arbor

la-noun

arbor f (genitive arboris); third declension

arboris (genitive)
arbor (nominative singular)
arborēs (nominative plural)
arboris (genitive singular)
arborum (genitive plural)
arborī (dative singular)
arboribus (dative plural)
arborem (accusative singular)
arborēs (accusative plural)
arbore (ablative singular)
arboribus (ablative plural)
arbor (singular vocative)
arborēs (plural vocative)
arbōs (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: arburi, arbure, arbur, oarbãri

Istro-Romanian: årbure

Megleno-Romanian: arbur

Romanian: arbure (older), arbore (newer, Latinized)

Dalmatian:

juarbol, yuarbul, yuarbol, jarbul, yarbul, jarbur, garbr, arbl, iuarbol, iuarbul, iarbul, iarbur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: alberu

Italian: (archaic) arbore, albero, arbero (Rome)

Judeo-Italian: (Rome) אַרְבֵילוֹ (ʔarəbelo /arbelo/)

Gallurese: alburi

Sassarese: àiburu

Neapolitan: arbero, àrbero

Tarantino: arvule, àrvule

Sicilian: àrbiru, àrburu, àrvuru

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: arbore, arbure, albore, albure

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: àrbul, âlber (Bologna), élber (Modena), àlbar (Mirandola)

Ligurian: erboro, èrbo

Lombard: erbor, àlbor

Piedmontese: erbo

Friulian: arbul

Ladin: alber

Istriot: arbaro, arbo

Romansch: arver, alber

desctree

Venetan: àlbaro, albaro, àlber
→ Cimbrian: albar

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: ârbro

Old French: arbre (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: arbre

Gascon: arbe

Old Occitan: arbre (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: arbol, (Ribagorça) abre

Old Leonese: arbol, arbor (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: arvor, arvol, arvore (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: arbor, arbol (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Balkan Slavic:

Macedonian: јарбол (jarbol)

Serbo-Croatian: ја̑рбол, jȃrbol

Slovene: jambor

→ Hungarian: árbóc (or via North Italian)

Esperanto: arbo

By rhotacism from Old Latin arbōs, from Proto-Italic *arðōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“high; to grow”), meaning "high upright plant". Cognate with arduus (“high”).

der

arbore mali

centenaque arbore fluctum verberat adsurgens

Pelias arbor

(euphemistic)

arbor infelix

(metonymic) something made from a tree, of wood

(metonymic) the polypus (imagined to have arms like the branches of a tree)


ignis

la-noun

ignis m (genitive ignis); third declension

ignis (genitive)
ignis (nominative singular)
ignēs (nominative plural)
ignis (genitive singular)
ignium (genitive plural)
ignī (dative singular)
ignibus (dative plural)
ignem (accusative singular)
ignēs (accusative plural)
ignīs (accusative plural)
igne (ablative singular)
ignī (ablative singular)
ignibus (ablative plural)
ignis (singular vocative)
ignēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: igne

Inherited from Proto-Italic *əngʷnis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnís (“fire”). Cognate with Lithuanian ugnis, Sanskrit अग्नि (agní), Hittite 𒀀𒀝𒉌𒅖 (akniš) (an Indo-Iranian borrowing), Old Church Slavonic огнь (ognĭ) and Old Prussian ugnis.


laurus

laurus f (genitive laurī); second declension

laurī (genitive)
laurus (nominative singular)
laurī (nominative plural)
laurī (genitive singular)
laurōrum (genitive plural)
laurō (dative singular)
laurīs (dative plural)
laurum (accusative singular)
laurōs (accusative plural)
laurūs (accusative plural)
laurō (ablative singular)
laurīs (ablative plural)
laure (singular vocative)
laurī (plural vocative)
daurus (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: laur

Romanian: laur

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: lauru, lauro, làvoro

Corsican: addoru

Italian: alloro

Neapolitan: lauro, làvoro

Sicilian: aḍḍauru, lauru

Padanian:

Lombard: laur

Piedmontese: làuro, laur

⇒ Venetan: lavranèr, vialoro, doraro

Northern Gallo-Romance:

>? Franco-Provençal: lôro (Valdôtain)

Old French: lor

Old Lorrain: loir

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: lor

Catalan: llor, llort

Old Occitan: laur

Occitan: laur (Rouergue)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: lloru

Old Galician-Portuguese: louro

Galician: louro

Portuguese: louro, loiro

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: laru, lau, lavru

→ Albanian: lar

→ Asturian: lauro (learned)

→ Esperanto: laŭro

→ Italian: lauro (learned)

→ Polish: laur (learned)

→ Portuguese: lauro (learned)

→ Old Irish:

Manx: laurys

Scottish Gaelic: labhrais

→? Proto-Brythonic: *llọrɨβ̃

Welsh: llawryf

→ Proto-West Germanic: *laur (see there for further descendants)

→ Sicilian: lauru (learned)

→ Spanish: lauro (learned)

→ Latvian: laurs

→ Lithuanian: laurų

→ Samogitian: lauros

→ West Slavic:

Czech: vavřín

Polish: wawrzyn

Slovak: vavrín

Lower Sorbian: ławrjeńc

Upper Sorbian: ławrjenc

→ Hungarian: babér

→ Samogitian: babka, bakos

→ East and South Slavic:

Belarusian: лаўр (laŭr)

desc

Bulgarian: лавър (lavǎr), лавров (lavrov)

Bosnian: lovor

Croatian: lovor

Macedonian: лавор (lavor)

Russian: лавр (lavr) (see there for further descendants)

Serbo-Croatian: lovor, lovorika

Pannonian Rusyn: ловор (lovor)

Slovene: lovor

Ukrainian: лавр (lavr)

From Old Latin dacrus.
Related to Ancient Greek δάφνη (dáphnē, “laurel”), and likely borrowed there from an Aegean or Anatolian language. Together with the rare variation δαυχμός (daukhmós) and the name δαῦκος (daûkos), used for some umbelliferous plants, Beekes derives δάφνη (dáphnē) from *dakʷ-(n-). It is possibly related to Latin lacrima, dacrima and Ancient Greek δάκρυ (dákru, “tear, resin”), themselves from *dáḱru- and this from the compound *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru- (eye-bitter), due to its poignancy as firewood, or its gummy sap. Traditionally, δαῦκος has been connected with δαίω (daíō, “to kindle, burn”).


corpus

la-noun

corpus n (genitive corporis); third declension

corporis (genitive)
corpus (nominative singular)
corpora (nominative plural)
corporis (genitive singular)
corporum (genitive plural)
corporī (dative singular)
corporibus (dative plural)
corpus (accusative singular)
corpora (accusative plural)
corpore (ablative singular)
corporibus (ablative plural)
corpus (singular vocative)
corpora (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: cólpus, corpus, cropus

Balkano-Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: corp

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: corpu

Gallurese: colpu

Sassarese: coìpu

Dalmatian: cuarp, kuarp

Istriot: cuorpo

Italian: corpo

Neapolitan: cuorpo

Sicilian: corpu

Venetan: corpo, corp

→ Cimbrian: khòrp

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cuarp

Ladin: corp

Romansch: corp

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: côrp

Ligurian: còrpo

Lombard: còrp

Piedmontese: còrp

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: corps

Old Catalan: cors

Catalan: cos

desctree

Old French: cors
Middle French: cors
French: corps
Karipúna Creole French: kó
→ Danish: korps
→ English: corps
→ Dutch: corps, korps
→ German: Korps
→ Norwegian Bokmål: korps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: korps
→ Romanian: corp (in part)
→ Swedish: kår
Walloon: coirps, corps
→ Middle English: corse
English: corpse
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: cos
Galician: cós
Portuguese: cós

Old Occitan: cors

Occitan: còrs

Ibero-Romance:

Extremaduran: cuerpu

Old Galician-Portuguese: corpo

Fala: corpo

Galician: corpo

Portuguese: corpo

Guinea-Bissau Creole: kurpu

Kristang: korpu

Macanese: corpo

Old Leonese:

desc

Asturian: cuerpu, cuörpu, cuorpu, cuirpu, cuerpo

Leonese: cuerpu

Mirandese: cuorpo

Old Navarro-Aragonese: cuerpo

Aragonese: cuerpo

Old Spanish: cuerpo

Spanish: cuerpo, cuelpo

Borrowings:

→ Basque: gorputz

→ Catalan: corpus

→ English: corpus

→ Esperanto: korpo

Ido: korpo

→ German: Korpus

→ Romanian: corp

→ Italian: corpus

→ Middle High German: korper, körper, körpel

German: Körper

desctree

→ Old Irish: corp
Irish: corp
Manx: corp
Scottish Gaelic: corp

→ Portuguese: corpus

→ Proto-Brythonic: *korf

Breton: korv

Middle Welsh: corff

Welsh: corff

→ Russian: ко́рпус (kórpus)

→ Spanish: corpus

From Proto-Italic *korpos, from Proto-Indo-European *krépos (“body”), from the root *krep-. Equivalent to the Proto-Germanic neuter noun *hrefaz (“body, torso”), whence e.g. Old High German href, Old Dutch ref, Old English hrif (> English riff).

qui liberum corpus in servitutem addixisset

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 3.56

who as a free person might have been sentenced to slavery

(metonymic) a frame, body, system, structure, community, corporation


arx

la-noun

arx f (genitive arcis); third declension

arcis (genitive)
arx (nominative singular)
arcēs (nominative plural)
arcis (genitive singular)
arcium (genitive plural)
arcī (dative singular)
arcibus (dative plural)
arcem (accusative singular)
arcēs (accusative plural)
arcīs (accusative plural)
arce (ablative singular)
arcibus (ablative plural)
arx (singular vocative)
arcēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erk- (“to protect, guard, hold, lock”). Cognates include Latin arca (“chest, box”), arceō (“I defend”), arcānus (“hidden, secret”), arcera (“covered carriage for sick people”), Old Armenian արգել (argel, “obstacle”) and Ancient Greek ἀρκέω (arkéō, “I ward off, fend off”), Persian ارگ (arg, “citadel”)

cog

venit in hōc illa fulmen ab arce caput.

It fell on this head [of mine], a thunderbolt from that height.
(Jupiter (mythology) hurled thunderbolts from heaven, whereas the Emperor Augustus, living atop the Palatine Hill, had sentenced Ovid to exile.)

(metonymic) height, summit, pinnacle, top, peak (since castles were often built on heights)


sagitta

la-noun

sagitta f (genitive sagittae); first declension

sagittae (genitive)
sagitta (nominative singular)
sagittae (nominative plural)
sagittae (genitive singular)
sagittārum (genitive plural)
sagittae (dative singular)
sagittīs (dative plural)
sagittam (accusative singular)
sagittās (accusative plural)
sagittā (ablative singular)
sagittīs (ablative plural)
sagitta (singular vocative)
sagittae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sãdzeatã

Romanian: săgeată

Italo-Romance:

Italian: saetta

→ Maltese: sajjetta

Sicilian: sajitta

North Italian:

Friulian: saete

Istriot: sàita

Ladin: saëta, sita

Piedmontese: sajëta

Romansch: sajetta

Venetan: sita, saéta

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: saete, saiete; sajette (latinized)

French: sagette

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: sageta

Occitan: sageta

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: saeta

Old Galician-Portuguese: saeta

Galician: seta

Portuguese: seta

Spanish: saeta

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: saitta

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: shigjetë

→ Tsakonian: σογίτθα (sogíttha)

→ Greek: σαΐτα (saḯta)

→ Old Irish: saiget (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *saɣeθ (see there for further descendants)

Later borrowings:

→ Catalan: sagita

→ English: sagitta

→ Esperanto: sago

→ Italian: sagitta

→ Translingual: Sagitta

→ Spanish: sagita

→ Volapük: sagit

Unknown etymology. Probably from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language.
A minority view connects it to sāgiō (“to perceive quickly or keenly”).

(botany) the extreme thin part of a vine branch or shoot

the arrowhead (plant of the genus Sagittaria)

(Late Latin, medicine) a lancet (instrument for bloodletting)


arma

arma n pl (genitive armōrum); second declension

armōrum (genitive)
arma (nominative plural)
armōrum (genitive plural)
armum (genitive plural)
armīs (dative plural)
arma (accusative plural)
armīs (ablative plural)
arma (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)rmos (“fitting”), from the root *h₂er- (“to join”). armentum is an independent derivation from the same root, as if from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mn̥-tom. Cognates include Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “order; right; agreement etc.”) and अरम् (áram, “fitting”), Ancient Greek ἀραρίσκω (ararískō, “to fit together”) and Old Armenian արարի (arari, “I made”).
Semantic development was "that what is fitted together" → "tools" → "weapons". Also related to ars, artus, rītus.

cog

(metonymic) military action, war (arms as instruments of policy)

(metonymic) troops, military forces, the army


lingua

la-noun

lingua f (genitive linguae); first declension

linguae (genitive)
lingua (nominative singular)
linguae (nominative plural)
linguae (genitive singular)
linguārum (genitive plural)
linguae (dative singular)
linguīs (dative plural)
linguam (accusative singular)
linguās (accusative plural)
linguā (ablative singular)
linguīs (ablative plural)
lingua (singular vocative)
linguae (plural vocative)
dingua (alternative pre-Classical)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: limbã

Istro-Romanian: limbĕ

Megleno-Romanian: limbă

Romanian: limbă

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: lingua

Dalmatian: langa, luanga

Istriot: lèngua, lengua, laèngua

desctree

Italian: lingua, lengua
→ Greek: λίγκα (lígka)
→ Maltese: lingwa
→? Sabir: lingua

⇒ Italian: linguine (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: lengua, lenga

Sicilian: lingua

desc

Venetan: łéngua, łéngoa, léngoa, lengoa, léngua

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: lenghe

Ladin: lënga

Romansch: lieunga, lengua, glianga, laungia, leua

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: längua

Ligurian: lengua

Lombard: lengua

Piedmontese: lenga

Romagnol: lèngva

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: lengoua

desctree

Old French: langue, lingue, lengue
Middle French: langue
French: langue (see there for further descendants)
Champenois: laingue
Franc-Comtois: landye
Norman: laungue
Picard: lingue
Poitevin-Saintongeais: lengue
Walloon: linwe

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: lengua

Catalan: llengua

Old Occitan: lengua, lenga
Occitan: lenga
Gascon: lengua
Limousin: linga
Provençal: lengo, lenguo

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: luenga (with metathesis of /w/)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: lingua, lengoa, lengua, lingoa
Fala: lengua
Galician: lingua
Portuguese: língua (see there for further descendants)

Old Leonese:

desc

Asturian: llingua, llengua, lluengua (Eastern Asturias), ḷḷingua, ḷḷuinga (Ayer), chingua (Valdés), chengua (Valdés), yuönga (Cabrales)

Extremaduran: luenga

Leonese: llingua

Mirandese: lhéngua

Old Spanish: lengua

Ladino: לינגוה / lengua, lingua

desctree

Spanish: lengua
Chavacano: lengua
Papiamentu: lenga

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: limba (Logudorese), lingua (Campidanese)

Borrowings:

→ English: lingua

→ Esperanto: lingvo

From older dingua (attested as a rare word in Gaius Marius Victorinus), from Proto-Italic *denɣwā, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. The change of d- to l- is variously explained by a borrowing from another Italic language with such a shift and/or by a folk-etymological association with the verb lingō (“to lick”); compare Old Armenian լեզու (lezu) and Lithuanian liežùvis for the latter process. Other cognates include German Zunge and English tongue.

[…], Latinam linguam non modo non inopem, ut vulgo putarent, sed locupletiorem etiam esse quam Graecam.

45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 1.10

[…], the Latin language, so far from having a poor vocabulary, as is commonly supposed, is actually richer than the Greek.

(metonymic) a tongue, utterance, language, speech

[…] illis non verborum modo, sed linguarum etiam inter se differentium copia est.

c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 12.10.34

they [the Greeks] have not merely abundance of words, but they have also a number of different dialects.

(post-classical) a dialect, idiom or mode of speech

a tongue, utterance, language, speech
the tongue or language of a people
a dialect, idiom or mode of speech

volucrum linguas et praepetis omina pennae

the language of birds and the omens of their wings in flight

(poetic, of animals) a voice, note, song, bark, etc.

a tongue, utterance, language, speech
a voice, note, song, bark, etc.

protinus enim potest interpretationem linguae secretioris, quas Graeci γλώσσας vocant

c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 1.1.35

He can readily learn the explanations or glosses, as the Greeks call them, of the more obscure words by the way

a tongue, utterance, language, speech
an utterance, expression

saepe illī dīxerat Almō ‘nāta, tenē linguam,’ nec tamen illa tenet.
Many a time had Almo said to her, ‘‘Daughter, hold your tongue,’’ and yet she did not hold it.
(The river deity Almo (god) and his daughter, whom Ovid identifies as the Naiad Lara, otherwise known in ancient mythology as Larunda or Dea Tacita. The name of the ever-talkative Lara – a repeated syllable, as in ‘‘la-la’’ – echoes the Greek λαλεῖν, to talk, chat, prattle, speak.)

to hold one's tongue (linguam comprimere, linguam tenēre)

[…], largus opum et lingua melior, sed frigida bello dextera, […]

[…]: lavish of his wealth, and a better speaker, but with a hand frozen in battle: […]


caro

la-noun

carō f (genitive carnis); third declension

carō (canonical feminine)
carnis (genitive)
carō (nominative singular)
carnēs (nominative plural)
carnis (genitive singular)
carnum (genitive plural)
carnium (genitive plural)
carnī (dative singular)
carnibus (dative plural)
carnem (accusative singular)
carnēs (accusative plural)
carne (ablative singular)
carnibus (ablative plural)
carō (singular vocative)
carnēs (plural vocative)
charō (alternative Medieval-Latin)

Aromanian: carni, carne, carrã, carre

Asturian: carne

Dalmatian: cuarne

Franco-Provençal: chèrn

Friulian: cjâr, cjar

Italian: carne

Middle French: carnage

→ English: carnage

French: carnage

Old French: char, charn, caroigne

English: carrion

Gallo: char

Middle French: chair, char, charogne

French: chair, charogne

→ Norman: chair

Norman: carogne

Walloon: tchå

Italian: carogna

Spanish: carroña

Old Occitan: carn, charn

Catalan: carn

Occitan: carn

Old Galician-Portuguese: carne, acaron

Galician: carne, a carón

Portuguese: carne

Piedmontese: carn

Romanian: carne

Romansch: charn, tgarn

Sardinian: carre (Logudorese, Nuorese), carri (Campidanese, Gallurese, Sassarese)

Sicilian: carni

Spanish: carne

Venetan: carne

From Proto-Italic *karō, from Proto-Indo-European *ker-, *(s)ker-. Cognate with Dutch scheren, German scheren, Norwegian skjære, Swedish skära; and (from Indo-European) with Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I cut off”), English shear, Albanian harr (“to cut, to mow”), Lithuanian ski̇̀rti (“to separate”), Welsh ysgar (“separate”). See also sharp.

cog

(metonymic) soft part of a precious stone


dens

la-noun

dēns m (genitive dentis); third declension

dēns (canonical masculine)
dentis (genitive)
dēns (nominative singular)
dentēs (nominative plural)
dentis (genitive singular)
dentium (genitive plural)
dentī (dative singular)
dentibus (dative plural)
dentem (accusative singular)
dentēs (accusative plural)
dentīs (accusative plural)
dente (ablative singular)
dentibus (ablative plural)
dēns (singular vocative)
dentēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: dinti f, dinte f

Istro-Romanian: dinte

Megleno-Romanian: dinti m

Romanian: dinte m

Dalmatian:

diant m

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: dente, denti

Italian: dente m

Neapolitan: dente m

Sicilian: denti m

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: dènte

Padanian:

Piedmontese: dent m

Romagnol: dént m (Ville Unite)

Venetan: dénte m

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: dint m

Ladin: dent m

Lombard: dent m

Romansch: dent m

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: dent f

Oïl:

Picard: dint

desctree

Old French: dent m
Middle French: dent f
French: dent f
Walloon: dint f

Oc:

Catalan: dent f

Occitan: dent f

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: dient m

Asturian: diente m

Mirandese: diente m

Old Galician-Portuguese: dente m
Fala: denti m
Galician: dente m
Portuguese: dente m

Old Spanish: dente m, diente, dient
Ladino: diente, דיינטי
Spanish: diente

→ English: dens

→ Esperanto: dento

→ Interlingua: dente

desc

Translingual: ⇒ Dentella, ⇒ Compressidens

From Proto-Italic *dents, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús), Sanskrit दत् (dát), Lithuanian danti̇̀s, Old English tōþ (English tooth), Armenian ատամ (atam).

(metonymic) a tooth, point, spike, prong, tine, fluke, or any tooth-like projection


nomen

la-noun

nōmen n (genitive nōminis); third declension

nōmen (canonical neuter)
nōminis (genitive)
nōmen (nominative singular)
nōmina (nominative plural)
nōminis (genitive singular)
nōminum (genitive plural)
nōminī (dative singular)
nōminibus (dative plural)
nōmen (accusative singular)
nōmina (accusative plural)
nōmine (ablative singular)
nōminibus (ablative plural)
nōmen (singular vocative)
nōmina (plural vocative)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: numã, nume, numi

Megleno-Romanian: numi

Istro-Romanian: nome

Romanian: nume

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: nome, nomi

Dalmatian: naun, naum

Istriot: non, nom

Italian: nome

Judeo-Italian: נוּמוֹ (numo)

Neapolitan: nomme

Sicilian: nomu, nomi

Venetan: nome

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: non

Ladin: inom, inuem

Romansch: num, nom

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: nom, nómm

Ligurian: nómme

Old Lombard: nom

Lombard: nòmm

Piedmontese: nòm

Romagnol: nóm, nöm

Gallo-Romance:

Northern:

Franco-Provençal: non, nom

Old French: nom (see there for further descendants)

Southern:

Old Catalan: nom

Catalan: nom

Old Occitan: nom

Catalan: nom

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: nome, ñome, nom

Mirandese: nome

desctree

Old Navarro-Aragonese: nombre
Aragonese: nombre

Old Galician-Portuguese: nome
Fala: nomi
Galician: nome
Portuguese: nome

Old Spanish: nomne, nomre

Spanish: nombre (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: numene, nomene

Borrowings:

→ Spanish: nómina

→ English: nomen

From Proto-Italic *nōmn̥, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”). The long ō (and spurious g in compounds) is from false association with gnōscō (“know, recognize”). In the grammatical sense of “noun”, it is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma).
Cognate with Hittite 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman), Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma), Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man), Tocharian A ñom, Old Irish ainmm, Old Church Slavonic имѧ (imę), Old English nama (English name). Doublet of onoma.


manus

la-noun

manus f (genitive manūs); fourth declension

manūs (genitive)
manus (nominative singular)
manūs (nominative plural)
manūs (genitive singular)
manuum (genitive plural)
manuī (dative singular)
manibus (dative plural)
manum (accusative singular)
manūs (accusative plural)
manū (ablative singular)
manibus (ablative plural)
manus (singular vocative)
manūs (plural vocative)

q

via an assumed proto-form <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">*mana</i>

Balkan Romance: (via an assumed proto-form *mana)

Aromanian: mãnã

Istro-Romanian: măre

Megleno-Romanian: mǫnă

Romanian: mână

Dalmatian:

mun

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: manu

Gallurese: manu

Sassarese: manu

Italian: mano

Neapolitan: mana

Tarantino: mane, màne

Sicilian: manu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: manu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: man

Piedmontese: man

Romagnol: mân

Friulian: man

Istriot: man

Ladin: man

Romansch: maun

Venetan: man

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: man

Catalan: mà

Franco-Provençal: man

Old French: main (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: man
Occitan: man

Ibero-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: mano

Aragonese: man

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: mano

Extremaduran: manu

Mirandese: mano

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: mão
Fala: man
Galician: man, mao
Portuguese: mão (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: mano

Spanish: mano (see there for further descendants)

Vulgar Latin: (see there for further descendants)

*mania

*manizāre

Borrowings:

→ English: manus

→ Esperanto: mano

→ Ido: manuo

→ Interlingua: mano

From Proto-Italic *manus, further etymology is disputed. Possible cognates include Proto-Germanic *mundō (> Old English mund (“hand, hand of protection, protector”), whence modern English mound), Ancient Greek μάρη (márē, “hand”) (a hapax legomenon of dubious authenticity) and Hittite [script needed] (manii̯aḫḫ-ⁱ, “to distribute, entrust”).
Proposals for further etymology include:
* a Proto-Indo-European *méh₂-r̥ ~ *mh₂-én-, from *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon, signal”), favoured by Mallory and D. Q. Adams
* a Proto-Indo-European *mon-u-, with a later change from mo- to ma- in an open syllable, possibly connected to Old Irish muin (“protection”) too, favoured by Schrijver and de Vaan (although de Vaan finds the Irish term semantically difficult).


ferrum

la-noun

ferrum n (genitive ferrī); second declension

ferrī (genitive)
ferrum (nominative singular)
ferra (nominative plural)
ferrī (genitive singular)
ferrōrum (genitive plural)
ferrō (dative singular)
ferrīs (dative plural)
ferrum (accusative singular)
ferra (accusative plural)
ferrō (ablative singular)
ferrīs (ablative plural)
ferrum (singular vocative)
ferra (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: her, heru, hjeru

Istro-Romanian: fljer

Megleno-Romanian: ier, ieru

Romanian: fier, fer — regional

Dalmatian:

fiar

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: ferru, farru

Italian: ferro

→? Sabir: ferro

Judeo-Italian: פֵֿירוֹ (p̄ero /ferro/)

Neapolitan: fierro

Tarantino: fierro

Sicilian: ferru

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: fèr

Ligurian: færo

Lombard: fèr

Piedmontese: fer

Romagnol: fër

Friulian: fiêr

Istriot: fièro

Ladin: fer

Romansch: fier

Venetan: fero

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: fèr, fèrro, fa, far, farou, fè, fê

desctree

Old French: fer, fier
Middle French: fer
French: fer (see there for further descendants)
Norman: fé (France, Jersey), faer (Guernsey), fer (Sark)
Walloon: fier

Occitano-Romance:

Gascon: hèr

Occitan: fèrre, ferri, fèr

Old Catalan: ferr, ferre, ferro

Catalan: ferro

Ibero-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: fierro

Aragonese: fierro

Ribagorçan: ferri

Old Leonese: fierru

desc

Asturian: fierro, fierru, ḥierru, ḥierro

Extremaduran: hierru

Leonese: fierru

Mirandese: fierro

Old Galician-Portuguese: ferro

Fala: ferru

Galician: ferro

Portuguese: ferro (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Spanish: fierro
Ladino: fierro
Spanish: fierro, hierro
Papiamentu: heru

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: ferru (most dialects), erru (most Nuorese varieties)

Borrowings:

→ English: ferrum

→ Malay: ferum

→ Translingual: Fe

From earlier *ferzom, from a substrate loanword from an unknown source. According to de Vaan, possibly from a Phoenician dialect, 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 (brzl /barzel/, “iron”), akin to Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא, ܦܪܙܠܐ (parzəlā, “iron”), Akkadian 𒀭𒁇 (parzillum, “iron”), Ugaritic 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 (brḏl, “iron”), considered of Anatolian origin. The word could have entered Latin through Etruscan.

unk

unknown

cog

Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא


monstrum

la-noun

mōnstrum n (genitive mōnstrī); second declension

mōnstrum (canonical neuter)
mōnstrī (genitive)
mōnstrum (nominative singular)
mōnstra (nominative plural)
mōnstrī (genitive singular)
mōnstrōrum (genitive plural)
mōnstrō (dative singular)
mōnstrīs (dative plural)
mōnstrum (accusative singular)
mōnstra (accusative plural)
mōnstrō (ablative singular)
mōnstrīs (ablative plural)
mōnstrum (singular vocative)
mōnstra (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

>? Italian: mostro

→ Catalan: monstre

→ Esperanto: monstro

→ Galician: monstro

→ Italian: monstro

→ Old French: monstre (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: monstro

→ Spanish: monstruo

→ Albanian: mostër, moshtrë, monstër

From Proto-Italic *monestrom. Equivalent to moneō (“advise, warn”) + -trum (suffix forming instrument nouns).

suffix

“Īnstāmus tamen inmemorēs caecīque furōre,

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.244–245

“We press on nevertheless, heedless, and blinded by passion, and we set the accursed monster on our sacred citadel.”
(Despite repeated difficulties and multiple warning signs the Trojans move the wooden horse into the city.)

et mōnstrum īnfēlīx sacrātā sistimus arce.”

(metonymic) a monster, monstrosity, whether in size or character


cornipes

la-noun

cornipēs m (genitive cornipedis); third declension

cornipēs (canonical masculine)
cornipedis (genitive)
cornipēs (nominative singular)
cornipedēs (nominative plural)
cornipedis (genitive singular)
cornipedum (genitive plural)
cornipedī (dative singular)
cornipedibus (dative plural)
cornipedem (accusative singular)
cornipedēs (accusative plural)
cornipede (ablative singular)
cornipedibus (ablative plural)
cornipēs (singular vocative)
cornipedēs (plural vocative)


saga

sāga f (genitive sāgae); first declension

sāga (canonical feminine)
sāgae (genitive)
sāga (nominative singular)
sāgae (nominative plural)
sāgae (genitive singular)
sāgārum (genitive plural)
sāgae (dative singular)
sāgīs (dative plural)
sāgam (accusative singular)
sāgās (accusative plural)
sāgā (ablative singular)
sāgīs (ablative plural)
sāga (singular vocative)
sāgae (plural vocative)

Italian: saga

→ Translingual: Saga

Substantivisation of the female form of sāgus (“soothsaying”).

(metonymic) magic, magical phenomena or practitioners, supernatural events


opera

opera f (genitive operae); first declension

operae (genitive)
opera (nominative singular)
operae (nominative plural)
operae (genitive singular)
operārum (genitive plural)
operae (dative singular)
operīs (dative plural)
operam (accusative singular)
operās (accusative plural)
operā (ablative singular)
operīs (ablative plural)
opera (singular vocative)
operae (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: òbera, òpera

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: opera, opra, ovra

→ Catalan: òpera

→ Dutch: opera

→ English: opera

→ French: opéra

desc

→ Arabic: أُوبِرَا (ʔūbirā)

→ Arabic: أُوبِرَا (ʔūbirā)

→ Galician: ópera

→ German: Oper

→ Portuguese: ópera

→ Romanian: operă

→ Russian: о́пера (ópera)

→ Spanish: ópera

→ Venetan: òpera, òpra, òpara

Sicilian: òpira

Venetan: ovra (obsolete)

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: opare

Romansch: ovra

Gallo-Italic:

Old Lombard: ovra

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: obra

Franco-Provençal: ôvra

Occitan: òbra

Old French: uevre

French: œuvre

Walloon: ouve

→ English: ure

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: obra

Galician: obra

Portuguese: obra

Ladino: ovra

Spanish: huebra, obra

Borrowings:

→? Albanian: vepër

→ Old Irish: opar

Irish: obair

Manx: obbyr

Scottish Gaelic: obair

From opus, operis n (“work”), via reinterpretation of its nominative plural form as a feminine singular noun.

Et tamen in silice facilior existimātur opera; est namque terra ex quōdam argillae genere glāreā mixta—gangadiam vocant—prope inexpugnābilis. Cuneīs eam ferreīs adgrediuntur et īsdem malleīs, nihilque dūrius putant, nisi quod inter omnia aurī famēs dūrissima est. Perāctō opere cervīcēs fornicum ab ultimō caedunt. Dat signum rīma, eamque sōlus intellegit in cacūmine eius montis vigil. Hic vōce, nūtū ēvocārī iubet operās pariterque ipse dēvolat. Mōns frāctus cadit ab sēsē longē fragōre quī concipī hūmānā mente nōn possit, aeque et flātū incrēdībilī. Spectant victōrēs ruīnam nātūrae. Nec tamen adhūc aurum est nec sciēre esse, cum fōderent, tantaque ad perīcula et inpendia satis causae fuit sperāre quod cuperent.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 33.72–73

And still the work is considered to be easier in flint; for there is earth, consisting of some kind of clay, mixed with gravel—they call it gangadia—almost impenetrable. They approach it with iron wedges and with the same hammer machines [as above], and they consider nothing harder, save for the fact that hunger for gold is the hardest among all things. With the work done, they cut down the supports of the arched roofs beginning from the last one. A fissure gives the sign, and only the watchman in the peak of that mountain notices it. He orders by voice and by gesture the miners to be called outside, and rushes down in the same manner. At a distance, the mountain, broken, falls by itself with a crash which cannot be conceived by the human mind, and with an incredible blast as well. The victors watch the ruin of nature. And the gold is not even there yet, nor did they know whether there was any when they were digging, and hoping for what they desired was enough of a reason to go through all these dangers and expenses.

(metonymic) day labourer, farmhand
(by extension) any kind of worker

day labourer, farmhand
any kind of worker

C. Octāvius pater a prīncipiō aetātis et rē et existimātiōne magnā fuit, ut equidem mīrer hunc quoque ā nōnnūllīs argentārium atque etiam inter dīvīsōrēs operāsque campestrēs prōditum; amplīs enim innūtrītus opibus honōrēs et adeptus est facile et ēgregiē administrāvit.

c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum 2 3.period1

The father Gaius Octavius was from the beginning of his age of great wealth as well as reputation, so that I wonder that he too is alleged by some to have been a money-changer and even among the electoral bribe distributors and aiders in the Campus Martius; for, brought up with ample riches, he obtained honours with ease as well as administering them excellently.

(derogatory, politics) hired aider, tool, rowdy

day labourer, farmhand
hired aider, tool, rowdy

[…] Ōcius hinc tē

[…] If you don't make off
from here faster, you'll become the ninth farmhand on the Sabine field.

nī rapis, accēdēs opera agrō nōna Sabīnō.


colonia

la-noun

colōnia f (genitive colōniae); first declension

colōnia (canonical feminine)
colōniae (genitive)
colōnia (nominative singular)
colōniae (nominative plural)
colōniae (genitive singular)
colōniārum (genitive plural)
colōniae (dative singular)
colōniīs (dative plural)
colōniam (accusative singular)
colōniās (accusative plural)
colōniā (ablative singular)
colōniīs (ablative plural)
colōnia (singular vocative)
colōniae (plural vocative)

Catalan: colònia

Czech: kolonie

Danish: koloni

desctree

Dutch: kolonie
Afrikaans: kolonie
→ Indonesian: koloni

English: colony
Tok Pisin: koloni
→ Tokelauan: kolone

French: colonie
→ Ottoman Turkish: قولونی (koloni)
Turkish: koloni

Galician: colonia

German: Kolonie

Italian: colonia

Norwegian: koloni

Occitan: colònia

Polish: kolonia

Portuguese: colônia, colónia (Portugal)

Romanian: colonie

Russian: коло́ния (kolónija)

Spanish: colonia

Swedish: koloni

From colōnus (“farmer; colonist”), from colō (“till, cultivate, worship”).

(metonymic) The people composing a colony, colonists.


animus

la-noun

animus m (genitive animī); second declension

animī (genitive)
animus (nominative singular)
animī (nominative plural)
animī (genitive singular)
animōrum (genitive plural)
animō (dative singular)
animīs (dative plural)
animum (accusative singular)
animōs (accusative plural)
animō (ablative singular)
animīs (ablative plural)
anime (singular vocative)
animī (plural vocative)
animī (locative singular)

la-ndecl

Locative used in the sense "in spirit" or "at heart".

→ Catalan: ànim

→ English: animus

→ Italian: animo

→ Dutch: animo

→ Portuguese: animus, ânimo

→ Sicilian: ànimu

→ Spanish: ánimo

From Proto-Italic *anamos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, a nominal derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- + *-mos, in which the root means "to breathe".
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Old Armenian հողմ (hołm, “wind”), Old Frisian omma (“breath”), English onde (“breath”) (dialectal), Norwegian ånde (“breath”), and possibly Sanskrit अनिल (ánila, “air, wind”); compare also Tocharian B āñme (“self; soul”) and Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “person”).

cog

...scio enim promptum animum vestrum pro quo de vobis glorior apud Macedonas quoniam Achaia parata est ab anno praeterito et vestra aemulatio provocavit plurimos

405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate 2 Corinthians 9:2

...for I know your disposition of readiness, of which I boast on your behalf to them of Macedonia, that Achaia has been prepared for a year past. Your zeal has stirred up very many of them.

(metonymic) disposition, inclination, nature, temperament (the inherent emotional disposition of a human being, by extension of the affective dimension)

(colloquial, metonymic) beloved. dearest, heart, soul (as a term of endearment)


crapula

la-noun

crāpula f (genitive crāpulae); first declension

crāpula (canonical feminine)
crāpulae (genitive)
crāpula (nominative singular)
crāpulae (nominative plural)
crāpulae (genitive singular)
crāpulārum (genitive plural)
crāpulae (dative singular)
crāpulīs (dative plural)
crāpulam (accusative singular)
crāpulās (accusative plural)
crāpulā (ablative singular)
crāpulīs (ablative plural)
crāpula (singular vocative)
crāpulae (plural vocative)

→ English: crapula

desctree

French: crapule
→ Dutch: crapuul
→ German: Krapüle

→ Finnish: krapula

Italian: crapula

→ Portuguese: crápula

Romanian: crapulare

→ Spanish: crápula

From Ancient Greek κραιπάλη (kraipálē, “intoxication, hangover”).

der

Crāpulae ūtilitās discernitur hōc modō: pugnācibus mustīs crāpulae plūs inditur, lēnibus parcius.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 14.25.125

The use of the resin is classified thus: strong wines receive more of it, flat ones more sparingly.

excessive drinking, drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication

(metonymic) a resin added to wine to make it more intoxicating


cochlea

la-noun

cochlea f (genitive cochleae); first declension

cochleae (genitive)
cochlea (nominative singular)
cochleae (nominative plural)
cochleae (genitive singular)
cochleārum (genitive plural)
cochleae (dative singular)
cochleīs (dative plural)
cochleam (accusative singular)
cochleās (accusative plural)
cochleā (ablative singular)
cochleīs (ablative plural)
cochlea (singular vocative)
cochleae (plural vocative)
coclea (alternative)
coclia (alternative)
cochlia (alternative)

→ Catalan: còclea

→ English: cochlea

→ Italian: coclea

→ Portuguese: cóclea

→ Spanish: cóclea

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κοχλῐ́ᾱς (kokhlĭ́ās, “snail with a spiral shell”).

bor

(metonymic)
spiral (form of a snailshell)

Archimedes' screw, water screw, screw pump (machine for drawing water by raising it)


cerebrum

la-noun

cerebrum n (genitive cerebrī); second declension

cerebrī (genitive)
cerebrum (nominative singular)
cerebra (nominative plural)
cerebrī (genitive singular)
cerebrōrum (genitive plural)
cerebrō (dative singular)
cerebrīs (dative plural)
cerebrum (accusative singular)
cerebra (accusative plural)
cerebrō (ablative singular)
cerebrīs (ablative plural)
cerebrum (singular vocative)
cerebra (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: cerebru

→ Esperanto: cerbo

→ Galician: cerebro

→ Ido: cerebro

→ Interlingua: cerebro

→ Italian: cerebro

desctree

→ Middle English: cerebrum, cerebre, cerrebre, serabrum
English: cerebrum

→ Portuguese: cérebro

→ Spanish: cerebro

→ Turkish: serebrum

⇒ French: cérébral

→ English: cerebral

From Proto-Italic *kerazrom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂srom, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-. Compare Ancient Greek κᾰ́ρᾱ (kắrā, “a head, face”).

cog

(metonymic) understanding; anger, choler


aetas

la-noun

aetās f (genitive aetātis); third declension

aetās (canonical feminine)
aetātis (genitive)
aetās (nominative singular)
aetātēs (nominative plural)
aetātis (genitive singular)
aetātum (genitive plural)
aetātī (dative singular)
aetātibus (dative plural)
aetātem (accusative singular)
aetātīs (accusative plural)
aetātēs (accusative plural)
aetāte (ablative singular)
aetātibus (ablative plural)
aetās (singular vocative)
aetātēs (plural vocative)
ētās (alternative Medieval-Latin)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: etã

Italo-Romance:

Italian: età, etade, etate (archaic)

Sicilian: itati, ità

North Italian:

Friulian: etât, ete

Piedmontese: età

Romansch: eted, età

Venetan: età

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: edat

Old French: edet, eé

Occitan: edat

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: edat

Asturian: edá

Galician: idade

Portuguese: idade

Spanish: edad

Vulgar Latin:

desctree

*aetāticum
Old Franco-Provençal: eiajo, eajo
Franco-Provençal: âjo
Old French: edage, eage, aage m or f (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Interlingua: etate

→ Romanian: etate

Syncope of earlier aevitās, from Proto-Italic *aiwotāts, from *aiwom ((whence also aevum) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“lifetime”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“vital energy, life”)) + *-tāts (whence also -tās). By surface analysis, aevum + -tās.


tribunal

la-noun

tribūnal n (genitive tribūnālis); third declension

tribūnal (canonical neuter)
tribūnālis (genitive)
tribūnal (nominative singular)
tribūnālia (nominative plural)
tribūnālis (genitive singular)
tribūnālium (genitive plural)
tribūnālī (dative singular)
tribūnālibus (dative plural)
tribūnal (accusative singular)
tribūnālia (accusative plural)
tribūnālī (ablative singular)
tribūnālibus (ablative plural)
tribūnal (singular vocative)
tribūnālia (plural vocative)
tribūnāle (alternative rare)

Catalan: tribunal

English: tribunal

French: tribunal

Galician: tribunal

Italian: tribunale

Portuguese: tribunal

Romanian: tribunal

Russian: трибуна́л (tribunál)

Serbo-Croatian: tribunal

Sicilian: tribbunali

Spanish: tribunal

Neuter gender of supposed adjective *tribūnālis, from tribūnus (“tribune”), from tribus (“tribe”). Equivalently, tribūnus + -al.

(metonymic) a court of law, tribunal; judgment


civitas

cīvitās f (genitive cīvitātis); third declension

cīvitās (canonical feminine)
cīvitātis (genitive)
cīvitās (nominative singular)
cīvitātēs (nominative plural)
cīvitātis (genitive singular)
cīvitātum (genitive plural)
cīvitātium (genitive plural)
cīvitātī (dative singular)
cīvitātibus (dative plural)
cīvitātem (accusative singular)
cīvitātēs (accusative plural)
cīvitātīs (accusative plural)
cīvitāte (ablative singular)
cīvitātibus (ablative plural)
cīvitās (singular vocative)
cīvitātēs (plural vocative)
ceivitās (alternative Old-Latin)
cibitās (alternative Medieval-Latin)
civetās (alternative Medieval-Latin)

Insular Romance:

⇒ Sardinian: Sa Chitade

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tsitati

Istro-Romanian: četåte

Romanian: cetate

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: cituot

Istriot: sità

desctree

Italian: città, cittade (archaic), Civita (toponym)
→ Sardinian: tzitade
→ Slavomolisano: čita

Neapolitan: cità, cetate

Sicilian: cità, citati, cìvita

Venetan: sità

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: citât

Ladin: zità

Romansch: citad

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: çittæ

Lombard: çitâ, citâ

Piedmontese: sità

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: ciutat
Catalan: ciutat

Old French: citet (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: ciutat, ciptat, ciu
Occitan: ciutat

Ibero-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: ciudat, çiudat, ciudad
Aragonese: ciudat, ziudat (superseded)

Old Galician-Portuguese: cidade, çibdade
Galician: cidade, Cidá (toponym)
Portuguese: cidade

Old Leonese: ciubdad
Asturian: ciodá, ciudá
Leonese: ciudá
Mirandese: cidade

Old Spanish: cibdat, çibdad, cipdad, cipdat
Ladino: sivdad
Spanish: ciudad (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: civitas

→ Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: qytet

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kiwdọd (see there for further descendants)

From earlier ceivitās, from Proto-Italic *keiwitāts. By surface analysis, cīvi(s) (“citizen”) + -tās.

surf

(Classical Latin, metonymic) a city and all external territory (thus distinguished from urbs).

(Classical Latin, metonymic) city-states, kingdoms, or tribes, especially under Roman rule.


chorea

la-noun

chorēa f (genitive chorēae); first declension

chorēa (canonical feminine)
chorēae (genitive)
chorēa (nominative singular)
chorēae (nominative plural)
chorēae (genitive singular)
chorēārum (genitive plural)
chorēae (dative singular)
chorēīs (dative plural)
chorēam (accusative singular)
chorēās (accusative plural)
chorēā (ablative singular)
chorēīs (ablative plural)
chorēa (singular vocative)
chorēae (plural vocative)

Catalan: corea

French: chorée

Italian: corea

Portuguese: coreia

Spanish: corea

From Ancient Greek χορεία (khoreía, “dance; circling motion”).

bor

(metonymic) A round dance of the circular motions of the stars.


dignitas

la-noun

dignitās f (genitive dignitātis); third declension

dignitās (canonical feminine)
dignitātis (genitive)
dignitās (nominative singular)
dignitātēs (nominative plural)
dignitātis (genitive singular)
dignitātum (genitive plural)
dignitātī (dative singular)
dignitātibus (dative plural)
dignitātem (accusative singular)
dignitātēs (accusative plural)
dignitāte (ablative singular)
dignitātibus (ablative plural)
dignitās (singular vocative)
dignitātēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: dignitat

→ Galician: dignidade

→ Old Irish: dignit

Irish: dínit

→ Italian: dignità

Italian: degnità

Occitan: dignitat

Old French: deintié

→ English: dainty

→ Old French: dignité

French: dignité

→ Middle English: dignitee

English: dignity

Piedmontese: dignità

→ Portuguese: dignidade

Portuguese: dinidade

Romanian: demnitate, dignitate

Romansch: dignitad, dignited, dignità

→ Spanish: dignidad

(metonymic) dignitary (a person of high rank, a person in high office)


iugum

iugum n (genitive iugī); second declension

iugī (genitive)
iugum (nominative singular)
iuga (nominative plural)
iugī (genitive singular)
iugōrum (genitive plural)
iugō (dative singular)
iugīs (dative plural)
iugum (accusative singular)
iuga (accusative plural)
iugō (ablative singular)
iugīs (ablative plural)
iugum (singular vocative)
iuga (plural vocative)
jugum (alternative obsolete)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: giug

Romanian: jug

Dalmatian:

zaug

Italo-Romance:

Italian: giogo

→ Sicilian: giugu

Neapolitan: jugo

Sicilian: jugu, juvu

North Italian:

Emilian: zu, zof, zov

Friulian: jôf, jôv

Ligurian: zôvo

Lombard: zof, xof, giov

Piedmontese: giou, gio, xof, xovo

Romagnol: zof, zov, zouf

Romansch: giuf

desc

Venetan: dóvo, dógo, dóo, zóo, dhovo, dóf

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: jog

Old French: jug, jou, jof

French: joug

Walloon: djeu

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: chuvo

Catalan: jou, jeu, jova

Occitan: jo, joc

Gascon: jun

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: yugo

Asturian: xugu

Galician: xugo

Portuguese: jugo

Spanish: yugo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: giú, giubu, giuu, giuvu, yuu

Borrowings:

→ English: jugum

Esperanto: jugo

Tashelhit: tayuga

From Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm, from *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) + *-óm. Cognate with Sanskrit युग (yuga), Ancient Greek ζῠγόν (zŭgón), and Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk). Equivalent to a substantivization of the adjective iugus (“belonging together”).

L. quidem Tarutius Firmanus, familiaris noster, in primis Chaldaeicis rationibus eruditus, urbis etiam nostrae natalem diem repetebat ab iis Pardibus, quibus eam a Romulo conditam accepimus, Romamque, in iugo cum esset Luna, natam esse dicebat, nec eius fata canere dubitabat.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

a scalebeam; (metonymic) a pair of scales; (astronomy) the Libra


littera

la-noun

littera f (genitive litterae); first declension

litterae (genitive)
littera (nominative singular)
litterae (nominative plural)
litterae (genitive singular)
litterārum (genitive plural)
litterae (dative singular)
litterīs (dative plural)
litteram (accusative singular)
litterās (accusative plural)
litterā (ablative singular)
litterīs (ablative plural)
littera (singular vocative)
litterae (plural vocative)
lītera (alternative)

Asturian: lletra

Catalan: lletra

Dalmatian: latera

Friulian: letare, lètare

German: Letter

Italian: lettera

→ Albanian: letër

Occitan: letra

desctree

Old French: letre
French: lettre
→ Middle English: lettre, leattre, letter, lettyr
English: letter
→ Middle Dutch: lettere
Dutch: letter
Afrikaans: letter
Negerhollands: letter
→ Caribbean Javanese: lèter
→ Indonesian: leter
→ Japanese: レッテル (retteru)
→ Papiamentu: lèter, lèterchi, letter
→ Saramaccan: letè
Limburgish: lètter

Piedmontese: litra

Portuguese: letra

Romanian: literă

Romansch: letra

Sardinian: lítara, lítera

Sicilian: littra, lìttira

Spanish: letra
→ Chavacano: letra
→ Classical Nahuatl: letra
→ Tagalog: letra

Venetan: łétara, létara, létera

→ Proto-Brythonic: *llɨθer (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Irish: liter
Irish: litir
Manx: lettyr
Scottish Gaelic: litir

→ Polish: litera

→ Russian: ли́тера (lítera)

Origin unknown. Two explanations have been proposed:
* From earlier lītera, the existence of which is disputed, with lengthening of the consonant (sometimes called the littera rule), from Old Latin leitera (attested ca. 122 BC, argued by Ernout & Meillet to be a false etymological attraction to lino), from a plural form of earlier adj. *lei-tos (cf. opera from opus), related to Latin linō (“smear”) and Proto-Italic *linō (“smear”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“smear”). A variation of this is to reconstruct the PIE root as *leyt- (“to scratch”).
: However, de Vaan points out that the past participle from lino is actually litus with a short i and, lacking any other traces of *leitos, says the scenario is "morphologically unconvincing".
* Alternatively, perhaps via Etruscan [Term?] from (or related to, as if from a common source) Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “leather; writing material”) which is claimed by Hesychius to be used to name tablets as well, of unknown ultimate origin.

der

Tam Alexidis manum amabam, quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae litterae; non amabam, quod indicabat te non valere.

68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 7.2

While I was liking the handwriting of Alexis for it resembled so closely a likeness to your own handwriting, I wasn't liking it for it was indicating that you were not well.


raca

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥακά (rhaká), from Aramaic רֵיקָא (rēqā, “worthless person”) or Classical Syriac ܪܝܩܐ (rēqā, “vanity”).

Dē eō autem quod nīteris approbāre, convīcium et homicīdium, raca et adulterium, et ōtiōsum sermōnem, et impietātem ūnō suppliciō repēnsārī, […]

c.''' 393 CE, Saint Jerome, Against Jovinianus 2.31, in Patrologia Latina (volume 23), Jacques-Paul Migne (editor), Paris 1883, column 342

As to the fact that you argue that an insult and a murder, calling somebody a putz and adultery, idle talk and impiety should be rewarded with the same punishment, […]

(metonymic) the act of calling someone ‘raca’.


cibus

la-noun

cibus m (genitive cibī); second declension

cibī (genitive)
cibus (nominative singular)
cibī (nominative plural)
cibī (genitive singular)
cibōrum (genitive plural)
cibō (dative singular)
cibīs (dative plural)
cibum (accusative singular)
cibōs (accusative plural)
cibō (ablative singular)
cibīs (ablative plural)
cibe (singular vocative)
cibī (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: chibu, chivu (Nuorese), chiu, criu, cria (Logudorese), ciu, giu (Campidanian)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: civo

Neapolitan: civo

Abruzzo: /ˈt͡ʃajvə/, /ˈt͡ʃojvə/

Sicilian: civu

Rhaeto-Romance:

Ladin: /ˈt͡ʃejf/ (Valgardena)

Gallo-Italic:

San-Fratello Lombard: /ˈt͡sajf/

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: cebu

Galician: cebo

Portuguese: cevo

Spanish: cebo

Borrowings:

→ Italian: cibo

→ Portuguese: cibo

→ Romanian: cib

→ Spanish: cibo

Of unknown origin. Perhaps borrowed from Ancient Greek κίβος (kíbos, “box, chest”) / κίβισις (kíbisis, “pouch”).


ensis

la-noun

ēnsis m (genitive ēnsis); third declension

ēnsis (canonical masculine)
ēnsis (genitive)
ēnsis (nominative singular)
ēnsēs (nominative plural)
ēnsis (genitive singular)
ēnsium (genitive plural)
ēnsī (dative singular)
ēnsibus (dative plural)
ēnsem (accusative singular)
ēnsēs (accusative plural)
ēnsīs (accusative plural)
ēnse (ablative singular)
ēnsibus (ablative plural)
ēnsis (singular vocative)
ēnsēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Ensis

From Proto-Italic *ensis (“sword”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ensi- (“sword, large knife”) (de Vaan, 2008).
According to de Vaan, all alleged Indo-European cognates are uncertain: Ancient Greek ἄορ (áor, “(hanger for a) sword”), Sanskrit असि (asi, “sword”), Avestan 𐬀𐬵𐬏 (ahū, “sword, knife”), Palaic 𒄩𒅆𒄿𒊏 (ḫa-ši-i-ra /hasīra/, “dagger”).


harena

la-noun

harēna f (genitive harēnae); first declension

harēna (canonical feminine)
harēnae (genitive)
harēna (nominative singular)
harēnae (nominative plural)
harēnae (genitive singular)
harēnārum (genitive plural)
harēnae (dative singular)
harēnīs (dative plural)
harēnam (accusative singular)
harēnās (accusative plural)
harēnā (ablative singular)
harēnīs (ablative plural)
harēna (singular vocative)
harēnae (plural vocative)
arēna (alternative)

From an earlier *hasēna (compare Sabine fasēna), possibly from Etruscan. Compare Etruscan 𐌚𐌀𐌑𐌄𐌍𐌀 (faśena, “sand, ashes, human remains”).
Otherwise, as de Vaan suggests, it might be from a verb suffixed with *-es-no-, but none fits and so the etymology is unknown.

cog

(metonymic) sand, sands, a sandy place, especially—

sand, sands, a sandy place, especially—
a sandy desert, waste

the shore of the sea, the beach, coast, strand

the place of combat (strewn with sand) in the amphitheatre, the arena

(transferred) a combat in the amphitheatre; the combatants in the arena

sand, sands, a sandy place, especially—
volcanic fire, lava.


cunae

la-noun

cūnae f pl (genitive cūnārum); first declension

cūnae (canonical feminine plural)
cūnārum (genitive)
cūnae (nominative plural)
cūnārum (genitive plural)
cūnīs (dative plural)
cūnās (accusative plural)
cūnīs (ablative plural)
cūnae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: cunji, cunã

Dalmatian: cuna

Basque: kuma

Greek: κούνια (koúnia)

Italian: cuna, ⇒ culla

desc

Neapolitan: connola, connula, connula, cunnura

Spanish: cuna

Venetan: cuna

From Proto-Italic *koinā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoy-no- (“lair, cradle”), from *ḱey- (“to lie down”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κοίτη (koítē).

inh

after 8, Ovid, Tristia, book 3, elegy 12, line 10

Utque malae crimen matris deponat hirundo,/ Sub trabibus cunas, parvaque tecta facit.

8, Ovid, Metamorphoses, book 3, line 313

Furtim illum primis Ino matertera cunis/ Educat. inde datum Nymphae Nyseïdes antris/ Occuluere suis, lactisque alimenta dedere.

8, Ovid, Metamorphoses, book 9, line 67

Cunarum labor est angues superare mearum,/ Dixit: et, ut vincas alios, Acheloë, dracones,/ Pars quota Lernaeae serpens eris unus Echidnae?

(metonymic) birth or early childhood, infancy; compare cūnābulum


mons

la-noun

mōns m (genitive montis); third declension

mōns (canonical masculine)
montis (genitive)
mōns (nominative singular)
montēs (nominative plural)
montis (genitive singular)
montium (genitive plural)
montī (dative singular)
montibus (dative plural)
montem (accusative singular)
montēs (accusative plural)
montīs (accusative plural)
monte (ablative singular)
montibus (ablative plural)
mōns (singular vocative)
montēs (plural vocative)

much is promised, but little will be performed; the mountains are in labour, a ridiculous mouse will be born

parturiunt montēs, nāscētur rīdiculus mūs

montēs aurī pollicērī

to make great promises; to promise mountains of gold

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: munti, munte

Istro-Romanian: munte

Megleno-Romanian: munti

Romanian: munte

Dalmatian:

muant

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: monti

Italian: monte

Sicilian: munti

North Italian:

Istriot: monto

Venetan: mónte

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: mont

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: munt

French: mont

Occitan: mont

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: monte

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: monte m
Galician: monte m, (through neuter plural) Somoza
Portuguese: monte m (see there for further descendants)

Sardinian: monte

Spanish: monte

→ Old English: munt
Middle English: mount, mont, mounte, mownt, munt
English: mount
Scots: munt

Vulgar Latin: *montāre (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *monts, from Proto-Indo-European *món-tis, from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stand out, to tower”). Compare Old Breton monid, Breton menez, Cornish menydh, Welsh mynydd.

der

(metonymic) towering mass, heap, great quantity

(metonymic) mountain rock, rock (in general) (poetically)

(metonymic) mountain beasts, wild beasts (Late Latin, poetically)

(metonymic) (of that which is obtained from the mountains) marble, marble column


bucca

la-noun

bucca f (genitive buccae); first declension

buccae (genitive)
bucca (nominative singular)
buccae (nominative plural)
buccae (genitive singular)
buccārum (genitive plural)
buccae (dative singular)
buccīs (dative plural)
buccam (accusative singular)
buccās (accusative plural)
buccā (ablative singular)
buccīs (ablative plural)
bucca (singular vocative)
buccae (plural vocative)
buca (alternative)

→? Albanian: bukë (disputed)

→? Egyptian Arabic: بق (disputed)

→ Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic: *box

Breton: boc'h

Cornish: bogh

Welsh: boch

Irish: bus

Scottish Gaelic: bòc

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: bucã

Romanian: bucă

→ English: bucca, ⇒ buccal

→⇒ Finnish: bukkaalinen

Franco-Provençal: boche

⇒ French: buccal

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: bócca

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: bocca

Dalmatian: buca

Istriot: buca

Italian: bocca, buca

desc

Judeo-Italian: בוּקַה (buqah /bucca/) (Rome)

Neapolitan: vocca

Sassarese: bocca

Sicilian: vucca, 'ucca, ucca

Old Occitan: bocha

Occitan: boca

Oïl:

Old French: boche

Bourguignon: bôche

Middle French: bouche

French: bouche

Norman: bouoche

Walloon: boutche

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: bocje, bočhe (alternative orthography)

Romansch: bucca

Sardinian: buca

Gallurese: bucca

Venetan: boca

Western Iberian:

Extremaduran: boca

Old Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: boca

Old Leonese:

Asturian: boca

Leonese: bouca

Mirandese: boca

Old Galician-Portuguese: boca

Galician: boca

Portuguese: boca

Old Spanish: boca

Spanish: boca

Uncertain. Celtic origin is suspected due to similarity with beccus (“beak”), names like Gaulish Buccus, Buccō, Bucciō as well as the appearance of words bocca and boca (of unknown meaning) on the Larzac tablet. IEW compares it with Proto-Germanic *pukkô (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew, *bʰew- (“to swell, puff”), whose initial b- would point to a substrate or imitative origin. Compare also English puke, German fauchen.

onomatopoeic

imitative

one who fills his cheeks in speaking; declaimer, bawler

one who stuffs out his cheeks in eating; parasite


soccus

la-noun

soccus m (genitive soccī); second declension

soccī (genitive)
soccus (nominative singular)
soccī (nominative plural)
soccī (genitive singular)
soccōrum (genitive plural)
soccō (dative singular)
soccīs (dative plural)
soccum (accusative singular)
soccōs (accusative plural)
soccō (ablative singular)
soccīs (ablative plural)
socce (singular vocative)
soccī (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: zocco

→ English: zocco

Sicilian: zoccu, Zoccu

Old French: socque

French: socque

Walloon: soke

Old Occitan:

Catalan: soc

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: socca

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: zoco, zoque, zoca

Portuguese: soco, çoco, çoque

Old Spanish:

Spanish: zueco

→ Proto-Germanic: *sukkaz (see there for further descendants)

→ Italian: socco

From Ancient Greek σύκχος (súkkhos, “a kind of shoe”), probably from Phrygian, Anatolian, or another substrate language from Asia Minor.


aufero

la-verb

auferō (present infinitive auferre, perfect active abstulī, supine ablātum); third conjugation, suppletive

auferō (canonical)
auferre (infinitive present)
abstulī (active perfect)
ablātum (supine)
auferō (active first-person indicative present singular)
aufers (active indicative present second-person singular)
aufert (active indicative present singular third-person)
auferimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
aufertis (active indicative plural present second-person)
auferunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
auferēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
auferēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
auferēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
auferēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
auferēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
auferēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
auferam (active first-person future indicative singular)
auferēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
auferet (active future indicative singular third-person)
auferēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
auferētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
auferent (active future indicative plural third-person)
abstulī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
abstulistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
abstulit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
abstulimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
abstulistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
abstulērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
abstulēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
abstuleram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
abstulerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
abstulerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
abstulerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
abstulerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
abstulerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
abstulerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
abstuleris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
abstulerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
abstulerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
abstuleritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
abstulerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
auferor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
auferris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
auferre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
aufertur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
auferimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
auferiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
auferuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
auferēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
auferēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
auferēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
auferēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
auferēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
auferēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
auferēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
auferar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
auferēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
auferēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
auferētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
auferēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
auferēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
auferentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
auferam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
auferās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
auferat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
auferāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
auferātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
auferant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
auferrem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
auferrēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
auferret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
auferrēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
auferrētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
auferrent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abstulerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
abstulerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abstulerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abstulerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
abstulerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abstulerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abstulissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
abstulissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abstulisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abstulissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
abstulissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abstulissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
auferar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
auferāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
auferāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
auferātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
auferāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
auferāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
auferantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
auferrer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
auferrēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
auferrēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
auferrētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
auferrēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
auferrēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
auferrentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aufer (active imperative present second-person singular)
auferte (active imperative plural present second-person)
aufertō (active future imperative second-person singular)
aufertō (active future imperative singular third-person)
aufertōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
auferuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
auferre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
auferiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
aufertor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
aufertor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
auferuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
auferre (active infinitive present)
auferrī (infinitive passive present)
auferēns (active participle present)
ablātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
ablātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
ablātūrus (active future participle)
auferendus (future participle passive)
auferundus (future participle passive)
abstulisse (active infinitive perfect)
ablātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
ablātus (participle passive perfect)
ablātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
ablātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
auferendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
auferendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
auferendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
auferendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
ablātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
ablātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ English: ablate

→ French: affurer, ablater

→ Portuguese: auferir, abladar

→ Spanish: aferrar, abladar

From au- (“from, away, off”) + ferō (“to bear, carry, bring”). Whether the prefix au- is identical to ab- is the source of much controversy; see au- for more.

affix

(metonymic) (effect for cause) to carry off (as the fruit or result of one's labor, exertions, errors, etc.); obtain, gain, get, receive, acquire

(figurative) to carry away (the knowledge of a thing); learn, understand


anguste

la-adv

angustē (comparative angustius, superlative angustissimē)

angustē (canonical)
angustius (comparative)
angustissimē (superlative)


collum

la-noun

collum n (genitive collī); second declension

collī (genitive)
collum (nominative singular)
colla (nominative plural)
collī (genitive singular)
collōrum (genitive plural)
collō (dative singular)
collīs (dative plural)
collum (accusative singular)
colla (accusative plural)
collō (ablative singular)
collīs (ablative plural)
collum (singular vocative)
colla (plural vocative)
collus (alternative pre-Classical)

Catalan: coll

Corsican: collu, coddu

Franco-Provençal: côl

desctree

Old French: col
Middle French: col
French: cou, col
Norman: co
Walloon: cô

Friulian: cuel

Italian: collo

Neapolitan: cuollo

Occitan: còl, còu

Sardinian: coddu, codhu

Sicilian: coddu

Venetan: coło, col

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: cuellu

Old Galician-Portuguese: colo
Fala: colu
Galician: colo
Portuguese: colo

Old Spanish: cuello
Spanish: cuello (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain, but perhaps from Proto-Italic *kʷolsom, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷolso- (“neck”, literally “that on which the head turns”), from *kʷel- (“to turn”). Typologically compare Old Armenian պարանոց (paranocʻ, “neck”); Russian во́рот (vórot), воротни́к (vorotník) (related to верте́ть (vertétʹ)).
See also Old English heals (“neck, prow of a ship”) (whence English halse (“neck, throat”)), Middle Dutch and Old Norse hals (“neck”).

cog

(metonymic) The neck of a flask or bottle; the neck of the poppy; the middle part of Mount Parnassus.


alveus

la-noun

alveus m (genitive alveī); second declension

alveī (genitive)
alveus (nominative singular)
alveī (nominative plural)
alveī (genitive singular)
alveōrum (genitive plural)
alveō (dative singular)
alveīs (dative plural)
alveum (accusative singular)
alveōs (accusative plural)
alveō (ablative singular)
alveīs (ablative plural)
alvee (singular vocative)
alveī (plural vocative)
alveum (alternative)

Aromanian: alghinã

Old Catalan: olbi

Catalan: obi

→ English: alveus

French: auge

Istro-Romanian: albire

Italian: albio, → alveo

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: albio

Piedmontese: arbi

Romagnol: ébi (Ravenna)

Occitan: auve

Megleno-Romanian: ălbină

→ Portuguese: álveo

Romanian: albie, albină

→ Spanish: álveo

Venetan: albi, albio, albina

From alvus (“the belly, paunch, bowels”) + -eus.

af

Inde aliās animās, quae per iuga longa sedēbant, dēturbat laxatque forōs; simul accipit alve̯ō ingentem Aenēam. Gemuit sub pondere cumba sūtilis et multam accēpit rīmōsa palūdem.

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 6.411–414

Then the other souls, sitting on the long thwarts, he routs out and clears the gangways; at once he takes in the ship the giant Aeneas. The seamy boat creaks under the weight and, full of fissures, takes marshy water in.

(especially):
(nautical) hold, hull
(metonymic) small ship, boat, skiff


annona

la-noun

annōna f (genitive annōnae); first declension

annōna (canonical feminine)
annōnae (genitive)
annōna (nominative singular)
annōnae (nominative plural)
annōnae (genitive singular)
annōnārum (genitive plural)
annōnae (dative singular)
annōnīs (dative plural)
annōnam (accusative singular)
annōnās (accusative plural)
annōnā (ablative singular)
annōnīs (ablative plural)
annōna (singular vocative)
annōnae (plural vocative)

Basque: anoa

French: annone

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍉 (annō)

Italian: annona

Spanish: anona

Translingual: Annona

From Proto-Italic *atnoznā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂étnos (“year”) + *(s)h₁osnéh₂ (“harvest”), the first element equivalent to annus; compare Proto-Germanic *asnō (“harvest, earning, wage”) for the second element.

cog

(metonymic) price of grain, or of some other food


claudico

la-verb

claudicō (present infinitive claudicāre, perfect active claudicāvī, supine claudicātum); first conjugation

claudicō (canonical)
claudicāre (infinitive present)
claudicāvī (active perfect)
claudicātum (supine)
claudicō (active first-person indicative present singular)
claudicās (active indicative present second-person singular)
claudicat (active indicative present singular third-person)
claudicāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
claudicātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
claudicant (active indicative plural present third-person)
claudicābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
claudicābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
claudicābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
claudicābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
claudicābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
claudicābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
claudicābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
claudicābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
claudicābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
claudicābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
claudicābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
claudicābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
claudicāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
claudicāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
claudicāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
claudicāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
claudicāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
claudicāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
claudicāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
claudicāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
claudicāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
claudicāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
claudicāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
claudicāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
claudicāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
claudicāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
claudicāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
claudicāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
claudicāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
claudicāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
claudicāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
claudicor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
claudicāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
claudicāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
claudicātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
claudicāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
claudicāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
claudicantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
claudicābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
claudicābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
claudicābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
claudicābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
claudicābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
claudicābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
claudicābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
claudicābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
claudicāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
claudicābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
claudicābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
claudicābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
claudicābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
claudicābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
claudicem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
claudicēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
claudicētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
claudicent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
claudicārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
claudicārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
claudicārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
claudicārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
claudicāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
claudicāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
claudicāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
claudicāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
claudicāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
claudicāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
claudicāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
claudicāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
claudicer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
claudicēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
claudicēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
claudicentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
claudicārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
claudicārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
claudicārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
claudicārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
claudicā (active imperative present second-person singular)
claudicāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
claudicātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
claudicātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
claudicātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
claudicantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
claudicāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
claudicāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
claudicātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
claudicātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
claudicantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
claudicāre (active infinitive present)
claudicārī (infinitive passive present)
claudicāns (active participle present)
claudicātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
claudicātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
claudicātūrus (active future participle)
claudicandus (future participle passive)
claudicāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
claudicātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
claudicātus (participle passive perfect)
claudicātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
claudicātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
claudicandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
claudicandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
claudicandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
claudicandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
claudicātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
claudicātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
clōdicō (alternative)

→ Catalan: claudicar

→ English: claudicate

→ French: claudiquer, clocher

→ Galician: claudicar

→ Italian: claudicare

→ Portuguese: claudicar

→ Spanish: claudicar

From claudus (“lame, limping, halting”) + -icō (verbal suffix).

affix

(Classical Latin) to limp, halt, be lame

(metonymic) (of other irregular or unbalanced motions) to waver, wabble, halt


condicio

la-noun

condiciō f (genitive condiciōnis); third declension

condiciō (canonical feminine)
condiciōnis (genitive)
condiciō (nominative singular)
condiciōnēs (nominative plural)
condiciōnis (genitive singular)
condiciōnum (genitive plural)
condiciōnī (dative singular)
condiciōnibus (dative plural)
condiciōnem (accusative singular)
condiciōnēs (accusative plural)
condiciōne (ablative singular)
condiciōnibus (ablative plural)
condiciō (singular vocative)
condiciōnēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: condición

Catalan: condició

Dutch: conditie

Old French: condicion

→ Middle English: condicioun

English: condition

Middle French: condition

French: condition

Galician: condición

German: Kondition

Italian: condizione

Occitan: condicion

Portuguese: condição

Romanian: condiție

Russian: конди́ция (kondícija)

Spanish: condición

Swedish: kondition

From condīcō (“to agree upon, promise; to fix”) + -iō, from con- (“with”) + dīcō (“to say, speak”). Often conflated with conditiō in manuscripts and editions.


caedes

la-noun

caedēs f (genitive caedis); third declension

caedēs (canonical feminine)
caedis (genitive)
caedēs (nominative singular)
caedēs (nominative plural)
caedis (genitive singular)
caedium (genitive plural)
caedī (dative singular)
caedibus (dative plural)
caedem (accusative singular)
caedēs (accusative plural)
caedīs (accusative plural)
caede (ablative singular)
caedibus (ablative plural)
caedēs (singular vocative)
caedēs (plural vocative)
caedis (alternative)
cēdēs (alternative Medieval-Latin)

(metonymic) the corpses of the slain or murdered

(metonymic) the blood shed by murder, gore


commercium

commercium n (genitive commerciī or commercī); second declension

commerciī (genitive)
commercī (genitive)
commercium (nominative singular)
commercia (nominative plural)
commerciī (genitive singular)
commercī (genitive singular)
commerciōrum (genitive plural)
commerciō (dative singular)
commerciīs (dative plural)
commercium (accusative singular)
commercia (accusative plural)
commerciō (ablative singular)
commerciīs (ablative plural)
commercium (singular vocative)
commercia (plural vocative)
commircium (alternative)
conmercium (alternative)

Albanian: kumerq

Asturian: comerciu

Catalan: comerç

Dutch: commercie

English: commerce

French: commerce

→ German: Kommerz

Friulian: cumierç

Galician: comercio

desctree

Byzantine Greek: κομμέρκιον (kommérkion), κουμέρκιον (koumérkion)
Greek: κουμέρκι (koumérki)
Ottoman Turkish: كمرك (gümrük) (see there for further descendants)

Italian: commercio

Portuguese: comércio

Romanian: comerț, comerciu

Russian: комме́рция (kommércija)

Sicilian: cummerciu

→ Maltese: kummerċ

Spanish: comercio

Venetan: comercio

From con- (“together, with”) + merx (“merchandise”) or merces (“pay”) + -ium.

(metonymic) The right to trade as a merchant, mercantile right.

(metonymic) An article of trade; merchandise, wares.

(metonymic) A place of trade; marketplace.


societas

la-noun

societās f (genitive societātis); third declension

societās (canonical feminine)
societātis (genitive)
societās (nominative singular)
societātēs (nominative plural)
societātis (genitive singular)
societātum (genitive plural)
societātī (dative singular)
societātibus (dative plural)
societātem (accusative singular)
societātēs (accusative plural)
societāte (ablative singular)
societātibus (ablative plural)
societās (singular vocative)
societātēs (plural vocative)

Italian: soccida~soccita

Ligurian: sösya

Lombard: süzda

Sicilian: sucità

Old French: soistié

→ Catalan: societat

→ Galician: sociedade

→ Italian: società

→ Occitan: societat

desctree

→ Old French: societé
Middle French: societé
French: société
→ German: Sozietät
→ Hunsrik: Sozieteet
→ Haitian Creole: sosyete
→ Romanian: societate
→ Turkish: sosyete
Norman: sociêté
→ English: society

→ Portuguese: sociedade

desc

→ Romansch: societad, sozietad, societed, società

Sicilian: sucitati

→ Spanish: sociedad

From Proto-Italic *sokjotāts. Equivalent to socius + -tas.

(metonymic) a company or society (those united for a common purpose)


concentus

la-noun

concentus m (genitive concentūs); fourth declension

concentūs (genitive)
concentus (nominative singular)
concentūs (nominative plural)
concentūs (genitive singular)
concentuum (genitive plural)
concentuī (dative singular)
concentibus (dative plural)
concentum (accusative singular)
concentūs (accusative plural)
concentū (ablative singular)
concentibus (ablative plural)
concentus (singular vocative)
concentūs (plural vocative)

Italian: concento

Spanish: concento

From concinō (“sing together, harmonize”).


autumo

la-verb

autumō (present infinitive autumāre, perfect active autumāvī, supine autumātum); first conjugation

autumō (canonical)
autumāre (infinitive present)
autumāvī (active perfect)
autumātum (supine)
autumō (active first-person indicative present singular)
autumās (active indicative present second-person singular)
autumat (active indicative present singular third-person)
autumāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
autumātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
autumant (active indicative plural present third-person)
autumābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
autumābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
autumābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
autumābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
autumābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
autumābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
autumābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
autumābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
autumābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
autumābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
autumābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
autumābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
autumāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
autumāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
autumāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
autumāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
autumāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
autumāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
autumāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
autumāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
autumāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
autumāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
autumāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
autumāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
autumāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
autumāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
autumāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
autumāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
autumāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
autumāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
autumāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
autumor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
autumāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
autumāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
autumātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
autumāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
autumāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
autumantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
autumābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
autumābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
autumābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
autumābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
autumābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
autumābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
autumābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
autumābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
autumāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
autumābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
autumābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
autumābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
autumābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
autumābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
autumem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
autumēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
autumet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
autumēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
autumētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
autument (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
autumārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
autumārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
autumāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
autumārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
autumārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
autumārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
autumāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
autumāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
autumāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
autumāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
autumāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
autumāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
autumāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
autumāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
autumāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
autumāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
autumāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
autumāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
autumer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
autumēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
autumēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
autumētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
autumēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
autumēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
autumentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
autumārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
autumārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
autumārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
autumārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
autumārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
autumārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
autumārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
autumā (active imperative present second-person singular)
autumāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
autumātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
autumātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
autumātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
autumantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
autumāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
autumāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
autumātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
autumātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
autumantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
autumāre (active infinitive present)
autumārī (infinitive passive present)
autumāns (active participle present)
autumātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
autumātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
autumātūrus (active future participle)
autumandus (future participle passive)
autumāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
autumātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
autumātus (participle passive perfect)
autumātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
autumātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
autumandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
autumandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
autumandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
autumandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
autumātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
autumātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
auctumo (alternative)

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *tumāre

Old Leonese: tomar

Asturian: tomar

Old Spanish: tomar

Spanish: tomar

Old Galician-Portuguese: tomar

Galician: tomar

Portuguese: tomar

According to De Vaan, perhaps from autem + aiō, similarly to negō.

(metonymic, rare) to think, believe, reckon


penates

la-noun

penātēs m pl (genitive penātium); third declension

penātēs (canonical masculine plural)
penātium (genitive)
penātēs (nominative plural)
penātium (genitive plural)
penātibus (dative plural)
penātēs (accusative plural)
penātīs (accusative plural)
penātibus (ablative plural)
penātēs (plural vocative)

English: penates

French: pénates

German: Penaten

From penus (“food provisions stored inside”) + -ās. Originally an adjective chiefly used in the phrase dī penātēs "gods of the home". Compare penetrālia.


scaccarium

la-noun

scaccārium n (genitive scaccāriī or scaccārī); second declension

scaccārium (canonical neuter)
scaccāriī (genitive)
scaccārī (genitive)
scaccārium (nominative singular)
scaccāria (nominative plural)
scaccāriī (genitive singular)
scaccārī (genitive singular)
scaccāriōrum (genitive plural)
scaccāriō (dative singular)
scaccāriīs (dative plural)
scaccārium (accusative singular)
scaccāria (accusative plural)
scaccāriō (ablative singular)
scaccāriīs (ablative plural)
scaccārium (singular vocative)
scaccāria (plural vocative)

desctree

Old French: eschekier, escheker, eschequier, eskekier
Middle French: eschiquier
French: échiquier
Norman: êchitchi
→ Middle English: escheker, cheker (see there for further descendants)

From scaccus (“shah, king”) + -ārium (“place for”).


carbunculus

la-noun

carbunculus m (genitive carbunculī); second declension

carbunculī (genitive)
carbunculus (nominative singular)
carbunculī (nominative plural)
carbunculī (genitive singular)
carbunculōrum (genitive plural)
carbunculō (dative singular)
carbunculīs (dative plural)
carbunculum (accusative singular)
carbunculōs (accusative plural)
carbunculō (ablative singular)
carbunculīs (ablative plural)
carbuncule (singular vocative)
carbunculī (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Italian: carbonchio, ⇒ scarbonchiare

desc

Old Catalan: carbonclo, carblonco, corblonco, carvoncle

Catalan: carboncle

Old Occitan: carbuncle, carboncle

Occitan: carboncle

Semi-learned:

→ Galician: caruncho, carbuncho

→ Italian: carboncolo, ⇒ scarboncolo

→? Old Northern French: carboncle, charbuncle, carbuncle, charboucle, carboucle

→ English: carbuncle

French: carboncle, carboucle, ⇒ escarboucle

→ Spanish: carbunclo

Learned:

→ Galician: carbúnculo, cabrunco, carbunco

→ Italian: carbuncolo, carbunculo, carbonculo

→ Portuguese: carbúnculo

→ Russian: карбу́нкул (karbúnkul)

→ Spanish: carbúnculo

From carbō (“coal, charcoal”) + -culus (diminutive nominal suffix).

af

(metonymic)
kind of sandstone, red toph-stone

reddish, bright kind of precious stone, probably comprising the ruby, carbuncle, hyacinth, garnet

(metonymic)
A disease:
(pathology) kind of tumor, carbuncle

(phytopathology) disease caused by hoar-frost


puritas

la-noun

pūritās f (genitive pūritātis); third declension

pūritās (canonical feminine)
pūritātis (genitive)
pūritās (nominative singular)
pūritātēs (nominative plural)
pūritātis (genitive singular)
pūritātum (genitive plural)
pūritātī (dative singular)
pūritātibus (dative plural)
pūritātem (accusative singular)
pūritātēs (accusative plural)
pūritāte (ablative singular)
pūritātibus (ablative plural)
pūritās (singular vocative)
pūritātēs (plural vocative)

Old French: purté

French: pureté

Provençal: purdà

Old Galician-Portuguese: puredad

Old Spanish: poredad

→ English: purity

→ Italian: purità

→ Portuguese: puridade

→ Romanian: puritate

→ Spanish: puridad

From pūrus + -tās. Attested from the 3rd century CE.

(metonymic) moral purity (freedom from mental or spiritual corruption, from sin)

per animī nitōrem ac vītae pūritātem

through the shining dignity of their soul and the purity of their life


recessus

recessus m (genitive recessūs); fourth declension

recessūs (genitive)
recessus (nominative singular)
recessūs (nominative plural)
recessūs (genitive singular)
recessuum (genitive plural)
recessuī (dative singular)
recessibus (dative plural)
recessum (accusative singular)
recessūs (accusative plural)
recessū (ablative singular)
recessibus (ablative plural)
recessus (singular vocative)
recessūs (plural vocative)

→ English: recess

French: recès

→ Italian: recesso

→ Portuguese: recesso

Spanish: receso

From recēdō (“to go back, give ground, retire, withdraw”) + -tus (action noun suffix).

af

a going back, receding, retiring, retreat, departure

(metonymic) a distant, retired, secluded or secret spot; a nook, corner, retreat, recess


lucumo

la-noun

lucumō m (genitive lucumōnis); third declension

lucumō (canonical masculine)
lucumōnis (genitive)
lucumō (nominative singular)
lucumōnēs (nominative plural)
lucumōnis (genitive singular)
lucumōnum (genitive plural)
lucumōnī (dative singular)
lucumōnibus (dative plural)
lucumōnem (accusative singular)
lucumōnēs (accusative plural)
lucumōne (ablative singular)
lucumōnibus (ablative plural)
lucumō (singular vocative)
lucumōnēs (plural vocative)
lucmō (alternative)

Italian: lucumone

Borrowed from Etruscan 𐌋𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌖𐌌𐌄 (lauχume).


cunabulum

cūnābulum n (genitive cūnābulī); second declension

cūnābulum (canonical neuter)
cūnābulī (genitive)
cūnābulum (nominative singular)
cūnābula (nominative plural)
cūnābulī (genitive singular)
cūnābulōrum (genitive plural)
cūnābulō (dative singular)
cūnābulīs (dative plural)
cūnābulum (accusative singular)
cūnābula (accusative plural)
cūnābulō (ablative singular)
cūnābulīs (ablative plural)
cūnābulum (singular vocative)
cūnābula (plural vocative)

From cūn(ā) (“cradle”) + -bulum (nominal suffix denoting vessel or place).

suf

29 BCE, Virgil, Georgics, book 4, line 66

Of themselves will they [bees] settle on the scented resting-places; of themselves, after their wont, will hide far within their cradling cells.

Ipsae consident medicatis sedibus, ipsae/ Intima more suo sese in cunabula condent.

77–79, Pliny the Elder, Natural History, book 10, chapter 33, section 51

Nec vero iis minor solertia, quae cunabula in terra faciunt, corporis gravitate prohibitae sublime petere.

aft. 23 BCE, Propertius, Elegies, book 3, elegy 1, line 27

bef. 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid, book 3, line 105

Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto,/ Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae.

(metonymic) earliest abode, primary dwelling-place

Nam cum omnium consulum gravis in republica custodienda cura ac diligentia debet esse, tum eorum maxime, qui non in cunabulis, sed in campo sunt consules facti. (not by their descent)

44 BCE, Cicero, De Lege Agraria, chapter 36, section 100

quod facit, qui nequam vicinum suis numis parat, cum a primis cunabulis, si modo liberis parentibus est oriundus, audisse potuerit, [...]. (from earliest childhood)

flor. 42, Columella, Res rustica, book 1, chapter 3

flor. 163, Apuleius, Metamorphoses, or The Golden Ass, book 2, section 31

Dies a primis cunabulis huius urbis conditus crastinus advenit, quo die soli mortalium sanctissimum deum Risum hilaro atque gaudiali ritu propitiamus.


tirocinium

la-noun

tīrōcinium n (genitive tīrōciniī or tīrōcinī); second declension

tīrōcinium (canonical neuter)
tīrōciniī (genitive)
tīrōcinī (genitive)
tīrōcinium (nominative singular)
tīrōcinia (nominative plural)
tīrōciniī (genitive singular)
tīrōcinī (genitive singular)
tīrōciniōrum (genitive plural)
tīrōciniō (dative singular)
tīrōciniīs (dative plural)
tīrōcinium (accusative singular)
tīrōcinia (accusative plural)
tīrōciniō (ablative singular)
tīrōciniīs (ablative plural)
tīrōcinium (singular vocative)
tīrōcinia (plural vocative)
tyrocinium (alternative)

→ Catalan: tirocini (learned)

→ English: tirocinium (learned)

From tīrō (“recruit, beginner, novice”) + -cinor (“to be a...”, suffix forming verbs) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns).

af

(metonymic) new recruits, raw forces (collectively)


Pomona

la-proper noun

Pōmōna f (genitive Pōmōnae); first declension

Pōmōna (canonical feminine)
Pōmōnae (genitive)
Pōmōna (nominative singular)
Pōmōnae (nominative plural)
Pōmōnae (genitive singular)
Pōmōnārum (genitive plural)
Pōmōnae (dative singular)
Pōmōnīs (dative plural)
Pōmōnam (accusative singular)
Pōmōnās (accusative plural)
Pōmōnā (ablative singular)
Pōmōnīs (ablative plural)
Pōmōna (singular vocative)
Pōmōnae (plural vocative)