abductor

la-noun

abductor m (genitive abductōris); third declension

abductōris (genitive)
abductor (nominative singular)
abductōrēs (nominative plural)
abductōris (genitive singular)
abductōrum (genitive plural)
abductōrī (dative singular)
abductōribus (dative plural)
abductōrem (accusative singular)
abductōrēs (accusative plural)
abductōre (ablative singular)
abductōribus (ablative plural)
abductor (singular vocative)
abductōrēs (plural vocative)


guerra

guerra f (genitive guerrae); first declension

(Medieval Latin) Alternative form of werra (“war”)


lens

lēns f (genitive lentis); third declension

lēns (canonical feminine)
lentis (genitive)
lēns (nominative singular)
lentēs (nominative plural)
lentis (genitive singular)
lentium (genitive plural)
lentī (dative singular)
lentibus (dative plural)
lentem (accusative singular)
lentim (accusative singular)
lentēs (accusative plural)
lentīs (accusative plural)
lente (ablative singular)
lentī (ablative singular)
lentibus (ablative plural)
lēns (singular vocative)
lentēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: linti

→ Catalan: lent

Friulian: lint

→ Galician: lente

→ Italian: lente

→ Portuguese: lente

Romanian: linte

Sicilian: lenti

→ Spanish: lente

Venetan: lente

→ Tashelhit: tilintit

→ Dutch: lens (learned) (see there for further descendants)

→ English: lens (learned) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *linsī (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, likely a borrowing from an unidentified source.
Compare Old High German linsa (“lentil”), Lithuanian lęšis (“lentil”), Proto-Slavic *lęťa (“lentil”), and Albanian lend (“acorn”), sounding too similar for a coincidence, however different enough to prohibit reconstruction of a common PIE protoform. May also be related to Ancient Greek λάθυρος (láthuros).
If ultimately a non-IE substrate loanword, locating the source is virtually impossible because cultivation of lentil was widespread in the region since the Neolithic.


Bulgaria

la-proper noun

Bulgaria f sg (genitive Bulgariae); first declension

Bulgariae (genitive)
Bulgaria (nominative singular)
Bulgariae (genitive singular)
Bulgariae (dative singular)
Bulgariam (accusative singular)
Bulgariā (ablative singular)
Bulgaria (singular vocative)

⇒ Georgian: ბულგარეთი (bulgareti)

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


Estonia

Estonia f sg (genitive Estoniae); first declension

Estoniae (genitive)
Estonia (nominative singular)
Estoniae (genitive singular)
Estoniae (dative singular)
Estoniam (accusative singular)
Estoniā (ablative singular)
Estonia (singular vocative)

Possibly derived from the tribal name Aestī described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania (ca. 98 AD).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Estonia (a country in Europe)


Romania

Rōmānia f sg (genitive Rōmāniae); first declension

Rōmānia (canonical feminine singular)
Rōmāniae (genitive)
Rōmānia (nominative singular)
Rōmāniae (genitive singular)
Rōmāniae (dative singular)
Rōmāniam (accusative singular)
Rōmāniā (ablative singular)
Rōmānia (singular vocative)

q

from a Vulgar Latin variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">Rōmănia</i> with a short a in the second syllable

Proto-Brythonic: *rrʉβ̃ėn (from a Vulgar Latin variant Rōmănia with a short a in the second syllable)

Middle Welsh: Ruuein

Welsh: Rhufain

(historical, Medieval Latin) Byzantine Empire


Albania

la-proper noun

Albānia f sg (genitive Albāniae); first declension

Albānia (canonical feminine singular)
Albāniae (genitive)
Albānia (nominative singular)
Albāniae (genitive singular)
Albāniae (dative singular)
Albāniam (accusative singular)
Albāniā (ablative singular)
Albānia (singular vocative)

⇒ Russian: Алба́нія (Albánija) (Pre-reform orthography (1918)), Алба́ния (Albánija)

[äɫ̪ˈbäːniä]

Borrowed from Byzantine Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía) (or Old Irish Albu, Albain, Alban for the "Scotland" sense).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Albania (a country in Southeast Europe)


Croatia

Croātia f sg (genitive Croātiae); first declension

Croātia (canonical feminine singular)
Croātiae (genitive)
Croātia (nominative singular)
Croātiae (genitive singular)
Croātiae (dative singular)
Croātiam (accusative singular)
Croātiā (ablative singular)
Croātia (singular vocative)

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Georgia

Geōrgia f sg (genitive Geōrgiae); first declension

Geōrgia (canonical feminine singular)
Geōrgiae (genitive)
Geōrgia (nominative singular)
Geōrgiae (genitive singular)
Geōrgiae (dative singular)
Geōrgiam (accusative singular)
Geōrgiā (ablative singular)
Geōrgia (singular vocative)
Geōrgiae (locative singular)

→ English: Georgia (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle French: Georgie

French: Géorgie

→ Middle English: Georgie

English: Georgie (obsolete)

→ Italian: Georgia

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Georgia

→ Romanian: Georgia

→ Spanish: Georgia

[d͡ʒeˈɔrd͡ʒiä]

A borrowing from Classical Persian گرج (gurj), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (Wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”), of unknown origin. The Latin form was influenced by (sānctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”) due to the saint's popularity in the country.

der

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


icon

la-noun

īcōn f (genitive īconis); third declension

īcōn (canonical feminine)
īconis (genitive)
īcōn (nominative singular)
īconēs (nominative plural)
īconis (genitive singular)
īconum (genitive plural)
īconī (dative singular)
īconibus (dative plural)
īconem (accusative singular)
īconēs (accusative plural)
īcone (ablative singular)
īconibus (ablative plural)
īcōn (singular vocative)
īconēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).

der

(Medieval Latin) icon, a religious portrait


ipse dixit

[ˈɪps̠ɛ ˈd̪iːks̠ɪt̪]

Calque of Ancient Greek αὐτὸς ἔφα (autòs épha, “he himself said it”), originally used by Pythagoreans.

calque

(rhetoric, chiefly Medieval Latin) Used after a statement claimed to be by Aristotle, whose absolute authority made it incontestable.


analysis

la-noun

analysis f (genitive analysis or analyseōs or analysios); third declension

analysis (genitive)
analyseōs (genitive)
analysios (genitive)
analysis (nominative singular)
analysēs (nominative plural)
analyseis (nominative plural)
analysis (genitive singular)
analyseōs (genitive singular)
analysios (genitive singular)
analysium (genitive plural)
analysī (dative singular)
analysibus (dative plural)
analysim (accusative singular)
analysin (accusative singular)
analysem (accusative singular)
analysēs (accusative plural)
analysīs (accusative plural)
analysī (ablative singular)
analyse (ablative singular)
analysibus (ablative plural)
analysis (singular vocative)
analysi (singular vocative)
analysēs (plural vocative)
analyseis (plural vocative)

Catalan: anàlisi

Danish: analyse

Dutch: analyse

English: analysis

French: analyse

Romanian: analiză

German: Analyse

Indonesian: analisis

Irish: anailís

Italian: analisi

Norwegian Bokmål: analyse

Occitan: analisi

Portuguese: análise

Russian: ана́лиз m (análiz)

Swedish: analys

Spanish: análisis m

Tagalog: análisís

[äˈnälʲʏs̠ɪs̠]

From Ancient Greek ἀνάλυσις (análusis), from ἀναλύω (analúō, “I unravel, investigate”), from ἀνά (aná, “on, up”) + λύω (lúō, “I loosen”).


latino

la-verb

latīnō (present infinitive latīnāre, perfect active latīnāvī, supine latīnātum); first conjugation

latīnō (canonical)
latīnāre (infinitive present)
latīnāvī (active perfect)
latīnātum (supine)
latinō (active first-person indicative present singular)
latinās (active indicative present second-person singular)
latinat (active indicative present singular third-person)
latināmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
latinātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
latinant (active indicative plural present third-person)
latinābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
latinābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
latinābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
latinābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
latinābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
latinābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
latinābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
latinābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
latinābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
latinābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
latinābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
latinābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
latināvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
latināvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
latināvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
latināvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
latināvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
latināvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
latināvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
latināveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
latināverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
latināverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
latināverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
latināverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
latināverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
latināverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
latināveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
latināverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
latināverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
latināveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
latināverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
latinor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
latināris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
latināre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
latinātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
latināmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
latināminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
latinantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
latinābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
latinābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
latinābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
latinābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
latinābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
latinābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
latinābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
latinābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
latināberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
latinābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
latinābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
latinābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
latinābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
latinābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
latinem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
latinēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
latinet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
latinēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
latinētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
latinent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
latinārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
latinārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
latināret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
latinārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
latinārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
latinārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
latināverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
latināverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
latināverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
latināverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
latināverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
latināverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
latināvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
latināvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
latināvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
latināvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
latināvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
latināvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
latiner (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
latinēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
latinēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
latinētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
latinēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
latinēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
latinentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
latinārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
latinārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
latinārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
latinārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
latinārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
latinārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
latinārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
latinā (active imperative present second-person singular)
latināte (active imperative plural present second-person)
latinātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
latinātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
latinātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
latinantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
latināre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
latināminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
latinātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
latinātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
latinantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
latināre (active infinitive present)
latināvisse (active infinitive perfect)
latinātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
latinārī (infinitive passive present)
latinātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
latinātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
latināns (active participle present)
latinātūrus (active future participle)
latinātus (participle passive perfect)
latinandus (future participle passive)
latinandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
latinandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
latinandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
latinandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
latinātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
latinātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ Portuguese: latinar (learned)

→ Spanish: latinar (learned)

[ɫ̪äˈt̪iːnoː]


essere

omns·qvị[- - -]inhancavlamọ[- - -]/rationem·orateprmẹ/peccatoresid͞mabeatis/protectoremqviacod/estisfvi·etqvodsvm/essereabetisetsiqvis/sepresv̄seritcontra/hoctvmvlv̄mev̄biola/[- - -]ạbeāindeinqvisitio/[- - -]ṭetribvnald͞nin͞r͞i/[- - -]bivcatv̄cv̄/[- - -]irase
omn[e]s quị ... in hanc aulam ... [o?]rationem orate pr[o] mẹ peccatore si d(eu)m [h]abeatis protectorem quia [qu]od estis fui et quod sum essere [h]abetis et si quis se pr[a]esu(m)[p]serit contra hoc tumulu(m) meu(m) [v]iola⟨re h⟩ạbea[t] inde inquisitio⟨nem an⟩ṭe tribunal d(omi)ni n(ost)ri ... ⟨sub?⟩iu[g?]atu(m) cu(m)...

Roman epitaph (uncertain date but after the 4th–5th c. AD)

All who... in this court... Pray for me, the sinner that I was, if you have God as your protector. For I once was what you are, and you will one day be what I am [sc. a corpse]. Should anyone dare desecrate this grave of mine, may he be judged for it before the tribunal of our Lord...

Lex Curiensis (8th c.)

...tam de facultatem quam et de colonaria familia qui exinde causam cum altero habuerit infra annum prosequat cuius essere debeat...

Alvarus' Confessio (mid-9th c. AD)

For here is sown what there is reaped, and it is impossible to believe that the brilliant world you have deigned to live in, and sustain, which you intended to be a place for the dispensing of justice, accepts sinners.

Hic enim seritur quod illic metitur nec fas est credi illum lucifluum seculum peccantes recipere in quo tu eum sustinendo dignatus est abitare quem locum retributjonis iustitje essere uoluisti.

Cartulário de San Vicente de Oviedo n.ᵒ6 (AD 905)

I, Gundesalvus Nepotani, was present (as witness for the signing of this document) whilst being lodged at the home of this very same Gundefredus.

Gundesalvus Nepotiani dum essere pausati in domo istius Gundefredi presentes fuimus.

Alternative form of esse, present active infinitive of sum (“to be”)


unus

ūnus (canonical)
ūnus (masculine nominative singular)
ūna (feminine nominative singular)
ūnum (neuter nominative singular)
ūnī̆us (genitive singular)
ūnī (dative singular)
ūnum (accusative masculine singular)
ūnam (accusative feminine singular)
ūnum (accusative neuter singular)
ūnō (ablative masculine singular)
ūnā (ablative feminine singular)
ūnō (ablative neuter singular)
ūne (masculine singular vocative)
ūna (feminine singular vocative)
ūnum (neuter singular vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: unu, un

Istro-Romanian: un, ur

Megleno-Romanian: un

Romanian: unu, un

Dalmatian:

join

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: unu

Italian: uno, un

Neapolitan: uno, nu

Sicilian: unu, un, nu, 'n

North Italian:

Emilian: unu

Istriot: oûn

Lombard: vun

Romagnol: un

Venetan: uno, un, on

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: un

Ladin: un

Romansch: in, egn, ün

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: un, yon

desctree

Old French: un
Middle French: un, ung
French: un
Norman: un, iun (Guernsey)
Walloon: un

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: un

Occitan: un

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: unu

Mirandese: un

Old Galician-Portuguese: ũu
Fala: un
Galician: un
Macanese: (from ũa) unga, ung'a
Portuguese: um (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: uno, un

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: unu

From Old Latin oinos, from Proto-Italic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one, single”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos), Sanskrit एक (éka), Old Church Slavonic ѥдинъ (jedinŭ), Old Irish óen, and Old English ān (English one and an).


casa

la-noun

casa f (genitive casae); first declension

casae (genitive)
casa (nominative singular)
casae (nominative plural)
casae (genitive singular)
casārum (genitive plural)
casae (dative singular)
casīs (dative plural)
casam (accusative singular)
casās (accusative plural)
casā (ablative singular)
casīs (ablative plural)
casa (singular vocative)
casae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: casã

Istro-Romanian: cåsĕ

Megleno-Romanian: casă

Romanian: casă

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: casa

Asturian: casa

Mirandese: casa

Old Galician-Portuguese: casa

Fala: casa

Galician: casa, cas

desctree

Portuguese: casa, caza (obsolete)
Guinea-Bissau Creole: kasa, kaza
Indo-Portuguese: casa
Kabuverdianu: kasa
Karipúna Creole French: kaz
Korlai Creole Portuguese: kadz
Kristang: kaza
Macanese: casa
Papiamentu: kas (partly)

Old Spanish: casa

Spanish: casa
→ Cebuano: kasa
→ English: casa
→ Papiamentu: kas (partly)

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: chèṡa, cà

Ligurian: câza

Lombard: cà

Piedmontese: ca

Romagnol: ca

Sammarinese: chêsa, ca’

Venetan: caxa, ca’

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: casa, ca

Occitan: casa, cò

Old French: chiese, chese

French: chez
→ English: chez

⇒ Norman: caisèye, Norman: quieux (preposition), Norman: ciez (Coutance, preposition)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: cuosa

Istriot: casa

Italian: casa, ca’

Sicilian: casa

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cjase, čhase

Ladin: cèsa, cesa

Romansch: chasa

Sardinian:

càsa

→ Interlingua: casa (and from Italian and Spanish)

Uncertain. Possibly from either Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”) (compare catēna (“chain”)), or Proto-Indo-European *ket- (“hut, shed”) (compare Old English heaþor (“restraint, confinement, enclosure, prison”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”), Mazanderani کَت (kat, “wall”)), likely through borrowing from another Indo-European language rather than inheritance due to the presence of the medial -s-. Ultimately may be of substrate or wanderwort origin; more at cot, and see Proto-Uralic *kota.

cog

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) dwelling, residence, house


talo

la-noun

tālō m (genitive tālōnis); third declension

tālō (canonical masculine)
tālōnis (genitive)
tālō (nominative singular)
tālōnēs (nominative plural)
tālōnis (genitive singular)
tālōnum (genitive plural)
tālōnī (dative singular)
tālōnibus (dative plural)
tālōnem (accusative singular)
tālōnēs (accusative plural)
tālōne (ablative singular)
tālōnibus (ablative plural)
tālō (singular vocative)
tālōnēs (plural vocative)

Adapted from Middle French talon, Italian tallone as tālus + -ō; also as +-ōnus.


promontorium

prōmontōrium n (genitive prōmontōriī or prōmontōrī); second declension

prōmontōrium (canonical neuter)
prōmontōriī (genitive)
prōmontōrī (genitive)
prōmontōrium (nominative singular)
prōmontōria (nominative plural)
prōmontōriī (genitive singular)
prōmontōrī (genitive singular)
prōmontōriōrum (genitive plural)
prōmontōriō (dative singular)
prōmontōriīs (dative plural)
prōmontōrium (accusative singular)
prōmontōria (accusative plural)
prōmontōriō (ablative singular)
prōmontōriīs (ablative plural)
prōmontōrium (singular vocative)
prōmontōria (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) Alternative form of prōmunturium


Verona

la-proper noun

Vērōna f sg (genitive Vērōnae); first declension

Vērōna (canonical feminine singular)
Vērōnae (genitive)
Vērōna (nominative singular)
Vērōnae (genitive singular)
Vērōnae (dative singular)
Vērōnam (accusative singular)
Vērōnā (ablative singular)
Vērōna (singular vocative)
Vērōnae (locative singular)

Celtic name *Vernomago, from Proto-Celtic *wernā (“alder”) + *magos (“field”).

(Medieval Latin) Bonn (a city on the Rhine in modern-day Germany)


algebra

la-noun

algebra f (genitive algebrae); first declension

algebrae (genitive)
algebra (nominative singular)
algebrae (nominative plural)
algebrae (genitive singular)
algebrārum (genitive plural)
algebrae (dative singular)
algebrīs (dative plural)
algebram (accusative singular)
algebrās (accusative plural)
algebrā (ablative singular)
algebrīs (ablative plural)
algebra (singular vocative)
algebrae (plural vocative)

[ˈäl̠ʲd͡ʒebrä]

Borrowed from Arabic الْجَبْر (al-jabr, “reunion, resetting of broken parts”).


Vienna

la-proper noun

Vienna f sg (genitive Viennae); first declension

Viennae (genitive)
Vienna (nominative singular)
Viennae (genitive singular)
Viennae (dative singular)
Viennam (accusative singular)
Viennā (ablative singular)
Vienna (singular vocative)
Viennae (locative singular)

Of disputed origin. Possibly from Vindobona, or from a Celtic word *Vedunia (“forest stream”), for which compare Proto-Celtic *widus (“woodland”).

...verum etiam illum in Austria, patria scilicet sua hereditaria agentem adorsi Viennam, civitatem celebrerrimam et eius provincie caput...

1486, “Commissio propria domini regis”, in Decreta Regni Hungariae 1458-1490, Budapest, published 1989, page 267:


feta

la-noun

fēta f (genitive fētae); first declension

fēta (canonical feminine)
fētae (genitive)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: featã, fiate

Istro-Romanian: fetĕ

Megleno-Romanian: feată, fętă

Romanian: fată

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: feda

Old Ligurian: fea

Piedmontese: fèja, fea

Friulian: fede

Venetan: feda

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fèya

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: feda (northern)

Gascon: heda, hede

Occitan: feda

Vivaro-Alpine: fea, feia, fià, fié

Substantivization of the feminine of fētus (“having recently given birth”). Found in Classical Latin in senses 1 and 2.


Macerata

la-proper noun

Mācerāta f sg (genitive Mācerātae); first declension

Mācerāta (canonical feminine singular)
Mācerātae (genitive)
Mācerāta (nominative singular)
Mācerātae (genitive singular)
Mācerātae (dative singular)
Mācerātam (accusative singular)
Mācerātā (ablative singular)
Mācerāta (singular vocative)
Mācerātae (locative singular)

[mät͡ʃeˈräːt̪ä]

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Macerata (a town in Marche, Italy)


rhombus

la-noun

rhombus m (genitive rhombī); second declension

rhombī (genitive)
rhombus (nominative singular)
rhombī (nominative plural)
rhombī (genitive singular)
rhombōrum (genitive plural)
rhombō (dative singular)
rhombīs (dative plural)
rhombum (accusative singular)
rhombōs (accusative plural)
rhombō (ablative singular)
rhombīs (ablative plural)
rhombe (singular vocative)
rhombī (plural vocative)

Catalan: rom

Portuguese: rumo

Spanish: rumbo, romo

→ English: rhumb

Sicilian: rummu

Borrowings

→ Albanian: romb

→ Azerbaijani: romb

→ Catalan: rombe

→ Danish: rombe

→ English: rhombus, rhomb

→ French: rhombe

→ Galician: rombo

→ Georgian: რომბი (rombi)

→ German: Rhombus
→ Estonian: romb

→ Hungarian: rombusz

→ Italian: rombo

→ Latvian: rombs

→ Lithuanian: rombas

→ Macedonian: ромб (romb)

→ Norwegian: rombe

→ Polish: romb

→ Portuguese: rombo

→ Romanian: romb

desctree

→ Russian: ромб (romb)
→ Kazakh: ромб (romb)

→ Serbo-Croatian: romb / ромб

→ Slovene: romb

→ Spanish: rombo

→ Swedish: romb

→ Ukrainian: ромб (romb)

From Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos, “rhombus, spinning top”), from ῥέμβω (rhémbō, “I turn around”).


bacterium

la-noun

bactērium n (genitive bactēriī); second declension

bactērium (canonical neuter)
bactēriī (genitive)
bactērium (nominative singular)
bactēria (nominative plural)
bactēriī (genitive singular)
bactēriōrum (genitive plural)
bactēriō (dative singular)
bactēriīs (dative plural)
bactērium (accusative singular)
bactēria (accusative plural)
bactēriō (ablative singular)
bactēriīs (ablative plural)
bactērium (singular vocative)
bactēria (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion, “small staff”), from βακτηρία (baktēría).

bor

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) cane, walking-stick; staff (of a shepherd)


servitus

la-noun

servitūs f (genitive servitūtis); third declension

servitūs (canonical feminine)
servitūtis (genitive)
servitūs (nominative singular)
servitūtēs (nominative plural)
servitūtis (genitive singular)
servitūtum (genitive plural)
servitūtī (dative singular)
servitūtibus (dative plural)
servitūtem (accusative singular)
servitūtēs (accusative plural)
servitūte (ablative singular)
servitūtibus (ablative plural)
servitūs (singular vocative)
servitūtēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: servitud

Italian: servitù

Portuguese: servitude

Spanish: servitud

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ɪt̪uːs̠]

(Medieval Latin) worship, religious ministry


romanus

la-adj

rōmānus (feminine rōmāna, neuter rōmānum, adverb rōmānē); first/second-declension adjective

rōmānus (canonical)
rōmāna (feminine)
rōmānum (neuter)
rōmānē (adverb)
rōmānus (masculine nominative singular)
rōmāna (feminine nominative singular)
rōmānum (neuter nominative singular)
rōmānī (masculine nominative plural)
rōmānae (feminine nominative plural)
rōmāna (neuter nominative plural)
rōmānī (genitive masculine singular)
rōmānae (feminine genitive singular)
rōmānī (genitive neuter singular)
rōmānōrum (genitive masculine plural)
rōmānārum (feminine genitive plural)
rōmānōrum (genitive neuter plural)
rōmānō (dative masculine singular)
rōmānae (dative feminine singular)
rōmānō (dative neuter singular)
rōmānīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rōmānum (accusative masculine singular)
rōmānam (accusative feminine singular)
rōmānum (accusative neuter singular)
rōmānōs (accusative masculine plural)
rōmānās (accusative feminine plural)
rōmāna (accusative neuter plural)
rōmānō (ablative masculine singular)
rōmānā (ablative feminine singular)
rōmānō (ablative neuter singular)
rōmānīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rōmāne (masculine singular vocative)
rōmāna (feminine singular vocative)
rōmānum (neuter singular vocative)
rōmānī (masculine plural vocative)
rōmānae (feminine plural vocative)
rōmāna (neuter plural vocative)

Albanian: rëmër, rëmen

desc

Aromanian: armãn, arãmãn, rãmãn, rrãmãn, rãmen, rrãmen

Asturian: romanu

Catalan: romà

Friulian: roman

Istro-Romanian: rumăr

Italian: romano

Old French: romain

French: romain

→ English: romaine

→ English: Roman

Old Galician-Portuguese: romão

Portuguese: romão, romã

Romanian: român, rumân

Sicilian: rumanu

Spanish: romano

Venetan: roman

→ Proto-Germanic: *rūmōniz

→ Dutch: Romeins

→ Norwegian Bokmål: roman

→ Portuguese: romano

→ Romanian: roman

From Rōma (“Rome”) + -ānus (“-an”, adjectival derivational suffix).

suf

(Medieval Latin) Christian, sometimes particularly Catholic.


romanus

la-noun

rōmānus m (genitive rōmānī); second declension

rōmānus (canonical masculine)
rōmānī (genitive)
rōmānus (nominative singular)
rōmānī (nominative plural)
rōmānī (genitive singular)
rōmānōrum (genitive plural)
rōmānō (dative singular)
rōmānīs (dative plural)
rōmānum (accusative singular)
rōmānōs (accusative plural)
rōmānō (ablative singular)
rōmānīs (ablative plural)
rōmāne (singular vocative)
rōmānī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: armãn

Catalan: romà

Dutch: Romein

English: Roman

French: Romain

Italian: romano

Portuguese: romão

→ Portuguese: romano

Romanian: roman, român

Sicilian: rumanu

Spanish: romano

(Medieval Latin) Latin Frank (a Latin-speaking inhabitant of the Frankish Kingdom)


corpus

corpus n (genitive corporis); third declension

corporis (genitive)
corpus (nominative singular)
corpora (nominative plural)
corporis (genitive singular)
corporum (genitive plural)
corporī (dative singular)
corporibus (dative plural)
corpus (accusative singular)
corpora (accusative plural)
corpore (ablative singular)
corporibus (ablative plural)
corpus (singular vocative)
corpora (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: corp

Franco-Provençal: corps

desctree

Old French: cors
Middle French: cors
French: corps
Karipúna Creole French: kó
→ Danish: korps
→ English: corps
→ Dutch: corps, korps
→ German: Korps
→ Norwegian Bokmål: korps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: korps
→ Romanian: corp (in part)
→ Swedish: kår
Walloon: coirps, corps
→ Middle English: corse
English: corpse
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: cos
Galician: cós
Portuguese: cós

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: côrp

Ligurian: còrpo

Lombard: còrp

Piedmontese: còrp

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: corpu

Gallurese: colpu

Dalmatian: cuarp, kuarp

Istriot: cuorpo

Italian: corpo

Neapolitan: cuorpo

Sassarese: coìpu

Sicilian: corpu

Old Occitan: cors

Catalan: cos

Occitan: còrs

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cuarp

Ladin: corp

Romansch: corp

Sardinian: cólpus, corpus, cropus

Venetan: corpo, corp

→ Cimbrian: khòrp

West Iberian:

Extremaduran: cuerpu

Old Leonese:

desc

Asturian: cuerpu, cuörpu, cuorpu, cuirpu, cuerpo

Leonese: cuerpu

Mirandese: cuorpo

Navarro-Aragonese: cuerpo

Aragonese: cuerpo

Old Galician-Portuguese: corpo

Fala: corpo

Galician: corpo

Portuguese: corpo

Guinea-Bissau Creole: kurpu

Kristang: korpu

Macanese: corpo

Old Spanish: cuerpo

Spanish: cuerpo

Borrowings:

→ Basque: gorputz

→ Proto-Brythonic: *korf

Breton: korv

Middle Welsh: corff

Welsh: corff

→ Catalan: corpus

→ English: corpus

→ Esperanto: korpo

Ido: korpo

→ German: Korpus

→ Romanian: corp

→ Middle High German: korper, körper, körpel

German: Körper

desctree

→ Old Irish: corp
Irish: corp
Manx: corp
Scottish Gaelic: corp

→ Portuguese: corpus

→ Russian: ко́рпус (kórpus)

→ Spanish: corpus

From Proto-Italic *korpos, from Proto-Indo-European *krépos (“body”), from the root *krep-. Equivalent to the Proto-Germanic neuter noun *hrefaz (“body, torso”), whence e.g. Old High German href, Old Dutch ref, Old English hrif (> English riff).

(Medieval Latin) a corpus (collection of writings by a single author or addressing a certain topic)


Venetia

la-proper noun

Venetia f sg (genitive Venetiae); first declension

Venetiae (genitive)
Venetia (nominative singular)
Venetiae (genitive singular)
Venetiae (dative singular)
Venetiam (accusative singular)
Venetiā (ablative singular)
Venetia (singular vocative)
Venetiae (locative singular)

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: Venêzia

Ligurian: Venessia

Lombard: Venèzia

Piedmontese: Venessia

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: Venezia

Italian: Venezia

Greek: Βενέτσια (Venétsia)

Neapolitan: Venezia

Sicilian: Vinezzia

Old French: Venise

Middle French: Venisse

French: Venise
→ Vietnamese: Vơ-ni-dơ

Norman: V'nise, Venise

Picard: Venise

desctree

→ Middle English: Venyse, Venys, Venyce, Venice, Venise, Venecia
English: Venice (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Venis, Venise, Veneis, Venice

Old Occitan:

Catalan: Venècia

Occitan: Venècia

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: Vignesie

Ladin: Unieja

Romansch: Vaniescha, Venezia

Sardinian: Venetzia

desc

Venetan: Venesia, Venèsia, Venexia, Venèxia, Venèzsia, Venezsia

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: Venecia

Portuguese: Veneza

Old Spanish:

Spanish: Venecia

→ Greek: Βενετία (Venetía)

→ Irish: Veinéis

→ Romanian: Veneția

→ Russian: Венеция (Venecija) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Slovene: Benetke
→ Czech: Benátky
→ Slovak: Benátky

[u̯ɛˈnɛt̪iä]

From Venetī + -ia (suffix forming place names).

suffix

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Venice (a city and former polity in northeastern Italy)


lactatio

la-noun

lactātiō f (genitive lactātiōnis); third declension

lactātiō (canonical feminine)
lactātiōnis (genitive)
lactātiō (nominative singular)
lactātiōnēs (nominative plural)
lactātiōnis (genitive singular)
lactātiōnum (genitive plural)
lactātiōnī (dative singular)
lactātiōnibus (dative plural)
lactātiōnem (accusative singular)
lactātiōnēs (accusative plural)
lactātiōne (ablative singular)
lactātiōnibus (ablative plural)
lactātiō (singular vocative)
lactātiōnēs (plural vocative)

English: lactation

Italian: lattazione

Portuguese: lactação

[ɫ̪äkˈt̪äːt̪ioː]


libra

lībra f (genitive lībrae); first declension

lībra (canonical feminine)
lībrae (genitive)
lībra (nominative singular)
lībrae (nominative plural)
lībrae (genitive singular)
lībrārum (genitive plural)
lībrae (dative singular)
lībrīs (dative plural)
lībram (accusative singular)
lībrās (accusative plural)
lībrā (ablative singular)
lībrīs (ablative plural)
lībra (singular vocative)
lībrae (plural vocative)

Catalan: lliura

desctree

Old French: livre m
Middle French: livre
French: livre
Norman: livre

Galician: libra

Italian: libra, libbra, lira

→ Catalan: lira

→ Czech: lira

→ Danish: lire

→ Faroese: liri

→ English: lira

→ Finnish: liira

→ German: Lira

→ Galician: lira

→ Maori: rira

→ Malay: lira

→ Maltese: lira

→ Norwegian: lira

→ Portuguese: lira

→ Serbo-Croatian: lira

→ Spanish: lira

→ Turkish: lira

Piedmontese: livra

Portuguese: libra

Romanian: livră

Spanish: libra

→ Tagalog: libra

Of uncertain origin. The word's original form was something like Proto-Italic *līðrā, *leiðrā (“pound”), surviving also in Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra), whence English liter.
Weiss derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to pour”) suffixed with the instrumental/resultative suffix *-dʰrom, under the assumption that the term originally meant "pouring (of metal)" before evolving to mean a unit of weight. In this case, then cognate with Proto-Slavic *lìti (“to pour”), Proto-Celtic *liyeti (“to flow”), Ancient Greek λείβω (leíbō, “to pour”), Lithuanian líeti (“to let flow”).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) pound, any of various units of mass derived from or roughly equivalent to the Roman libra

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) pound, any of various currencies derived from the use of pound as a weight in silver


Londinium

la-proper noun

Londinium n sg (genitive Londiniī or Londinī); second declension

Londiniī (genitive)
Londinī (genitive)
Londinium (nominative singular)
Londiniī (genitive singular)
Londinī (genitive singular)
Londiniō (dative singular)
Londinium (accusative singular)
Londiniō (ablative singular)
Londinium (singular vocative)
Londiniī (locative singular)

→ Ancient Greek: Λονδίνιον (Londínion)

desctree

→ Old English: Lunden
Middle English: Lunden, London
English: London
Norwegian Bokmål: London
→ Latin: Lundonia
→? Old French: Londres, Londrez
Middle French: Londres
French: Londres (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: Londres
Galician: Londres
Portuguese: Londres

→ English: Londinium

→ German: London

Sicilian: Lògnina, Lònnira

[ɫ̪ɔn̪ˈd̪ɪniʊ̃ˑ]

Uncertain, but likely from Proto-Celtic *Londinyom (“place that floods”), from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“heath; wild land”) + *-injo-, a suffix forming specific nouns and found in other Romano-Celtic placenames. Cognate to Proto-Celtic *landā (“low-lying land”), whence Old Irish land, Welsh llan, as well as *londos (“subduing > fierce”, adj.), whence Old Irish lond.
Details
An earlier, more difficult proposal derives it from *Φlowonidonyom, morphologically adapted from a pre-Celtic Indo-European substrate word meaning something like “Boat River, Unfordable River” or “Flooding-River” and made up of Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to flow”) and a disputed *neyd- (“to flow”).
Forms in -don- could be artificial Latinizations modelled after e.g. Old English Wreocen < Latin Viroconium (modern Wroxeter). Appears as Middle Welsh Llundein, Old English Lunden, which may not continue the Classical Latin form, but may continue Late British Latin *Lundeinju if the medial -i- of the original word was short. Cf. Etymology of London.

der

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


homo

la-noun

homō m (genitive hominis); third declension

homō (canonical masculine)
hominis (genitive)
homō (nominative singular)
hominēs (nominative plural)
hominis (genitive singular)
hominum (genitive plural)
hominī (dative singular)
hominibus (dative plural)
hominem (accusative singular)
hominēs (accusative plural)
homine (ablative singular)
hominibus (ablative plural)
homō (singular vocative)
hominēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: om

Istro-Romanian: om

Megleno-Romanian: om, uom

Romanian: om

Dalmatian:

jomno

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: omu

Istriot: omo

Italian: uomo, omo

Neapolitan: ommo

Sicilian: omu, òminu

Padanian:

Emilian: òmen, òm

Ligurian: òmmo

Lombard: òmm, òmen

Piedmontese: òm, òmon

Romagnol: òm, òman

Friulian: omp, om

Romansch: um

Venetan: omo, òmeno

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: homo, on

Old French: home (see there for further descendants)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: home

desctree

Old Occitan: ome, hom, home, om, omne
Occitan: òme, ome

Sardinian:

òmine

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: hombre, ombre, ome, omme, homme, uamne (11th century, Glosas Emilianenses)
Aragonese: ombre

Old Leonese: ome

Asturian: home

Leonese: home

Mirandese: home

Old Galician-Portuguese: ome, home, omen, omẽe
Fala: homi
Galician: home
Portuguese: homem (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: omne, ome, om̃e, homne
Ladino:
Hebrew script: אומברי
Latin script: ombre
Spanish: hombre, honbre, ombre, onbre (obsolete)
Chavacano: hombre
→ English: hombre
→ French: hombre
→ English: ombre
→ Papiamentu: hòmber

Borrowings:

desc

→ English: homo; argumentum ad hominem, ad hominem

→ Esperanto: homo

→ Ido: homo

→ Interlingua: homine

→ Translingual: Homo

From earlier hemō, from Proto-Italic *hemō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰm̥mṓ (“earthling”), from *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”), whence Latin humus. Cognates include Old Lithuanian žmuõ (“man”), Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma) and Old English guma (“man”) (whence English gome). See also nēmō (“no one”), from *ne hemō.
The phenomenon of a derivational relationship between the words for both earth and man is also seen in Semitic languages: Hebrew אָדָם (adám, “man”), אֲדָמָה (adamá, “soil”).

etymon

homō

vir

adult human man; with connotations of freeborn status and possession of masculine virtues

fēmina

female; woman; in Republican Latin, used especially to refer to women of social rank, functioning as a female counterpart of vir and a more respectful synonym of mulier


sum

la-verb

sum (present infinitive esse, perfect active fuī, future participle futūrus); irregular conjugation, irregular, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle

sum (canonical)
irregular conjugation (canonical)
no passive (canonical)
esse (infinitive present)
fuī (active perfect)
futūrus (future participle)
sum (active first-person indicative present singular)
es (active indicative present second-person singular)
est (active indicative present singular third-person)
sumus (active first-person indicative plural present)
estis (active indicative plural present second-person)
sunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
eram (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
erās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
erat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
erāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
erātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
erant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
erō (active first-person future indicative singular)
eris (active future indicative second-person singular)
ere (active future indicative second-person singular)
erit (active future indicative singular third-person)
erimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
eritis (active future indicative plural second-person)
erunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
fuī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
fuistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
fuit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
fuimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
fuistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
fuērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
fuēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
fueram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
fuerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
fuerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
fuerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
fuerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
fuerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
fuerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
fueris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
fuerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
fuerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
fueritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
fuerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
sim (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sīs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sit (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sīmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sītis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sint (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
essem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
forem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
essēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
forēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
esset (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
foret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
essēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
forēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
essētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
forētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
essent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
forent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fuerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
fuerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
fuerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
fuerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
fuerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fuerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fuissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
fuissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
fuisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
fuissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
fuissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fuissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
es (active imperative present second-person singular)
este (active imperative plural present second-person)
estō (active future imperative second-person singular)
estō (active future imperative singular third-person)
estōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
suntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
esse (active infinitive present)
fuisse (active infinitive perfect)
futūrum esse (active future infinitive)
fore (active future infinitive)
futūrus (active future participle)

q

blended with <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">fierī</i>

Balkan Romance: (blended with fierī)

Megleno-Romanian: săm

Aromanian: hiu

Istro-Romanian: fi

Romanian: fi

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: esse

Gallurese: esse

Italian: essere

Neapolitan: essere

Sassarese: assé

Sicilian: èssiri

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: èssere

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: èser

Istriot: ièsi

Ligurian: êse

Lombard: vésser

Piedmontese: esse

Romagnol: es

Friulian: jessi, sei

Ladin: ester

Romansch: esser

Venetan: èser

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ésser

Franco-Provençal: étre

Old French: estre (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: èsser

blended with <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">sedēre</i>

Ibero-Romance: (blended with sedēre)

Mozarabic: שיראד (šyrʔd)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: seer
Fala: sel
Galician: ser
Portuguese: ser

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: ser

Leonese: ser

Mirandese: ser

Extremaduran: sel

Old Spanish: eser, seer
Spanish: ser (in part)

→? Catalan: ser

Borrowings:

→ English: esse

→ German: Esse

From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō (“become”), and the verb-endings -bō (future) and -bam (past imperfect). Clipped conjugations with /s-/, such as sum itself, occurred alongside more conservative equivalents with /es-/ in early Latin, such as the archaic esum. The clipped forms likely arose as unstressed clitics.

Ad quod castrum vincendum Pisani fuerunt cum quinquaginta navibus, plattis et schafis, etc,

They went to conquer Pisanius' castle with fifty boats, engines, siege weapons, etc.

(Medieval Latin, in the past tense) to go

Audīte disciplīnam et estōte sapientēs et nōlīte abicere eam.

Hear instruction and be wise, and refuse it not.

(Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin), imperative be


mundus

la-noun

mundus m (genitive mundī); second declension

mundī (genitive)
mundus (nominative singular)
mundī (nominative plural)
mundī (genitive singular)
mundōrum (genitive plural)
mundō (dative singular)
mundīs (dative plural)
mundum (accusative singular)
mundōs (accusative plural)
mundō (ablative singular)
mundīs (ablative plural)
munde (singular vocative)
mundī (plural vocative)

Basque: mundu

Corsican: munnu

Esperanto: mondo

Ido: mondo

Interlingua: mundo

Istriot: mondo

Italian: mondo

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: mundo

Neapolitan: munno

Old French: monde, mont, mund

Middle French: monde

desctree

French: monde
Saint Dominican Creole French: monde
Haitian Creole: moun
→ English: monde

Norman: maonde

Walloon: monde

Old Leonese:

Asturian: mundiu, mundu

Extremaduran: mundu

Leonese: mundiu

Mirandese: mundo

Old Occitan: mon

Catalan: món

Occitan: mond

Old Galician-Portuguese: mundo

Galician: mundo

Portuguese: mundo, mũdo (obsolete, abbreviation)
Kabuverdianu: mundu
Papiamentu: mundu
Tetum: mundu

Old Spanish: mundo

Ladino: mundo / מונדו

Spanish: mundo, mondo (archaic)
→ Tagalog: mundo

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: mond

Ladin: mond

Romansch: mund, mond, muond

Sardinian: mundhu, mundu, munnu

Sicilian: munnu

Venetan: móndo

From mundus (adjective). In the sense “universe”, calque of Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos).


maior

la-noun

maior m (genitive maiōris); third declension

maiōris (genitive)
maior (nominative singular)
maiōrēs (nominative plural)
maiōris (genitive singular)
maiōrum (genitive plural)
maiōrī (dative singular)
maiōribus (dative plural)
maiōrem (accusative singular)
maiōrēs (accusative plural)
maiōre (ablative singular)
maiōribus (ablative plural)
maior (singular vocative)
maiōrēs (plural vocative)

desctree

Old French: maire m
Middle French: maire m
French: maire m
Norman: maire m
→ Middle English: maire
English: mayor

From Proto-Italic *magjōs, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂yōs, from *meǵh₂- (“great”) + *-yōs (comparative suffix).

af

(Medieval Latin) A mayor (a leader of a city or town).


pagina

la-noun

pāgina f (genitive pāginae); first declension

pāgina (canonical feminine)
pāginae (genitive)
pāgina (nominative singular)
pāginae (nominative plural)
pāginae (genitive singular)
pāginārum (genitive plural)
pāginae (dative singular)
pāginīs (dative plural)
pāginam (accusative singular)
pāginās (accusative plural)
pāginā (ablative singular)
pāginīs (ablative plural)
pāgina (singular vocative)
pāginae (plural vocative)

Italian: pania (“birdlime”)

Italian: panione, paniuzza; painella (Lucca)

→ Aromanian: padzinã

→ Asturian: páxina

→ Catalan: pàgina

→ Dutch: pagina
→ Indonesian: pagina

→ English: pagina

→ Middle English: pagent

English: pageant

→ Friulian: pagjine

→ Galician: páxina

→ Ido: pagino

→ Interlingua: pagina

→ Italian: pagina

→ Occitan: pagina

→ Old French: page

Middle French: page

→ Dutch: page

→ English: page

→ Hindi: पेज (pej)

→ Japanese: ページ

→ Korean: 페이지 (peiji)

Pitcairn-Norfolk: paij

Tok Pisin: pes

French: page

Haitian Creole: page

Walloon: pådje

→ Piedmontese: pàgina

→ Portuguese: página

→ Romanian: pagină

→ Romansch: pagina

→ Sardinian: pàgina

→ Sicilian: pàggina

→ Maltese: paġna

→ Spanish: página

→ Tagalog: pahina

→ Venetan: pajina, pàxena

[ˈpäːd͡ʒinä]

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fasten, fix”), perhaps from “papyrus sheets fastened to each other” or from “fastening/imprinting letters”. See also pangō (“to insert firmly, to fix”).

der

(Medieval Latin) a legal document (charter, will)

a written page, leaf, sheet
a legal document (charter, will)

(transferred) of rectangular shapes
(Medieval Latin) a pane, piece or side

of rectangular shapes
a pane, piece or side

(Medieval Latin) a pageant (usu. in a cycle of mystery plays, esp. as performed by guild of craftsmen)


canon

la-noun

canōn m (genitive canonis); third declension

canōn (canonical masculine)
canonis (genitive)
canōn (nominative singular)
canonēs (nominative plural)
canonis (genitive singular)
canonum (genitive plural)
canonī (dative singular)
canonibus (dative plural)
canonem (accusative singular)
canonēs (accusative plural)
canone (ablative singular)
canonibus (ablative plural)
canōn (singular vocative)
canonēs (plural vocative)

Italian: canone

→ Catalan: cànon

→ German: Kanon

→ Japanese: カノン

→ Dutch: canon

→ Old French: canon (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: cânone

→ Russian: канон (kanon)

→ Spanish: canon

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”), akin to κάννα (kánna, “reed”), perhaps from Semitic (compare Hebrew קנה (qaneh, “reed”)).

bor

a yearly tribute paid to the emperor; (Medieval Latin, by extension) a periodic payment


canon

la-noun

canōn m (genitive canōnis); third declension

canōn (canonical masculine)
canōnis (genitive)

From canna (“pipe”), compare Italian cannone and Old French canon.


moneta

monēta f (genitive monētae); first declension

monēta (canonical feminine)
monētae (genitive)
monēta (nominative singular)
monētae (nominative plural)
monētae (genitive singular)
monētārum (genitive plural)
monētae (dative singular)
monētīs (dative plural)
monētam (accusative singular)
monētās (accusative plural)
monētā (ablative singular)
monētīs (ablative plural)
monēta (singular vocative)
monētae (plural vocative)

Cicero
Domitian
Suda
Æthelwulf, King of Wessex

Dalmatian:

monaita

Italo-Romance:

Italian: moneta

Sicilian: munita

Padanian:

Friulian: monede

Ladin: muneida, munëida

Ligurian: monæa, monæ

Lombard: moneda, monida

→ Piedmontese: monèda

desc

Piedmontese: monèja, monèa, monè, monèida (Oriental)

Romansch: munaida, muneida

Venetan: monéda, monèa

→? Albanian: monedhë

→ Greek: μονέδα (monéda)

→ Romanian: monedă

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: moneia

Franco-Provençal: monéya, mounêya, mounia, môniiâ

desctree

Old French: monoie, menoie, menoiie, moneie, monoë, monnoie, monnoye, monoye, muneie (Anglo-Norman)
Middle French: monnoye, monnoie
French: monnaie
Poitevin-Saintongeais: mounàie
Norman: mounaie
Picard: monnouaie
→ Middle English: moneye (see there for further descendants)
→? Walloon: manoye

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: moneda

Catalan: moneda

Old Occitan: moneda
Occitan: moneda
Limousin: moneda, monuda
Vivaro-Alpine: monea, moneia, monha, monìa

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: moneda, monea

Old Galician-Portuguese: mõeda

Galician: moeda

Portuguese: moeda

Spanish: moneda

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: moneda, moneta, muneda

Borrowings:

→ Basque: mota

→ Bulgarian: моне́та (monéta)

→ German: Moneten

→ Ido: moneto

→? Middle Scots: monet

→ Polish: moneta

→ Russian: моне́та (monéta)

→ Azerbaijani: manat

→ English: manat

→ Turkmen: manat

→ English: manat

→ Proto-West Germanic: *munit (see there for further descendants)

From Monēta, an Italian goddess conflated with Juno after her introduction (cf. evocatio) to Rome in 344 BC. Her temple was used by the Roman mint from 273 BC until it was destroyed by fire and moved to the Colosseum by Domitian in AD 84. The usual derivation—given by Cicero and the Byzantine Suda— is from monēre (“to warn, to advise”) + a variant of -īta, but it is now considered more likely the earlier Italian goddess's name came from a form of Ancient Greek μονήρης (monḗrēs, “solitary, alone, unique”).

der

(Medieval Latin, historical) Abbreviation of monētārius ("moneyer, minter") in its various forms


historia

la-noun

historia f (genitive historiae); first declension

historiae (genitive)
historia (nominative singular)
historiae (nominative plural)
historiae (genitive singular)
historiārum (genitive plural)
historiae (dative singular)
historiīs (dative plural)
historiam (accusative singular)
historiās (accusative plural)
historiā (ablative singular)
historiīs (ablative plural)
historia (singular vocative)
historiae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: histori

→ Aragonese: istoria

desc

→ Asturian: historia, hestoria, historica

→ Basque: historia

→ Breton: istor

→ Catalan: història

→ Corsican: storia

→ Czech: historie

→ Danish: historie

desctree

→ Middle Dutch: historie
Dutch: historie
→ Indonesian: histori

→ English: storey

→ Finnish: historia

→ Old French: estoire, historie
Anglo-Norman: estorie (see there for further descendants)
French: histoire, hîtoire (obsolete)
Haitian Creole: istwa
Gallo: istoèrr
Norman: histouaire, histouaithe (Jersey), histouère (continental Normandy), istwer (Sark), histouère, istwer
→ Middle English: historie (see there for further descendants)

→ Friulian: istorie, storie

→ Galician: historia

→ German: Historie

→ Hungarian: história

→ Istriot: stuoria (perhaps via Italian)

→ Old Italian: istoria

Italian: storia

→ Old Irish: stoir
Middle Irish: stair
Irish: stair

→ Irish: stór

desc

→ Ladino: istoria, estoria, estorya, istorya

→ Lithuanian: istorija

→ Mirandese: stória

→ Norwegian: historie

→ Occitan: istòria

→ Piedmontese: stòria

Old Lombard: istoria

Lombard: storia

desctree

→ Old Polish: historyja, istoryja (learned)
Polish: historia, historyja, istoryja (Middle Polish), historya (pre-reform orthography (1816)), historja (pre-reform orthography (1936))
→ Kashubian: historiô
Silesian: historyjŏ

→ Portuguese: história

→ Old Prussian: istōrija

→ Romanian: istorie

→ Romansch: istorgia

→ Samogitian: istuorėjė

→ Sicilian: storia

→ Maltese: storja

→ Slovak: história

→ Spanish: historia

→ Sranan Tongo: historia (learned)

→ Swahili: historia

→ Swedish: historia

→ Venetan: istoria, storia

→ Cimbrian: stòrdja

→ Middle Welsh: ystyr

Welsh: ystyr

→ Yiddish: היסטאָריע (historye)

From Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía, “learning through research, narration of what is learned”), from ἱστορέω (historéō, “to learn through research, to inquire”), from ἵστωρ (hístōr, “the one who knows, the expert, the judge”).

der

(Medieval Latin, England) a narrative illustration, frieze or inscription (esp. on a wall)

clāra historia

upper level, storey (esp. of a church, where a frieze would often appear); (later) a window level


pedo

la-noun

pedō m (genitive pedōnis); third declension

pedō (canonical masculine)
pedōnis (genitive)
pedō (nominative singular)
pedōnēs (nominative plural)
pedōnis (genitive singular)
pedōnum (genitive plural)
pedōnī (dative singular)
pedōnibus (dative plural)
pedōnem (accusative singular)
pedōnēs (accusative plural)
pedōne (ablative singular)
pedōnibus (ablative plural)
pedō (singular vocative)
pedōnēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pedone

Sicilian: piduni

North Italian:

Lombard: pedon

Ligurian: peon

Piedmontese: pivon

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: peó

Old French: peon (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: pezon

Occitan: peon

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: peon

Galician: peón

Portuguese: peão, pião

Old Spanish: pedon

Spanish: peón

From ped- (“foot”) + -ō (noun-forming suffix). Found only in late glosses. Replaced the Classical equivalent pedĕs, since the latter was at risk of homophony with pedēs ("feet", and other inflections thereof) due to ongoing sound changes in the vernacular. Romance inherited sense 1, often with transferred meanings like 'footsoldier', 'peasant'.


alcohol

la-noun

alcohol n (genitive alcoholis); third declension

alcoholis (genitive)
alcohol (nominative singular)
alcohola (nominative plural)
alcoholis (genitive singular)
alcoholum (genitive plural)
alcoholī (dative singular)
alcoholibus (dative plural)
alcohol (accusative singular)
alcohola (accusative plural)
alcohole (ablative singular)
alcoholibus (ablative plural)
alcohol (singular vocative)
alcohola (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: alkool

→ Armenian: ալկոհոլ (alkohol)

→ Asturian: alcohol

→ Catalan: alcohol

desctree

→ Dutch: alcohol, alkohol (superseded)
Afrikaans: alkohol
→ Indonesian: alkohol
→ Japanese: アルコール (arukōru)
→ Pohnpeian: ahrkohl

→ Esperanto: alkoholo

→ Ido: alkoholo

→ Old French: alcohol
Middle French: alcohol
French: alcohol, alcool (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: alcofol
English: alcohol (see there for further descendants)

→ Galician: alcohol

→ German: Alkohol (see there for further descendants)

desc

אַלְכּוֹהוֹל

→ Hebrew: אַלְכּוֹהוֹל

→ Hebrew: אַלְכּוֹהוֹל

→ Interlingua: alcohol

→ Italian: alcool, alcol

→ Kazakh: алкоголь (alkogol)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: alkohol

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: alkohol

→ Portuguese: álcool

→ Romanian: alcool

→ Russian: алкоголь (alkogolʹ)

→ Serbo-Croatian: àlkohol/а̀лкохол

→ Slovak: alkohol

→ Slovene: alkohọ̑l

→ Ukrainian: алкоголь (alkoholʹ)

desctree

→ Spanish: alcohol
→ Basque: alkohol
→ Quechua: alkul

[ˈäɫ̪ko(ɦ)ɔɫ̪]

From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥūl), اَلْقُحُول (al-quḥūl), earlier اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”). Ultimately from Akkadian.

(Medieval Latin) kohl, collyrium, stibium

alcohol ferrī

(Medieval Latin) any other powder obtained from triturating a material

(Medieval Latin) distilled essence, spirit


anno Domini

Literally, “in the year of the Lord” (ablative of annus (“year”), genitive of Dominus (“Lord”)). The numbering system and the appellation are ascribed to Dionysius Exiguus (c. 6th century), though he most likely drew on earlier sources. Dionysius gives the full name annī ab incarnātiōne Dominī (“years from the incarnation of the Lord”) to the series of years since AD 1, with annus Dominī and (annus) ab incarnātiōne serving as short forms in early uses. Annō Dominī is a fixed phrase by the 11th century.

anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo quinquagesimo nono

1282–1285 — Simon de Keza, Gesta Hungarorum; section 7

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Igitur in aetate sexta saeculi multiplicati Huni in Scitia habitando ut arena, anno Domini septingentesimo in unum congregati, capitaneos inter se...

Datum Bude in Dominica reminiscere anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo septuagesimo sexto regnorum nostrorum anno Hungarie etc.

1476, “Commissio propria domini regis”, in Decreta Regni Hungariae 1458-1490, Budapest, published 1989:

in the year of our Lord
in the year of our Lord


populus

la-noun

populus m (genitive populī); second declension

populī (genitive)
populus (nominative singular)
populī (nominative plural)
populī (genitive singular)
populōrum (genitive plural)
populō (dative singular)
populīs (dative plural)
populum (accusative singular)
populōs (accusative plural)
populō (ablative singular)
populīs (ablative plural)
popule (singular vocative)
populī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: popul, poplu, pupul

Romanian: popor

Italo-Romance:

Italian: popolo (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: populu

North Italian:

Old Emilian: povolo

Old Ligurian: povoro

Old Piedmontese: povol

Old Venetan: puovolo

Romansch: pievel

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: poble

Franco-Provençal: poplo

Old French: pueple (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: pòble

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pueblu

Extremaduran: puebru

Leonese: pueblu

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: poboo, poblo, pobro, povoo
Galician: pobo
Portuguese: povo
Kabuverdianu: povu
→ Makalero: povu
→ Mirandese: pobo

Old Spanish: pueblo
Ladino: puevlo
Spanish: pueblo
Papiamentu: pueblo
→ English: pueblo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pobulu, poburu, populu

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: popull

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pobl (see there for further descendants)

Mirandese: Pruoba

Portuguese: póvoa, Póvoa

Spanish: puebla, Puebla

[ˈpɔpʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Old Latin populus (since mid-2nd c. BC), from earlier poplus, from even earlier *poplos (attested already since early 5th c. BC), from Proto-Italic *poplos (“army”), further origin unknown; perhaps from Etruscan or from the root of pleō. See also plēbs.

unk

unknown

(Medieval Latin) a parish, part of a city


amen

tlb

(biblical, Christianity, Late Latin, Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin)

Borrowed from Koine Greek ᾱ̓μήν (āmḗn), from Biblical Hebrew אָמֵן (ʾāmēn, “certainly, truly”); cognate with Arabic آمِين (ʔāmīn), Aramaic אַמִין (ʾamīn), Classical Syriac ܐܰܡܺܝܢ (ʾamīn).


novenus

novēnus (canonical)
novēna (feminine)
novēnum (neuter)
novēnus (masculine nominative singular)
novēna (feminine nominative singular)
novēnum (neuter nominative singular)
novēnī (masculine nominative plural)
novēnae (feminine nominative plural)
novēna (neuter nominative plural)
novēnī (genitive masculine singular)
novēnae (feminine genitive singular)
novēnī (genitive neuter singular)
novēnum (genitive masculine plural)
novēnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
novēnum (feminine genitive plural)
novēnārum (feminine genitive plural)
novēnum (genitive neuter plural)
novēnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
novēnō (dative masculine singular)
novēnae (dative feminine singular)
novēnō (dative neuter singular)
novēnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
novēnum (accusative masculine singular)
novēnam (accusative feminine singular)
novēnum (accusative neuter singular)
novēnōs (accusative masculine plural)
novēnās (accusative feminine plural)
novēna (accusative neuter plural)
novēnō (ablative masculine singular)
novēnā (ablative feminine singular)
novēnō (ablative neuter singular)
novēnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
novēne (masculine singular vocative)
novēna (feminine singular vocative)
novēnum (neuter singular vocative)
novēnī (masculine plural vocative)
novēnae (feminine plural vocative)
novēna (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: novenu

Catalan: novè, nové

Portuguese: noveno

Sicilian: nuvenu, nuvena

Spanish: noveno

Old Piedmontese: noven

Probably from earlier *nowensnos, equivalent to novem + -nus.

Laudibus angelicus quem succinit ordo novenus

We praise you to whom the ninefold angelic order sing with praises

terminato anno octavo, inchoanteque noveno

c. 1460, Registrum abbatiae Johannis Whethamstede, 1 357

with the eighth year ended, and the ninth beginning


cappella

la-noun

cappella f (genitive cappellae); first declension

cappellae (genitive)
cappella (nominative singular)
cappellae (nominative plural)
cappellae (genitive singular)
cappellārum (genitive plural)
cappellae (dative singular)
cappellīs (dative plural)
cappellam (accusative singular)
cappellās (accusative plural)
cappellā (ablative singular)
cappellīs (ablative plural)
cappella (singular vocative)
cappellae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

desctree

Italian: cappella
→ Friulian: capele (or directly from Latin)
→ German: Kapelle (“band”)
→ English: capelle, kapelle
→ Polish: kapela
→ Luxembourgish: Kapell
→ Norwegian Bokmål: cappella
→ Romanian: capelă
→ Russian: капе́лла (kapélla)
→ Crimean Tatar: kapella

North Italian:

Friulian: capele (probably a borrowing)

Venetan: capeła, capela

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Catalan: capella (inherited or borrowed)

Old French: chapele (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Occitan: capella
Occitan: capèla
→ Basque: kapera

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: capiella, capiya

Mirandese: capielha

Old Galician-Portuguese: capela

Galician: capela

Portuguese: capela, capella (obsolete)
→ Konkani: कोपेल (kopel)
→ Malayalam: കപ്പേള (kappēḷa)

Old Spanish: capiella

Spanish: capilla
Chavacano: capilla
→ Bikol Central: kapilya
→ Cebuano: kapilya
→ Ilocano: kapilia
→ Hiligaynon: kapilya
→ Tagalog: kapilya

→ Indonesian: kapela

→ Middle Welsh: capel

Welsh: capel

→ Old Czech: caplicě

→ Polish: kaplica

→ Belarusian: каплі́ца (kaplíca)

→ Ukrainian: капли́ця (kaplýcja)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kappellā (see there for further descendants)

From cappa (“cape; coat”) + -ella (diminutive suffix), literally “little cloak”. First attested circa 660 CE.


senior

la-noun

senior m (genitive seniōris); third declension

seniōris (genitive)
senior (nominative singular)
seniōrēs (nominative plural)
seniōris (genitive singular)
seniōrum (genitive plural)
seniōrī (dative singular)
seniōribus (dative plural)
seniōrem (accusative singular)
seniōrēs (accusative plural)
seniōre (ablative singular)
seniōribus (ablative plural)
senior (singular vocative)
seniōrēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: sinyor

Dalmatian: sinaur, sinar

Friulian: signôr, siôr

Italian: signore

Old French: seignor

Middle French: seigneur

French: seigneur

→ English: seigneur

Old French: sire

→ French: sieur, sire, monsieur

→ English: sire, sir

→ Italian: sere, sire

Old French: sendra

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: senhor
Galician: señor, señora
Portuguese: senhor, senhora (see there for further descendants)

Old Lombard: segnior

Old Occitan: senhor, segnor
Occitan: sénher, senhor, signour

Old Spanish: sennor
Ladino: sinyor
Spanish: señor

Romagnol: signôr, sgnôr, Signôr

Romansch: signur

desc

Sardinian: sannori, segnore, segnori, sennore

Sicilian: signuri

Venetan: sior

Borrowings:

→ English: senior

→ French: senior

→ Polish: senior

→ Portuguese: sénior, sênior (Brazil)

→ Romanian: senior

→ Spanish: senior


elixir

la-noun

elixir n (genitive elixiris); third declension

elixiris (genitive)
elixir (nominative singular)
elixira (nominative plural)
elixiris (genitive singular)
elixirium (genitive plural)
elixirum (genitive plural)
elixirī (dative singular)
elixiribus (dative plural)
elixir (accusative singular)
elixira (accusative plural)
elixire (ablative singular)
elixiribus (ablative plural)
elixir (singular vocative)
elixira (plural vocative)

Old French: elixir

French: élixir

→ Middle English: elixir, elixer

English: elixir

[ɛˈlʲɪks̠ɪr]

From Arabic اَلْإِكْسِير (al-ʔiksīr), from Koine Greek ξηρίον (xēríon, “medicinal powder”), ellipsis of ξηρίον φάρμακον (xēríon phármakon, literally “dry powder medicine”) from Ancient Greek ξηρός (xērós, “dry”).

der

اَلْإِكْسِير

ellipsis

ξηρίον φάρμακον


delphinus

la-noun

delphīnus m (genitive delphīnī); second declension

delphīnus (canonical masculine)
delphīnī (genitive)
delphīnus (nominative singular)
delphīnī (nominative plural)
delphīnī (genitive singular)
delphīnōrum (genitive plural)
delphīnō (dative singular)
delphīnīs (dative plural)
delphīnum (accusative singular)
delphīnōs (accusative plural)
delphīnō (ablative singular)
delphīnīs (ablative plural)
delphīne (singular vocative)
delphīnī (plural vocative)

Asturian: llofín

Catalan: dofí, delfí

Dutch: dolfijn

French: dauphin

Galician: delfín

desctree

→ German: Delphin, Delfin (1996 spelling reform, now roughly equally common)
→ Bulgarian: делфи́н (delfín)
→ Czech: delfín
→ Macedonian: делфин (delfin)
→ Middle Russian: дельфи́нъ (delʹfín)
Russian: дельфи́н (delʹfín)
→ Armenian: դելֆին (delfin)
→ Bezhta: делфин (delfin)
→ Kazakh: дельфин (delfin)
→ Polish: delfin
→ Old Ruthenian: делфи́нъ (delfín)
Belarusian: дэльфі́н (delʹfín)
Carpathian Rusyn: делфи́н (delfýn)
Ukrainian: дельфі́н (delʹfín)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: дѐлфӣн
Latin script: dèlfīn
→ Slovak: delfín
→ Swedish: delfin
→ Upper Sorbian: delfin

Istriot: dulfeîn

Italian: delfino

Ligurian: delfìn, drafìn

→ Middle English: delphyn, delfyne, delphin, dolphyn
English: dolphin
Scots: dowphin
→ Welsh: dolffin

Occitan: dalfin

Old Galician-Portuguese: golfinno
Galician: golfiño
Portuguese: golfinho

Portuguese: delfim

Romagnol: dilfòin

Romanian: delfin

Romansch: delfin

Sardinian: gorfinu, grufinu, gurfinu

desc

Sicilian: dirfinu, derfinu, draffinu, darfinu

Spanish: delfín, golfín

Translingual: Delphinus; Delphinium

Venetan: dolfin, delfin

→ Albanian: delfin

[d̪ɛɫ̪ˈpʰiːnʊs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís).

bor+

(Medieval Latin) dauphin (the eldest son of the king of France)


tenor

la-noun

tenor m (genitive tenōris); third declension

tenōris (genitive)
tenor (nominative singular)
tenōrēs (nominative plural)
tenōris (genitive singular)
tenōrum (genitive plural)
tenōrī (dative singular)
tenōribus (dative plural)
tenōrem (accusative singular)
tenōrēs (accusative plural)
tenōre (ablative singular)
tenōribus (ablative plural)
tenor (singular vocative)
tenōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: tenor

Old French: tenor

French: teneur, ténor

→ Dutch: teneur

→ English: tenor

Galician: teor

German: Tenor

→ Icelandic: tenór

Italian: tenore
→ Portuguese: tenor

Portuguese: teor

Sicilian: tinuri

Spanish: tenor

teneō (“to hold”) + -or (“abstract noun suffix”)


armiger

la-noun

armiger m (genitive armigerī, feminine armigera); second declension

armigerī (genitive)
armigera (feminine)
armiger (nominative singular)
armigerī (nominative plural)
armigerī (genitive singular)
armigerōrum (genitive plural)
armigerō (dative singular)
armigerīs (dative plural)
armigerum (accusative singular)
armigerōs (accusative plural)
armigerō (ablative singular)
armigerīs (ablative plural)
armiger (singular vocative)
armigerī (plural vocative)


duellum

duellum n (genitive duellī); second declension

duellī (genitive)
duellum (nominative singular)
duella (nominative plural)
duellī (genitive singular)
duellōrum (genitive plural)
duellō (dative singular)
duellīs (dative plural)
duellum (accusative singular)
duella (accusative plural)
duellō (ablative singular)
duellīs (ablative plural)
duellum (singular vocative)
duella (plural vocative)
duellī (locative singular)
duellīs (locative plural)

la-ndecl

The locative form duellī occurred as an archaic alternative to <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">bellī</i> with the same sense of "at war", "in wartime"; this form is found in the works of Plautus.

→ Danish: duel

→ English: duel

→ Esperanto: duelo

→ Middle French: duel (semi-learned)

French: duel

→ Russian: дуэль (duelʹ)

→ Dutch: duel

→ Galician: duelo (semi-learned)

→ German: Duell

→ Ido: duelo

→ Italian: duello (semi-learned)

→ English: duelo

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: duell

→ Piedmontese: duel (semi-learned)

→ Portuguese: duelo (semi-learned)

→ Romanian: duel (semi-learned)

→ Spanish: duelo (semi-learned)

→ Swedish: duell

[d̪uˈɛlːʲʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *dwellom, further etymology uncertain.
Perhaps from *deh₂w-, *dew- (“to injure, destroy, burn”), cognate with Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō, “to burn”), δηιοτής (dēiotḗs, “battle”), δύη (dúē, “misery, pain”).
See also *dwey- (“to fear”), whence dīrus, Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós), Sanskrit द्वेषस् (dvéṣas) and others.
De Vaan instead favors Pinault 1987's proposal of a derivation from a diminutive of bonus (“good, brave”) (Proto-Italic *dwenos), i.e. bellus, with the sense developing from an originally euphemistic use.
The initial dw of duellum changed to b in bellum (compare the change from duis to bis, and duonos to bonus). See w:History of Latin § Other sequences. The archaic form duellum survived in poetry. In Medieval Latin, the sense shifted to a combat between, specifically, two contenders, under the influence of the (non-cognate) word duo (“two”).

Mors et vita duello conflixere mirando

Death and life have contended in a marvelous combat (from the Easter Sequence)

(Medieval Latin) combat between two contenders, duel


quota

la-noun

quota f (genitive quotae); first declension

quotae (genitive)
quota (nominative singular)
quotae (nominative plural)
quotae (genitive singular)
quotārum (genitive plural)
quotae (dative singular)
quotīs (dative plural)
quotam (accusative singular)
quotās (accusative plural)
quotā (ablative singular)
quotīs (ablative plural)
quota (singular vocative)
quotae (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) A percentage of yield owed to the authority as a form of taxation


idiota

idiōta m (genitive idiōtae); first declension

idiōta (canonical masculine)
idiōtae (genitive)
idiōta (nominative singular)
idiōtae (nominative plural)
idiōtae (genitive singular)
idiōtārum (genitive plural)
idiōtae (dative singular)
idiōtīs (dative plural)
idiōtam (accusative singular)
idiōtās (accusative plural)
idiōtā (ablative singular)
idiōtīs (ablative plural)
idiōta (singular vocative)
idiōtae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: idiota

→ Old French: idiote, idiot

→ Middle English: idiote

English: idiot

French: idiot

→ Romanian: idiot

→ Galician: idiota

→ German: Idiot

→ Hungarian: idióta

→ Italian: idiota

→ Polish: idiota

→ Portuguese: idiota

→ Serbo-Croatian: idiot

→ Slovak: idiot

→ Spanish: idiota

→ English: idiota

[ɪd̪iˈoːt̪ä]

[id̪iˈɔːt̪ä]

From Ancient Greek ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “person not involved in public affairs, layman”), from ἴδιος (ídios, “private”).

der

(Medieval Latin) convert; conversus (lay brother)


bombus

la-noun

bombus m (genitive bombī); second declension

bombī (genitive)
bombus (nominative singular)
bombī (nominative plural)
bombī (genitive singular)
bombōrum (genitive plural)
bombō (dative singular)
bombīs (dative plural)
bombum (accusative singular)
bombōs (accusative plural)
bombō (ablative singular)
bombīs (ablative plural)
bombe (singular vocative)
bombī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Bombus

Italian: bombo

→ French: bombe

→ English: bomb (see there for further descendants)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bombe

Sicilian: bumma

Spanish: bombo, bomba

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βόμβος (bómbos), of onomatopoeic origin.

"Facesse hinc ocyus" Ugulottus ait "atque hanc tuam foetidam barbam, quae nos malo odore conturbat, amove." […] "Referta est", inquit Ugulottus, "omnibus bombis, quae unquam ab hominibus editae sunt […] "

15th c., Poggio Bracciolini, Facetiae Latinae

Ugulottus said, "Go away from here fast, and cut off your stinky beard, which has disturbed us with its bad smell." […] And Ugulottus said, "It's linked to all the farts that have ever been let off by anyone

Terribilem foedo misit de podice bumbum

She blew off a terrible fart from her foul ass


fidelitas

fidēlitās f (genitive fidēlitātis); third declension

fidēlitās (canonical feminine)
fidēlitātis (genitive)
fidēlitās (nominative singular)
fidēlitātēs (nominative plural)
fidēlitātis (genitive singular)
fidēlitātum (genitive plural)
fidēlitātī (dative singular)
fidēlitātibus (dative plural)
fidēlitātem (accusative singular)
fidēlitātēs (accusative plural)
fidēlitāte (ablative singular)
fidēlitātibus (ablative plural)
fidēlitās (singular vocative)
fidēlitātēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance;

Italian: fedeltà

Gallo-Romance:

desc

early <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">fedieltad</i>

Old French: fealté, feelté (early fedieltad)

Middle French: féauté

French: féauté (archaic)

Old Lorrain: fauteit

Norman: fiauté

desctree

→ Middle English: feaute, fealtye, feawte, feute, feutee, fewte, fewtee, fewtee, ffeute, foialte
English: fealty (/l/ restored due to learned influence)
Middle Scots: fewte
⇒ Scots: feauto

→ Middle Dutch: fealteit

→ Old Spanish: fealdad

Spanish: fealdad

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: feheltat

Old Occitan: fedaltat, fezeltat

Occitan: feséltat

Provençal: feséutat

West Iberian:

desc

Old Spanish: fieldad (either semi-learned or dialectal)

Spanish: fieldad

Old Galician-Portuguese: fialdade, fieldade

Galician: fieldade

Portuguese: fieldade

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: fidelitat

desctree

→ Middle English: fidelite
English: fidelity

→ Middle French: fidélité

French: fidélité

→ Romanian: fidelitate

→ Portuguese: fidelidade

→ Spanish: fidelidad

[fɪˈd̪eːlʲɪt̪äːs̠]

From fidēlis (“faithful”) + -tās, from fidēs (“faith”).

(Medieval Latin) homage, fealty (as distinct from fidēs, religious faith)


pre-

(Medieval Latin) Alternative form of prae-


refrigerator

la-noun

refrīgerātor m (genitive refrīgerātōris); third declension

refrīgerātor (canonical masculine)
refrīgerātōris (genitive)
refrīgerātor (nominative singular)
refrīgerātōrēs (nominative plural)
refrīgerātōris (genitive singular)
refrīgerātōrum (genitive plural)
refrīgerātōrī (dative singular)
refrīgerātōribus (dative plural)
refrīgerātōrem (accusative singular)
refrīgerātōrēs (accusative plural)
refrīgerātōre (ablative singular)
refrīgerātōribus (ablative plural)
refrīgerātor (singular vocative)
refrīgerātōrēs (plural vocative)

→ English: refrigerator

→ French: réfrigérateur (learned)

→ Italian: refrigeratore (learned)

→ Spanish: refrigerador (learned)

[rɛfriːɡɛˈräːt̪ɔr]


ñ

Rađ Nepos dix̃ qᵭ [teñ trā

1835, illā] ñ vult iñ respōđe sñ . . ., Rotuli Curiae Regis, &c, page 20:

.VIII. ᵭ. ñ sunt de firma Comitat⁹.

1889, The Great Roll of the Pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King Henry the Second: Buchingehāscr̃ et Bedefordscr̃:

(Medieval Latin) Scribal abbreviation of nōn (“not”).


oesophagus

oesophāgus (canonical masculine)
oesophāgus (nominative singular)
oesophāgī (nominative plural)
oesophāgī (genitive singular)
oesophāgōrum (genitive plural)
oesophāgō (dative singular)
oesophāgīs (dative plural)
oesophāgum (accusative singular)
oesophāgōs (accusative plural)
oesophāgō (ablative singular)
oesophāgīs (ablative plural)
oesophāge (singular vocative)
oesophāgī (plural vocative)

→ English: oesophagus

[oe̯s̠ɔˈpʰäːɡʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, “I carry”) + ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate”).


andare

Dalmatian:

andur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: andà

Gallurese: andà

Sassarese: andà

Italian: andare (see there for further descendants)

Central dialects: annà

Neapolitan:

Tarantino: andare

Sicilian: annari (Gallo-italic of Sicily)

North Italian:

Lombard: andà

Ligurian: andâ, anâ

Piedmontese: andè

Venetan: ndar, nar, nare, ndare

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: anar

Old Franco-Provençal: annar, anar

Franco-Provençal: anâ

Old Occitan: annar, anar

Occitan: anar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: andar

Old Galician-Portuguese: andar (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: andar

→ Gascon: andar

Possibly from *ambitāre (literally “go around”), frequentative of ambio. Alternatively, perhaps from an earlier *amnāre < *amlāre < ambulāre (“walk”). Attested from 801 CE in southern Italy. Presumably suppletive with vādō and īre in various conjugations, as are most of the descendants, and as was the contemporary synonym alāre.


baculum

baculum n (genitive baculī); second declension

baculī (genitive)
baculum (nominative singular)
bacula (nominative plural)
baculī (genitive singular)
baculōrum (genitive plural)
baculō (dative singular)
baculīs (dative plural)
baculum (accusative singular)
bacula (accusative plural)
baculō (ablative singular)
baculīs (ablative plural)
baculum (singular vocative)
bacula (plural vocative)

Catalan: bàcul

English: baculum

French: bâcle

Galician: bagoo (archaic), báculo (borrowing)

Irish: bachall

Italian: abbacchio, bacchio, bacolo

→ Portuguese: báculo (learned)

Sardinian: baculu

→ Spanish: báculo (learned)

→ Welsh: bagl (“crook, staff”)

[ˈbäkʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *bakklom, from Proto-Indo-European *baktlom, from *bak- (“stick”). Cognate with Ancient Greek βάκτρον (báktron), βακτηρία (baktēría), English peg. See also beccus.

(Medieval Latin) a stick used as a symbol of warranty or in transfers of property


studio

la-verb

studiō (present infinitive studiāre, perfect active studiāvī, supine studiātum); first conjugation

studiō (canonical)
studiāre (infinitive present)
studiāvī (active perfect)
studiātum (supine)
studiō (active first-person indicative present singular)
studiās (active indicative present second-person singular)
studiat (active indicative present singular third-person)
studiāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
studiātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
studiant (active indicative plural present third-person)
studiābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
studiābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
studiābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
studiābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
studiābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
studiābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
studiābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
studiābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
studiābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
studiābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
studiābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
studiābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
studiāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
studiāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
studiāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
studiāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
studiāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
studiāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
studiāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
studiāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
studiāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
studiāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
studiāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
studiāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
studiāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
studiāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
studiāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
studiāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
studiāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
studiāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
studiāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
studior (first-person indicative passive present singular)
studiāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
studiāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
studiātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
studiāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
studiāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
studiantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
studiābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
studiābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
studiābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
studiābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
studiābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
studiābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
studiābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
studiābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
studiāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
studiābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
studiābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
studiābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
studiābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
studiābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
studiem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
studiēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
studiet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
studiēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
studiētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
studient (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
studiārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
studiārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studiāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studiārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
studiārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studiārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studiāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
studiāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studiāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studiāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
studiāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studiāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studiāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
studiāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studiāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studiāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
studiāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studiāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studier (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
studiēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
studiēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
studiētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
studiēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
studiēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
studientur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
studiārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
studiārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
studiārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
studiārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
studiārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
studiārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
studiārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
studiā (active imperative present second-person singular)
studiāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
studiātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
studiātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
studiātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
studiantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
studiāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
studiāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
studiātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
studiātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
studiantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
studiāre (active infinitive present)
studiāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
studiātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
studiārī (infinitive passive present)
studiātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
studiātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
studiāns (active participle present)
studiātūrus (active future participle)
studiātus (participle passive perfect)
studiandus (future participle passive)
studiandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
studiandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
studiandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
studiandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
studiātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
studiātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

(Medieval Latin) Alternative form of studeo


lego

legō (present infinitive legere, perfect active lēgī, supine lēctum); third conjugation

legō (canonical)
legere (infinitive present)
lēgī (active perfect)
lēctum (supine)
legō (active first-person indicative present singular)
legis (active indicative present second-person singular)
legit (active indicative present singular third-person)
legimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
legitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
legunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
legēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
legēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
legēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
legēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
legēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
legēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
legam (active first-person future indicative singular)
legēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
leget (active future indicative singular third-person)
legēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
legētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
legent (active future indicative plural third-person)
lēgī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
lēgistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
lēgit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
lēgimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
lēgistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
lēgērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
lēgēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
lēgeram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
lēgerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
lēgerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
lēgerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
lēgerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
lēgerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
lēgerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
lēgeris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
lēgerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
lēgerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
lēgeritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
lēgerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
legor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
legeris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
legere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
legitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
legimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
legiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
leguntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
legēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
legēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
legēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
legēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
legēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
legēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
legēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
legar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
legēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
legēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
legētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
legēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
legēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
legentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
legam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
legās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
legat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
legāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
legātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
legant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
legerem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
legerēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
legeret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
legerēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
legerētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
legerent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
lēgerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
lēgerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
lēgerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
lēgerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
lēgerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
lēgerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
lēgissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
lēgissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
lēgisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
lēgissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
lēgissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
lēgissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
legar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
legāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
legāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
legātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
legāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
legāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
legantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
legerer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
legerēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
legerēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
legerētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
legerēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
legerēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
legerentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lege (active imperative present second-person singular)
legite (active imperative plural present second-person)
legitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
legitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
legitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
leguntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
legere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
legiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
legitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
legitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
leguntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
legere (active infinitive present)
lēgisse (active infinitive perfect)
lēctūrum esse (active future infinitive)
legī (infinitive passive present)
lēctum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
lēctum īrī (future infinitive passive)
legēns (active participle present)
lēctūrus (active future participle)
lēctus (participle passive perfect)
legendus (future participle passive)
legundus (future participle passive)
legendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
legendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
legendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
legendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
lēctum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
lēctū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Balkan Romance

Aromanian: aleg

Dalmatian:

laro

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: leghja

Italian: leggere

→ Neapolitan: leggere

→ Sicilian: lèggiri

Neapolitan: lejere (obsolete or N. Calabrian)

Sicilian: lèjiri (obsolete or S. Calabrian)

Sicilian: lègghiri (affricated, Hyblaean)

Padanian:

Friulian: lei

Istriot: lezi

Ligurian: lêze

Lombard: lèzer, les, lecc, léger

Piedmontese: lese

Romansch: leger, liger, ler

Venetan: lèzar, lèzer, lèxer

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: llegir

Franco-Provençal: liére, leire

French: lire

Norman: liéthe (Jersey)

Occitan: legir

Gascon: léger, leguir

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: leyer, lier, leir, liyer, leyir

Old Leonese: leer

Asturian: lleer, llier

Leonese: lliere, lleere

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: leer
Galician: ler
Portuguese: ler

Spanish: leer

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: lègere, lèghere, lèzere, leghere, lezere

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: lexoj

→ Esperanto: legi

→ German: lesen

desctree

→ Old Irish: légaid
Irish: léigh
Manx: lhaih
Scottish Gaelic: leugh

→ Welsh: lleu, darllen

→ Yiddish: לייענען (leyenen)
→ Dutch: lajenen
→ English: leyn
→ Hungarian: lejnol

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-der.
Proto-Italic *legōder.
Latin lego
From Proto-Italic *legō, from Proto-Indo-European *léǵ-e-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-. Cognates include Ancient Greek λέγω (légō, “I speak, I choose, I mean”) and Albanian mbledh. May be related to lēx.


circa

Asturian: cerca, cierca

Catalan: cerca, circa

Dutch: circa

English: circa

French: circa

German: circa

Italian: circa

Norwegian Bokmål: cirka

Portuguese: cerca

Romanian: circa

Sicilian: circa

Spanish: cerca, circa

A later form for circum, or from circum + eā.
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.

Circa advenam manifestae reum caedis

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.7

around the stranger accused of open murder


molto

la-noun

moltō m (genitive moltōnis); third declension

moltō (canonical masculine)
moltōnis (genitive)
moltō (nominative singular)
moltōnēs (nominative plural)
moltōnis (genitive singular)
moltōnum (genitive plural)
moltōnī (dative singular)
moltōnibus (dative plural)
moltōnem (accusative singular)
moltōnēs (accusative plural)
moltōne (ablative singular)
moltōnibus (ablative plural)
moltō (singular vocative)
moltōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: moltó

desctree

Old French: mouton, moton, multon, multum, mutun, multun
Middle French: mouton
French: mouton
Haitian Creole: mouton
Louisiana Creole: mouton
Seychellois Creole: mouton
→ English: mouton
>? Galician: motóa
Norman: mouton
Walloon: moton
→ Middle English: motoun, moton, motun, moten, mutoun, motone, mutton, motton, motene
English: mutton
Scots: mutton
Yola: muthon, mothoon

Italian: montone

Sicilian: muntuni

→ Maltese: muntun

Borrowed from Gaulish *multon-, from Proto-Celtic *moltos (“wether”).