abacus

la-noun

abacus m (genitive abacī); second declension

abacī (genitive)
abacus (nominative singular)
abacī (nominative plural)
abacī (genitive singular)
abacōrum (genitive plural)
abacō (dative singular)
abacīs (dative plural)
abacum (accusative singular)
abacōs (accusative plural)
abacō (ablative singular)
abacīs (ablative plural)
abace (singular vocative)
abacī (plural vocative)
abax (alternative)

Italian: abbaco (regional)

→ Catalan: àbac

→ English: abacus

→ Esperanto: abako

→ French: abaque

→ Romanian: abac

→ Galician: ábaco

→ German: Abakus

→ Irish: abacas

→ Italian: abaco

→ Malay: abakus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abakus

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: abakus

→ Portuguese: ábaco

→ Russian: аба́к (abák)

→ Spanish: ábaco

From Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).

Ab hoc abaci vasa omnia, ut exposita fuerunt, abstulit.

From this place he removed all the sideboard's dishes, since they had been exposed.


rutrum

rutrum n (genitive rutrī); second declension

rutrī (genitive)
rutrum (nominative singular)
rutra (nominative plural)
rutrī (genitive singular)
rutrōrum (genitive plural)
rutrō (dative singular)
rutrīs (dative plural)
rutrum (accusative singular)
rutra (accusative plural)
rutrō (ablative singular)
rutrīs (ablative plural)
rutrum (singular vocative)
rutra (plural vocative)

Galician: rodo

Italian: rutro, ratra (obsolete)

Portuguese: rodo


libra

lībra f (genitive lībrae); first declension

lībra (canonical feminine)
lībrae (genitive)
lībra (nominative singular)
lībrae (nominative plural)
lībrae (genitive singular)
lībrārum (genitive plural)
lībrae (dative singular)
lībrīs (dative plural)
lībram (accusative singular)
lībrās (accusative plural)
lībrā (ablative singular)
lībrīs (ablative plural)
lībra (singular vocative)
lībrae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: libra, libbra, lira

→ Catalan: lira

→ Czech: lira

→ Danish: lire

→ Faroese: liri

→ English: lira

→ Finnish: liira

→ German: Lira

→ Galician: lira

→ Maori: rira

→ Malay: lira

→ Maltese: lira

→ Norwegian: lira

→ Portuguese: lira

→ Serbo-Croatian: lira

→ Spanish: lira

→ Turkish: lira

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: livra

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: lliura

Old French: livre m

Middle French: livre

French: livre

Louisiana Creole: liv

→ English: livre

→ Romanian: livră

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: libra

Portuguese: libra

Spanish: libra

→ Tagalog: libra

Of uncertain origin. The word's original form was something like Proto-Italic *līðrā, *leiðrā (“pound”), surviving also in Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra), whence English liter.
Weiss derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to pour”) suffixed with the instrumental/resultative suffix *-dʰrom, under the assumption that the term originally meant "pouring (of metal)" before evolving to mean a unit of weight. In this case, then cognate with Proto-Slavic *lìti (“to pour”), Proto-Celtic *liyeti (“to flow”), Ancient Greek λείβω (leíbō, “to pour”), Lithuanian li̇́eti (“to let flow”).

scales, a tool used to balance two weights to measure amounts

level, a tool used to check surfaces for horizontal and vertical alignment


serra

serra f (genitive serrae); first declension

serrae (genitive)
serra (nominative singular)
serrae (nominative plural)
serrae (genitive singular)
serrārum (genitive plural)
serrae (dative singular)
serrīs (dative plural)
serram (accusative singular)
serrās (accusative plural)
serrā (ablative singular)
serrīs (ablative plural)
serra (singular vocative)
serrae (plural vocative)

Albanian: sharrë (disputed)

Aromanian: sharã

Asturian: serra

Basque: zerra

Catalan: serra

Galician: serra

Italian: serra

Occitan: sèrra

Portuguese: serra

Sardinian: sera

Sicilian: serra

Spanish: sierra
→ English: sierra

According to De Vaan, from Proto-Italic *serzā, from Proto-Indo-European *sers-eh₂, from *sers- (“to cut off”), from which he also notes Schrijver's derivation of sarrio from a zero-grade of such a root.
Compare, however, Proto-Celtic *serrā (“sickle, scythe; billhook”), with a different etymology.


securis

la-noun

secūris f (genitive secūris); third declension

secūris (canonical feminine)
secūris (genitive)
secūris (nominative singular)
secūrēs (nominative plural)
secūris (genitive singular)
secūrium (genitive plural)
secūrī (dative singular)
secūribus (dative plural)
secūrim (accusative singular)
secūrem (accusative singular)
secūrēs (accusative plural)
secūrīs (accusative plural)
secūrī (ablative singular)
secūre (ablative singular)
secūribus (ablative plural)
secūris (singular vocative)
secūrēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: secure

Dalmatian: sčor

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: τσεκούριον (tsekoúrion), σεκούριον (sekoúrion)

Greek: τσεκούρι (tsekoúri)

Aramaic:

סִיקוּרְיָא ,סִיקוּרָא

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: סִיקוּרְיָא (sīqūrā, sīqūryā)/סִיקוּרָא (sīqūrā, sīqūryā)

Classical Syriac: ܣܝܺܩܰܘܪܴܐ (sīqūrā)

Galician: segur

Piedmontese: siul

Lombard: sagür, segù

Italian: scure

Portuguese: segure, segura, secure

Romanian: secure

Romansch: sigir, siir, sagir, sieir, sgür

Sardinian: segura, segure, seguri, sigura

desctree

Spanish: segur
→ Andalusian Arabic: شُقُور (šuqūr, “axe”)
→ Moroccan Arabic: شَاقُور (šāqūr, “adze of a carpenter; hatchet”)
→ Central Atlas Tamazight: šaquṛ (“axe”); pl. šwaqʷṛ
⇒ Central Atlas Tamazight: tašaquṛt (“small axe, hatchet”); pl. tašaquṛin
→ Tarifit: ccaqur (“axe; hatchet”)
→ Algerian Arabic: شَاقُور (šāqūr, “adze of a carpenter; hatchet”)
⇒ Algerian Arabic: شَاقُورَة (šāqūṛa, šāqōṛa, “small axe, hatchet”)
→ Tunisian Arabic: شَقُور (šāqūr, šaqūr, “adze of a carpenter; hatchet”)/شَاقُور (šāqūr, šaqūr, “adze of a carpenter; hatchet”)
→ Egyptian Arabic: شَقُورَة (šaʔūṛa, “adze for agricultural purposes”)

Venetan: sigureto

Related to secō (“cut”) and Proto-Slavic *sekyra (“axe”), from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”). Compare also how in spite of the continuation of secūris in Spanish as segur one keeps from the verb a segadera with a similar meaning. See also English sickle.

Nōn gladium corporibus hostium, sed arborum truncīs secūrim appōnit.

He doesn't hit the foes' bodies with a sword, but tree trunks with his axe.


caelum

la-noun

caelum n (genitive caelī); second declension

caelī (genitive)
caelum (nominative singular)
caela (nominative plural)
caelī (genitive singular)
caelōrum (genitive plural)
caelō (dative singular)
caelīs (dative plural)
caelum (accusative singular)
caela (accusative plural)
caelō (ablative singular)
caelīs (ablative plural)
caelum (singular vocative)
caela (plural vocative)
cēlum (alternative obsolete)
coelum (alternative)

→ English: Caelum

From Proto-Italic *kaid(s)lom, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“cut, hew”) (whence also caedō (“I cut”)).


clavus

la-noun

clāvus m (genitive clāvī); second declension

clāvus (canonical masculine)
clāvī (genitive)
clāvus (nominative singular)
clāvī (nominative plural)
clāvī (genitive singular)
clāvōrum (genitive plural)
clāvō (dative singular)
clāvīs (dative plural)
clāvum (accusative singular)
clāvōs (accusative plural)
clāvō (ablative singular)
clāvīs (ablative plural)
clāve (singular vocative)
clāvī (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Istriot: ciuodo

Old Italian: chiavo, chiovo

Italian: chiodo (influenced by chiudere 'shut')

Sicilian: chiovu

Sardinian:

crau, cravu, giau

Padanian:

Emilian: ciold, ciod

Friulian: claud

Ligurian: ciöo

Old Lombard: chiouo

Lombard: ciod

Piedmontese: ciòv, ciò

Venetan: ciodo, clold (medieval)

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: cllou

Old French: clou

French: clou

→ English: clove

Walloon: clå

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: clau, cllau (Ribagorçan)

Catalan: clau

Occitan: clau

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Asturian: clavu, cravu, clau, cleu, clou

Spanish: clavo

Old Galician-Portuguese: cravo

Galician: cravo

Portuguese: cravo

Borrowed:

→ Old Italian: clavo

From Proto-Italic *klāwos, from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w-o-s, from *kleh₂u- (“nail, pin, hook - instruments, of old use for locking doors”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλείς (kleís, “key”) and Old Church Slavonic ключь (ključĭ, “key”). Latin clāvis (“key”) is either a secondary i-stem derivation, or a loanword from Ancient Greek κληΐς (klēḯs).


lima

la-noun

līma f (genitive līmae); first declension

līma (canonical feminine)
līmae (genitive)
līma (nominative singular)
līmae (nominative plural)
līmae (genitive singular)
līmārum (genitive plural)
līmae (dative singular)
līmīs (dative plural)
līmam (accusative singular)
līmās (accusative plural)
līmā (ablative singular)
līmīs (ablative plural)
līma (singular vocative)
līmae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: limë

Catalan: llima

French: lime

Galician: lima

Italian: lima

Portuguese: lima

Sicilian: lima

Spanish: lima

→ Proto-Brythonic: *lliβ̃

Middle Breton: liü

Breton: livn

Cornish: liv

Welsh: llif

Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”). Cognates include Latin limus, English slime, German Schleim (“mucus, slime”) and Ancient Greek λίμνη (límnē, “marsh”).

der

polishing, revision (of a literary composition)


vanga

la-noun

vanga f (genitive vangae); first declension

vangae (genitive)
vanga (nominative singular)
vangae (nominative plural)
vangae (genitive singular)
vangārum (genitive plural)
vangae (dative singular)
vangīs (dative plural)
vangam (accusative singular)
vangās (accusative plural)
vangā (ablative singular)
vangīs (ablative plural)
vanga (singular vocative)
vangae (plural vocative)

Catalan: fanga

Italian: vanga

Of Germanic origin, from Proto-Germanic *wagnisan (“ploughshare”), from Proto-Indo-European *wogʷʰni- (“coulter”); compare Old Norse vangsni (“ploughshare”).

a spade with a crossbar for applying the foot


pala

pāla f (genitive pālae); first declension

pāla (canonical feminine)
pālae (genitive)
pāla (nominative singular)
pālae (nominative plural)
pālae (genitive singular)
pālārum (genitive plural)
pālae (dative singular)
pālīs (dative plural)
pālam (accusative singular)
pālās (accusative plural)
pālā (ablative singular)
pālīs (ablative plural)
pāla (singular vocative)
pālae (plural vocative)

Catalan: pala

English: pale

Old French: pele

French: pelle

French: pale

Friulian: pale

Italian: pala

Mirandese: pala

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: paa
Galician: pa, pá, paa
Portuguese: pá

Piedmontese: pala

→ Portuguese: pala

Romanian: pală

Sicilian: pala

Spanish: pala

Tashelhit: tafala

Welsh: pâl

From Proto-Italic *pākslā, from Proto-Indo-European *pak-slo-, from *peh₂ǵ- (“to attach, fasten”). See pangō, pāgus, pacīscor, pāx, pāgina.


phallus

la-noun

phallus m (genitive phallī); second declension

phallī (genitive)
phallus (nominative singular)
phallī (nominative plural)
phallī (genitive singular)
phallōrum (genitive plural)
phallō (dative singular)
phallīs (dative plural)
phallum (accusative singular)
phallōs (accusative plural)
phallō (ablative singular)
phallīs (ablative plural)
phalle (singular vocative)
phallī (plural vocative)

Asturian: falu

Catalan: fal·lus

→ Czech: falus

→ Dutch: fallus

→ English: phallus

→ French: phallus

Galician: falo

→ German: Phallus

Italian: fallo

→ Occitan: fallus

→ Polish: fallus

→ Portuguese: falo

Romanian: falus (possibly via French)

desc

→ Russian: фа́ллус (fállus), фалл (fall)

→ Serbo-Croatian: falus, фалус

Sicilian: fallu

Spanish: falo

→ Turkish: fallus

From Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “membrum virile, phallus, or a figure thereof”), likely ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”); compare follis (“sack”).

der

(mythology, religion) an iconic phallic figure of the male member borne in cult processions at a Dionysian orgy or festival of Bacchus as a symbol of the generative power of nature


malleus

la-noun

malleus m (genitive malleī); second declension

malleī (genitive)
malleus (nominative singular)
malleī (nominative plural)
malleī (genitive singular)
malleōrum (genitive plural)
malleō (dative singular)
malleīs (dative plural)
malleum (accusative singular)
malleōs (accusative plural)
malleō (ablative singular)
malleīs (ablative plural)
mallee (singular vocative)
malleī (plural vocative)

Asturian: mayu

Albanian: maj

Aromanian: malj, maljiu

Basque: mailu

Catalan: mall

Old French: mail

French: mail

→ English: maul

Italian: maglio

Portuguese: malho

Galician: mallo

Romanian: mai

Romansch: magl

Sardinian:

Logudorese: mazu, màggiu, màgiu, maxu

Campidanese: mallu, màgliu

Sicilian: magghiu

Spanish: mallo

Walloon: maye

English: malleus

Serbo-Croatian: mȃlj / ма̑љ

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-no-, from *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”), whence also molō (“I grind”). Compare similar semantic development from the same Proto-Indo-European root in Old Church Slavonic млатъ (mlatŭ, “hammer”), beside the verb млѣти (mlěti, “grind”).

[…] haud aliter quam cum spectante iuvenca
lactentis vituli dextra libratus ab aure

[…] just as when the young suckling calf spies by its right ear the danger poised to crash its resounding hammer blow.

tempora discussit claro cava malleus ictu.

sinistram manum misit ad clavum et dexteram ad fabrorum malleos […]

She put her hand to the nail, and her right hand to the workmen's hammer […]


cochlea

cochlea f (genitive cochleae); first declension

cochleae (genitive)
cochlea (nominative singular)
cochleae (nominative plural)
cochleae (genitive singular)
cochleārum (genitive plural)
cochleae (dative singular)
cochleīs (dative plural)
cochleam (accusative singular)
cochleās (accusative plural)
cochleā (ablative singular)
cochleīs (ablative plural)
cochlea (singular vocative)
cochleae (plural vocative)
coclea (alternative)
coclia (alternative)
cochlia (alternative)

→ Catalan: còclea

→ English: cochlea

→ Italian: coclea

→ Portuguese: cóclea

→ Spanish: cóclea

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κοχλῐ́ᾱς (kokhlĭ́ās, “snail with a spiral shell”).

bor

(metonymic)
spiral (form of a snailshell)

Archimedes' screw, water screw, screw pump (machine for drawing water by raising it)


ascia

la-noun

ascia f (genitive asciae); first declension

asciae (genitive)
ascia (nominative singular)
asciae (nominative plural)
asciae (genitive singular)
asciārum (genitive plural)
asciae (dative singular)
asciīs (dative plural)
asciam (accusative singular)
asciās (accusative plural)
asciā (ablative singular)
asciīs (ablative plural)
ascia (singular vocative)
asciae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ascia

Sicilian: ascia

North-Italian:

Venetan: assa

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: aixa

→? Spanish: aja

Old French: aisse

French: asse ⇒ aissette, essette, asseau

Ibero-Romance:

>? Portuguese: archa

⇒ Late Latin: asciola (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *asciāta

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: ixata, aixata, xata, ixada, xada, axada, axau

Catalan: aixada, eixada, xada

Occitan: aissada (Lengadocian and Limousin)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: axada, xada, ixá, eixada

Galician: aixada, anxada, eixada, enxada, xada

Portuguese: enxada, aixada, eixada (Trás-os-Montes), inxada (dialectal)

Spanish: azada

According to one version, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷs-ih₂- (“axe”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp, pointed”) (see axe).
According to de Vaan, it is not plausible since a sequence *ks is usually retained in intervocalic Latin, which implies borrowing from an unidentified source. It is possible that the consonant cluster underwent metathesis in a different (IE?) language before the word entered Latin.


lamina

la-noun

lāmina f (genitive lāminae); first declension

lāmina (canonical feminine)
lāminae (genitive)
lāmina (nominative singular)
lāminae (nominative plural)
lāminae (genitive singular)
lāminārum (genitive plural)
lāminae (dative singular)
lāminīs (dative plural)
lāminam (accusative singular)
lāminās (accusative plural)
lāminā (ablative singular)
lāminīs (ablative plural)
lāmina (singular vocative)
lāminae (plural vocative)
lammina (alternative)
lamna (alternative)

Asturian: llama, llambria

desctree

French: lame
→ Catalan: llama
→ Italian: lama
→ Persian: لام (lâm, “microscope slide”)

Friulian: lame

Romanian: lamură, lamă

Romansch: loma, lama

Sicilian: lanna, landa, landia, lannia (Calabria)
→ Italian: landa (see there for further descendants)
→ Maltese: landa

Venetan: lama

→ Asturian: llámina (learned)

→ Catalan: làmina (learned)

→ English: lamina (learned)

→ French: lamine (learned)

→ Galician: lamia

→ Galician: lámina (learned)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *lammā (see there for further descendants)

→ Greek: λάμα (láma)

→ Italian: lamina (learned)

→ Portuguese: lâmina (learned)

→ Romanian: lamină (learned)

→ Spanish: lámina (learned)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *stelh₃- (“broad, to broaden”). See lātus, latus.

der

(literally, Classical Latin) a thin piece or sheet of metal, wood, marble, etc.; a plate, leaf, layer

a red-hot plate used as torture devices for slaves

(transferred sense)
money, coin, gold, precious metal

(transferred sense)
(anatomy) the flap of the ear

money coin, minted by the Pontiffs of Rome


forceps

la-noun

forceps m (genitive forcipis); third declension

forcipis (genitive)
forceps (nominative singular)
forcipēs (nominative plural)
forcipis (genitive singular)
forcipum (genitive plural)
forcipī (dative singular)
forcipibus (dative plural)
forcipem (accusative singular)
forcipēs (accusative plural)
forcipe (ablative singular)
forcipibus (ablative plural)
forceps (singular vocative)
forcipēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: fòrceps

→ English: forceps (learned)

→ French: forceps (learned)

→ Romanian: forceps

→ German: Forzeps (learned)

Galician: fórceps

Italian: forcipe

Portuguese: fórceps, fórcipe

Sicilian: fòrcipi

Spanish: fórceps

→ Turkish: forseps (learned)

From Proto-Italic *formokaps through syncope. By surface analysis, formus (“warm”) + -ceps (“taker”).


falx

la-noun

falx f (genitive falcis); third declension

falcis (genitive)
falx (nominative singular)
falcēs (nominative plural)
falcis (genitive singular)
falcium (genitive plural)
falcī (dative singular)
falcibus (dative plural)
falcem (accusative singular)
falcēs (accusative plural)
falcīs (accusative plural)
falce (ablative singular)
falcibus (ablative plural)
falx (singular vocative)
falcēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: falz

Aromanian: falcã, falche

Old Leonese: foce, fouce

Asturian: foz, fouz, foiz, ḥoce, ḥoz

Leonese: fouz

Mirandese: fouce

Catalan: falç

Emilian: fèlz

→ English: falx

Fala: foici

Franco-Provençal: folx

Friulian: fals

Italian: falce

Ladin: fauc

Lombard: falc, folcc

Neapolitan: falcè

Old French: fauz

French: faux

Karipúna Creole French: fos

Picard: feuque

Walloon: foque (obsolete)

Old Occitan: fals

Occitan: falç, fauç, haus, fâ

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: fouce
Fala: foici, fueici
Galician: fouce
Portuguese: foice, fouce (dated or dialectal)

Romanian: falcă, falce

Romansch: faulsch

desc

Sardinian: falche, falle, farche, farci, frache, fraci

Sicilian: fauci

Spanish: hoz

Venetan: falẑ

>? Vulgar Latin: falcina

→ Albanian: felqinë

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg- (“to sting; needle”), whence also Proto-Celtic *delgos (“needle; pin”), Proto-Germanic *dalkaz (“pin, brooch; dagger”), Lithuanian dilgùs (“stinging, burning”), dilgėlė̃, di̇̀lgė f (“nettle”), di̇̀lgti, di̇̀lgstu (“to be stung by nettles”), dal̃gis (“scythe”). Both the -a- and the -c- are unexpected, however, which might suggest a borrowing from a neighbouring Indo-European language of Italy.


iugum

la-noun

iugum n (genitive iugī); second declension

iugī (genitive)
iugum (nominative singular)
iuga (nominative plural)
iugī (genitive singular)
iugōrum (genitive plural)
iugō (dative singular)
iugīs (dative plural)
iugum (accusative singular)
iuga (accusative plural)
iugō (ablative singular)
iugīs (ablative plural)
iugum (singular vocative)
iuga (plural vocative)
jugum (alternative obsolete)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: giug

Romanian: jug

Dalmatian:

zaug

Italo-Romance:

Italian: giogo

→ Sicilian: giugu

Neapolitan: jugo

Sicilian: jugu, juvu

North Italian:

Emilian: zu, zof, zov

Friulian: jôf, jôv

Ligurian: zôvo

Lombard: zof, xof, giov

Piedmontese: giou, gio, xof, xovo

Romagnol: zof, zov, zouf

Romansch: giuf

desc

Venetan: dóvo, dógo, dóo, zóo, dhovo, dóf

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: jog

Old French: jug, jou, jof

French: joug

Walloon: djeu

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: chuvo

Catalan: jou, jeu, jova

Occitan: jo, joc

Gascon: jun

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: yugo

Asturian: xugu

Galician: xugo

Portuguese: jugo

Spanish: yugo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: giú, giubu, giuu, giuvu, yuu

Borrowings:

→ English: jugum

Esperanto: jugo

Tashelhit: tayuga

From Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm, from *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) + *-óm. Cognate with Sanskrit युग (yuga), Ancient Greek ζῠγόν (zŭgón), and Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk). Equivalent to a substantivization of the adjective iugus (“belonging together”).

(transferred sense)
in Kent, a yoke of land, quarter sulung


clepsydra

la-noun

clepsydra f (genitive clepsydrae); first declension

clepsydrae (genitive)
clepsydra (nominative singular)
clepsydrae (nominative plural)
clepsydrae (genitive singular)
clepsydrārum (genitive plural)
clepsydrae (dative singular)
clepsydrīs (dative plural)
clepsydram (accusative singular)
clepsydrās (accusative plural)
clepsydrā (ablative singular)
clepsydrīs (ablative plural)
clepsydra (singular vocative)
clepsydrae (plural vocative)
clipsadra (alternative Medieval-Latin)

English: clepsydra

Italian: clessidra

From Ancient Greek κλεψύδρα (klepsúdra, “pipette, water clock”).


marra

la-noun

marra f (genitive marrae); first declension

marrae (genitive)
marra (nominative singular)
marrae (nominative plural)
marrae (genitive singular)
marrārum (genitive plural)
marrae (dative singular)
marrīs (dative plural)
marram (accusative singular)
marrās (accusative plural)
marrā (ablative singular)
marrīs (ablative plural)
marra (singular vocative)
marrae (plural vocative)

Corsican: marra, merra

French: marre

Galician: marra

Italian: marra

Uncertain. Possibly from Semitic via Ancient Greek μάρρον (márrhon); compare Akkadian 𒄑𒈥 (marru [^(GEŠ)MAR]), Classical Syriac ܡܪܐ (marra), and Arabic مَرّ (marr).


piso

pīsō m (genitive pīsōnis); third declension

pīsō (canonical masculine)
pīsōnis (genitive)
pīsō (nominative singular)
pīsōnēs (nominative plural)
pīsōnis (genitive singular)
pīsōnum (genitive plural)
pīsōnī (dative singular)
pīsōnibus (dative plural)
pīsōnem (accusative singular)
pīsōnēs (accusative plural)
pīsōne (ablative singular)
pīsōnibus (ablative plural)
pīsō (singular vocative)
pīsōnēs (plural vocative)

From the root of pīnsō, pistus + -ō, -ōn- (noun-forming suffix).

Adversus umores et subitos inpetus oculorum et epiphoras radices betae maxime nigrae ex aqua tepida lavabis et expressas sabano siccabis, deinde tundes in pisone marmoreo et sucum inde linteo intorto exprimes, tum leviter ad carbones despumatum tepefacies et naribus infundes, ita ut is cui medeberis aquam tepidam in ore contineat, et si unus oculus laborabit, diversae partis nares infundes et melle Attico continges.

c. 400 CE, Marcellus Empiricus, De medicamentis liber 8

...next you will pound them in a marble mortar...

mortar (hollow vessel used with a pestle)


pistillum

pistillum n (genitive pistillī); second declension

pistillī (genitive)
pistillum (nominative singular)
pistilla (nominative plural)
pistillī (genitive singular)
pistillōrum (genitive plural)
pistillō (dative singular)
pistillīs (dative plural)
pistillum (accusative singular)
pistilla (accusative plural)
pistillō (ablative singular)
pistillīs (ablative plural)
pistillum (singular vocative)
pistilla (plural vocative)

Italian: pestello

desctree

Old French: pestel
→ Middle English: pestel, pestell, pistel, pestelle, pestylle, pestill, pestyl
English: pestle
Middle French: pestel

Old Occitan: pestel

→ English: pistillum

→ French: pistil
→ English: pistil
→ Romanian: pistil

→ Italian: pistillo

→ Spanish: pistilo

A diminutive formation from the root of pīnsō and pistō. Perhaps from *pistlelo-, diminutive of *pistlo- (the ancestor of pīlum (“pounder, pestle”)), from *pis- and the instrument noun suffix *tlo-. Alternatively from *pistrelo-, with the -tr- variant of the instrument noun suffix. On the one hand, the base *pistrum is not attested, and the phonetically regular outcome of *pistrelo- would probably be pistellum rather than pistillum. On the other hand, reconstructing a *-s-tl- sequence in the base at the time the diminutive was derived is chronologically problematic since *-tl- was changed to *-kl-* from early on in Italic (as seen in the Latin instrument suffix -culum).


malleolus

la-noun

malleolus m (genitive malleolī); second declension

malleolī (genitive)
malleolus (nominative singular)
malleolī (nominative plural)
malleolī (genitive singular)
malleolōrum (genitive plural)
malleolō (dative singular)
malleolīs (dative plural)
malleolum (accusative singular)
malleolōs (accusative plural)
malleolō (ablative singular)
malleolīs (ablative plural)
malleole (singular vocative)
malleolī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: măior

Italo-Romance:

Italian: magliolo

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: mallol

Occitan: malhòl

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Asturian: mayuelu, machuelu, mayuolu, mayuölu, mayuilu, malluelu

Galician: amalló, amalloa, amallón, malló, malloa

Portuguese: amalhó, malhó

Spanish: majuelo

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: mal·lèol

→ English: malleolus

→ French: malléole

→ Italian: malleolo

→ Spanish: maléolo

From malleus (“a hammer, mallet”) + -olus.

diminutive of malleus:
(weaponry) A kind of fire-dart.

diminutive of malleus:
A kind of fire-dart.


libella

la-noun

lībella f (genitive lībellae); first declension

lībella (canonical feminine)
lībellae (genitive)
lībella (nominative singular)
lībellae (nominative plural)
lībellae (genitive singular)
lībellārum (genitive plural)
lībellae (dative singular)
lībellīs (dative plural)
lībellam (accusative singular)
lībellās (accusative plural)
lībellā (ablative singular)
lībellīs (ablative plural)
lībella (singular vocative)
lībellae (plural vocative)

→ English: libella

Italian: livella

desctree

⇒ New Latin: lībellula
Catalan: libèl·lula
French: libellule
→ Galician: libélula (learned)
→ German: Libelle
Italian: libellula
→ Portuguese: libélula (learned)
Romanian: libelulă
Spanish: libélula

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *lībellus m

Catalan: llivell m (now dialectal)

Italian: livello m

q

Old French: livel, nyviel, nevel, nivel m (the probable source of all n- forms via dissimilation)

French: niveau m

→ Danish: niveau n

→ Dutch: niveau n

→ German: Niveau n

→ Norwegian Bokmål: nivå n

→ Romanian: nivel n

→ Swedish: nivå c

→ Albanian: nivel

→ Asturian: nivel m

→ Catalan: nivell m

→ Cornish: nivel

→ Middle English: level

desctree

English: level
→ German: Level
→ Irish: leibhéal
→ Japanese: レベル (reberu)
→ Korean: 레벨 (rebel)
→ Welsh: lefel

→ Esperanto: nivelo

→ Galician: nivel m

→ Ido: nivelo

→ Mirandese: nible

→ Romanian: nivel

→ Portuguese: nível m, nivel, livel

→ Romansch: nivel, nivo m

→ Spanish: nivel m

Romansch: livel m

Piedmontese: livel m

Sicilian: liveḍḍa f, liveḍḍu m

Venetan: łiveło m


infundibulum

la-noun

īnfundibulum n (genitive īnfundibulī); second declension

īnfundibulum (canonical neuter)
īnfundibulī (genitive)
īnfundibulum (nominative singular)
īnfundibula (nominative plural)
īnfundibulī (genitive singular)
īnfundibulōrum (genitive plural)
īnfundibulō (dative singular)
īnfundibulīs (dative plural)
īnfundibulum (accusative singular)
īnfundibula (accusative plural)
īnfundibulō (ablative singular)
īnfundibulīs (ablative plural)
īnfundibulum (singular vocative)
īnfundibula (plural vocative)

Catalan: infundíbul

French: infundibulum

Galician: infundíbulo

Italian: infundibolo

Portuguese: infundíbulo

Spanish: infundíbulo

[ĩː.fʊnˈdɪ.bʊ.ɫũː]

From īnfund(i) (“to pour in or upon”) + -bulum.


amussis

la-noun

amussis f (genitive amussis); third declension

amussis (genitive)
amussis (nominative singular)
amussēs (nominative plural)
amussis (genitive singular)
amussium (genitive plural)
amussī (dative singular)
amussibus (dative plural)
amussim (accusative singular)
amussēs (accusative plural)
amussīs (accusative plural)
amussī (ablative singular)
amussibus (ablative plural)
amussis (singular vocative)
amussēs (plural vocative)

a ruler, a mason's or carpenter's straight edge


mortarium

mortārium n (genitive mortāriī or mortārī); second declension

mortārium (canonical neuter)
mortāriī (genitive)
mortārī (genitive)
mortārium (nominative singular)
mortāria (nominative plural)
mortāriī (genitive singular)
mortārī (genitive singular)
mortāriōrum (genitive plural)
mortāriō (dative singular)
mortāriīs (dative plural)
mortārium (accusative singular)
mortāria (accusative plural)
mortāriō (ablative singular)
mortāriīs (ablative plural)
mortārium (singular vocative)
mortāria (plural vocative)

Asturian: morteru

Catalan: morter

Friulian: mortâr

Galician: morteiro

Italian: mortaio

Occitan: mortièr

Old French: mortier

Middle French: mortier

French: mortier

→ Middle Dutch: mortier

Dutch: mortier (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Middle English: morter (partially)
English: mortar (see there for further descendants)
Scots: mortar
→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Portuguese: morteiro

Romanian: mortar, mortier

desc

Sardinian: martaju, moltàgiu, murtàgliu, murtarju

Sicilian: murtaru

Spanish: mortero

Venetan: mortèr

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mortārī (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *mer(H)- (“to rub”). Perhaps cognate with murcus, murcidus, marceō, morbus, Ancient Greek μαραίνω (maraínō), μαρασμός (marasmós), μάρναμαι (márnamai), μάρμαρος (mármaros).

large basin in which mortar (substance) is made

mortar (mixture of lime, sand, and water)


radula

la-noun

rādula f (genitive rādulae); first declension

rādula (canonical feminine)
rādulae (genitive)
rādula (nominative singular)
rādulae (nominative plural)
rādulae (genitive singular)
rādulārum (genitive plural)
rādulae (dative singular)
rādulīs (dative plural)
rādulam (accusative singular)
rādulās (accusative plural)
rādulā (ablative singular)
rādulīs (ablative plural)
rādula (singular vocative)
rādulae (plural vocative)

→ English: radula

→ French: radula

→ Dutch: radula

→ Portuguese: rádula

From rād(ō) (“I scrape”) + -ula. Compare with rāstrum and rallum.


furca

furca f (genitive furcae); first declension

furcae (genitive)
furca (nominative singular)
furcae (nominative plural)
furcae (genitive singular)
furcārum (genitive plural)
furcae (dative singular)
furcīs (dative plural)
furcam (accusative singular)
furcās (accusative plural)
furcā (ablative singular)
furcīs (ablative plural)
furca (singular vocative)
furcae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: furcã

Catalan: forca

Dalmatian: fuarca

Friulian: forcje

Italian: forca

Old French: furche, forche

desctree

French: fourche
fourché
→ English: fourche, fourchee

Walloon: fotche

Old Northern French: forque

Norman: frouque

Old Leonese:

Asturian: forca

Neapolitan: forca

Occitan: forca

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: forca, furco

Portuguese: forca, furca

Romanian: furcă

Old Spanish: forca

Spanish: horca

→ Cebuano: horka

Romansch: furtga, fuortga, fuorcha

Sardinian: frúca, furca

Sicilian: furca

Venetan: forca

→ Albanian: furkë

→ Proto-Brythonic: *forx

Breton: forc'h

Cornish: forgh

Welsh: fforch

→ Proto-West Germanic: *furkō (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Irish: forc
Irish: forc
Scottish Gaelic: forc, forca

Of uncertain origin.
In its primary sense of "fork", furca appears to be derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerk(ʷ)-, *ǵʰerg(ʷ)- (“fork”), although the development of the -c- is difficult to explain. In the other senses, this derivation is unlikely. For those, perhaps it is connected to Proto-Germanic *furkaz, *firkalaz (“stake, stick, pole, post”), from Proto-Indo-European *perg- (“pole, post”). If so, this would relate the word to Old English forclas pl (“bolt”), Old Saxon ferkal (“lock, bolt, bar”), Old Norse forkr (“pole, staff, stick”), Norwegian fork (“stick, bat”), Swedish fork (“pole”).
Compare also Lithuanian žer̃gti (“to spread the legs”), ži̇̀rklės (“scissors”), though the mismatch of the vowels between the Lithuanian and Latin forms is hard to explain.


aratrum

la-noun

arātrum n (genitive arātrī); second declension

arātrum (canonical neuter)
arātrī (genitive)
arātrum (nominative singular)
arātra (nominative plural)
arātrī (genitive singular)
arātrōrum (genitive plural)
arātrō (dative singular)
arātrīs (dative plural)
arātrum (accusative singular)
arātra (accusative plural)
arātrō (ablative singular)
arātrīs (ablative plural)
arātrum (singular vocative)
arātra (plural vocative)
arāter (alternative)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: aratru, arat

Megleno-Romanian: ărat

Romanian: arat

Italo-Romance:

Italian: aratro, (obsolete) arato

Sicilian: aratu

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Catalan: aradre (obsolete), aladre, arada

Franco-Provençal: arâro

desctree

Occitan: araire
→ Middle French: araire
French: araire

Old French: arere

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: aladro, alatre (Belsetán), aladre (Biescas)

Asturian: aladru, aráu

Galician: arado

Portuguese: arado

Old Spanish: aradro

Spanish: arado

→ Sardinian: aradu

From Proto-Italic *arātrom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (“plough, ard”) (with long ā by analogy to the related verb arō, arāre; the expected outcome would otherwise be *arĕtrum).
Equivalent to arō (“to plough”) + -trum. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄροτρον (árotron, “plow”), Old Armenian արաւր (arawr, “plow”), Welsh aradr.

der

tempus erat quō versa iugō referuntur arātra
It was the hour when [up]turned plows are being brought back by yoked [oxen]
(“versa arātra”: i.e., plows somehow turned so that the plowshares are not in contact with the soil. See: Plough.)

plough or plow (a device pulled through the ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting)


scobina

la-noun

scobīna f (genitive scobīnae); first declension

scobīna (canonical feminine)
scobīnae (genitive)
scobīna (nominative singular)
scobīnae (nominative plural)
scobīnae (genitive singular)
scobīnārum (genitive plural)
scobīnae (dative singular)
scobīnīs (dative plural)
scobīnam (accusative singular)
scobīnās (accusative plural)
scobīnā (ablative singular)
scobīnīs (ablative plural)
scobīna (singular vocative)
scobīnae (plural vocative)

Spanish: escofina

→ Italian: scuffina


axicia

axicia f (genitive axiciae); first declension

axiciae (genitive)
axicia (nominative singular)
axiciae (nominative plural)
axiciae (genitive singular)
axiciārum (genitive plural)
axiciae (dative singular)
axiciīs (dative plural)
axiciam (accusative singular)
axiciās (accusative plural)
axiciā (ablative singular)
axiciīs (ablative plural)
axicia (singular vocative)
axiciae (plural vocative)


coclea

coclea f (genitive cocleae); first declension

cocleae (genitive)
coclea (nominative singular)
cocleae (nominative plural)
cocleae (genitive singular)
cocleārum (genitive plural)
cocleae (dative singular)
cocleīs (dative plural)
cocleam (accusative singular)
cocleās (accusative plural)
cocleā (ablative singular)
cocleīs (ablative plural)
coclea (singular vocative)
cocleae (plural vocative)

alternative form of cochlea (“a snail, spiral”)


grosa

grōsa f (genitive grōsae); first declension

grōsa (canonical feminine)
grōsae (genitive)
grōsa (nominative singular)
grōsae (nominative plural)
grōsae (genitive singular)
grōsārum (genitive plural)
grōsae (dative singular)
grōsīs (dative plural)
grōsam (accusative singular)
grōsās (accusative plural)
grōsā (ablative singular)
grōsīs (ablative plural)
grōsa (singular vocative)
grōsae (plural vocative)

Galician: grosa

Portuguese: grosa

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gred- (compare Albanian gërresë (“rasp, scraper”)).


rastrum

rāstrum n (genitive rāstrī); second declension

rāstrum (canonical neuter)
rāstrī (genitive)
rāstrum (nominative singular)
rāstra (nominative plural)
rāstrī (nominative plural)
rāstrī (genitive singular)
rāstrōrum (genitive plural)
rāstrō (dative singular)
rāstrīs (dative plural)
rāstrum (accusative singular)
rāstra (accusative plural)
rāstrōs (accusative plural)
rāstrō (ablative singular)
rāstrīs (ablative plural)
rāstrum (singular vocative)
rāstra (plural vocative)
rāstrī (plural vocative)
rāster (alternative)

Catalan: rastre

Galician: rastro

Italian: rastro

desc

Portuguese: rasto, rastro (chiefly Brazil)

Romanian: rastru

Spanish: rastro

→ German: Raster

→ Russian: растр (rastr)

From rād(ō) (“I scrape”) + -trum. Compare with rādula and rallum.

(usually in the plural) rake, hoe, mattock


tudes

la-noun

tudes or tudēs m (genitive tuditis or tudis); third declension

tudes (canonical)
tudēs (canonical masculine)
tuditis (genitive)
tudis (genitive)
tudes (nominative singular)
tudēs (nominative singular)
tuditēs (nominative plural)
tudēs (nominative plural)
tuditis (genitive singular)
tudis (genitive singular)
tuditum (genitive plural)
tudium (genitive plural)
tuditī (dative singular)
tudī (dative singular)
tuditibus (dative plural)
tudibus (dative plural)
tuditem (accusative singular)
tudem (accusative singular)
tuditēs (accusative plural)
tudēs (accusative plural)
tudīs (accusative plural)
tudite (ablative singular)
tude (ablative singular)
tuditibus (ablative plural)
tudibus (ablative plural)
tudes (singular vocative)
tudēs (singular vocative)
tuditēs (plural vocative)
tudēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”). Cognate with tundō (“I beat, strike”), studeō (“I study”), English stot, Albanian shtyj (“to push”).


aspergillum

aspergillum n (genitive aspergillī); second declension

aspergillī (genitive)
aspergillum (nominative singular)
aspergilla (nominative plural)
aspergillī (genitive singular)
aspergillōrum (genitive plural)
aspergillō (dative singular)
aspergillīs (dative plural)
aspergillum (accusative singular)
aspergilla (accusative plural)
aspergillō (ablative singular)
aspergillīs (ablative plural)
aspergillum (singular vocative)
aspergilla (plural vocative)

From aspergō (“to sprinkle”) + -illum (diminutive suffix).

af

(Christianity) aspergillum (implement for sprinkling holy water)


subula

la-noun

sūbula f (genitive sūbulae); first declension

sūbula (canonical feminine)
sūbulae (genitive)
sūbula (nominative singular)
sūbulae (nominative plural)
sūbulae (genitive singular)
sūbulārum (genitive plural)
sūbulae (dative singular)
sūbulīs (dative plural)
sūbulam (accusative singular)
sūbulās (accusative plural)
sūbulā (ablative singular)
sūbulīs (ablative plural)
sūbula (singular vocative)
sūbulae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: sulã

Catalan (Algherese): sula

q

via diminutive <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">*sūbella</i>

Galician: subela (via diminutive *sūbella)

Italian: subbia (“chisel”)

Portuguese: sovela

Romanian: sulă

Spanish: subilla (via diminutive *sūbella)

Venetan: sùbia

→ Greek: σούβλα f (soúvla, “spit”)

From Proto-Indo-European *syuh₁-dʰleh₂, which consists of the root *syuh₁- (“sew”) and the suffix *-dʰlom (“tool suffix”). This becomes the Latin derivation suō (“to sew”) + -bula.
Cognate to Russian шило (šilo, “awl”) and Czech šídlo (“awl”), and to Proto-Germanic *siwjaną (“to sew”).


sappa

la-noun

sappa f (genitive sappae); first declension

sappae (genitive)
sappa (nominative singular)
sappae (nominative plural)
sappae (genitive singular)
sappārum (genitive plural)
sappae (dative singular)
sappīs (dative plural)
sappam (accusative singular)
sappās (accusative plural)
sappā (ablative singular)
sappīs (ablative plural)
sappa (singular vocative)
sappae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: sapã

Catalan: sapa

Friulian: sape

desctree

Italian: zappa
→ Greek: τσάπα (tsápa)
→? Albanian: capë

Old French: sappe

French: sape

→ English: sap

Piedmontese: sapa

Portuguese: sapa

Romanian: sapă

Sicilian: zappa

Spanish: zapa

Venetan: sapa

Found in Late Latin, but of uncertain origin. Meyer-Lübke lists zapp* as a borrowing from Illyrian, probably zappa and zappo having the same root, as the mattock's blades resembled the billy-goat horns. Related to Albanian capë.


forfex

la-noun

forfex f or m (genitive forficis); third declension

forficis (genitive)
forfex (nominative singular)
forficēs (nominative plural)
forficis (genitive singular)
forficum (genitive plural)
forficī (dative singular)
forficibus (dative plural)
forficem (accusative singular)
forficēs (accusative plural)
forfice (ablative singular)
forficibus (ablative plural)
forfex (singular vocative)
forficēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: foarficã, foarticã, fortãche

Emilian: forbza

French: forces

Friulian: fuarpis, fuarfis, forfes

→ Venetan: forfe

Lombard: fores (Milano), forves (Bregaglia), fraus (Mesolcina)

Neapolitan: forfece, fuerceue (Bari) frovece (Abruzzo, medieval)

Occitan: forfe, forfias (Vivaro-Alpine)

Old Italian: forfice

Italian: forbice, forbici

Romanian: foarfecă, foarfece

Romagnol: formece

Romansch: forsch, forbesch

desc

Sardinian: fóltighe, fórfiga, fórfighe, forbigi

Sicilian: fòrficia, fròvici

Venetan: forfeze (Padova), forbeze (Verona)

→ Portuguese: fórfice

According to de Vaan, from Proto-Italic *forðom, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerdʰ- (“to capture, shear”), and cognate with Umbrian [script needed] (furfant, “to do something (probably shearing) to sheep”), Ancient Greek πέρθω (pérthō, “to sack, to ravage”), and πορθέω (porthéō, “to pillage”).


terebra

la-noun

terebra f (genitive terebrae); first declension

terebrae (genitive)
terebra (nominative singular)
terebrae (nominative plural)
terebrae (genitive singular)
terebrārum (genitive plural)
terebrae (dative singular)
terebrīs (dative plural)
terebram (accusative singular)
terebrās (accusative plural)
terebrā (ablative singular)
terebrīs (ablative plural)
terebra (singular vocative)
terebrae (plural vocative)
terebrum (alternative)

→ Italian: terebra

→ Portuguese: térebra

→ Spanish: terebra

→ Translingual: Terebra


scalprum

scalprum n (genitive scalprī); second declension

scalprī (genitive)
scalprum (nominative singular)
scalpra (nominative plural)
scalprī (genitive singular)
scalprōrum (genitive plural)
scalprō (dative singular)
scalprīs (dative plural)
scalprum (accusative singular)
scalpra (accusative plural)
scalprō (ablative singular)
scalprīs (ablative plural)
scalprum (singular vocative)
scalpra (plural vocative)
scalper (alternative)

Catalan: escarpre, escarpra

French: échoppe

Galician: escoupro

Italian: scalpro

Portuguese: escopro

Spanish: escalplo, escoplo

From scalpō + -rum (instrument-noun-forming suffix).


fossorium

la-noun

fossōrium n (genitive fossōriī or fossōrī); second declension

fossōrium (canonical neuter)
fossōriī (genitive)
fossōrī (genitive)
fossōrium (nominative singular)
fossōria (nominative plural)
fossōriī (genitive singular)
fossōrī (genitive singular)
fossōriōrum (genitive plural)
fossōriō (dative singular)
fossōriīs (dative plural)
fossōrium (accusative singular)
fossōria (accusative plural)
fossōriō (ablative singular)
fossōriīs (ablative plural)
fossōrium (singular vocative)
fossōria (plural vocative)

From fodiō (“to dig, dig up”) + -tōrium, or nominalized from the neuter of fossōrius.

Scudicia dicta eo, quod circa codicem terram aperiat; et quamvis eius usus in reliquis operibus habeatur, nomen tamen ex codice retinet. hanc alii generaliter fossorium vocant, quasi fovessorium.

early 7th c. CE, Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae sive Origines 20.14.7

1967 translation by K. D. White
The scudicia is so called because it opens the earth around the base (of the plant); and although it is used for other operations, it still retains its name from the base (codex). Others commonly call it a trenching tool, as if the word were derived from fovea (a hole).

Sarculum, sarpa vel fossorium

c. 1264, Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum doctrinale:

(Late Latin, Early Medieval Latin) a spade, an implement for digging


harpago

harpagō m (genitive harpagōnis); third declension

harpagō (canonical masculine)
harpagōnis (genitive)
harpagō (nominative singular)
harpagōnēs (nominative plural)
harpagōnis (genitive singular)
harpagōnum (genitive plural)
harpagōnī (dative singular)
harpagōnibus (dative plural)
harpagōnem (accusative singular)
harpagōnēs (accusative plural)
harpagōne (ablative singular)
harpagōnibus (ablative plural)
harpagō (singular vocative)
harpagōnēs (plural vocative)

→ English: harpago, harpagon

desctree

→ French: harpagon
→ Romanian: harpagon, arpagon

Old French: harpon

→ English: harpoon

→ Dutch: harpoen (see there for further descendants)

French: harpon
→ Romanian: harpon

Portuguese: arpão

Italian: arpagone, arpione

→ Translingual: Harpago

From Ancient Greek ἁρπάγη (harpágē, “hook”), from ἁρπάζω (harpázō, “to snatch away, to carry off, to seize, to captivate”), of uncertain origin.


ventilabrum

la-noun

ventilābrum n (genitive ventilābrī); second declension

ventilābrum (canonical neuter)
ventilābrī (genitive)
ventilābrum (nominative singular)
ventilābra (nominative plural)
ventilābrī (genitive singular)
ventilābrōrum (genitive plural)
ventilābrō (dative singular)
ventilābrīs (dative plural)
ventilābrum (accusative singular)
ventilābra (accusative plural)
ventilābrō (ablative singular)
ventilābrīs (ablative plural)
ventilābrum (singular vocative)
ventilābra (plural vocative)


vatillum

vatillum n (genitive vatillī); second declension

vatillī (genitive)
vatillum (nominative singular)
vatilla (nominative plural)
vatillī (genitive singular)
vatillōrum (genitive plural)
vatillō (dative singular)
vatillīs (dative plural)
vatillum (accusative singular)
vatilla (accusative plural)
vatillō (ablative singular)
vatillīs (ablative plural)
vatillum (singular vocative)
vatilla (plural vocative)
batillum (alternative)

Diminutive of vannus (“winnowing-basket”). Compare scabellum, regular diminutive of scamnum.


sicilis

sicilis f (genitive sicilis); third declension

sicilis (genitive)
sicilis (nominative singular)
sicilēs (nominative plural)
sicilis (genitive singular)
sicilium (genitive plural)
sicilī (dative singular)
sicilibus (dative plural)
sicilem (accusative singular)
sicilēs (accusative plural)
sicilīs (accusative plural)
sicile (ablative singular)
sicilibus (ablative plural)
sicilis (singular vocative)
sicilēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: seatsiri

Romanian: secere

Vulgar Latin: *sicila, *sicilāre (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *sikilu (see there for further descendants)

Inrumpit autem artis faucibus et in longitudinem spatiosis, atque ubi coepit in latitudinem pandi lunatis obliquatur cornibus, velut ad Maeotium lacum ab ore descendens, sicilis, ut auctor est M. Varro, similitudine.

Gaius Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historia 6.38

1942 translation by H. Rackham
Its waters make their way into this sea by a narrow mouth of considerable length; and where it begins to widen out it curves obliquely with crescent-shaped horns, as though descending from the mouth to the Sea of Azov, in the likeness of a sickle, as Marcus Varro states.


sicilis

sīcīlis f (genitive sīcīlis); third declension

sīcīlis (canonical feminine)
sīcīlis (genitive)
sīcilis (nominative singular)
sīcilēs (nominative plural)
sīcilis (genitive singular)
sīcilium (genitive plural)
sīcilī (dative singular)
sīcilibus (dative plural)
sīcilem (accusative singular)
sīcilēs (accusative plural)
sīcilīs (accusative plural)
sīcile (ablative singular)
sīcilibus (ablative plural)
sīcilis (singular vocative)
sīcilēs (plural vocative)

i͞ncēdi͞t vēle͞s vo͞lgō sīcīlĭbŭs lātīs

239 BCE – 169 BCE, Ennius, Annales 479, (fragment per Paul the Deacon's epitome of Festus, glossed there as "hastarum spicula lata". Some manuscripts instead use the spelling "sicilīcibus", but this seems to be a corruption.)

the skirmisher advances all over with broad/widespread spearheads

Telorum iaculorum gladiorumque vocabula, quae in historiis veteribus scripta sunt, item navigiorum genera et nomina libitum forte nobis est sedentibus in reda conquirere, ne quid malarum ineptiarum vacantem stupentemque animum occuparet. Quae tum igitur suppetierant, haec sunt: hasta, pilum, phalarica, semiphalarica, soliferrea, gaesa, lancea, spari, rumices, trifaces, tragulae, frameae, mesanculae, cateiae, rumpiae, scorpii, sibones, siciles, veruta, enses, sicae, machaerae, spathae, lingulae, pugiones, clunacula.

c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 10.25.2

1927 translation by J. C. Rolfe
Once upon a time, when I was riding in a carriage, to keep my mind from being dull and unoccupied and a prey to worthless trifles, it chanced to occur to me to try to recall the names of weapons, darts and swords which are found in the early histories, and also the various kinds of boats and their names. Those, then, of the former that came to mind at the time are the following: spear, pike, fire-pike, half-pike, iron bolt, Gallic spear, lance, hunting-darts, javelins, long bolts, barbed-javelins, German spears, thronged-javelin, Gallic bolt, broadswords, poisoned arrows, Illyrian hunting-spears, cimeters, darts, swords, daggers, broadswords, double-edged swords, smallswords, poniards, cleavers.


fundibulum

fundibulum n (genitive fundibulī); second declension

fundibulī (genitive)
fundibulum (nominative singular)
fundibula (nominative plural)
fundibulī (genitive singular)
fundibulōrum (genitive plural)
fundibulō (dative singular)
fundibulīs (dative plural)
fundibulum (accusative singular)
fundibula (accusative plural)
fundibulō (ablative singular)
fundibulīs (ablative plural)
fundibulum (singular vocative)
fundibula (plural vocative)

Catalan: fonèvol

→ Spanish: fonébol

Occitan: fonilh

→ Galician: funil

→ Portuguese: funil

→ Portuguese: fundíbulo

→ Spanish: fundíbulo

From fundō (“to pour out”) + -bulum (instrument noun suffix).


opupa

la-noun

opupa f (genitive opupae); first declension

opupae (genitive)
opupa (nominative singular)
opupae (nominative plural)
opupae (genitive singular)
opupārum (genitive plural)
opupae (dative singular)
opupīs (dative plural)
opupam (accusative singular)
opupās (accusative plural)
opupā (ablative singular)
opupīs (ablative plural)
opupa (singular vocative)
opupae (plural vocative)


sarculum

sarculum n (genitive sarculī); second declension

sarculī (genitive)
sarculum (nominative singular)
sarcula (nominative plural)
sarculī (genitive singular)
sarculōrum (genitive plural)
sarculō (dative singular)
sarculīs (dative plural)
sarculum (accusative singular)
sarcula (accusative plural)
sarculō (ablative singular)
sarculīs (ablative plural)
sarculum (singular vocative)
sarcula (plural vocative)

Galician: sacho

Italian: sarchio

Portuguese: sacho

Spanish: sacho, zarcillo


trochlea

trochlea f (genitive trochleae); first declension

trochleae (genitive)
trochlea (nominative singular)
trochleae (nominative plural)
trochleae (genitive singular)
trochleārum (genitive plural)
trochleae (dative singular)
trochleīs (dative plural)
trochleam (accusative singular)
trochleās (accusative plural)
trochleā (ablative singular)
trochleīs (ablative plural)
trochlea (singular vocative)
trochleae (plural vocative)
troclea (alternative)

→ Alemannic German: Trüegle

→ English: trochlea

Contracted from Ancient Greek τροχῐλείᾱ (trokhĭleíā, “pulley, block-and-tackle equipment”), from τροχῐ́λος (trokhĭ́los, “sheave in block-and-tackle equipment”) + -είᾱ (-eíā, nominal suffix).

af

mechanical contrivance for raising weights; case or sheaf containing one or more pulleys; pulley block


runcina

la-noun

runcina f (genitive runcinae); first declension

runcinae (genitive)
runcina (nominative singular)
runcinae (nominative plural)
runcinae (genitive singular)
runcinārum (genitive plural)
runcinae (dative singular)
runcinīs (dative plural)
runcinam (accusative singular)
runcinās (accusative plural)
runcinā (ablative singular)
runcinīs (ablative plural)
runcina (singular vocative)
runcinae (plural vocative)

According to Beekes from Ancient Greek ῥυκάνη (rhukánē, “plane, a carpenter's tool”) and cognate with Gaulish *rucina.


strigilis

la-noun

strigilis f (genitive strigilis); third declension

strigilis (genitive)
strigilis (nominative singular)
strigilēs (nominative plural)
strigilis (genitive singular)
strigilium (genitive plural)
strigilī (dative singular)
strigilibus (dative plural)
strigilem (accusative singular)
strigilim (accusative singular)
strigilēs (accusative plural)
strigilīs (accusative plural)
strigile (ablative singular)
strigilī (ablative singular)
strigilibus (ablative plural)
strigilis (singular vocative)
strigilēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: stregghia

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: estríjol

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: estrille

French: étrille

→ Italian: striglia, >? streglia

→ Old High German: strigil

Luxembourgish: Strigel

Middle High German: strigel

German: Striegel

→ Catalan: estrígil

→ English: strigil

→ Italian: strigile

→ Spanish: estrígil

⇒ Esperanto: strigli


everriculum

ēverriculum n (genitive ēverriculī); second declension

ēverriculum (canonical neuter)
ēverriculī (genitive)
ēverriculum (nominative singular)
ēverricula (nominative plural)
ēverriculī (genitive singular)
ēverriculōrum (genitive plural)
ēverriculō (dative singular)
ēverriculīs (dative plural)
ēverriculum (accusative singular)
ēverricula (accusative plural)
ēverriculō (ablative singular)
ēverriculīs (ablative plural)
ēverriculum (singular vocative)
ēverricula (plural vocative)


trua

trua f (genitive truae); first declension

truae (genitive)
trua (nominative singular)
truae (nominative plural)
truae (genitive singular)
truārum (genitive plural)
truae (dative singular)
truīs (dative plural)
truam (accusative singular)
truās (accusative plural)
truā (ablative singular)
truīs (ablative plural)
trua (singular vocative)
truae (plural vocative)

⇒ Galician: trueiro

Disputed. Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to turn”); compare Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku, “spindle”), Proto-Germanic *þwerhaz (“cross, adverse”) and Latin torqueō (“to twist”). Alternatively from *(s)twerH- (“to turn, stir, agitate”).


rallum

la-noun

rāllum n (genitive rāllī); second declension

rāllum (canonical neuter)
rāllī (genitive)
rāllum (nominative singular)
rālla (nominative plural)
rāllī (genitive singular)
rāllōrum (genitive plural)
rāllō (dative singular)
rāllīs (dative plural)
rāllum (accusative singular)
rālla (accusative plural)
rāllō (ablative singular)
rāllīs (ablative plural)
rāllum (singular vocative)
rālla (plural vocative)

Galician: relo

Italian: ralla

Portuguese: ralo

Sicilian: raḍḍu

Spanish: rallo

From rādō (“I scrape”). Per Michiel de Vaan, formed as *rād-lo-. Compare with rāstrum and rādula.


volgiolus

volgiolus m (genitive volgiolī); second declension

volgiolī (genitive)
volgiolus (nominative singular)
volgiolī (nominative plural)
volgiolī (genitive singular)
volgiolōrum (genitive plural)
volgiolō (dative singular)
volgiolīs (dative plural)
volgiolum (accusative singular)
volgiolōs (accusative plural)
volgiolō (ablative singular)
volgiolīs (ablative plural)
volgiole (singular vocative)
volgiolī (plural vocative)

an implement for levelling beds of earth, prior to planting


mateola

mateola f (genitive mateolae); first declension

mateolae (genitive)
mateola (nominative singular)
mateolae (nominative plural)
mateolae (genitive singular)
mateolārum (genitive plural)
mateolae (dative singular)
mateolīs (dative plural)
mateolam (accusative singular)
mateolās (accusative plural)
mateolā (ablative singular)
mateolīs (ablative plural)
mateola (singular vocative)
mateolae (plural vocative)

Italian: mazzuola

Occitan: maçòla

Sicilian: mazzolu

Diminutive of an unattested noun *matea (“hoe”), from Proto-Indo-European *mot-(i-) (“club, hoe”), perhaps an extension of *met- (“to cut (by measure”). Compare matia (“club, mace”); outside of Italic, cognate to Proto-West Germanic *mattjuk (“mattock”), Proto-Slavic *motyka (“hoe”), Sanskrit मत्य (matya, “club, harrow”).

cog

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


peniculus

la-noun

pēniculus m (genitive pēniculī); second declension

pēniculus (canonical masculine)
pēniculī (genitive)
pēniculus (nominative singular)
pēniculī (nominative plural)
pēniculī (genitive singular)
pēniculōrum (genitive plural)
pēniculō (dative singular)
pēniculīs (dative plural)
pēniculum (accusative singular)
pēniculōs (accusative plural)
pēniculō (ablative singular)
pēniculīs (ablative plural)
pēnicule (singular vocative)
pēniculī (plural vocative)

A diminutive form of pēnis (“a tail”, anatomy “the penis”), formed as pēni(s) + -culus (suffix forming diminutives), so, literally, “a little tail” or "a little penis".

(Medieval Latin) a scourge (kind of whip)


cestrum

cestrum or cestron or cestrus or cestros n or m (genitive cestrī); second declension

cestrum (canonical)
cestron (canonical)
cestrus (canonical)
cestros (canonical masculine neuter)
cestrī (genitive)
cestrum (nominative singular)
cestron (nominative singular)
cestrus (nominative singular)
cestros (nominative singular)
cestra (nominative plural)
cestrī (nominative plural)
cestrī (genitive singular)
cestrōrum (genitive plural)
cestrō (dative singular)
cestrīs (dative plural)
cestrum (accusative singular)
cestron (accusative singular)
cestra (accusative plural)
cestrōs (accusative plural)
cestrō (ablative singular)
cestrīs (ablative plural)
cestrum (singular vocative)
cestron (singular vocative)
cestre (singular vocative)
cestra (plural vocative)
cestrī (plural vocative)
cestros (alternative)
cestron (alternative)

Translingual: Cestrum

Uncertain.
* Possibly borrowed from Ancient Greek κέστρον (késtron) or κέστρος (késtros, “sharpness”), from the root of the verb κεντέω (kentéō, “to prick, sting, stab”).
* Alternatively, from caed- (“to cut”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂id-, *kh₂eyd- (“to cut, hew”) + *-trom (“instrumental suffix”), related to Latin caelō (“carve”), caelum (“chisel”).

Iaia Cyzicena, perpetua virgo, M. Varronis iuventa, Romae et penicillo pinxit et cestro in ebore imagines mulierum maxime et Neapoli anum in grandi tabula, suam quoque imaginem ad speculum.

23 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Natural History 35.147, (The artist's name here is sometimes alternatively read Lala or Laia)

At Rome during the youth of Marcus Varro, Iaia of Cyzicus, who never married, made portraits both with a paintbrush and with a cestrum in ivory, mostly of women, and a large painted panel of an old woman at Naples, also a portrait of herself made with a mirror.

encausto pingendi duo fuere antiquitus genera cera et in ebore cestro id est vriculo donec classes pingi coepere hoc tertium accessit resolutis igni ceris penicillo utendi quae pictura navibus nec sole nec sale ventisve corrumpitur

23 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Natural History 35.149

Anciently there were two types of encaustic painting, with wax and in ivory with a cestrum (that is a small skewer/spit) until fleets started to be painted. This added a third type, using a brush with waxes melted by fire: this method of painting ships is not ruined by sun nor by salt or winds.

some tool used in encaustic painting on ivory


volsella

volsella f (genitive volsellae); first declension

volsellae (genitive)
volsella (nominative singular)
volsellae (nominative plural)
volsellae (genitive singular)
volsellārum (genitive plural)
volsellae (dative singular)
volsellīs (dative plural)
volsellam (accusative singular)
volsellās (accusative plural)
volsellā (ablative singular)
volsellīs (ablative plural)
volsella (singular vocative)
volsellae (plural vocative)
volsilla (alternative)
vulsella (alternative)

Protinus autem ubi plus sanguinis [e gingiva] profluit, scire licet, aliquid ex osse fractum esse. Ergo specillo conquirenda est testa, quae recessit, et volsella protrahenda est.

c. 47 CE, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, De Medicina, archived from the original on 2022-10-03, section 7.12:

However, when a lot of blood immediately flows out [of the gum], you can tell that some part of the bone has been broken off. So the fragment that sank in should be found with a probe and pulled out with a pair of tweezers.

Cum...
Nec vivat ullus in tuo pilus crure,
Purgentque saevae cana labra volsellae...

When ... no hair lives on your leg, and cruel tweezers cleanse your gray-haired lips [of hair]...


marcus

marcus m (genitive marcī); second declension

marcī (genitive)
marcus (nominative singular)
marcī (nominative plural)
marcī (genitive singular)
marcōrum (genitive plural)
marcō (dative singular)
marcīs (dative plural)
marcum (accusative singular)
marcōs (accusative plural)
marcō (ablative singular)
marcīs (ablative plural)
marce (singular vocative)
marcī (plural vocative)

Late back-formation from marculus, which was interpreted as having the diminutive suffix -ulus.


hirpex

hirpex m (genitive hirpicis); third declension

hirpicis (genitive)
hirpex (nominative singular)
hirpicēs (nominative plural)
hirpicis (genitive singular)
hirpicum (genitive plural)
hirpicī (dative singular)
hirpicibus (dative plural)
hirpicem (accusative singular)
hirpicēs (accusative plural)
hirpice (ablative singular)
hirpicibus (ablative plural)
hirpex (singular vocative)
hirpicēs (plural vocative)
irpex (alternative)

From hirpex, hirpicis

Franco-Provençal: hersi

Old French: herse

French: herse

Norman: hèrse

Walloon: yesse

→ Middle English: herse

English: hearse

Italian: erpice

From Medieval Latin: hercia

Old French: herce

From Medieval Latin: herpia

Franco-Provençal: herchi, herpi

Occitan: èrpia

Walloon: îpe


celtis

celtis f (genitive celtis); third declension

celtis (genitive)
celtis (nominative singular)
celtēs (nominative plural)
celtis (genitive singular)
celtium (genitive plural)
celtī (dative singular)
celtibus (dative plural)
celtem (accusative singular)
celtēs (accusative plural)
celtīs (accusative plural)
celte (ablative singular)
celtibus (ablative plural)
celtis (singular vocative)
celtēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Celtis

→ English: celt

→ German: Celt

Book of Job
Mulomedicina Chironis
Vulgate

Transcription of some African word not used in Latin for the plant. Spurious word in the sense of a chisel in the Vulgate, Book of Job, 19:24, for correct certē, after which some Medieval Latin compositions used it. In a 19ᵗʰ-century edition of Mulomedicina Chironis, also introduced as a bad conjecture for the second half of a new diminutive secūricella of secūricula, diminutive of secūris (“hatchet”).


mollestra

mollestra f (genitive mollestrae); first declension

mollestrae (genitive)
mollestra (nominative singular)
mollestrae (nominative plural)
mollestrae (genitive singular)
mollestrārum (genitive plural)
mollestrae (dative singular)
mollestrīs (dative plural)
mollestram (accusative singular)
mollestrās (accusative plural)
mollestrā (ablative singular)
mollestrīs (ablative plural)
mollestra (singular vocative)
mollestrae (plural vocative)

From molleō (“to be soft”) + -trum (instrumental suffix).


scudicia

la-noun

scudicia f (genitive scudiciae); first declension

scudiciae (genitive)
scudicia (nominative singular)
scudiciae (nominative plural)
scudiciae (genitive singular)
scudiciārum (genitive plural)
scudiciae (dative singular)
scudiciīs (dative plural)
scudiciam (accusative singular)
scudiciās (accusative plural)
scudiciā (ablative singular)
scudiciīs (ablative plural)
scudicia (singular vocative)
scudiciae (plural vocative)

From excōdicō (“to dig the earth around the base of a vine”), according to White (who argues that the frequently cited alternative proposal of derivation from excūdō (“to beat, hammer out”) is semantically inappropriate). In Isidore's time, the process of vowel prosthesis had led to the conflation in pronunciation of the prefix "ex" with word-initial "s" before a consonant.

An implement used for breaking up the earth at the base of a plant, possibly a type of pickaxe, mattock, hoe, or spade


ancistrum

ancistrum n (genitive ancistrī); second declension

ancistrī (genitive)
ancistrum (nominative singular)
ancistra (nominative plural)
ancistrī (genitive singular)
ancistrōrum (genitive plural)
ancistrō (dative singular)
ancistrīs (dative plural)
ancistrum (accusative singular)
ancistra (accusative plural)
ancistrō (ablative singular)
ancistrīs (ablative plural)
ancistrum (singular vocative)
ancistra (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἄγκιστρον (ánkistron).


pastinum

pastinum n (genitive pastinī); second declension

pastinī (genitive)
pastinum (nominative singular)
pastina (nominative plural)
pastinī (genitive singular)
pastinōrum (genitive plural)
pastinō (dative singular)
pastinīs (dative plural)
pastinum (accusative singular)
pastina (accusative plural)
pastinō (ablative singular)
pastinīs (ablative plural)
pastinum (singular vocative)
pastina (plural vocative)

Of unknown origin. Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *paxati (sense 2) (“to plow”).

unk

unknown


tamisium

la-noun

tamisium n (genitive tamisiī or tamisī); second declension

tamisiī (genitive)
tamisī (genitive)
tamisium (nominative singular)
tamisia (nominative plural)
tamisiī (genitive singular)
tamisī (genitive singular)
tamisiōrum (genitive plural)
tamisiō (dative singular)
tamisiīs (dative plural)
tamisium (accusative singular)
tamisia (accusative plural)
tamisiō (ablative singular)
tamisiīs (ablative plural)
tamisium (singular vocative)
tamisia (plural vocative)

Catalan: tamís

→ Old French: tamis

Middle French: tamis

French: tamis

→ English: tamis

→ Spanish: tamiz

Italian: tamiso, tamigio, tamisio

Occitan: tamis

Venetan: tamizo

The Medieval Latin term might be a borrowing from Old French tamis, or a continuation of earlier Latin. Further origin either from Gaulish or from Proto-West Germanic *tamisu (more at temse), which is in any case a cognate; also compare Ancient Greek τάμῐσος (támĭsos).


fretale

fretāle n (genitive fretālis); third declension

fretāle (canonical neuter)
fretālis (genitive)
fretāle (nominative singular)
fretālia (nominative plural)
fretālis (genitive singular)
fretālium (genitive plural)
fretālī (dative singular)
fretālibus (dative plural)
fretāle (accusative singular)
fretālia (accusative plural)
fretālī (ablative singular)
fretālibus (ablative plural)
fretāle (singular vocative)
fretālia (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to brew, boil”). Ultimately also related to ferveō, fretum and dēfrutum.


mergae

la-noun

mergae f pl (genitive mergārum); first declension

mergārum (genitive)
mergae (nominative plural)
mergārum (genitive plural)
mergīs (dative plural)
mergās (accusative plural)
mergīs (ablative plural)
mergae (plural vocative)

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European root common with Ancient Greek ἀμέργω (amérgō, “to pluck or pull”), ὀμόργνυμι (omórgnumi, “to wipe”) and maybe Lithuanian márška (“net for fish”).


hostorium

la-noun

hostōrium n (genitive hostōriī or hostōrī); second declension

hostōrium (canonical neuter)
hostōriī (genitive)
hostōrī (genitive)
hostōrium (nominative singular)
hostōria (nominative plural)
hostōriī (genitive singular)
hostōrī (genitive singular)
hostōriōrum (genitive plural)
hostōriō (dative singular)
hostōriīs (dative plural)
hostōrium (accusative singular)
hostōria (accusative plural)
hostōriō (ablative singular)
hostōriīs (ablative plural)
hostōrium (singular vocative)
hostōria (plural vocative)


gulbia

gulbia f (genitive gulbiae); first declension

gulbiae (genitive)
gulbia (nominative singular)
gulbiae (nominative plural)
gulbiae (genitive singular)
gulbiārum (genitive plural)
gulbiae (dative singular)
gulbiīs (dative plural)
gulbiam (accusative singular)
gulbiās (accusative plural)
gulbiā (ablative singular)
gulbiīs (ablative plural)
gulbia (singular vocative)
gulbiae (plural vocative)
gubia (alternative)

Galician: gubia

Italian: gorbia

Old French: gouge

English: gouge

French: gouge

Spanish: gubia

Borrowed from Gaulish *gulbiā, from Proto-Celtic *gulb- (whence also the further suffixed *gulbīnos (“beak, bill”); compare Middle Irish gulba (“beak, jaw”), Welsh gylfin (“beak”)), probably of non-Indo-European origin, and not related to Proto-Indo-European *gelbʰ- (“to flay, scrape”).


molucrum

la-noun

molucrum n (genitive molucrī); second declension

molucrī (genitive)
molucrum (nominative singular)
molucra (nominative plural)
molucrī (genitive singular)
molucrōrum (genitive plural)
molucrō (dative singular)
molucrīs (dative plural)
molucrum (accusative singular)
molucra (accusative plural)
molucrō (ablative singular)
molucrīs (ablative plural)
molucrum (singular vocative)
molucra (plural vocative)


sacena

sacēna f (genitive sacēnae); first declension

sacēna (canonical feminine)
sacēnae (genitive)
sacēna (nominative singular)
sacēnae (nominative plural)
sacēnae (genitive singular)
sacēnārum (genitive plural)
sacēnae (dative singular)
sacēnīs (dative plural)
sacēnam (accusative singular)
sacēnās (accusative plural)
sacēnā (ablative singular)
sacēnīs (ablative plural)
sacēna (singular vocative)
sacēnae (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Traditionally linked to Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), whence also Latin secō (“I cut”) and saxum (“stone”), but the root vowel /a/ and the suffix remain unexplained.


xystra

xystra f (genitive xystrae); first declension

xystrae (genitive)
xystra (nominative singular)
xystrae (nominative plural)
xystrae (genitive singular)
xystrārum (genitive plural)
xystrae (dative singular)
xystrīs (dative plural)
xystram (accusative singular)
xystrās (accusative plural)
xystrā (ablative singular)
xystrīs (ablative plural)
xystra (singular vocative)
xystrae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ξύστρα (xústra).


mamphur

Italian: manfano

Perhaps from Oscan, from a Proto-Indo-European root common with Lithuanian mentùris (“cooking beater”), Polish mątew (“beater”) and maybe German Mandel (“quantity of 15”).


liaculum

līāculum n (genitive līāculī); second declension

līāculum (canonical neuter)
līāculī (genitive)
līāculum (nominative singular)
līācula (nominative plural)
līāculī (genitive singular)
līāculōrum (genitive plural)
līāculō (dative singular)
līāculīs (dative plural)
līāculum (accusative singular)
līācula (accusative plural)
līāculō (ablative singular)
līāculīs (ablative plural)
līāculum (singular vocative)
līācula (plural vocative)


rudicula

rudicula f (genitive rudiculae); first declension

rudiculae (genitive)
rudicula (nominative singular)
rudiculae (nominative plural)
rudiculae (genitive singular)
rudiculārum (genitive plural)
rudiculae (dative singular)
rudiculīs (dative plural)
rudiculam (accusative singular)
rudiculās (accusative plural)
rudiculā (ablative singular)
rudiculīs (ablative plural)
rudicula (singular vocative)
rudiculae (plural vocative)


mustricula

mūstricula f (genitive mūstriculae); first declension

mūstricula (canonical feminine)
mūstriculae (genitive)
mūstricula (nominative singular)
mūstriculae (nominative plural)
mūstriculae (genitive singular)
mūstriculārum (genitive plural)
mūstriculae (dative singular)
mūstriculīs (dative plural)
mūstriculam (accusative singular)
mūstriculās (accusative plural)
mūstriculā (ablative singular)
mūstriculīs (ablative plural)
mūstricula (singular vocative)
mūstriculae (plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Italic *mūstrā (“mouse-like animal”), being a cognate of mūstēla due to similarity between the last and weasel's teeth.


pavicula

la-noun

pavīcula f (genitive pavīculae); first declension

pavīcula (canonical feminine)
pavīculae (genitive)
pavīcula (nominative singular)
pavīculae (nominative plural)
pavīculae (genitive singular)
pavīculārum (genitive plural)
pavīculae (dative singular)
pavīculīs (dative plural)
pavīculam (accusative singular)
pavīculās (accusative plural)
pavīculā (ablative singular)
pavīculīs (ablative plural)
pavīcula (singular vocative)
pavīculae (plural vocative)

From paviō (“I ram, I strike”) + -cula (suffix forming instrument nouns).


cauterium

la-noun

cautērium n (genitive cautēriī or cautērī); second declension

cautērium (canonical neuter)
cautēriī (genitive)
cautērī (genitive)
cautērium (nominative singular)
cautēria (nominative plural)
cautēriī (genitive singular)
cautērī (genitive singular)
cautēriōrum (genitive plural)
cautēriō (dative singular)
cautēriīs (dative plural)
cautērium (accusative singular)
cautēria (accusative plural)
cautēriō (ablative singular)
cautēriīs (ablative plural)
cautērium (singular vocative)
cautēria (plural vocative)

→ Old Saxon: kanteri

→ Catalan: cauteri

→ Galician: cauterio

→ Italian: cauterio

→ Portuguese: cautério

→ Spanish: cauterio

Borrowed from Ancient Greek καυτήριον (kautḗrion), derived from καίω (kaíō, “I burn”).


incerniculum

incerniculum n (genitive incerniculī); second declension

incerniculī (genitive)
incerniculum (nominative singular)
incernicula (nominative plural)
incerniculī (genitive singular)
incerniculōrum (genitive plural)
incerniculō (dative singular)
incerniculīs (dative plural)
incerniculum (accusative singular)
incernicula (accusative plural)
incerniculō (ablative singular)
incerniculīs (ablative plural)
incerniculum (singular vocative)
incernicula (plural vocative)

[ɪŋ.kɛrˈnɪ.kʊ.ɫũː]


tripalium

tripālium n (genitive tripāliī); second declension

tripālium (canonical neuter)
tripāliī (genitive)
tripālium (nominative singular)
tripālia (nominative plural)
tripāliī (genitive singular)
tripāliōrum (genitive plural)
tripāliō (dative singular)
tripāliīs (dative plural)
tripālium (accusative singular)
tripālia (accusative plural)
tripāliō (ablative singular)
tripāliīs (ablative plural)
tripālium (singular vocative)
tripālia (plural vocative)
trepālium (alternative)

desc

Old French: travail (“device for detaining horses whilst they are shod or armoured”)

French: travail

⇒ English: travois

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tripāliāre (see there for further descendants)

From tripālis (“composed of three stakes”) + -ium. Possibly a calque of Byzantine Greek τριπάσσαλον (tripássalon), from τρι- (tri-, “three”) + πάσσαλος (pássalos, “peg”).

af

Non licet presbytero, nec diacono, ad trepalium, ubi rei torquentur, stare.

578 CE, Aunacharius Autissiodorensis, Concilium Antissiodorense (Council of Auxerre) Canon XXXIII

It is not permitted for a priest, nor a deacon, to stand close to a trepalium, where the guilty are tortured.

tentative torture instrument consisting of three stakes


xylospongium

la-noun

xylospongium n (genitive xylospongiī or xylospongī); second declension

xylospongiī (genitive)
xylospongī (genitive)
xylospongium (nominative singular)
xylospongia (nominative plural)
xylospongiī (genitive singular)
xylospongī (genitive singular)
xylospongiōrum (genitive plural)
xylospongiō (dative singular)
xylospongiīs (dative plural)
xylospongium (accusative singular)
xylospongia (accusative plural)
xylospongiō (ablative singular)
xylospongiīs (ablative plural)
xylospongium (singular vocative)
xylospongia (plural vocative)
xylosphongium (alternative)

→ English: xylospongium

From Ancient Greek ξῠλοσπόγγῐον (xŭlospóngĭon), diminutive of ξῠλόσπογγος (xŭlóspongos).

bor

ξῠλοσπόγγῐον

xylospongium (a Greek and Roman utensil consisting of a sea sponge fixed to the end of a wooden stick, typically thought to have been used for anal hygiene or as a toilet brush)


tersorium

la-noun

tersōrium n (genitive tersōriī or tersōrī); second declension

tersōrium (canonical neuter)
tersōriī (genitive)
tersōrī (genitive)
tersōrium (nominative singular)
tersōria (nominative plural)
tersōriī (genitive singular)
tersōrī (genitive singular)
tersōriōrum (genitive plural)
tersōriō (dative singular)
tersōriīs (dative plural)
tersōrium (accusative singular)
tersōria (accusative plural)
tersōriō (ablative singular)
tersōriīs (ablative plural)
tersōrium (singular vocative)
tersōria (plural vocative)

From tergeō (“to wipe (off)”) + -sōrium (“-er”).