trachea

la-noun

trāchēa f (genitive trāchēae); first declension

trāchēa (canonical feminine)
trāchēae (genitive)
trāchēa (nominative singular)
trāchēae (nominative plural)
trāchēae (genitive singular)
trāchēārum (genitive plural)
trāchēae (dative singular)
trāchēīs (dative plural)
trāchēam (accusative singular)
trāchēās (accusative plural)
trāchēā (ablative singular)
trāchēīs (ablative plural)
trāchēa (singular vocative)
trāchēae (plural vocative)

Middle English:

English: trachea

[t̪räːˈkʰeːä]

From Late Latin trachia (“windpipe”), from Ancient Greek τρᾱχεῖα (trākheîa, “jagged, rugged, rough”), ellipsis of τρᾱχεῖα ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (trākheîa artēríā, “rough artery”).

ellipsis

τρᾱχεῖα ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ


prior

la-adj

prior (neuter prius, superlative prīmus); third-declension comparative adjective

prius (neuter)
prīmus (superlative)
prior (feminine masculine nominative singular)
prius (neuter nominative singular)
priōrēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
priōra (neuter nominative plural)
priōris (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
priōrum (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
priōrī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
priōribus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
priōrem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
prius (accusative neuter singular)
priōrēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
priōrīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
priōra (accusative neuter plural)
priōre (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
priōrī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
priōribus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
prior (feminine masculine singular vocative)
prius (neuter singular vocative)
priōrēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
priōra (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: prior

→ Czech: převor

→ Dutch: prior

→ English: prior

→ Finnish: priori

→ French: prieur

→ Irish: prióir

→ Galician: prior

→ Italian: priore

→ Middle High German: prior

German: Prior

→ Norwegian Bokmål: priori

→ Polish: przeor

→ Romanian: prior

→ Russian: приор (prior)

→ Spanish: prior

→ Portuguese: prior

From Proto-Italic *priōs, from earlier *prijōs, from *pri + *-jōs, thus the comparative degree of Old Latin *pri (“before”), from Proto-Italic *pri from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“beyond”), *pró (“before”).

(substantive, Medieval Latin) abbot, prior


tempus

la-noun

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension

temporis (genitive)
tempus (nominative singular)
tempora (nominative plural)
temporis (genitive singular)
temporum (genitive plural)
temporī (dative singular)
temporibus (dative plural)
tempus (accusative singular)
tempora (accusative plural)
tempore (ablative singular)
temporibus (ablative plural)
tempus (singular vocative)
tempora (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Megleno-Romanian: timp

Romanian: timp

Franco-Provençal: temps

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: tempo

Lombard: temp

Piedmontese: temp

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: tempu

Dalmatian: tiamp

Istriot: tenpo

Italian: tempo (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: tiempo

Sicilian: tempu

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: timp

Ladin: tëmp

Romansch: temp, taimp, tains

Occitano-Romance

Old Catalan: temps

Catalan: temps

desctree

Old Occitan: tems
Occitan: tèms, tems, temps

Oïl

Old French: temps (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: tenpo, tènp

West Iberian

Asturian: tiempu

Old Galician-Portuguese: tempo

Galician: tempo

Portuguese: tempo

Spanish: tiempo

Borrowings

→ Finnish: tempus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tempus

→ Russian: темп (temp)

→ Sardinian: tempus

→ Swedish: tempus

→ Middle Welsh: tymhor

Welsh: tymor

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tempula, *templa

Catalan: templa

Italian: tempia

Old French: temple
French: tempe
→ Middle English: temple
English: temple

Romanian: tâmplă

⇒ Asturian: tenllera

⇒ Galician: tempas

→ Basque: denbora

→ Italian: tempora

→ Portuguese: têmpora

→ Sicilian: tèmpura

→ Spanish: témpora

From Proto-Italic *tempos. Two ultimate roots/origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
* From Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō); compare the etymology of English time. templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots.
Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaíria, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. Compare Old English þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).
As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

cog

(other transferred senses):
(Medieval Latin, rare) the weather


cena

la-noun

cēna f (genitive cēnae); first declension

cēna (canonical feminine)
cēnae (genitive)
cēna (nominative singular)
cēnae (nominative plural)
cēnae (genitive singular)
cēnārum (genitive plural)
cēnae (dative singular)
cēnīs (dative plural)
cēnam (accusative singular)
cēnās (accusative plural)
cēnā (ablative singular)
cēnīs (ablative plural)
cēna (singular vocative)
cēnae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tsinã

Romanian: cină

Dalmatian:

caina

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cena

→ Sicilian: cena

Neapolitan: cena

Padanian:

Friulian: cene

Ligurian: çenn-a

Lombard: sèna, zèna, scèna, sina

Piedmontese: sin-a, sen-a, sèina, sna

Romansch: tschaina

Venetan: sena, çéna, ẑena

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: céna (dialectal)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

>? Aragonese: cena

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cẽa, cea
Galician: cea
Portuguese: ceia

Spanish: cena

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: chena (Logudorese), cena (Campidanese)

Borrowings

→ Catalan: cena

→ French: cène, Cène

→ Occitan: cena

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kinjọ

Breton: koan

Cornish: koen

Welsh: cinio

From Old Latin cesna, from Proto-Italic *kertsnā (compare Umbrian śesna, Oscan kersnu), from Proto-Indo-European *kért-sneh₂ (“portion”), from root *(s)kert- (“to cut”), from *(s)ker- (compare Lithuanian kérti, Armenian քերթել (kʻertʻel, “to skin”), Sanskrit कृन्तति (kṛntáti, “he cuts (in pieces)”)). Related to cortex, scortum.

cog

(Medieval Latin, law, historical) gwestva (a duty levied by Welsh kings twice a year upon the free men of their kingdom)


curia

la-noun

cūria f (genitive cūriae); first declension

cūria (canonical feminine)
cūriae (genitive)
cūria (nominative singular)
cūriae (nominative plural)
cūriae (genitive singular)
cūriārum (genitive plural)
cūriae (dative singular)
cūriīs (dative plural)
cūriam (accusative singular)
cūriās (accusative plural)
cūriā (ablative singular)
cūriīs (ablative plural)
cūria (singular vocative)
cūriae (plural vocative)

From coviria (“male community”), analogous to com- + vir.


codon

cōdōn ? (genitive cōdōnis); third declension

cōdōn (canonical)
cōdōnis (genitive)
cōdōn (nominative singular)
cōdōnēs (nominative plural)
cōdōnis (genitive singular)
cōdōnum (genitive plural)
cōdōnī (dative singular)
cōdōnibus (dative plural)
cōdōnem (accusative singular)
cōdōnēs (accusative plural)
cōdōne (ablative singular)
cōdōnibus (ablative plural)
cōdōn (singular vocative)
cōdōnēs (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) codon: a handbell used for summoning monks.


paro

la-verb

parō (present infinitive parāre, perfect active parāvī, supine parātum); first conjugation

parō (canonical)
parāre (infinitive present)
parāvī (active perfect)
parātum (supine)
parō (active first-person indicative present singular)
parās (active indicative present second-person singular)
parat (active indicative present singular third-person)
parāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
parātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
parant (active indicative plural present third-person)
parābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
parābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
parābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
parābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
parābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
parābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
parābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
parābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
parābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
parābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
parābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
parābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
parāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
parāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
parāstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
parāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
parāt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
parāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
parāmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
parāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
parāstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
parāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
parāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
parārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
parāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
parāram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
parāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
parārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
parāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
parārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
parāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
parārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
parāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
parārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
parāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
parārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
parāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
parārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
parāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
parāris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
parāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
parārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
parāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
parārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
parāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
parāritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
parāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
parārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
paror (first-person indicative passive present singular)
parāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
parāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
parātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
parāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
parāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
parantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
parābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
parābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
parābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
parābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
parābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
parābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
parābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
parābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
parāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
parābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
parābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
parābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
parābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
parābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
parem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
parēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
paret (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
parēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
parētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
parent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
parārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
parārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
parāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
parārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
parārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
parārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
parāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
parārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
parāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
parārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
parāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
parārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
parāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
parārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
parāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
parārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
parāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
parārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
parāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
parāssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
parāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
parāssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
parāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
parāsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
parāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
parāssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
parāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
parāssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
parāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
parāssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
parer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
parēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
parēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
parētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
parēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
parēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
parentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
parārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
parārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
parārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
parārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
parārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
parārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
parārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
parā (active imperative present second-person singular)
parāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
parātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
parātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
parātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
parantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
parāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
parāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
parātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
parātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
parantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
parāre (active infinitive present)
parāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
parāsse (active infinitive perfect)
parātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
parārī (infinitive passive present)
parātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
parātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
parāns (active participle present)
parātūrus (active future participle)
parātus (participle passive perfect)
parandus (future participle passive)
parandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
parandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
parandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
parandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
parātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
parātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ Albanian: proj

Italian: parare

Old French: parer

French: parer

→ English: pare

Old Leonese:

Asturian: parar

Old Occitan:

Catalan: parar

Old Galician-Portuguese: parar

Galician: parar

Portuguese: parar
→ Afrikaans: parra

Spanish: parar

→ Welsh: paratoi

From Proto-Indo-European *perh₃-o (“providing”), from *perh₃- (“to grant”). Cognate with pariō (“to produce”), properus (“ready”), Old Irish ernaid (“to grant, bestow”), Sanskrit पृणाति (pṛṇā́ti, “to grant, bestow”), Ancient Greek ἔπορον (époron, “to give, furnish”).


quod

Aromanian: cã, che

Dalmatian: co

Old Neapolitan: ko (Placiti Cassinesi)

Romanian: că

Romansch: cu

Inflection of quī (“who, which”), corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *kʷod, whence also Old English hwæt (English what).

13th century, “Dies Irae”
Recordare, Jesu pie, quod sum causa tuae viae

Remember, holy Jesus, that I am the reason for your journey.

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) that (in indirect speech)


pleura

la-noun

pleura f (genitive pleurae); first declension

pleurae (genitive)
pleura (nominative singular)
pleurae (nominative plural)
pleurae (genitive singular)
pleurārum (genitive plural)
pleurae (dative singular)
pleurīs (dative plural)
pleuram (accusative singular)
pleurās (accusative plural)
pleurā (ablative singular)
pleurīs (ablative plural)
pleura (singular vocative)
pleurae (plural vocative)

→ English: pleura

→ French: pleura

→ Italian: pleura

→ Portuguese: pleura

→ Spanish: pleura

From Ancient Greek πλευρᾱ́ (pleurā́, “a rib, a side of something”).


mica

la-noun

mīca f (genitive mīcae); first declension

mīca (canonical feminine)
mīcae (genitive)
mīca (nominative singular)
mīcae (nominative plural)
mīcae (genitive singular)
mīcārum (genitive plural)
mīcae (dative singular)
mīcīs (dative plural)
mīcam (accusative singular)
mīcās (accusative plural)
mīcā (ablative singular)
mīcīs (ablative plural)
mīca (singular vocative)
mīcae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Romanian: mică

Italian: mica

Old French: mie
French: mie

Old Galician-Portuguese: miga

Galician: miga

Portuguese: miga

Old Spanish: miga

Spanish: miga

→ English: mica

→ French: mica

→ Galician: mica

→ Portuguese: mica

→ Spanish: mica

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *mīcca

Aragonese: mica (in no mica "not")

Old French: miche

French: miche

→ Basque: mitsika

→ Breton: méchen

→ Portuguese: micha

Italian: frammica (“crumb”) (Marche)

Ligurian: micca (“a small loaf”) (Genoa)

Piedmontese: mica

Old Occitan:

Catalan: mica

Occitan: mica

→ Alemannic German: Miigge

→ Dutch: mik

→ West Frisian: mik

Calabrian dialect
Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch

Uncertain:
* traditionally derived from Proto-Italic *(s)mīkā, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meyk- (“small, thin, delicate”), related to Ancient Greek (σ)μῑκρός ((s)mīkrós) – details there.
* in view of meaning (1), De Vaan (2008) with Nyman (1987) prefer Proto-Italic *meikā (“a glittering particle”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyk- (“to blink”), whence also micō.
Attested from Cato onwards.
A number of Romance forms, e.g. Romanian mic, Neapolitan miccu, Calabrian/Sicilian miccu, reflect an unattested adjective *mīccus. This is probably unrelated, being a borrowing from Ancient Greek μῑκκός (mīkkós), variant of μῑκρός (mīkrós, “small”); the form *mīcca is associated with the meaning “loaf of bread” particularly in Gallo-Romance and Gallo-Italic.

inh

(Medieval Latin, Gallia) a miche (a round loaf of brown bread)


amygdala

la-noun

amygdala f (genitive amygdalae); first declension

amygdalae (genitive)
amygdala (nominative singular)
amygdalae (nominative plural)
amygdalae (genitive singular)
amygdalārum (genitive plural)
amygdalae (dative singular)
amygdalīs (dative plural)
amygdalam (accusative singular)
amygdalās (accusative plural)
amygdalā (ablative singular)
amygdalīs (ablative plural)
amygdala (singular vocative)
amygdalae (plural vocative)

Sicilian: mènnula

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mandalā (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē, “almond”). The sense "tonsil" is likely a calque of Arabic لَوْز (lawz).

bor

[äˈmʏɡd̪äɫ̪ä]

[äˈmiɡd̪älä]


mulier

la-noun

mulier f (genitive mulieris); third declension

mulieris (genitive)
mulier (nominative singular)
mulierēs (nominative plural)
mulieris (genitive singular)
mulierum (genitive plural)
mulierī (dative singular)
mulieribus (dative plural)
mulierem (accusative singular)
mulierēs (accusative plural)
muliere (ablative singular)
mulieribus (ablative plural)
mulier (singular vocative)
mulierēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: muljari, muljare, muljeari, muljeare, mljari, mljare, muieri

Istro-Romanian: muľerĕ

Megleno-Romanian: muľari

Romanian: muiere

Dalmatian:

mojer, molier, moler, mulir (Ragusan dialect)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: moglie, mogliera (Tuscan), muglieri (archaic)

Neapolitan: mugliera

Sicilian: mugghieri, muggheri, muglieri

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: muzere, mulleri (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: mujer, mujera

Old Ligurian: moier

Old Lombard: muglier

Lombard: mié

→? Romansch: muglier

Piedmontese: mujé

Romagnol: mój, mujéṟ (Central Romagna)

Friulian: muîr

Istriot: muier

Venetan: mojer, mojere

Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: moillier, muillier

Franco-Provençal: mulyer

Old French: muiler, moylier, muillier, mulier, moillier

Middle French: muillier, molier (hapax)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: muyller, muyler, muller, muyer, muler

Catalan: muller

desctree

Old Occitan: molher
Occitan: molhèr
→ Middle French: moulhé

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: muller

Old Leonese: muyer, mujer (Salamanca), muller (Asturias)
Asturian: muyer
Leonese: muyer, muyere
Mirandese: mulhier

Old Galician-Portuguese: moller, muller, molher
Fala: mullel
Galician: muller
Portuguese: mulher (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: mugier, muger, muller
Ladino: mujer
Spanish: mujer

Borrowings:

→ English: mulier

From Proto-Italic *moljes, of uncertain origin; it has been proposed that it might derive from mollior, comparative of mollis (“soft, tender”). Others propose it might be akin to mulgere and therefore mean “the milk-giver”. Contamination within either of these two terms can be possible.
The former is from Isidore's Etymologies: "Mulier vero a mollitie, tanquam mollier, detracta littera vel mutata, appellata est mulier".


Bosnia

la-proper noun

Bosnia f sg (genitive Bosniae); first declension

Bosniae (genitive)
Bosnia (nominative singular)
Bosniae (genitive singular)
Bosniae (dative singular)
Bosniam (accusative singular)
Bosniā (ablative singular)
Bosnia (singular vocative)

In nona Tabula[:] Iaziges metanastae[,] Dacia Vulachia[,] Mysia superior: Seruia[,] Mysia inferior Bosna[,] Tratia[,] Chersonesus.

1511, Bernardus Sylvanus ed., Jacobus Angelus's translation of Ptolemy as Liber Geographica, Bk VIII

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(Medieval Latin, obsolete) Synonym of Mysia Inferior.


de novo

→ English: de novo

[d̪ɛː ˈnɔːvo]

Intelligitur sic a voluntate antiqua, id est, a Deo non procedit actio nova, id est, novum volitum, quia Deus non incipit aliquid de novo velle, quia quidquid Deus voluit, ab aeterno voluit.

820 CE, Pseudo-Bede, Sententiae philosophicae collectae ex Aristotele atque Cicerone Ex Aristotele

This way, it is understood that a new act, that is a new will, doesn't originate from old will, that is God, because God does not begin to want things afresh [as a new desire], since, whatever God has wanted, He has wanted it for all eternity.

1180-1190, Andreas Capellanus, De amore, Book II, vi
Sed quamvis in tanta simus audacter et improvide tempestatis unda prolapsi, de novo tamen amore cogitare non possumus vel alium liberationis modum exquirere.


sto

la-verb

stō (present infinitive stāre, perfect active stetī, supine statum); first conjugation, impersonal in the passive

stō (canonical)
stāre (infinitive present)
stetī (active perfect)
statum (supine)
stō (active first-person indicative present singular)
stās (active indicative present second-person singular)
stat (active indicative present singular third-person)
stāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
stātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
stant (active indicative plural present third-person)
stābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
stābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
stābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
stābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
stābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
stābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
stābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
stābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
stābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
stābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
stābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
stābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
stetī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
stetistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
stetit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
stetimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
stetistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
stetērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
stetēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
steteram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
steterās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
steterat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
steterāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
steterātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
steterant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
steterō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
steteris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
steterit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
steterimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
steteritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
steterint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
stātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
stābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
stābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
statum est (indicative passive perfect singular third-person)
statum erat (indicative passive pluperfect singular third-person)
statum erit (future indicative passive perfect singular third-person)
stem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
stēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
stet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
stēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
stētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
stent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
stārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
stārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
stāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
stārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
stārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
stārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
steterim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
steterīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
steterit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
steterīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
steterītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
steterint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
stetissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
stetissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
stetisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
stetissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
stetissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
stetissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
stētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
stārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
statum sit (passive perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
statum esset (passive pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
statum foret (passive pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
stā (active imperative present second-person singular)
stāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
stātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
stātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
stātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
stantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
stāre (active infinitive present)
stetisse (active infinitive perfect)
stātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
stārī (infinitive passive present)
statum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
stāns (active participle present)
stātūrus (active future participle)
statum (participle passive perfect)
standum (future participle passive)
standī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
standō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
standum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
standō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
statum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
statū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: stau, stari

Istro-Romanian: stå

Megleno-Romanian: stau

Romanian: sta, stare

Dalmatian:

stur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: stà

desctree

Italian: stare
Sabir: star
→ Esperanto: stari

Neapolitan: stà

Sicilian: stari

Padanian:

Friulian: stâ

Istriot: stà

Piedmontese: ësté, ëstar

Romansch: star, ster

Venetan: star

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: étar

Old French: ester

Middle French: ester

French: être (partially), ester

Catalan: estar

Occitan: estar

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: estar

Asturian: tar

Mozarabic: אשתאד (ʔštʔd)

Old Galician-Portuguese: estar
Galician: estar
Portuguese: estar

Spanish: estar, tar (Latin America, nonstandard)
→ Bikol Central: istar
→ Hiligaynon: istar

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: iltare, istare, istai, stai

Borrowings:

→⇒ English: stare decisis

From Proto-Italic *staēō, from earlier *staējō, from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂éh₁yeti, stative verb from *steh₂-.
Cognate with Sanskrit तिष्ठति (tíṣṭhati) (root स्था (sthā)), Persian ایستا (istâ, “standing; stopping”), Old Norse standa, Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi), στάσις (stásis), Bulgarian стоя (stoja), Old English standan (whence English stand).
By its appearance through Latin sound laws, this stative verb, against all others of this class in the 2nd conjugation, belongs to the 1st conjugation. The perfect and supine stems are shared with sistō, the corresponding athematic verb from the same Indo-European root.


cattus

la-noun

cattus m (genitive cattī); second declension

cattī (genitive)
cattus (nominative singular)
cattī (nominative plural)
cattī (genitive singular)
cattōrum (genitive plural)
cattō (dative singular)
cattīs (dative plural)
cattum (accusative singular)
cattōs (accusative plural)
cattō (ablative singular)
cattīs (ablative plural)
catte (singular vocative)
cattī (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

cuot

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: ghjattu, gattu, ghiattu

Italian: gatto

Sicilian: gattu, jattu

Padanian:

Friulian: gjat

Istriot: gato

Ladin: giat

Piedmontese: ciat

Romagnol: gat

Romansch: giat, gat

Venetan: gato

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: chat

desctree

Old French: chat, cat, kat (Picardy, Anglo-Norman)
Bourguignon: chait
Champenois: chait (Troyen), tait (Rémois)
Franc-Comtois: tchait
Middle French: chat
French: chat
Lorrain: tchat
Norman: cat
Picard: cat
Poitevin-Saintongeais: chat
Walloon: tchet

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: gat

Occitan: cat, chat, gat

Ibero-Romance:

Ladino: gato

Old Galician-Portuguese: gato

Galician: gato

Portuguese: gato
Annobonese: gatu
Kabuverdianu: gátu
→ Kimbundu: ngatu
→? Gulf Arabic: قطو (gaṭu)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: gatu

Extremaduran: gatu

Leonese: gatu

Mirandese: gato

Spanish: gato

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: gattu, battu, cattu

Borrowings:

→ Koine Greek: κάττος (káttos), masculine of κάττα (kátta)

Mediaeval Greek κάττος (káttos) / κάτος (kátos) / γάτος (gátos)

Modern Greek: γάτος (gátos)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كدی (kedi)
Turkish: kedi

→ Basque: katu

→ Maltese: qattus

→ Proto-Celtic: *kattos (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Germanic: *kattuz (uncertain) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kotъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Catus (obsolete)

Unknown; possibly a Wanderwort, compare Proto-Uralic *käďwä (“female (of a fur animal)”), or perhaps borrowed from a Nilo-Saharan or Afroasiatic language, compare Nubian kadī (“cat”), Arabic قِطّ (qiṭṭ, “cat, tomcat”), Classical Syriac ܩܛܘ (qaṭṭu, “cat”).

cog

Nulli visa ad ipsum retulit numen: nam arcus semper videtur: quem non Irim, sed viam Iridis dixit. alii celeritatis esse volunt 'nulli visa'. notandum sane etiam de Iride arcum genere masculino dicere Vergilium: Catullus et alii genere feminino ponunt, referentes ad originem, sicut 'haec cattus' et 'haec gallus' legimus.

c. 4th-5th century, Servius, In Vergilii Aeneidem commentarii 5.610.1

Affirmant quod quanto sceleratior es, tanto citius Deus gratiam infundit: si autem adornes te, ut cattus bonis operibus, ut te Deus acceptet, nihil efficias.

1558, Martin Luther, Theologiae Martini Lutheri Trimembris Epitome, De Tertio Statu Hominis:

They assert that the more a miscreant you are, the sooner God showers grace upon you: if, however, you should adorn yourself, like a cat, with good works, so that God accepts you, you shall bring about nothing.

[...] illa accepit bovem & cattum, et utrumque duxit ad forum. Cumque quiddam venisset qui bovem emere veller. Illa respondit. Nullus habebit bovem, nisi etiam emat & cattum. Cumque ille dixisset non velle emere cattum, abiit. Et statim venit alius & interrogat quanti pretii utrumque foret. Illa dixit se velle vendere cattum pro una marcha argentari, sed bovem pro denario, & sic convenerunt.

1656, Guillaume Pepin, Conciones Mysticae et Morales in Septem Psalmos Poenitentiales, page 38:

… she took the ox and the cat, and led both to the market. Anytime someone came who wanted to buy the ox, she responded: None shall have an ox, unless besides he also buys a cat. Any time someone said he did not want to buy a cat, he left. And immediately another came and asked what price for each. She said she wanted to sell a cat for one silver mark, but an ox for a denarius, and so they came to an agreement.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


firma

la-noun

firma f (genitive firmae); first declension

firmae (genitive)
firma (nominative singular)
firmae (nominative plural)
firmae (genitive singular)
firmārum (genitive plural)
firmae (dative singular)
firmīs (dative plural)
firmam (accusative singular)
firmās (accusative plural)
firmā (ablative singular)
firmīs (ablative plural)
firma (singular vocative)
firmae (plural vocative)

desctree

Old French: ferme
Middle French: ferme
French: ferme
→ Romanian: fermă
→ Middle English: ferme, farme, ferm, fyrme (Late Middle English), feorme, veorme (Early Middle English) (in part)
English: farm
→ Dutch: farm
→ Finnish: farmi
→ German: Farm
→ Portuguese: farme, farma
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
→ Spanish: farmear
→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)
Scots: ferm
→ Welsh: fferm

Occitan: ferma

There is debate as to whether Medieval Latin acquired this term from Old English feorm (“rent, provision, supplies, feast”), from Proto-Germanic *fermō, *firhuma- (“means of living, subsistence”), from Proto-Germanic *ferhwō (“life force, body, being”), from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“life, force, strength, tree”), or from Latin firmus (“solid, secure”), from Proto-Italic *fermos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo-s (“holding”), from the root *dʰer- (“to hold”). If the former etymology is correct, the term is related to Old English feorh (“life, spirit”), Icelandic fjör (“life, vitality, vigour, animation”), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌿𐍃 (fairƕus, “the world”). Compare also Old English feormehām (“farm”), feormere (“purveyor”).


auctor

la-noun

auctor m or f (genitive auctōris, feminine auctor or auctrīx); third declension

auctōris (genitive)
auctor (feminine)
auctrīx (feminine)
auctor (nominative singular)
auctōrēs (nominative plural)
auctōris (genitive singular)
auctōrum (genitive plural)
auctōrī (dative singular)
auctōribus (dative plural)
auctōrem (accusative singular)
auctōrēs (accusative plural)
auctōre (ablative singular)
auctōribus (ablative plural)
auctor (singular vocative)
auctōrēs (plural vocative)

→ German: Auctor, Autor, Author (see there for further descendants)

→ English: lamed auctoris

→ Irish: ughdar, údar

→ Italian: autore

→ Albanian: autore

→ Norman: auteu

desctree

Old French: autor, auctor, auctour, auctur, autour, autur
Middle French: autheur, aucteur, auctour, auteur, autteur
French: auteur (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: auctour, auctor, autor, autour, author, auther
English: author
Scots: author

Old Galician-Portuguese: autor, auctor
Galician: autor
Portuguese: autor

→ Romanian: autor

→ Spanish: autor

→ Welsh: awdur

From Proto-Italic *auktōr, cognate to Umbrian 𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌖𐌓 (uhtur). Equivalent to augeō (“to increase, nourish”) + -tor.

author

considered to be incorrect, but do at least occur in older New Latin

(also Medieval Latin) one who gives increase (hence: an originator, causer, doer, founder)


gamba

la-noun

gamba f (genitive gambae); first declension

gambae (genitive)
gamba (nominative singular)
gambae (nominative plural)
gambae (genitive singular)
gambārum (genitive plural)
gambae (dative singular)
gambīs (dative plural)
gambam (accusative singular)
gambās (accusative plural)
gambā (ablative singular)
gambīs (ablative plural)
gamba (singular vocative)
gambae (plural vocative)

desctree

Italian: gamba
→ English: gam; gamba
→ Ido: gambo

Old French: jambe, gambe, ganbe
Middle French: jambe, gambe
French: jambe
→ Middle English: gambe
English: gamb
→ Middle English: jambe
English: jamb
Norman: gambe
Picard: gambe
Walloon: djambe

Romanian: gambă

Sicilian: jamma

Spanish: gamba

From Ancient Greek καμπή (kampḗ, “fixture, bend, winding”)

bor

(Medieval Latin) (upper part of) leg, thigh


a priori

→ English: a priori

→ French: a priori

→ German: a priori

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a priori

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: a priori

→ Polish: a priori

→ Portuguese: a priori

→ Spanish: a priori

Albert of Saxony (philosopher)
Scholasticism

Literally, “from the former, from that which comes before”. Introduced as a technical phrase by Scholastic philosophers, notably Albert of Saxony (14th century).

(Medieval Latin) In a manner involving reasoning from cause to effect.


causa

la-noun

causa f (genitive causae); first declension

causae (genitive)
causa (nominative singular)
causae (nominative plural)
causae (genitive singular)
causārum (genitive plural)
causae (dative singular)
causīs (dative plural)
causam (accusative singular)
causās (accusative plural)
causā (ablative singular)
causīs (ablative plural)
causa (singular vocative)
causae (plural vocative)

From Old Latin caussa, from Proto-Italic *kaussā, further origin unknown. Connected by some to Latin cudo (“I strike”), in the sense "strike a cause," in which the Proto-Indo-European form would be *kewh₂-ud-ʰ-t-, from *kewh₂- (“to cut, strike”). Others are skeptical of an Indo-European origin. Related to Etruscan 𐌂𐌀𐌅𐌔𐌀 (cavsa).

unk

unknown


a posteriori

→ English: a posteriori

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a posteriori

Literally, “from the following, from those things that follow, from those things that are later”. Introduced as a technical phrase by Scholastic philosophers, notably Albert of Saxony (14th century).

lit

(Medieval Latin) In a manner involving reasoning from effect to cause.


Thule

la-proper noun

Thūlē f sg (genitive Thūlēs); first declension

Thūlē (canonical feminine singular)
Thūlēs (genitive)
Thūlē (nominative singular)
Thūlēs (genitive singular)
Thūlae (dative singular)
Thūlēn (accusative singular)
Thūlē (ablative singular)
Thūlē (singular vocative)

English: Thule

French: Thulé

[ˈt̪ʰuːɫ̪eː]

From Ancient Greek Θούλη (Thoúlē, “Thule”).


inspector

la-noun

īnspector m (genitive īnspectōris); third declension

īnspector (canonical masculine)
īnspectōris (genitive)
īnspector (nominative singular)
īnspectōrēs (nominative plural)
īnspectōris (genitive singular)
īnspectōrum (genitive plural)
īnspectōrī (dative singular)
īnspectōribus (dative plural)
īnspectōrem (accusative singular)
īnspectōrēs (accusative plural)
īnspectōre (ablative singular)
īnspectōribus (ablative plural)
īnspector (singular vocative)
īnspectōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: inspector

French: inspecteur

Galician: inspector

Italian: ispettore

Occitan: inspector

Portuguese: inspetor

Spanish: inspector

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) inspector, examiner (especially one who inspects a household, monastery, etc)


persona

persōna f (genitive persōnae); first declension

persōna (canonical feminine)
persōnae (genitive)
persōna (nominative singular)
persōnae (nominative plural)
persōnae (genitive singular)
persōnārum (genitive plural)
persōnae (dative singular)
persōnīs (dative plural)
persōnam (accusative singular)
persōnās (accusative plural)
persōnā (ablative singular)
persōnīs (ablative plural)
persōna (singular vocative)
persōnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: persona

Italian: persona

Ladin: persona

Ligurian: persónn-a

desctree

Old French: persone, parsone, persoun, persoune, presonne
Middle French: personne
French: personne
Louisiana Creole: personne
Norman: pèrsonne
→ Middle English: persoun, personne
English:
parson
person
Nigerian Pidgin: pesin

Old Occitan: persona

Catalan: persona

Occitan: persona

Old Galician-Portuguese: pessõa, persõa
Galician: persoa
Portuguese: pessoa

Piedmontese: përson-a

Sicilian: pirsuna

→ English: persona
→ Japanese: ペルソナ (perusona)

→ Esperanto: persono

→ Icelandic: persóna

→ Ido: persono

→ Indonesian: persona

→ Interlingua: persona

→ Latgalian: persona

→ Latvian: persona

→ Manx: persoon

→ Middle Dutch: persone

Dutch: persoon
Afrikaans: persoon
→ Indonesian: person

→ Middle High German: persōn, persōne

German: Person

Hunsrik: Person

Luxembourgish: Persoun

desc

Yiddish: פּאַרשוין (parshoyn), פּערזאָן (perzon)

desctree

→ Old Irish: persan
Middle Irish: persa
Irish: pearsa
Scottish Gaelic: pearsa

→ Polish: persona

→ Romanian: persoană

→ Russian: персо́на (persóna)

→ Spanish: persona

→ Swedish: person

→ Welsh: person

Unknown.
Links have been suggested
* to Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 (φersu) (human figure appearing with a mask), which some have referred to Perseus, some to Ancient Greek πρόσωπον (prósōpon, “mask, character”);
* to personō (“to sound through”), often by Roman writers, but notice short and long o.

der

Sed esse Chrīstum manifestē ac vērāciter confitēmur; ūnum igitur esse dīcimus Chrīstum. Quod sī ita est, ūnam quoque Chrīstī sine dubitātiōne persōnam esse necesse est. Nam sī duae persōnae essent, ūnus esse nōn posset; duōs vērō esse dīcere Chrīstōs nihil est aliud nisi praecipitātae mentis īnsānia.

6th c. CE, Boethius, Contra Eutychen et Nestorium 4

But we clearly and truly confess profess that Christ exists, and so we say He is one. This being the case, it must follow without doubt that the person of Christ is also one. If there were two persons, then there could not be one, so to say that there are two Christs is nothing but the insanity of distraught mind.


ille

desc

Aragonese: el, er, ell, ella, era, els, ers, ells, ellas, eras

Aromanian: el, ea, elj, eali, lui, ljei, lor, ãlj, li, lã, ãl, u

Asturian: él~elli, ella, ello, ellos, elles, ellas

Catalan: ell, ella, ells, elles, llur

Dalmatian: jal, jala, jali, jale, louro

Franco-Provençal: el, elli, il, elles, lui, lei, lor, li

Old French: il (M.SG/PL), ele, lei, li, lui, lor, eus

French: il, elle, ils, elles, lui, leur, eux, lei (dialectal, Burgundy, Normandy)

Louisiana French : alle

Norman: il (M.SG/PL), alle, lei, li, leux

Friulian: lui, jê, lôr

Istriot: el, gila, luri

Italian: egli, ella, lui, lei, loro, lo, la, li, le

Ladin: ëi, i

Megleno-Romanian: iel, ieľ

Neapolitan: lloro, llo/'o, lla, 'a, lle/'e

Galician: el, ela, eles, elas

Occitan: el, ela, eles, elas

Portuguese: ele, ela, eles, elas, o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, lo, la, los, las, no, na, nos, nas

Romanian: el, ea, ei, ele, lui, ei, lor, îi, le, îl, o

Romansch: el, ella, els, ellas, lur

Sicilian: iḍḍu, iḍḍa, iḍḍi

Spanish: él, ella, ello, ellos, ellas, lo, la, los, las, le, les

Venetan: eło/elo, eła, ełe, łorec, łori

From Old Latin olle (“he, that”) (also ollus, olla), from Proto-Italic *olnos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-no-s or *h₂l̥-no-s, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with Latin uls (“beyond”), alius (“other”), and alter (“the other”); Umbrian ulu (“to that place”), Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”, literally “in that (year)”).
Initial i- from o- has no parallel case and may be owing to contamination from is, iste and/or due to the palatalizing effect of l exilis.

cog

At ille dixit eis: satis est.

(Late Latin) he, she, it (third-person personal pronoun)


parabola

la-noun

parabola f (genitive parabolae); first declension

parabolae (genitive)
parabola (nominative singular)
parabolae (nominative plural)
parabolae (genitive singular)
parabolārum (genitive plural)
parabolae (dative singular)
parabolīs (dative plural)
parabolam (accusative singular)
parabolās (accusative plural)
parabolā (ablative singular)
parabolīs (ablative plural)
parabola (singular vocative)
parabolae (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin:

Emilian-Romagnol:

Emilian: parôla

Italo-Dalmatian:

desc

Dalmatian: palaura, paraura, paraula, palaula

Italian: parola

Sicilian: parola, palora, paràula, palàura

פַארַאוֵילַה

Judeo-Italian: פַארַאוֵילַה (paravela)

Ligurian: paròlla, poula

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: parabra

desctree

Old French: parole
Middle French: parole
French: parole
→ Haitian Creole: pawòl
→ Romanian: parolă
→ Russian: пароль (parolʹ)
→ Eastern Mari: пароль (paroĺ)
→ English: parole
Walloon: parole

Old Leonese:

Asturian: pallabra, palabra

Extremaduran: palabra

Leonese: pallabra

Mirandese: palabra

Old Occitan: paraulla, paraula
Occitan: paraula

Old Galician-Portuguese: palavra, paravla, paravoa, paravra
Fala: palabra
Galician: palabra, palavra
Portuguese: palavra (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: parabla
Ladino: palavra / פאלאברה
Spanish: palabra
→ English: palabra
→ French: palabre
→ Greek: παλάβρα (palávra)
→ Turkish: palavra, palavara, patavra, partal (dialectal)
→ Romanian: palavră
→ Papiamentu: palabra
→ Tagalog: palabra

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: peraule

Ladin: parola

Sardinian: paragula, peraula

Venetan: paroła, paròla, paròła

→ Interlingua: parola

Ecclesiastical Latin:

→ Albanian: përrallë

→ Catalan: paràbola

→ Dutch: parabel

→ English: parabola, parabole

→ Esperanto: parabolo

→ Finnish: paraabeli

→ German: Parabel

→ Italian: parabola

→ Old French: parabole, parable
French: parabole
Norman: pathabole
→ Middle English: parable, parabole, parabol, parabele, parabyl, parabyll, parabil
English: parable
Scots: parable
Yola: parboles (plural)

→ Polish: parabola

→ Portuguese: parábola

→ Romanian: parabolă

→ Spanish: parábola, palabra

→ Swedish: parabel

→ Middle Irish: baramail
Irish: barúil
Manx: barel
Scottish Gaelic: barail

[päˈräbɔɫ̪ä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ, “comparison; parable”).


miles

la-noun

mīles m or f (genitive mīlitis); third declension

mīles (canonical feminine masculine)
mīlitis (genitive)
mīles (nominative singular)
mīlitēs (nominative plural)
mīlitis (genitive singular)
mīlitum (genitive plural)
mīlitī (dative singular)
mīlitibus (dative plural)
mīlitem (accusative singular)
mīlitēs (accusative plural)
mīlite (ablative singular)
mīlitibus (ablative plural)
mīles (singular vocative)
mīlitēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: milite

→ Piedmontese: mìlit

→ Portuguese: mílite

Romanian: mire (uncertain)

→ Spanish: mílite

→ Welsh: milwr

Unknown. Possibly of Etruscan origin. The suffix seems similar to that of pedes, eques, veles, comes, but the origin of mīl- is opaque. A connection to mīlia (“thousands”), perhaps as "person going by the thousand(s)", is difficult to confidently motivate semantically.


scrotum

scrōtum n (genitive scrōtī); second declension

scrōtum (canonical neuter)
scrōtī (genitive)
scrōtum (nominative singular)
scrōta (nominative plural)
scrōtī (genitive singular)
scrōtōrum (genitive plural)
scrōtō (dative singular)
scrōtīs (dative plural)
scrōtum (accusative singular)
scrōta (accusative plural)
scrōtō (ablative singular)
scrōtīs (ablative plural)
scrōtum (singular vocative)
scrōta (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: skrotum

→ Aragonese: escroto

→ Asturian: escrotu

→ Catalan: escrot

→ Galician: escroto

→ Danish: skrotum

→ Dutch: scrotum

→ English: scrotum

→ French: scrotum

→ German: Skrotum

→ Italian: scroto

→ Macedonian: скротум (skrotum)

→ Norwegian: skrotum

→ Portuguese: escroto

→ Romanian: scrot

→ Sicilian: scrotu

→ Spanish: escroto
→ Tagalog: eskroto

→ Slovak: skrótum

→ Slovene: skrotum

→ Swedish: scrotum, skrotum

→ Turkish: skrotum

→ Welsh: sgrotwm

[ˈs̠kroːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”). See also Latin scortum, scrautum, corium, Proto-Germanic *skeraną (whence English shear), Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I cut off”), Albanian harr (“to cut, to mow”), Lithuanian skìrti (“separate”), Welsh ysgar (“separate”), Old Armenian քերեմ (kʻerem, “to scrape, scratch”).

cog

Scrōtum est membrum gignendī hominis et animālis in fōrmam saccī, quod testēs continet et prōtegit.

The scrotum is a human and animal body part for procreation in the form of a sack, which contains and protects the testes.


villa

la-noun

vīlla f (genitive vīllae); first declension

vīlla (canonical feminine)
vīllae (genitive)
vīlla (nominative singular)
vīllae (nominative plural)
vīllae (genitive singular)
vīllārum (genitive plural)
vīllae (dative singular)
vīllīs (dative plural)
vīllam (accusative singular)
vīllās (accusative plural)
vīllā (ablative singular)
vīllīs (ablative plural)
vīlla (singular vocative)
vīllae (plural vocative)

Bourguignon: ville

Catalan: vila

Franco-Provençal: vela

Italian: villa

→ English: villa

→ Russian: ви́лла (vílla)

→ Swedish: villa

→ Finnish: villa

→ French: villa

→ Catalan: vil·la

→ Romanian: vilă

→ Hungarian: villa

→ Turkish: villa

desctree

Old French: ville
Franc-Comtois: vèlle
Middle French: ville
French: ville
Norman: ville

Old Galician-Portuguese: vila
Galician: vila
Portuguese: vila

Piedmontese: vila

Sardinian: bidda

Sicilian: viḍḍa, villa

Spanish: villa

Venetan: vila

Walloon: veye, viyaedje, Viyé

→ Dutch: villa

→ Old High German: wīla

Middle High German: wīle

q

from late Gallic Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">vīllāre</i> (“hamlet”)

→⇒ Old High German: wīlari (from late Gallic Latin vīllāre (“hamlet”))

Middle High German: wīler

German: Weiler

→ Icelandic: villa

→ Serbo-Croatian: vila

→ Slovene: vila

From Proto-Italic *weikslā, a nominal from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“settlement”) with an instrument/concrete-noun deverbal suffix *-slo- also found in pālus, vēlum. Related to vīcus (“row of houses; village”), vīcīnus (“neighbour”).

VILLA, Civitas, Gallis Ville. Ita usurpasse videtur Rutilius Numatianus in Itiner. dum oppida à civitatibus distinguit, & ortas civitates ex oppidis indicat:

[1678, du Cange, Glossarium ad Scriptores Mediæ & Infimæ Latinitatis, in quo […] , volume 3, column 1331:


summa

la-noun

summa f (genitive summae); first declension

summae (genitive)
summa (nominative singular)
summae (nominative plural)
summae (genitive singular)
summārum (genitive plural)
summae (dative singular)
summīs (dative plural)
summam (accusative singular)
summās (accusative plural)
summā (ablative singular)
summīs (ablative plural)
summa (singular vocative)
summae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: shumë

Aromanian: sumã

→ Catalan: suma

→ English: summa, sum

French: somme

Friulian: sume

Galician: soma

→ German: Summe, Summa (archaic)

→ Irish: suim

Italian: somma

desctree

→ Old Polish: suma (learned)
Polish: suma
Silesian: suma

Portuguese: soma

→ Romanian: sumă

→ Russian: су́мма (súmma)

Sicilian: suma

Spanish: soma

→ Spanish: suma

From summus, superlative of superus (“upper, higher”).

Saccus lane debet ponderare viginti & octo petras & solebat ponderare unam summam frumenti

c. 1300, Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris:

A sack of wool ought to weigh twenty & eight stone & is accustomed to weigh one quarter of wheat.

(Medieval Latin) the quarter, an English unit of weight and volume equal to ¼ ton or tun or 8 bushels


retina

la-noun

retina f (genitive retinae); first declension

retinae (genitive)
retina (nominative singular)
retinae (nominative plural)
retinae (genitive singular)
retinārum (genitive plural)
retinae (dative singular)
retinīs (dative plural)
retinam (accusative singular)
retinās (accusative plural)
retinā (ablative singular)
retinīs (ablative plural)
retina (singular vocative)
retinae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: redina (plural redine)

⇒ Italian: redine (new singular)

Tuscan: redola (Lucca)

Neapolitan: rétena

Sicilian: rètina

→ Byzantine Greek: ρέτενα (rétena)

North Italian: (sometimes blended with briglia)

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: redna

Ligurian: rédena

Lombard: rèdena, redna

Piedmontese: rëdna, rënna

Ladin: remni (pl.) ⇒ breni

Friulian: rèdine ⇒ brene

Romansch: regna

Venetan: redena ⇒ brena

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: resne, redne (archaic), reyne, raine, raigne, raisne, reine, resine, renne
French: rêne
→ English: rein

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: regna

Occitan: retna

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: redẽa

Galician: rédea

Portuguese: rédea

Old Spanish: rienda

Spanish: rienda
→? Galician: renda
→ Tagalog: renda

Generally explained as a deverbal of retineō (“hold back”). Alternatively, derived from retinācula ("reins" - far more common than the singular retināculum), reinterpreted as a feminine diminutive and back-formed into retina. Attested in the Glossarium Ansileubi, which was written between 650 and 800 CE.

Apprehensaque equi Retina, celeriter eum Beneventum ducebat

10th century, anonymous, Chronicon Salernitanum 68, (example from DuCange)

Having seized the horse's rein(s), he quickly rode it to Benevento.

rein (strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control an animal)


retina

la-noun

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension

rētīna (canonical feminine)
rētīnae (genitive)
rētīna (nominative singular)
rētīnae (nominative plural)
rētīnae (genitive singular)
rētīnārum (genitive plural)
rētīnae (dative singular)
rētīnīs (dative plural)
rētīnam (accusative singular)
rētīnās (accusative plural)
rētīnā (ablative singular)
rētīnīs (ablative plural)
rētīna (singular vocative)
rētīnae (plural vocative)

→ Middle English: rethina

English: retina

Ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“a net-like tunic”), referring to the fibrillar texture of the eye's retina. The phrase is attested since at least the 12th century, and this noun usage since the 13th c.

Et dicit Avicenna quarto de Animalibus, quod retina ducit nutrimentum secundum veritatem ad partes oculi

13th c., Roger Bacon, Opus maius 5.1.2.3

And Avicenna says in his fourth book on Animals that the retina actually takes nutrients to the parts of the eye

(Medieval Latin, anatomy) the retina of an eye


Barbara

la-proper noun

Barbara f sg (genitive Barbarae); first declension

Barbarae (genitive)
Barbara (nominative singular)
Barbarae (genitive singular)
Barbarae (dative singular)
Barbaram (accusative singular)
Barbarā (ablative singular)
Barbara (singular vocative)

Probably a substantivisation, used as a proper noun, of the feminine forms of barbarus (“wild”, “savage”, “cruel”, “barbarous”), in elliptical use for Prensiō Barbara (“the Cruel Prison”). Compare barbara (“a wild, savage, cruel, or barbarous woman”).

(Medieval Latin) the name of one of the more abominable prisons of the Grand Châtelet of Paris


cranium

la-noun

crānium n (genitive crāniī or crānī); second declension

crānium (canonical neuter)
crāniī (genitive)
crānī (genitive)
crānium (nominative singular)
crānia (nominative plural)
crāniī (genitive singular)
crānī (genitive singular)
crāniōrum (genitive plural)
crāniō (dative singular)
crāniīs (dative plural)
crānium (accusative singular)
crānia (accusative plural)
crāniō (ablative singular)
crāniīs (ablative plural)
crānium (singular vocative)
crānia (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: craniu

→ Catalan: crani

→ Danish: kranium, kranie

→ Dutch: cranium

→ English: cranium

→ Esperanto: kranio

→ French: crâne

→ German: Kranium

→ Galician: cranio

→ Ido: kranio

→ Interlingua: cranio

→ Italian: cranio

→ Kabuverdianu: kraniu

→ Malay: kranium

→ Norman: cranne

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kranium, kranie

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kranium, kranie

→ Portuguese: crânio

→ Romanian: craniu

→ Spanish: cráneo

→ Swedish: kranium, kranie

[ˈkräːniʊ̃ˑ]

Earliest attestation c. 1190, from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “upper part of the head, skull”).


brando

la-noun

brandō m (genitive brandōnis); third declension

brandō (canonical masculine)
brandōnis (genitive)
brandō (nominative singular)
brandōnēs (nominative plural)
brandōnis (genitive singular)
brandōnum (genitive plural)
brandōnī (dative singular)
brandōnibus (dative plural)
brandōnem (accusative singular)
brandōnēs (accusative plural)
brandōne (ablative singular)
brandōnibus (ablative plural)
brandō (singular vocative)
brandōnēs (plural vocative)

Boston
Brill
Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange#Works
Leiden

Catalan: brandó

Old French: brandon

Middle French: brandon

French: brandon

→ Spanish: blandón

Walloon: banon

Borrowed from Frankish *brandō, *brand (“fire, burning, torch”). Attested in early Medieval times.


ciborium

cibōrium n (genitive cibōriī or cibōrī); second declension

cibōrium (canonical neuter)
cibōriī (genitive)
cibōrī (genitive)
cibōrium (nominative singular)
cibōria (nominative plural)
cibōriī (genitive singular)
cibōrī (genitive singular)
cibōriōrum (genitive plural)
cibōriō (dative singular)
cibōriīs (dative plural)
cibōrium (accusative singular)
cibōria (accusative plural)
cibōriō (ablative singular)
cibōriīs (ablative plural)
cibōrium (singular vocative)
cibōria (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κιβώριον (kibṓrion).

(Medieval Latin) a vaulted canopy over a Christian altar fixed on four columns


bubo

būbō m (genitive būbōnis); third declension

būbō (canonical masculine)
būbōnis (genitive)
būbō (nominative singular)
būbōnēs (nominative plural)
būbōnis (genitive singular)
būbōnum (genitive plural)
būbōnī (dative singular)
būbōnibus (dative plural)
būbōnem (accusative singular)
būbōnēs (accusative plural)
būbōne (ablative singular)
būbōnibus (ablative plural)
būbō (singular vocative)
būbōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: buba

Galician: bouba

Romanian: bubă (possibly)

Medieval Latin; from Ancient Greek βουβών (boubṓn, “groin, swelling”).


regalia

la-noun

rēgālia n pl (genitive rēgālium); third declension

rēgālia (canonical neuter plural)
rēgālium (genitive)
rēgālia (nominative plural)
rēgālium (genitive plural)
rēgālibus (dative plural)
rēgālia (accusative plural)
rēgālibus (ablative plural)
rēgālia (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) regalia (royal rights and powers)


stria

stria f (genitive striae); first declension

striae (genitive)
stria (nominative singular)
striae (nominative plural)
striae (genitive singular)
striārum (genitive plural)
striae (dative singular)
striīs (dative plural)
striam (accusative singular)
striās (accusative plural)
striā (ablative singular)
striīs (ablative plural)
stria (singular vocative)
striae (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) Alternative form of strīga (“witch”)


militaria

mīlitāria n pl (genitive mīlitārium); third declension

mīlitāria (canonical neuter plural)
mīlitārium (genitive)
mīlitāria (nominative plural)
mīlitārium (genitive plural)
mīlitāribus (dative plural)
mīlitāria (accusative plural)
mīlitāribus (ablative plural)
mīlitāria (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Either from mīlitāris (“soldierly, martial”) + -ia; more likely an extraordinary substantivization of the nominative neuter plural form of mīlitāris.


mina

mina f (genitive minae); first declension

Borrowed from Gaulish *mēnā (“ore, mine”).


mina

Clipping of hemina, from Ancient Greek ἡμίνα (hēmína).

(Medieval Latin) A dry measure equivalent to two bushels


mina

minae (genitive)
mina (nominative singular)
minae (nominative plural)
minae (genitive singular)
minārum (genitive plural)
minae (dative singular)
minīs (dative plural)
minam (accusative singular)
minās (accusative plural)
minā (ablative singular)
minīs (ablative plural)
mina (singular vocative)
minae (plural vocative)


syllabus

la-noun

syllabus m (genitive syllabī); second declension

syllabī (genitive)
syllabus (nominative singular)
syllabī (nominative plural)
syllabī (genitive singular)
syllabōrum (genitive plural)
syllabō (dative singular)
syllabīs (dative plural)
syllabum (accusative singular)
syllabōs (accusative plural)
syllabō (ablative singular)
syllabīs (ablative plural)
syllabe (singular vocative)
syllabī (plural vocative)

[ˈs̠ʏlːʲäbʊs̠]

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) list, register, syllabus


milito

la-verb

mīlitō (present infinitive mīlitāre, perfect active mīlitāvī, supine mīlitātum); first conjugation

mīlitō (canonical)
mīlitāre (infinitive present)
mīlitāvī (active perfect)
mīlitātum (supine)
mīlitō (active first-person indicative present singular)
mīlitās (active indicative present second-person singular)
mīlitat (active indicative present singular third-person)
mīlitāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
mīlitātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
mīlitant (active indicative plural present third-person)
mīlitābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
mīlitābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
mīlitābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
mīlitābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
mīlitābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mīlitābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
mīlitābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
mīlitābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
mīlitābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
mīlitābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
mīlitābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
mīlitābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
mīlitāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
mīlitāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
mīlitāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
mīlitāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
mīlitāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
mīlitāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
mīlitāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
mīlitāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
mīlitāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
mīlitāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
mīlitāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
mīlitāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
mīlitāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
mīlitāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
mīlitāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
mīlitāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
mīlitāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
mīlitāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
mīlitāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
mīlitor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
mīlitāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
mīlitāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
mīlitātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
mīlitāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
mīlitāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
mīlitantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
mīlitābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
mīlitābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
mīlitābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
mīlitābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
mīlitābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
mīlitābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
mīlitābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
mīlitābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
mīlitāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
mīlitābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
mīlitābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
mīlitābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
mīlitābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
mīlitābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
mīlitem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
mīlitēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mīlitet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
mīlitēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
mīlitētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
mīlitent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
mīlitārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
mīlitārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mīlitāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mīlitārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
mīlitārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mīlitārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mīlitāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
mīlitāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mīlitāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mīlitāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
mīlitāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mīlitāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mīlitāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
mīlitāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mīlitāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mīlitāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
mīlitāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mīlitāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mīliter (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
mīlitēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
mīlitēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
mīlitētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
mīlitēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
mīlitēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
mīlitentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
mīlitārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
mīlitārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīlitārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīlitārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīlitārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
mīlitārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīlitārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mīlitā (active imperative present second-person singular)
mīlitāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
mīlitātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
mīlitātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
mīlitātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
mīlitantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
mīlitāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
mīlitāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
mīlitātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
mīlitātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
mīlitantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
mīlitāre (active infinitive present)
mīlitāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
mīlitātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
mīlitārī (infinitive passive present)
mīlitātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
mīlitātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
mīlitāns (active participle present)
mīlitātūrus (active future participle)
mīlitātus (participle passive perfect)
mīlitandus (future participle passive)
mīlitandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
mīlitandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
mīlitandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
mīlitandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
mīlitātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
mīlitātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ English: militate

French: militer

→ Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 (militōn)

Italian: militare

Portuguese: militar

→ Romanian: milita

→ Spanish: militar

Asserit namque rex, juxta dignitatem regni, quod […] nullus militans regi […] est excommunicandus ab aliquo.

c. 1202, Ralph de Diceto, Ymagines historiarum, a. 1163:

For the king declares, according to the dignity of the kingship, that […] no one serving the king […] is to be excommunicated by anyone.

(Medieval Latin) to serve, discharge an office


anarchia

la-noun

anarchia f (genitive anarchiae); first declension

anarchiae (genitive)
anarchia (nominative singular)
anarchiae (nominative plural)
anarchiae (genitive singular)
anarchiārum (genitive plural)
anarchiae (dative singular)
anarchiīs (dative plural)
anarchiam (accusative singular)
anarchiās (accusative plural)
anarchiā (ablative singular)
anarchiīs (ablative plural)
anarchia (singular vocative)
anarchiae (plural vocative)

Catalan: anarquia

English: anarchy

French: anarchie

Friulian: anarchie

German: Anarchie

Italian: anarchia

Portuguese: anarquia

Spanish: anarquía

From Ancient Greek ἀναρχία (anarkhía), from ἀν- (an-, “not”), + ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “power, authority”).

(Medieval Latin) The state of not having a ruler or leader; anarchy; lawlessness.


papo

la-verb

pāpō (present infinitive pāpāre, perfect active pāpāvī, supine pāpātum); first conjugation

pāpō (canonical)
pāpāre (infinitive present)
pāpāvī (active perfect)
pāpātum (supine)
pāpō (active first-person indicative present singular)
pāpās (active indicative present second-person singular)
pāpat (active indicative present singular third-person)
pāpāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
pāpātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
pāpant (active indicative plural present third-person)
pāpābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
pāpābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
pāpābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
pāpābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
pāpābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
pāpābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
pāpābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
pāpābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
pāpābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
pāpābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
pāpābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
pāpābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
pāpāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
pāpāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
pāpāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
pāpāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
pāpāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
pāpāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
pāpāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
pāpāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
pāpāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
pāpāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
pāpāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
pāpāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
pāpāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
pāpāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
pāpāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
pāpāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
pāpāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
pāpāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
pāpāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
pāpor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
pāpāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
pāpāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
pāpātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
pāpāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
pāpāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
pāpantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
pāpābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
pāpābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
pāpābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
pāpābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
pāpābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
pāpābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
pāpābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
pāpābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
pāpāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
pāpābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
pāpābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
pāpābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
pāpābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
pāpābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
pāpem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
pāpēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
pāpet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
pāpēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
pāpētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
pāpent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
pāpārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
pāpārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
pāpāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
pāpārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
pāpārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
pāpārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
pāpāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
pāpāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
pāpāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
pāpāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
pāpāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
pāpāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
pāpāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
pāpāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
pāpāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
pāpāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
pāpāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
pāpāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
pāper (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
pāpēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
pāpēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
pāpētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
pāpēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
pāpēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
pāpentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
pāpārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
pāpārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
pāpārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
pāpārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
pāpārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
pāpārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
pāpārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
pāpā (active imperative present second-person singular)
pāpāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
pāpātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
pāpātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
pāpātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
pāpantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
pāpāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
pāpāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
pāpātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
pāpātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
pāpantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
pāpāre (active infinitive present)
pāpāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
pāpātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
pāpārī (infinitive passive present)
pāpātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
pāpātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
pāpāns (active participle present)
pāpātūrus (active future participle)
pāpātus (participle passive perfect)
pāpandus (future participle passive)
pāpandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
pāpandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
pāpandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
pāpandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
pāpātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
pāpātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Conjuravit etiam ille suo vivente, Marcellum presbyterum qui post ipsum papavit ut praeceptum Diocletiani de immolatione non adimpleret.

c. 1367, Eulogium Historiarum, section 2.37:

And while he lived he conspired that Marcellus the presbyter who became pope after him not carry out Diocletian's order concerning the sacrifice.

(Medieval Latin, intransitive) to be pope, to become pope

(Medieval Latin, transitive) to make someone pope


vulva

la-noun

vulva f (genitive vulvae); first declension

vulvae (genitive)
vulva (nominative singular)
vulvae (nominative plural)
vulvae (genitive singular)
vulvārum (genitive plural)
vulvae (dative singular)
vulvīs (dative plural)
vulvam (accusative singular)
vulvās (accusative plural)
vulvā (ablative singular)
vulvīs (ablative plural)
vulva (singular vocative)
vulvae (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind”). Cognates include Sanskrit उल्ब (ulba).

der

Holonyms: verētrum, muliebria, pudenda, verenda, genitālia, partēs, membra, nātūra

(anatomy, chiefly Medieval Latin) the vagina (the external orifice of the female reproductive tract)


basileus

la-noun

basileus m (genitive basileī); second declension

basileī (genitive)
basileus (nominative singular)
basileī (nominative plural)
basileī (genitive singular)
basileos (genitive singular)
basileōrum (genitive plural)
basileōn (genitive plural)
basileō (dative singular)
basileīs (dative plural)
basileum (accusative singular)
basileon (accusative singular)
basileōs (accusative plural)
basileō (ablative singular)
basileīs (ablative plural)
basileu (singular vocative)
basileī (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βασιλεύς (basileús).


campana

la-noun

campāna f (genitive campānae); first declension

campāna (canonical feminine)
campānae (genitive)
campāna (nominative singular)
campānae (nominative plural)
campānae (genitive singular)
campānārum (genitive plural)
campānae (dative singular)
campānīs (dative plural)
campānam (accusative singular)
campānās (accusative plural)
campānā (ablative singular)
campānīs (ablative plural)
campāna (singular vocative)
campānae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

campuona, campen

Italo-Romance:

Italian: campana

Sicilian: campana

desc

→ Maltese: qanpiena, qanpiela (rarer byform)

W. Romance of N. Italy:

Friulian: cjampane

Venetan: canpana

Gallo-Romance:

Franc-Comtois: [tʃãpãn] 'stove-plate'

Old Franco-Provençal: campanna

Franco-Provençal: tsampêna, champane, ⇒ tsampainot, /tsãpãna/, /θãpãna/

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: campana

Gascon: campane

Occitan: campana (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: campana

Asturian: campana

Mirandese: campana

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: campãa
Galician: campá
Portuguese: campa, campã

Spanish: campana (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: campana

desc

→ Albanian: këmborë, këmbonë — Gheg, kumborë — Arbëresh (”bell”)

→ Ancient Greek: κάμπανος (kámpanos), γάμπανος (gámpanos, “steelyard”)

desctree

→ Arabic: قَبَّان (qabbān), قَفَّان (qaffān), قَنْبَان (qanbān)
→ Amharic: ቀባን (ḳäbban)

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: камъбанъ (kamŭbanŭ), камьбань (kamĭbanĭ), камбанъ (kambanŭ), кампанъ (kampanŭ)

desctree

→ Persian: قپان (qapân), کپان (kapân), قپون (qapun) (colloquial Teherani)
→ Azerbaijani: qapan
→ Turkish: kapan

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܐܦܐܢܐ (/*qapānā/)

desc

→ Basque: kanpana (“bell”) (or from Spanish?)

→ Byzantine Greek: καμπάνα (kampána, “bell”) (or from Venetan?)

desctree

Greek: καμπάνα (kampána)
→ Aromanian: cãmbanã
→ Bulgarian: камбана (kambana)
→ Macedonian: камбана (kambana)

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: кѫпона (kǫpona, “steelyard”)

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: кѫпонити (kǫponiti, verb)

→ Bulgarian: къпони m pl (kǎponi)

→ Old East Slavic: купона (kupona)

desctree

→ Romanian: cumpănă
→ Hungarian: kompona

From Campānus, as the region was a centre for bronze production. Already in the first century CE Pliny speaks of the quality of aes campānum (“Campanian bronze”) and refers to vāsa campāna (“Campanian vessels [or utensils]”). First attested as a bare feminine noun in 510 CE. Notably, bronze is a traditional material for making both bells and steelyards.
It has also been suggested that Campania was simply the location where St Paulinus introduced bells to Christian ceremony.
The word has alternatively been linked, probably spuriously, to the Ancient Greek καπάνη (kapánē, “felt helmet”), owing to a supposed resemblance of shape, and also to Thessalian variants of the Ancient Greek ἀπήνη (apḗnē) bearing the sense of 'cross-piece, middle-beam'.

a large bell used in late classical or medieval church towers or steeples.


terminus

la-noun

terminus m (genitive terminī); second declension

terminī (genitive)
terminus (nominative singular)
terminī (nominative plural)
terminī (genitive singular)
terminōrum (genitive plural)
terminō (dative singular)
terminīs (dative plural)
terminum (accusative singular)
terminōs (accusative plural)
terminō (ablative singular)
terminīs (ablative plural)
termine (singular vocative)
terminī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: țărm

Italo-Romance:

Italian: termine

Padanian:

Ladin: terminn, termin

Ligurian: tèrmi, tèrme, tèima

Lombard: termen

Ossolano: termo, termi, termign

Piedmontese: termo, terme, termon

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: tèrmeno, térme, têrmne, térmouno, tirme, tièrno

Valdôtain: tèrmo, tèrman, tèrmeo, tarmêyo

Old French: terme

French: terme

→ Middle English: term

English: term

→ Irish: téarma

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: termi

q

Catalan: terme (archaic plural térmens in western dialects)

Occitan: tèrme, tèrmi

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: termĩo

Galician: termo

Portuguese: termo

→ Bulgarian: те́рмин (términ)

→ Dutch: term, termijn

→ English: terminus

→ French: terminus

→ German: Termin, Terminus

→ Middle Irish: termonn

desctree

Irish: tearmann, tearmainn f
→ English: termon
→ Scottish Gaelic: tèarmann

→ Polish: termin
→ Kashubian: termin
→ Russian: те́рмин (términ), те́рминъ (términ) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: տերմին (termin)
→ Kazakh: термин (termin)
→ Yakut: тиэрмин (tiermin)

→ Portuguese: término

→ Romanian: terminus, termen

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: термин

Latin script: termin

→ Spanish: término

→ Proto-Brythonic: *terβ̃ɨn

→ Welsh: terfyn

From Proto-Italic *termenos, from Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥ (“boundary”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τέρμα (térma, “a goal”), τέρμων (térmōn, “a border”).

(Medieval Latin) due date, a time to convene

(Medieval Latin) mode, wise, fashion, manner


uso

la-verb

ūsō (present infinitive ūsāre, perfect active ūsāvī, supine ūsātum); first conjugation

ūsō (canonical)
ūsāre (infinitive present)
ūsāvī (active perfect)
ūsātum (supine)
ūsō (active first-person indicative present singular)
ūsās (active indicative present second-person singular)
ūsat (active indicative present singular third-person)
ūsāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
ūsātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
ūsant (active indicative plural present third-person)
ūsābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ūsābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
ūsābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
ūsābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
ūsābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
ūsābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ūsābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
ūsābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
ūsābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
ūsābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
ūsābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
ūsābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
ūsāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
ūsāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
ūsāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
ūsāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
ūsāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
ūsāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ūsāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ūsāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
ūsāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
ūsāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ūsāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
ūsāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ūsāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
ūsāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
ūsāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
ūsāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
ūsāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
ūsāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
ūsāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
ūsor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
ūsāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ūsāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ūsātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
ūsāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
ūsāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
ūsantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ūsābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
ūsābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ūsābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ūsābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
ūsābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
ūsābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
ūsābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
ūsābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
ūsāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ūsābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ūsābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
ūsābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
ūsābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
ūsābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
ūsem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ūsēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ūset (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ūsēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ūsētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ūsent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ūsārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
ūsārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ūsāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ūsārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
ūsārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ūsārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ūsāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
ūsāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ūsāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ūsāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
ūsāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ūsāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ūsāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
ūsāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ūsāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ūsāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
ūsāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ūsāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ūser (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ūsēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ūsēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ūsētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ūsēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ūsēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ūsentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ūsārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
ūsārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ūsārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ūsārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ūsārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
ūsārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ūsārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ūsā (active imperative present second-person singular)
ūsāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
ūsātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
ūsātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
ūsātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
ūsantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
ūsāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
ūsāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
ūsātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
ūsātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
ūsantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
ūsāre (active infinitive present)
ūsāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
ūsātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
ūsārī (infinitive passive present)
ūsātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
ūsātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
ūsāns (active participle present)
ūsātūrus (active future participle)
ūsātus (participle passive perfect)
ūsandus (future participle passive)
ūsandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
ūsandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
ūsandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
ūsandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
ūsātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
ūsātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: usare

Neapolitan: usare

Sicilian: usari

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: usare, usai

North Italian:

Friulian: usâ

Romansch: üser

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: usar

Old French: user (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: usar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: usar

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: usar
Galician: usar
Portuguese: usar

Old Spanish: usar

Ladino: uzar

Spanish: usar

q

Conlangs: (borrowed via one or several Romance languages)

Esperanto: uzi

Ido: uzar

Interlingua: usar

Frequentative from Classical Latin ūtor, via its past participle ūsus + -ō (verb-forming suffix). First attested in the eighth century CE.


typhus

la-noun

tȳphus m (genitive tȳphī); second declension

tȳphus (canonical masculine)
tȳphī (genitive)
tȳphus (nominative singular)
tȳphī (nominative plural)
tȳphī (genitive singular)
tȳphōrum (genitive plural)
tȳphō (dative singular)
tȳphīs (dative plural)
tȳphum (accusative singular)
tȳphōs (accusative plural)
tȳphō (ablative singular)
tȳphīs (ablative plural)
tȳphe (singular vocative)
tȳphī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: tifus

→ Danish: tyfus

→ English: typhus

→ French: typhus

→ German: Typhus

→ Italian: tifo

→ Korean: 티푸스 (tipuseu)

→ Russian: тиф (tif)

→ Sicilian: tifu

→ Spanish: tifus

Early modern coinage from Ancient Greek τῦφος (tûphos, “fever, stupor”).

der

(medicine) a form, type, or character of a fever.

a form, type, or character of a fever.
A periodic fever.


a fortiori

Ellipsis of ā fortiōrī ratiōne (literally “from a stronger reason”).

ellipsis

Cuius rei veritas vt magis elucescat queritur. An malefice valeant membra virilia virtute demonum vere et realiter vel solummodo prestigiosa apparitione auferre? et arguitur quod vere et realiter per argumentum a fortiori.

1486, Heinrich Kramer, “Pars prīma, Quaestiō nōna”, in Malleus maleficarum [The hammer of witches]^(https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum_(ed._II)):

In order to make the truth of this matter clearer, it is asked whether witches can—with the help of devils—really and actually remove the virile members, or can only take them away through an illusion. And that they can really and actually do so is argued a fortiori.

(rhetoric, logic, Medieval Latin) a fortiori (as a corollary implied by a stronger claim)


trivium

la-noun

trivium n (genitive triviī or trivī); second declension

triviī (genitive)
trivī (genitive)
trivium (nominative singular)
trivia (nominative plural)
triviī (genitive singular)
trivī (genitive singular)
triviōrum (genitive plural)
triviō (dative singular)
triviīs (dative plural)
trivium (accusative singular)
trivia (accusative plural)
triviō (ablative singular)
triviīs (ablative plural)
trivium (singular vocative)
trivia (plural vocative)

Italian: trebbio

→ English: trivium

→ Italian: trivio

→ Ukrainian: три́віум (trývium)

From tri- (“three”) + via (“road”). Compare trivius (“epithet of deities having temples at the intersection of three roads”).


capitale

capitāle n (genitive capitālis); third declension

capitāle (canonical neuter)
capitālis (genitive)
capitāle (nominative singular)
capitālia (nominative plural)
capitālis (genitive singular)
capitālium (genitive plural)
capitālī (dative singular)
capitālibus (dative plural)
capitāle (accusative singular)
capitālia (accusative plural)
capitālī (ablative singular)
capitālibus (ablative plural)
capitāle (singular vocative)
capitālia (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin, finance) capital (money)


jarra

jarra f (genitive jarrae); first declension

jarrae (genitive)
jarra (nominative singular)
jarrae (nominative plural)
jarrae (genitive singular)
jarrārum (genitive plural)
jarrae (dative singular)
jarrīs (dative plural)
jarram (accusative singular)
jarrās (accusative plural)
jarrā (ablative singular)
jarrīs (ablative plural)
jarra (singular vocative)
jarrae (plural vocative)

From Arabic جَرَّة (jarra). Widely loaned into Romance languages; compare Old French jare (modern French jarre), Italian giara, Spanish jarra.

(Medieval Latin) a liquid measure based on the size of a jar


Germania

la-proper noun

Germānia f sg (genitive Germāniae); first declension

Germānia (canonical feminine singular)
Germāniae (genitive)
Germānia (nominative singular)
Germāniae (genitive singular)
Germāniae (dative singular)
Germāniam (accusative singular)
Germāniā (ablative singular)
Germānia (singular vocative)

Middle English: Germanie

Irish: Gearmáin

Italian: Germania

Romanian: Germania

Russian: Герма́ния (Germánija)

Sicilian: Girmània

[ɡɛrˈmäːniä]

From Germānī + -ia. Germani was an exonym applied by the Romans to a tribe (or nearby tribes) living around and east of the Rhine; it was first attested in the 1st century b.c. works of Julius Caesar and is of uncertain etymology. It was said by Strabo to derive from germānus (“close kin; genuine”), making it cognate with "germane" and "german", but this seems unsupported. Attempts to derive it from Germanic or Celtic roots are all problematic (although see Germany).

Germany in its various senses, including:

(Medieval Latin) the lands of the Germans, sometimes inclusive of conquered areas in France, England, and Eastern Europe


Polonia

Polonia f sg (genitive Poloniae); first declension

Poloniae (genitive)
Polonia (nominative singular)
Poloniae (genitive singular)
Poloniae (dative singular)
Poloniam (accusative singular)
Poloniā (ablative singular)
Polonia (singular vocative)

Aromanian: Pulunia

Asturian: Polonia

Catalan: Polònia

Franco-Provençal: Pologne

French: Pologne

Friulian: Polonie

Galician: Polonia

Italian: Polonia

Ligurian: Polònia

Norman: Polongne

Occitan: Polonha

Portuguese: Polônia, Polónia

Romanian: Polonia

Romansch: Pologna

Sardinian: Polonia

Spanish: Polonia

Venetan: Połonia

Walloon: Pologne

→ Chinese: 波羅泥亞／波罗泥亚 (Bōluóníyà)

→ Manchu: ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᡳᠶᠠ (boloniya)

⇒ English: Polono-

⇒ Georgian: პოლონეთი (ṗoloneti)

→ Polish: Polonia

From Proto-Slavic *poľane, plural of *poľaninъ (“field dweller”).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Poland (a country in Central Europe)


cultura

la-noun

cultūra f (genitive cultūrae); first declension

cultūra (canonical feminine)
cultūrae (genitive)
cultūra (nominative singular)
cultūrae (nominative plural)
cultūrae (genitive singular)
cultūrārum (genitive plural)
cultūrae (dative singular)
cultūrīs (dative plural)
cultūram (accusative singular)
cultūrās (accusative plural)
cultūrā (ablative singular)
cultūrīs (ablative plural)
cultūra (singular vocative)
cultūrae (plural vocative)

Asturian: cultura

→ Bulgarian: култура (kultura)

Catalan: cultura

→ Czech: kultura

→ Danish: kultur

Middle French: culture

→ English: culture

French: culture
→ Turkish: kültür

Galician: cultura

→ German: Kultur

→ Irish: cultúr

Italian: cultura, coltura

Ladino: kultura

→ Macedonian: култура (kultura)

→ Maltese: kultura

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kultur

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kultur

Occitan: cultura

→ Polish: kultura

Portuguese: cultura

Romanian: cultură

desctree

→ Russian: культу́ра (kulʹtúra)
→ Armenian: կուլտուրա (kultura)
→ Georgian: კულტურა (ḳulṭura)
→ Ingrian: kulttuura, kultuuri, kuljtuura
→ Karelian: kulʹtura
→ Yakut: култуура (kultuura)

→ Serbo-Croatian: kultúra/култу́ра

Sicilian: curtura

Spanish: cultura

→ Basque: kultura

→ Tagalog: kultura

→ Swedish: kultur

[kʊɫ̪ˈt̪uːrä]

From cultus, perfect passive participle of colō (“I till, cultivate”).


Serbia

la-proper noun

Serbia f sg (genitive Serbiae); first declension

Serbiae (genitive)
Serbia (nominative singular)
Serbiae (genitive singular)
Serbiae (dative singular)
Serbiam (accusative singular)
Serbiā (ablative singular)
Serbia (singular vocative)

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)