-person future indicative singular)
ārdēbis (active future indicative second-person singular)
ārdēbit (active future indicative singular third-person)
ārdēbimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
ārdēbitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
ārdēbunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
ārsī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
ārsistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
ārsit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
ārsimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
ārsistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
ārsērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ārsēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ārseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
ārserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
ārserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ārserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
ārserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ārserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
ārserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
ārseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
ārserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
ārserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
ārseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
ārserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
ārdeor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
ārdēris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ārdēre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ārdētur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
ārdēmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
ārdēminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
ārdentur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ārdēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
ārdēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ārdēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ārdēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
ārdēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
ārdēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
ārdēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
ārdēbor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
ārdēberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ārdēbere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ārdēbitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
ārdēbimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
ārdēbiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
ārdēbuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
ārsus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
ārdeam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ārdeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdeat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ārdeāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ārdeātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ārdeant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ārdērem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
ārdērēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdēret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ārdērēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
ārdērētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ārdērent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ārserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
ārserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ārserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ārserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
ārserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ārserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ārsissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
ārsissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ārsisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ārsissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
ārsissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ārsissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ārdear (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ārdeāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdeāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdeātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ārdeāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ārdeāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ārdeantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ārdērer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
ārdērēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdērēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdērētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ārdērēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
ārdērēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ārdērentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ārdē (active imperative present second-person singular)
ārdēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
ārdētō (active future imperative second-person singular)
ārdētō (active future imperative singular third-person)
ārdētōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
ārdentō (active future imperative plural third-person)
ārdēre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
ārdēminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
ārdētor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
ārdētor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
ārdentor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
ārdēre (active infinitive present)
ārsisse (active infinitive perfect)
ārsūrum esse (active future infinitive)
ārdērī (infinitive passive present)
ārsum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
ārsum īrī (future infinitive passive)
ārdēns (active participle present)
ārsūrus (active future participle)
ārsus (participle passive perfect)
ārdendus (future participle passive)
ārdendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
ārdendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
ārdendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
ārdendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
ārsum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
ārsū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Dalmatian:

ardar

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: ardoir, ardeir

Middle French: ardoir

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: arder

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: arder
Galician: arder
Portuguese: arder

Spanish: arder

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ardu

Megleno-Romanian: ardu

Romanian: arde

Istro-Romanian: årde

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ardere

Sicilian: àrdiri

North Italian:

Friulian: ardi

Romansch: arder

Venetian: àrdar

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: ardre

Old French: ardre

Middle French: ardre

French: ardre

→ English: arson

Old Occitan: ardre

Occitan: ardre

From ār(i)dus + -eō. Cf. audeō < avidus. For the supine ārsum compare also audeō : ausum and gaudeō : gavīsum, in which the i was retained.

Augēbant metum prōdigia ex plūribus simul locīs nūntiāta: […] et Praeneste ārdentēs lapidēs caelō cecidisse, […]

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 22.1.8–9

Prodigies from various places announced at the same time increased fear: […] and at Praeneste burning rocks fell from the sky, […]

Apparuitque eī Dominus in flammā ignis dē mediō rubī et vidēbat quod rubus ārdēret et nōn conbūrerētur.

The Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire from the middle of a bramble bush, and he saw that the bush was burning and not being consumed.


rufus

la-adj

rūfus (feminine rūfa, neuter rūfum); first/second-declension adjective

rūfus (canonical)
rūfa (feminine)
rūfum (neuter)
rūfus (masculine nominative singular)
rūfa (feminine nominative singular)
rūfum (neuter nominative singular)
rūfī (masculine nominative plural)
rūfae (feminine nominative plural)
rūfa (neuter nominative plural)
rūfī (genitive masculine singular)
rūfae (feminine genitive singular)
rūfī (genitive neuter singular)
rūfōrum (genitive masculine plural)
rūfārum (feminine genitive plural)
rūfōrum (genitive neuter plural)
rūfō (dative masculine singular)
rūfae (dative feminine singular)
rūfō (dative neuter singular)
rūfīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rūfum (accusative masculine singular)
rūfam (accusative feminine singular)
rūfum (accusative neuter singular)
rūfōs (accusative masculine plural)
rūfās (accusative feminine plural)
rūfa (accusative neuter plural)
rūfō (ablative masculine singular)
rūfā (ablative feminine singular)
rūfō (ablative neuter singular)
rūfīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rūfe (masculine singular vocative)
rūfa (feminine singular vocative)
rūfum (neuter singular vocative)
rūfī (masculine plural vocative)
rūfae (feminine plural vocative)
rūfa (neuter plural vocative)

>? Catalan: rúfol

→ English: rufous

Italian: rufo

Spanish: rufo

From Proto-Italic *rouðos. The medial -f- indicates a borrowing from a Sabellic language such as Oscan 𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌔 (rufriis), Umbrian 𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌓𐌖 (rufru), or from a sister variety such as Faliscan, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). It might have penetrated urban Latin by virtue of the fact that it was used as an attribute for oxen sold in the markets in Rome. The word rōbus, which ended up being limited to oxen instead, represents the regular outcome of the same etymon.


niger

niger (feminine nigra, neuter nigrum, superlative nigerrimus); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)

nigra (feminine)
nigrum (neuter)
nigerrimus (superlative)
in -er (masculine nominative singular)
niger (masculine nominative singular)
nigra (feminine nominative singular)
nigrum (neuter nominative singular)
nigrī (masculine nominative plural)
nigrae (feminine nominative plural)
nigra (neuter nominative plural)
nigrī (genitive masculine singular)
nigrae (feminine genitive singular)
nigrī (genitive neuter singular)
nigrōrum (genitive masculine plural)
nigrārum (feminine genitive plural)
nigrōrum (genitive neuter plural)
nigrō (dative masculine singular)
nigrae (dative feminine singular)
nigrō (dative neuter singular)
nigrīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
nigrum (accusative masculine singular)
nigram (accusative feminine singular)
nigrum (accusative neuter singular)
nigrōs (accusative masculine plural)
nigrās (accusative feminine plural)
nigra (accusative neuter plural)
nigrō (ablative masculine singular)
nigrā (ablative feminine singular)
nigrō (ablative neuter singular)
nigrīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
niger (masculine singular vocative)
nigra (feminine singular vocative)
nigrum (neuter singular vocative)
nigrī (masculine plural vocative)
nigrae (feminine plural vocative)
nigra (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: negru

Istro-Romanian: negru

Megleno-Romanian: negru

Romanian: negru

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: negru, neru

Italian: negro, nero

Neapolitan: niro

Sicilian: nìuru, niuru, nivuru

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: naigher

Ligurian: neigro

Lombard: negar, negher

Piedmontese: neir, négher

Romagnol: négar, nìgar

Friulian: neri

Istriot: nìgro, nìgaro

Ladin: neigher

Romansch: nair, neir, ner, negher

Venetian: nero

→ Dalmatian: niar

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: nêr

desctree

Old French: noir
Middle French: noir (see there for further descendants)
Norman: nièr
Walloon: noer

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: negre

→ Aragonese: negre

Gascon: nere

Old Occitan: negre
Occitan: negre

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: negro

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: negru

Extremaduran: negru

Leonese: negru

Mirandese: negro

Old Galician-Portuguese: negro
Galician: negro
Portuguese: negro
Papiamentu: negru

Spanish: negro (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Ido: nigra

→ Interlingua: nigre

Uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- (“bare, naked”) if this root is assumed also to be the source of *nókʷts (“night”) (Latin nox), thus “black” would attest the intermediate meaning between “bare” and “night”. Possibly cognate with Umbrian niru (“(possibly) dark, black”), though this form (thought to be accusative singular) is not mentioned in de Vaan.

der

Nigrum in candida vertere.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:niger.

wan, shining black (as opposed to āter, dull black)


azureus

la-adj

azureus (feminine azurea, neuter azureum); first/second-declension adjective

azurea (feminine)
azureum (neuter)
azureus (masculine nominative singular)
azurea (feminine nominative singular)
azureum (neuter nominative singular)
azureī (masculine nominative plural)
azureae (feminine nominative plural)
azurea (neuter nominative plural)
azureī (genitive masculine singular)
azureae (feminine genitive singular)
azureī (genitive neuter singular)
azureōrum (genitive masculine plural)
azureārum (feminine genitive plural)
azureōrum (genitive neuter plural)
azureō (dative masculine singular)
azureae (dative feminine singular)
azureō (dative neuter singular)
azureīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
azureum (accusative masculine singular)
azuream (accusative feminine singular)
azureum (accusative neuter singular)
azureōs (accusative masculine plural)
azureās (accusative feminine plural)
azurea (accusative neuter plural)
azureō (ablative masculine singular)
azureā (ablative feminine singular)
azureō (ablative neuter singular)
azureīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
azuree (masculine singular vocative)
azurea (feminine singular vocative)
azureum (neuter singular vocative)
azureī (masculine plural vocative)
azureae (feminine plural vocative)
azurea (neuter plural vocative)

[äz̪ˈd̪͡z̪ʊreʊs̠]

Ultimately from Arabic لَازُوَرْد (lāzuward, “lapis lazuli”), from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard, “lapis lazuli”)

der

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Of a deep blue colour.


coccum

la-noun

coccum n (genitive coccī); second declension

coccī (genitive)
coccum (nominative singular)
cocca (nominative plural)
coccī (genitive singular)
coccōrum (genitive plural)
coccō (dative singular)
coccīs (dative plural)
coccum (accusative singular)
cocca (accusative plural)
coccō (ablative singular)
coccīs (ablative plural)
coccum (singular vocative)
cocca (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: cocã, coacã

Old French:

desctree

French: coque
→ English: coque
→ Italian: coque
→ Portuguese: coque
→? Romanian: coc

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: coco

Portuguese: coco
→ English: coco
→ Italian: cocco
→ Middle French: coche
French: coco
→ Spanish: coco
→ English: coco
→ Middle French: coco
French: coco

Old Occitan:

Catalan: coc

Sicilian: cocciu

→ Albanian: kokë

→ Italian: cocco

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kox

Cornish: kogh

Welsh: coch

⇒ New Latin: coccus

→ Catalan: coc

→ English: coccus

→ French: coccus

→ Georgian: კოკი (ḳoḳi)

→ German: Kokke

→ Italian: cocco

→ Portuguese: coco

→ Romanian: coc

→ Russian: кокк (kokk)

→ Spanish: coco

→ Swedish: kocker

→ Finnish: kokki

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cocceus

→ Albanian: kuq

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos, “grain, seed, berry”).

bor+

a scarlet dye, or the cloth dyed with it, carmine


aurum

la-noun

aurum n (genitive aurī); second declension

aurī (genitive)
aurum (nominative singular)
aurī (genitive singular)
aurō (dative singular)
aurum (accusative singular)
aurō (ablative singular)
aurum (singular vocative)

Balkan-Romance:

Aromanian: avru

Istro-Romanian: aur

Romanian: aur

Dalmatian:

jaur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: oru

Italian: oro

→ Esperanto: oro

→ Sardinian: oru, oro

Neapolitan: oro

Sicilian: oru, àuru

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: òr, ôr

Ligurian: öo

Lombard: òr

Piedmontese: òr

Romagnol: or

Friulian: aur

Ladin: or

Romansch: aur, or, ôr

Venetian: oro

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: or, eu, eur, ouâ

Occitan: aur

Old Catalan: or, aur

Catalan: or

desctree

Old French: or
Middle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)
French: or
Haitian Creole: lò
→ English: or
Walloon: ôr

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: oro

Old Leonese:

Asturian: oru

Extremaduran: oru

Leonese: ouru, oru

Mirandese: ouro

Old Galician-Portuguese: ouro
Galician: ouro
Portuguese: ouro (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: oro

Ladino: oro

Spanish: oro

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: ar

→ Old Irish: ór
Irish: ór
Manx: airh
Scottish Gaelic: òr

→ Proto-Brythonic: *awr
Breton: aour
Old Cornish: our
Cornish: owr
Old Welsh: our
Welsh: awr
Middle Welsh: eur (probably < Latin aureus)
Welsh: aur

Later borrowings:

→ English: aurum

→ Italian: auro, auro-

Rhoticization of Old Latin ausum, from Proto-Italic *auzom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-óm (“gold”), from *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”). Cognate with Lithuanian áuksas, Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B yasā.


taeda

la-noun

taeda f (genitive taedae); first declension

taedae (genitive)
taeda (nominative singular)
taedae (nominative plural)
taedae (genitive singular)
taedārum (genitive plural)
taedae (dative singular)
taedīs (dative plural)
taedam (accusative singular)
taedās (accusative plural)
taedā (ablative singular)
taedīs (ablative plural)
taeda (singular vocative)
taedae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: dzadã

Catalan: teia

Corsican: deda

→ English: tede

Galician: tea

Istro-Romanian: zådĕ

Italian: teda

Megleno-Romanian: zadă

Romanian: zadă

Sicilian: deda

Spanish: teda, tea

An ancient borrowing of unknown intermediary, ultimately from Ancient Greek δᾰΐς (daḯs).

a torch, particularly if made from resinous pinewood


viridis

la-adj

viridis (neuter viride, comparative viridior, superlative viridissimus); third-declension two-termination adjective

viride (neuter)
viridior (comparative)
viridissimus (superlative)
viridis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
viride (neuter nominative singular)
viridēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
viridia (neuter nominative plural)
viridis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
viridium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
viridī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
viridibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
viridem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
viride (accusative neuter singular)
viridēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
viridīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
viridia (accusative neuter plural)
viridī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
viridibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
viridis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
viride (neuter singular vocative)
viridēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
viridia (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: virid (learned)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: veardi

Istro-Romanian: verde

Megleno-Romanian: veardi, verdi

Romanian: verde

Dalmatian:

viard

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: verde, verdi

Gallurese: veldi

Italian: verde

Neapolitan: verde

Sassarese: verdhi

Sicilian: virdi

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: vèrde

Lombard: verd

Piedmontese: verd

Romagnol: vérd

Friulian: vert

Istriot: virdo

Ladin: vërt

Romansch: verd

Venetian: vérdo

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: verd

Franco-Provençal: vèrd

Old French: vert (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: verd

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: verde, berde

Old Leonese:

Asturian: verde

Leonese: verde

Mirandese: berde

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: verde
Fala: verdi
Galician: verde
Portuguese: verde (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: verde
Ladino: vedre
Spanish: verde (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: birde, vidre, bidre

⇒ Vulgar Latin: (see there for further descendants)

*viridia

*viridizāre

*viriditia

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: verdhë

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨrð (see there for further descendants)

[ˈu̯ɪrɪd̪ɪs̠]


argenteus

la-adj

argenteus (feminine argentea, neuter argenteum); first/second-declension adjective

argentea (feminine)
argenteum (neuter)
argenteus (masculine nominative singular)
argentea (feminine nominative singular)
argenteum (neuter nominative singular)
argenteī (masculine nominative plural)
argenteae (feminine nominative plural)
argentea (neuter nominative plural)
argenteī (genitive masculine singular)
argenteae (feminine genitive singular)
argenteī (genitive neuter singular)
argenteōrum (genitive masculine plural)
argenteārum (feminine genitive plural)
argenteōrum (genitive neuter plural)
argenteō (dative masculine singular)
argenteae (dative feminine singular)
argenteō (dative neuter singular)
argenteīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
argenteum (accusative masculine singular)
argenteam (accusative feminine singular)
argenteum (accusative neuter singular)
argenteōs (accusative masculine plural)
argenteās (accusative feminine plural)
argentea (accusative neuter plural)
argenteō (ablative masculine singular)
argenteā (ablative feminine singular)
argenteō (ablative neuter singular)
argenteīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
argentee (masculine singular vocative)
argentea (feminine singular vocative)
argenteum (neuter singular vocative)
argenteī (masculine plural vocative)
argenteae (feminine plural vocative)
argentea (neuter plural vocative)

Inherited:

Old Galician-Portuguese: arenço

Old Spanish: arienço

Spanish: arienzo

Borrowed:

→ English: argenteous, argenteus

→ Italian: argenteo

→ Portuguese: argênteo

→ Spanish: argénteo

[ärˈɡɛn̪t̪eʊs̠]


aureus

aureus (feminine aurea, neuter aureum); first/second-declension adjective

aurea (feminine)
aureum (neuter)
aureus (masculine nominative singular)
aurea (feminine nominative singular)
aureum (neuter nominative singular)
aureī (masculine nominative plural)
aureae (feminine nominative plural)
aurea (neuter nominative plural)
aureī (genitive masculine singular)
aureae (feminine genitive singular)
aureī (genitive neuter singular)
aureōrum (genitive masculine plural)
aureārum (feminine genitive plural)
aureōrum (genitive neuter plural)
aureō (dative masculine singular)
aureae (dative feminine singular)
aureō (dative neuter singular)
aureīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
aureum (accusative masculine singular)
auream (accusative feminine singular)
aureum (accusative neuter singular)
aureōs (accusative masculine plural)
aureās (accusative feminine plural)
aurea (accusative neuter plural)
aureō (ablative masculine singular)
aureā (ablative feminine singular)
aureō (ablative neuter singular)
aureīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
auree (masculine singular vocative)
aurea (feminine singular vocative)
aureum (neuter singular vocative)
aureī (masculine plural vocative)
aureae (feminine plural vocative)
aurea (neuter plural vocative)

aurum (“gold”) + -eus (“-ous”, derivational suffix).

suffix

Of the color of gold, gold-colored; shining or glittering like gold

Nec mora, cōnsēdit mediō sublīmis Olympō

[With] no delay, she took her seat on high in the midst of Olympus:
magnificent, [and so] conspicuous in her purple garment.
(Refers to the goddess Maiestas, Majestas, or Majesty.)

(figuratively) of physical and mental greatness or attraction: golden, beautiful, splendid, magnificent, excellent


aureus

la-noun

aureus m (genitive aureī); second declension

aureī (genitive)
aureus (nominative singular)
aureī (nominative plural)
aureī (genitive singular)
aureōrum (genitive plural)
aureō (dative singular)
aureīs (dative plural)
aureum (accusative singular)
aureōs (accusative plural)
aureō (ablative singular)
aureīs (ablative plural)
auree (singular vocative)
aureī (plural vocative)

→ Welsh: aur

desctree

→ Proto-Germanic: *aurijaz
Old Norse: eyrir
Icelandic: eyrir
Faroese: oyra
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyre m
Old Swedish: ø̄ri, ø̄re
Swedish: öre
Old Danish: øræ
Danish: øre
Norwegian Bokmål: øre
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øre
Gutnish: öre
→ Finnish: äyri

New Latin: aureus

→ Catalan: auri

→ English: aureus

→ Italian: aureo

→ Portuguese: áureo

→ Spanish: áureo

→ Translingual: aureo-

(numismatics) gold coin equivalent to 25 denarii, aureus (up to the 4th century AD)


badius

la-adj

badius (feminine badia, neuter badium); first/second-declension adjective

badia (feminine)
badium (neuter)
badius (masculine nominative singular)
badia (feminine nominative singular)
badium (neuter nominative singular)
badiī (masculine nominative plural)
badiae (feminine nominative plural)
badia (neuter nominative plural)
badiī (genitive masculine singular)
badiae (feminine genitive singular)
badiī (genitive neuter singular)
badiōrum (genitive masculine plural)
badiārum (feminine genitive plural)
badiōrum (genitive neuter plural)
badiō (dative masculine singular)
badiae (dative feminine singular)
badiō (dative neuter singular)
badiīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
badium (accusative masculine singular)
badiam (accusative feminine singular)
badium (accusative neuter singular)
badiōs (accusative masculine plural)
badiās (accusative feminine plural)
badia (accusative neuter plural)
badiō (ablative masculine singular)
badiā (ablative feminine singular)
badiō (ablative neuter singular)
badiīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
badie (masculine singular vocative)
badia (feminine singular vocative)
badium (neuter singular vocative)
badiī (masculine plural vocative)
badiae (feminine plural vocative)
badia (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: bai

Old French: bai

→ English: bay

French: bai

→ Italian: baio

Galician: baio

Occitan: bai

Portuguese: baio, baço

Spanish: bayo, bazo

From Proto-Indo-European *badyo- (“yellow, brown”). Cognate to Old Irish buide (“yellow”).

der

(usually of horses) reddish brown, chestnut colored, bay


incendium

la-noun

incendium n (genitive incendiī or incendī); second declension

incendiī (genitive)
incendī (genitive)
incendium (nominative singular)
incendia (nominative plural)
incendiī (genitive singular)
incendī (genitive singular)
incendiōrum (genitive plural)
incendiō (dative singular)
incendiīs (dative plural)
incendium (accusative singular)
incendia (accusative plural)
incendiō (ablative singular)
incendiīs (ablative plural)
incendium (singular vocative)
incendia (plural vocative)

Catalan: incendi

French: incendie

Galician: incendio

Italian: incendio

Old Occitan: encendi

q

older also <i class="Latn mention" lang="oc">encende</i>

Occitan: incendi (older also encende)

Portuguese: incêndio

Romanian: incendiu

Sicilian: ncenniu

Spanish: incendio

[ɪŋˈkɛn̪d̪iʊ̃ˑ]

A fire, inferno, conflagration; heat; torch.


pullus

la-adj

pullus (feminine pulla, neuter pullum); first/second-declension adjective

pulla (feminine)
pullum (neuter)
pullus (masculine nominative singular)
pulla (feminine nominative singular)
pullum (neuter nominative singular)
pullī (masculine nominative plural)
pullae (feminine nominative plural)
pulla (neuter nominative plural)
pullī (genitive masculine singular)
pullae (feminine genitive singular)
pullī (genitive neuter singular)
pullōrum (genitive masculine plural)
pullārum (feminine genitive plural)
pullōrum (genitive neuter plural)
pullō (dative masculine singular)
pullae (dative feminine singular)
pullō (dative neuter singular)
pullīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
pullum (accusative masculine singular)
pullam (accusative feminine singular)
pullum (accusative neuter singular)
pullōs (accusative masculine plural)
pullās (accusative feminine plural)
pulla (accusative neuter plural)
pullō (ablative masculine singular)
pullā (ablative feminine singular)
pullō (ablative neuter singular)
pullīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
pulle (masculine singular vocative)
pulla (feminine singular vocative)
pullum (neuter singular vocative)
pullī (masculine plural vocative)
pullae (feminine plural vocative)
pulla (neuter plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *polHwós (maybe a weak form of *pélHus) or *polHnós, from the root *pelH- (“pale, gray”), thereby related to palleō, though the formal details are debated.


uro

la-verb

ūrō (present infinitive ūrere, perfect active ussī, supine ustum); third conjugation

ūrō (canonical)
ūrere (infinitive present)
ussī (active perfect)
ustum (supine)
ūrō (active first-person indicative present singular)
ūris (active indicative present second-person singular)
ūrit (active indicative present singular third-person)
ūrimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
ūritis (active indicative plural present second-person)
ūrunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
ūrēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ūrēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
ūrēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
ūrēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
ūrēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
ūrēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ūram (active first-person future indicative singular)
ūrēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
ūret (active future indicative singular third-person)
ūrēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
ūrētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
ūrent (active future indicative plural third-person)
ussī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
ussistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
ussit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
ussimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
ussistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
ussērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ussēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
usseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
usserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
usserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
usserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
usserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
usserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
usserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
usseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
usserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
usserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
usseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
usserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
ūror (first-person indicative passive present singular)
ūreris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ūrere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ūritur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
ūrimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
ūriminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
ūruntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ūrēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
ūrēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ūrēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ūrēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
ūrēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
ūrēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
ūrēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
ūrar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
ūrēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ūrēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ūrētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
ūrēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
ūrēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
ūrentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
ustus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
ūram (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ūrās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ūrat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ūrāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ūrātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ūrant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ūrerem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
ūrerēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ūreret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ūrerēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
ūrerētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ūrerent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
usserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
usserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
usserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
usserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
usserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
usserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ussissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
ussissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ussisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ussissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
ussissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ussissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ūrar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ūrāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ūrāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ūrātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ūrāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ūrāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ūrantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ūrerer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
ūrerēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ūrerēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ūrerētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ūrerēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
ūrerēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ūrerentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ūre (active imperative present second-person singular)
ūrite (active imperative plural present second-person)
ūritō (active future imperative second-person singular)
ūritō (active future imperative singular third-person)
ūritōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
ūruntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
ūrere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
ūriminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
ūritor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
ūritor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
ūruntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
ūrere (active infinitive present)
ussisse (active infinitive perfect)
ustūrum esse (active future infinitive)
ūrī (infinitive passive present)
ustum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
ustum īrī (future infinitive passive)
ūrēns (active participle present)
ustūrus (active future participle)
ustus (participle passive perfect)
ūrendus (future participle passive)
ūrundus (future participle passive)
ūrendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
ūrendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
ūrendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
ūrendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
ustum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
ustū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Galician: aburar

From Proto-Italic *ouzō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ews- (“to burn”), the same source as the second element of Proto-Germanic *aimuzjǭ (“ashes”); see ember. Cognate with Ancient Greek εὕω (heúō, “to singe”), Sanskrit ओषति (óṣati, “to burn”).

Urit enim lini campum seges, urit avenae,

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 1.77–79

The flax burns as the cornfield and so burns the oat
They burn the Lethe immersed in poppy sleep

Ūritur īnfēlīx Dīdō, tōtāque vagātur / urbe furēns, ….

Inflamed [with love] [is] unhappy Dido, and through the whole city she wanders, raving, ….

(figurative) especially of the emotions: to inflame with passion, love or lust; burn, set afire or on fire, excite, worry, disturb


lignum

la-noun

lignum n (genitive lignī); second declension

lignī (genitive)
lignum (nominative singular)
ligna (nominative plural)
lignī (genitive singular)
lignōrum (genitive plural)
lignō (dative singular)
lignīs (dative plural)
lignum (accusative singular)
ligna (accusative plural)
lignō (ablative singular)
lignīs (ablative plural)
lignum (singular vocative)
ligna (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: lemnu, lem

Istro-Romanian: lĕmnĕ

Megleno-Romanian: lemnu, lemu

Romanian: lemn

Dalmatian:

lanc

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: legnu, legna, lenghju

Italian: legno, legna

Neapolitan: ligno, liuno, livuno, leuno

Sicilian: lignu, ligna

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: len

Istriot: lìgno, lìgna

Ladin: lën, legn, lënia, legna

Romansch: lain, laina, lenn, len

Venetian

Venetian: łegno, łen, łégna

Gallo-Romance:

Emilian: laggna

Ligurian: légno

Lombard: légn, légna

Piedmontese: lëgna

Romagnol: lègn, lègna

Old French: legne, laigne, ligne

Picard: laigne, laingne

Walloon: legn

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: lenya

Catalan: llenya

Old Occitan: lenh, lenha

Occitan: lenha

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: lenya

desc

Asturian: lleña, lleiña, ḷḷeiña, ḷḷeña, ḷḷeñe, lleñe, lleñi, cheña, yeñi, yeña

Mirandese: lheinha

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: lenha
Fala: leña
Galician: leña
Portuguese: lenha (see there for further descendants)

Old Galician-Portuguese: lenho
Fala: leño
Galician: leño
Portuguese: lenho

Spanish: leño, leña

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: linna

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: ligno

→ Welsh: llwyn

From Proto-Italic *legnom, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-no-m (“that which is collected”), from *leǵ- (“to collect”), with the Italic form interpreted as "wood collected for firemaking".
An alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”), and associated interpretation as "stray wood", seems equally possible, phonetically and semantically.


vitrum

la-noun

vitrum n (genitive vitrī); second declension

vitrī (genitive)
vitrum (nominative singular)
vitra (nominative plural)
vitrī (genitive singular)
vitrōrum (genitive plural)
vitrō (dative singular)
vitrīs (dative plural)
vitrum (accusative singular)
vitra (accusative plural)
vitrō (ablative singular)
vitrīs (ablative plural)
vitrum (singular vocative)
vitra (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: vitra

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: vaider

Lombard: védar, veder, védér, vedri

Piedmontese: véder

Romagnol: védar, vóidar

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: vetru

Dalmatian: viatro

Italian: vetro

Sicilian: vitru

Old Occitan:

Catalan: vidre

Occitan: veire

Old French: voirre

French: verre, → vitre

⇒ French: verrine
→ English: verrine

⇒ French: vitrine (see there for further descendants)

Norman: vitre, verre

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: veri

Ladin: vierech

Romansch: vaider

desc

Sardinian: bídri, bidru, birdi, bírdiu, birdu, bridu, fidru, vidru

Venetian: véro, viéro

West Iberian:

Aragonese: veire

Non-Romance borrowings:

desctree

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨdr
Middle Breton: guezr
Breton: gwer
Middle Cornish: gweder
Cornish: gweder
Middle Welsh: gwydyr
Welsh: gwydr

⇒ English: vitreous, vitrify

→ Esperanto: vitro

→ German: in vitro

→ Greek: βιτρίνα (vitrína)

→ Swedish: vitrös

[ˈu̯ɪt̪rʊ̃ˑ]

Nominalised from Proto-Indo-European *wed-ro- (literally “water-like”), from the root *wed- (“water”). For the semantic development compare Persian آبگینه (âbgina, “glass”). The plant and its dye were named after the color of glass in antiquity.

inh

woad, a blue dye used by the Britons made from that plant


spadix

la-adj

spādīx (genitive spādīcis); third-declension one-termination adjective

spādīx (canonical)
spādīcis (genitive)
spādīx (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
spādīcēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
spādīcia (neuter nominative plural)
spādīcis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
spādīcium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
spādīcī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
spādīcibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
spādīcem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
spādīx (accusative neuter singular)
spādīcēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
spādīcia (accusative neuter plural)
spādīcī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
spādīcibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
spādīx (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
spādīcēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
spādīcia (neuter plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σπᾱ́δῑξ (spā́dīx).


canus

cānus (feminine cāna, neuter cānum); first/second-declension adjective

cānus (canonical)
cāna (feminine)
cānum (neuter)
cānus (masculine nominative singular)
cāna (feminine nominative singular)
cānum (neuter nominative singular)
cānī (masculine nominative plural)
cānae (feminine nominative plural)
cāna (neuter nominative plural)
cānī (genitive masculine singular)
cānae (feminine genitive singular)
cānī (genitive neuter singular)
cānōrum (genitive masculine plural)
cānārum (feminine genitive plural)
cānōrum (genitive neuter plural)
cānō (dative masculine singular)
cānae (dative feminine singular)
cānō (dative neuter singular)
cānīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
cānum (accusative masculine singular)
cānam (accusative feminine singular)
cānum (accusative neuter singular)
cānōs (accusative masculine plural)
cānās (accusative feminine plural)
cāna (accusative neuter plural)
cānō (ablative masculine singular)
cānā (ablative feminine singular)
cānō (ablative neuter singular)
cānīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
cāne (masculine singular vocative)
cāna (feminine singular vocative)
cānum (neuter singular vocative)
cānī (masculine plural vocative)
cānae (feminine plural vocative)
cāna (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: canu

Italian: cano

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cão, cãa
Galician: Cao
Portuguese: cão
Portuguese: cã

Old Spanish: cano

Spanish: cano

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: cano
Galician: cano

From Proto-Italic *kaznos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s- (“bright grey”) (compare Welsh cannu (“to whiten”), ceinach (“hare”), English hare, Latin cascus (“old”), Ancient Greek ξανθός (xanthós, “yellow”), Old Prussian sasnis (“hare”), Pashto خړ (xëṛ, “grey”), Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare”)).

cog

‘Magna fuit quondam capitis reverentia cānī,

‘‘At one time, there was great respect of a gray head,
and the wrinkling of old age was with value in itself.’’
(The voice is that of the muse Urania.)


ostrum

la-noun

ostrum n (genitive ostrī); second declension

ostrī (genitive)
ostrum (nominative singular)
ostra (nominative plural)
ostrī (genitive singular)
ostrōrum (genitive plural)
ostrō (dative singular)
ostrīs (dative plural)
ostrum (accusative singular)
ostra (accusative plural)
ostrō (ablative singular)
ostrīs (ablative plural)
ostrum (singular vocative)
ostra (plural vocative)

Italian: ostro

[ˈɔs̠t̪rʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ὄστρεον (óstreon, “oyster”).


purpureus

la-adj

purpureus (feminine purpurea, neuter purpureum); first/second-declension adjective

purpurea (feminine)
purpureum (neuter)
purpureus (masculine nominative singular)
purpurea (feminine nominative singular)
purpureum (neuter nominative singular)
purpureī (masculine nominative plural)
purpureae (feminine nominative plural)
purpurea (neuter nominative plural)
purpureī (genitive masculine singular)
purpureae (feminine genitive singular)
purpureī (genitive neuter singular)
purpureōrum (genitive masculine plural)
purpureārum (feminine genitive plural)
purpureōrum (genitive neuter plural)
purpureō (dative masculine singular)
purpureae (dative feminine singular)
purpureō (dative neuter singular)
purpureīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
purpureum (accusative masculine singular)
purpuream (accusative feminine singular)
purpureum (accusative neuter singular)
purpureōs (accusative masculine plural)
purpureās (accusative feminine plural)
purpurea (accusative neuter plural)
purpureō (ablative masculine singular)
purpureā (ablative feminine singular)
purpureō (ablative neuter singular)
purpureīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
purpuree (masculine singular vocative)
purpurea (feminine singular vocative)
purpureum (neuter singular vocative)
purpureī (masculine plural vocative)
purpureae (feminine plural vocative)
purpurea (neuter plural vocative)

English: purple

Italian: purpureo

Either from purpura (“purple”) + -eus or borrowed from Ancient Greek πορφύρεος (porphúreos).

(figuratively) brilliant, shining, beautiful


lucerna

la-noun

lucerna f (genitive lucernae); first declension

lucernae (genitive)
lucerna (nominative singular)
lucernae (nominative plural)
lucernae (genitive singular)
lucernārum (genitive plural)
lucernae (dative singular)
lucernīs (dative plural)
lucernam (accusative singular)
lucernās (accusative plural)
lucernā (ablative singular)
lucernīs (ablative plural)
lucerna (singular vocative)
lucernae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: luqerë

Catalan: lluerna

Czech: lucerna

→ Middle Dutch: lucerne

→ Esperanto: lucerno

Old French: lucerne

→ German: Luzerne

→ Hungarian: lucerna

→ Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌽 (lukarn)

Italian: lucerna

Occitan: luzerno, lusèrna

→ French: luzerne

→ English: lucerne

→ Dutch: luzerne

Old Galician-Portuguese: luzerna

Portuguese: luzerna, lucerna

Romanian: lucernă

desc

→ Russian: люце́рна (ljucérna, “alfalfa”)

→ Serbo-Croatian: лукијѐрна̄р / lukijèrnār (“candlestick, candelabra”)

Spanish: lucerna

→ Proto-Celtic: *loukarnâ

Old Irish: lócharn

Irish: lóchrann

Scottish Gaelic: lòchran (“torch, flashlight”)

Welsh: llugorn

Cornish: lugarn

From lūceō (“shine, be a light”). The suffix -erna, found also in lanterna, is of disputed origin, though resembles suffixes in Etruscan; compare also Latin -urnus.

quoniam nōn habent futūrōrum spem malī et lucerna impiōrum extinguētur

4th-century CE, Jerome of Stridon (St. Jerome), Vulgate, Proverbia 24:20

For evil men have no hope of things to come, and the lamp of the wicked shall be put out.
(trans. Douay-Rheims Bible)


livens

la-adj

līvēns (genitive līventis); third-declension one-termination adjective

līvēns (canonical)
līventis (genitive)
līvēns (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
līventēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
līventia (neuter nominative plural)
līventis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
līventium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
līventī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
līventibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
līventem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
līvēns (accusative neuter singular)
līventēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
līventīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
līventia (accusative neuter plural)
līvente (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
līventī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
līventibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
līvēns (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
līventēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
līventia (neuter plural vocative)


griseus

grīseus (feminine grīsea, neuter grīseum); first/second-declension adjective

grīseus (canonical)
grīsea (feminine)
grīseum (neuter)
grīseus (masculine nominative singular)
grīsea (feminine nominative singular)
grīseum (neuter nominative singular)
grīseī (masculine nominative plural)
grīseae (feminine nominative plural)
grīsea (neuter nominative plural)
grīseī (genitive masculine singular)
grīseae (feminine genitive singular)
grīseī (genitive neuter singular)
grīseōrum (genitive masculine plural)
grīseārum (feminine genitive plural)
grīseōrum (genitive neuter plural)
grīseō (dative masculine singular)
grīseae (dative feminine singular)
grīseō (dative neuter singular)
grīseīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
grīseum (accusative masculine singular)
grīseam (accusative feminine singular)
grīseum (accusative neuter singular)
grīseōs (accusative masculine plural)
grīseās (accusative feminine plural)
grīsea (accusative neuter plural)
grīseō (ablative masculine singular)
grīseā (ablative feminine singular)
grīseō (ablative neuter singular)
grīseīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
grīsee (masculine singular vocative)
grīsea (feminine singular vocative)
grīseum (neuter singular vocative)
grīseī (masculine plural vocative)
grīseae (feminine plural vocative)
grīsea (neuter plural vocative)

→ Middle Dutch: gris, grise (reborrowing)

Dutch: grijs

Borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *grīs, found in Medieval Latin. See French gris and older Latin ravus.


ruber

ruber (feminine rubra, neuter rubrum, comparative rubrior, superlative ruberrimus); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)

rubra (feminine)
rubrum (neuter)
rubrior (comparative)
ruberrimus (superlative)
in -er (masculine nominative singular)
ruber (masculine nominative singular)
rubra (feminine nominative singular)
rubrum (neuter nominative singular)
rubrī (masculine nominative plural)
rubrae (feminine nominative plural)
rubra (neuter nominative plural)
rubrī (genitive masculine singular)
rubrae (feminine genitive singular)
rubrī (genitive neuter singular)
rubrōrum (genitive masculine plural)
rubrārum (feminine genitive plural)
rubrōrum (genitive neuter plural)
rubrō (dative masculine singular)
rubrae (dative feminine singular)
rubrō (dative neuter singular)
rubrīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rubrum (accusative masculine singular)
rubram (accusative feminine singular)
rubrum (accusative neuter singular)
rubrōs (accusative masculine plural)
rubrās (accusative feminine plural)
rubra (accusative neuter plural)
rubrō (ablative masculine singular)
rubrā (ablative feminine singular)
rubrō (ablative neuter singular)
rubrīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
ruber (masculine singular vocative)
rubra (feminine singular vocative)
rubrum (neuter singular vocative)
rubrī (masculine plural vocative)
rubrae (feminine plural vocative)
rubra (neuter plural vocative)

Corsican: rubru, rubriu, rubbriu

Italian: rubro, rubino

Portuguese: rubro

From Proto-Italic *ruðros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰrós (“red”), from the root *h₁rewdʰ-.
Cognates include Old Armenian արուրդ/երուրդ (arurd/erurd) or արոյդ/երոյդ (aroyd/eroyd), Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), Sanskrit रुधिर (rudhirá), Old East Slavic ръдръ (rŭdrŭ) (< Proto-Slavic *rъdrъ). Compare dialectal form rūfus (“reddish, ruddy”).


incendo

la-verb

incendō (present infinitive incendere, perfect active incendī, supine incēnsum); third conjugation

incendō (canonical)
incendere (infinitive present)
incendī (active perfect)
incēnsum (supine)
incendō (active first-person indicative present singular)
incendis (active indicative present second-person singular)
incendit (active indicative present singular third-person)
incendimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
incenditis (active indicative plural present second-person)
incendunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
incendēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
incendēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
incendēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
incendēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
incendēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
incendēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
incendam (active first-person future indicative singular)
incendēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
incendet (active future indicative singular third-person)
incendēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
incendētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
incendent (active future indicative plural third-person)
incendī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
incendistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
incendit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
incendimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
incendistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
incendērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
incendēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
incenderam (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
incenderās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
incenderat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
incenderāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
incenderātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
incenderant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
incenderō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
incenderis (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
incenderit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
incenderimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
incenderitis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
incenderint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
incēnsō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
incēnsis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
incēnsit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
incēnsimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
incēnsitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
incēnsint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
incendor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
incenderis (indicative passive present second-person singular)
incendere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
incenditur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
incendimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
incendiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
incenduntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
incendēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
incendēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
incendēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
incendēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
incendēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
incendēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
incendēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
incendar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
incendēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
incendēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
incendētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
incendēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
incendēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
incendentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
incendam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
incendās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
incendat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
incendāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
incendātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
incendant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
incenderem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
incenderēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
incenderet (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
incenderēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
incenderētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
incenderent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
incenderim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
incenderīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
incenderit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
incenderīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
incenderītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
incenderint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
incendissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
incendissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
incendisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
incendissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
incendissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
incendissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
incēnsim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
incēnsīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
incēnsīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
incēnsīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
incēnsītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
incēnsint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
incendar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
incendāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
incendāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
incendātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
incendāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
incendāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
incendantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
incenderer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
incenderēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
incenderēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
incenderētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
incenderēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
incenderēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
incenderentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
incende (active imperative present second-person singular)
incendite (active imperative plural present second-person)
incenditō (active future imperative second-person singular)
incenditō (active future imperative singular third-person)
incenditōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
incenduntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
incendere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
incendiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
incenditor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
incenditor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
incenduntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
incendere (active infinitive present)
incendisse (active infinitive perfect)
incēnsūrum esse (active future infinitive)
incendī (infinitive passive present)
incēnsum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
incēnsum īrī (future infinitive passive)
incendēns (active participle present)
incēnsūrus (active future participle)
incēnsus (participle passive perfect)
incendendus (future participle passive)
incendundus (future participle passive)
incendendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
incendendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
incendendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
incendendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
incēnsum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
incēnsū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Asturian: encender

Catalan: encendre

English: incense, incendiary

Italian: incendere, incendiare

Occitan: encénder, encendre

desc

Portuguese: encender, encandear, incendiar, incender

Romanian: încinge, încinde

Spanish: encender, incendiar.

[ɪŋˈkɛn̪d̪oː]

[in̠ʲˈt͡ʃɛn̪d̪o]

hic iam galbaneos suadebo incendere odores

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 4.264

Then I would urge you to burn fragrant resin of galbanum

(transitive) to set on fire, burn, kindle

Prōtinus ad rēgem cursus dētorquet Iarbān,

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.196–197

At once [Rumor] turns her course to King Iarbas, and she inflames his passion with her tales and swells his wrath.

incenditque animum dictīs atque aggerat īrās.

(transitive, figuratively) to set on fire, inflame, excite, rouse, incite; incense, irritate


luteus

la-adj

lūteus (feminine lūtea, neuter lūteum); first/second-declension adjective

lūteus (canonical)
lūtea (feminine)
lūteum (neuter)
lūteus (masculine nominative singular)
lūtea (feminine nominative singular)
lūteum (neuter nominative singular)
lūteī (masculine nominative plural)
lūteae (feminine nominative plural)
lūtea (neuter nominative plural)
lūteī (genitive masculine singular)
lūteae (feminine genitive singular)
lūteī (genitive neuter singular)
lūteōrum (genitive masculine plural)
lūteārum (feminine genitive plural)
lūteōrum (genitive neuter plural)
lūteō (dative masculine singular)
lūteae (dative feminine singular)
lūteō (dative neuter singular)
lūteīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lūteum (accusative masculine singular)
lūteam (accusative feminine singular)
lūteum (accusative neuter singular)
lūteōs (accusative masculine plural)
lūteās (accusative feminine plural)
lūtea (accusative neuter plural)
lūteō (ablative masculine singular)
lūteā (ablative feminine singular)
lūteō (ablative neuter singular)
lūteīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lūtee (masculine singular vocative)
lūtea (feminine singular vocative)
lūteum (neuter singular vocative)
lūteī (masculine plural vocative)
lūteae (feminine plural vocative)
lūtea (neuter plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪uːt̪eʊs̠]


luridus

lūridus (feminine lūrida, neuter lūridum); first/second-declension adjective

lūridus (canonical)
lūrida (feminine)
lūridum (neuter)
lūridus (masculine nominative singular)
lūrida (feminine nominative singular)
lūridum (neuter nominative singular)
lūridī (masculine nominative plural)
lūridae (feminine nominative plural)
lūrida (neuter nominative plural)
lūridī (genitive masculine singular)
lūridae (feminine genitive singular)
lūridī (genitive neuter singular)
lūridōrum (genitive masculine plural)
lūridārum (feminine genitive plural)
lūridōrum (genitive neuter plural)
lūridō (dative masculine singular)
lūridae (dative feminine singular)
lūridō (dative neuter singular)
lūridīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lūridum (accusative masculine singular)
lūridam (accusative feminine singular)
lūridum (accusative neuter singular)
lūridōs (accusative masculine plural)
lūridās (accusative feminine plural)
lūrida (accusative neuter plural)
lūridō (ablative masculine singular)
lūridā (ablative feminine singular)
lūridō (ablative neuter singular)
lūridīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lūride (masculine singular vocative)
lūrida (feminine singular vocative)
lūridum (neuter singular vocative)
lūridī (masculine plural vocative)
lūridae (feminine plural vocative)
lūrida (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: lurid

Catalan: llord, llor

Galician: lorda, ludro

→ Italian: lurido

Occitan: lord

Portuguese: ludro, lúrido

Sicilian: lurdu

[ˈɫ̪uːrɪd̪ʊs̠]


ater

āter (feminine ātra, neuter ātrum, comparative ātrior, superlative āterrimus); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)

āter (canonical)
ātra (feminine)
ātrum (neuter)
ātrior (comparative)
āterrimus (superlative)
in -er (masculine nominative singular)
āter (masculine nominative singular)
ātra (feminine nominative singular)
ātrum (neuter nominative singular)
ātrī (masculine nominative plural)
ātrae (feminine nominative plural)
ātra (neuter nominative plural)
ātrī (genitive masculine singular)
ātrae (feminine genitive singular)
ātrī (genitive neuter singular)
ātrōrum (genitive masculine plural)
ātrārum (feminine genitive plural)
ātrōrum (genitive neuter plural)
ātrō (dative masculine singular)
ātrae (dative feminine singular)
ātrō (dative neuter singular)
ātrīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
ātrum (accusative masculine singular)
ātram (accusative feminine singular)
ātrum (accusative neuter singular)
ātrōs (accusative masculine plural)
ātrās (accusative feminine plural)
ātra (accusative neuter plural)
ātrō (ablative masculine singular)
ātrā (ablative feminine singular)
ātrō (ablative neuter singular)
ātrīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
āter (masculine singular vocative)
ātra (feminine singular vocative)
ātrum (neuter singular vocative)
ātrī (masculine plural vocative)
ātrae (feminine plural vocative)
ātra (neuter plural vocative)

→ French: âtre

→ Italian: atro

→ Portuguese: atro

→ Spanish: atro

From Proto-Italic *ātros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”) (whence Proto-Iranian *HáHtr̥š (“fire”), Umbrian 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖 (atru), Oscan 𐌀𐌀𐌃𐌝𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌔 (aadíriis), Old Irish áith (“kiln”)).

dull black (as opposed to niger, shining black); dark


pallidus

pallidus (feminine pallida, neuter pallidum, comparative pallidior); first/second-declension adjective

pallida (feminine)
pallidum (neuter)
pallidior (comparative)
pallidus (masculine nominative singular)
pallida (feminine nominative singular)
pallidum (neuter nominative singular)
pallidī (masculine nominative plural)
pallidae (feminine nominative plural)
pallida (neuter nominative plural)
pallidī (genitive masculine singular)
pallidae (feminine genitive singular)
pallidī (genitive neuter singular)
pallidōrum (genitive masculine plural)
pallidārum (feminine genitive plural)
pallidōrum (genitive neuter plural)
pallidō (dative masculine singular)
pallidae (dative feminine singular)
pallidō (dative neuter singular)
pallidīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
pallidum (accusative masculine singular)
pallidam (accusative feminine singular)
pallidum (accusative neuter singular)
pallidōs (accusative masculine plural)
pallidās (accusative feminine plural)
pallida (accusative neuter plural)
pallidō (ablative masculine singular)
pallidā (ablative feminine singular)
pallidō (ablative neuter singular)
pallidīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
pallide (masculine singular vocative)
pallida (feminine singular vocative)
pallidum (neuter singular vocative)
pallidī (masculine plural vocative)
pallidae (feminine plural vocative)
pallida (neuter plural vocative)

Translingual: Coniocybe pallida

→ Asturian: pálidu

→ Catalan: pàl·lid, pàl·lidum

Corsican: pallidu, palidu

→ English: pallid, pallidum

Old French: pale

French: pâle

→ Romanian: pal

→ Middle English: pale

English: pale

Friulian: palit

→ Galician: pálido

Italian: pallido

→ Ladino: pálido, פאלידו

Norman: pale

Occitan: palle

→ Piedmontese: pàlid

→ Portuguese: pálido

→ Romanian: palid

Sardinian: pallidu

→ Spanish: pálido

[ˈpälːʲɪd̪ʊs̠]


rubor

la-noun

rubor m (genitive rubōris); third declension

rubōris (genitive)
rubor (nominative singular)
rubōrēs (nominative plural)
rubōris (genitive singular)
rubōrum (genitive plural)
rubōrī (dative singular)
rubōribus (dative plural)
rubōrem (accusative singular)
rubōrēs (accusative plural)
rubōre (ablative singular)
rubōribus (ablative plural)
rubor (singular vocative)
rubōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: rubor

Old French: rovur, roveur

→ Portuguese: rubor, arrebol (via arrebolar)

→ Spanish: rubor, arrebol (via arrebolar)

Dixit duas res ei rubori fuisse.
He said that two things had abashed him.


fuscus

la-adj

fuscus (feminine fusca, neuter fuscum); first/second-declension adjective

fusca (feminine)
fuscum (neuter)
fuscus (masculine nominative singular)
fusca (feminine nominative singular)
fuscum (neuter nominative singular)
fuscī (masculine nominative plural)
fuscae (feminine nominative plural)
fusca (neuter nominative plural)
fuscī (genitive masculine singular)
fuscae (feminine genitive singular)
fuscī (genitive neuter singular)
fuscōrum (genitive masculine plural)
fuscārum (feminine genitive plural)
fuscōrum (genitive neuter plural)
fuscō (dative masculine singular)
fuscae (dative feminine singular)
fuscō (dative neuter singular)
fuscīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
fuscum (accusative masculine singular)
fuscam (accusative feminine singular)
fuscum (accusative neuter singular)
fuscōs (accusative masculine plural)
fuscās (accusative feminine plural)
fusca (accusative neuter plural)
fuscō (ablative masculine singular)
fuscā (ablative feminine singular)
fuscō (ablative neuter singular)
fuscīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
fusce (masculine singular vocative)
fusca (feminine singular vocative)
fuscum (neuter singular vocative)
fuscī (masculine plural vocative)
fuscae (feminine plural vocative)
fusca (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: foscu

Dalmatian: fosc

Catalan: fosc, fosca

Galician: fosco, fusco

Italian: fosco

Ladin: fosch

Old French: fusque

Portuguese: fosco, fusco

Sicilian: fuscu

Spanish: hosco

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-ko-s (“dark-colored”), (cognate with Proto-Germanic *duskaz), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes-, seemingly related to Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-. See also furvus, Proto-Celtic *dusnos, Sanskrit धूसर (dhūsara, “dust-colored”). More at dye, dust.