regina

la-noun

rēgīna f (genitive rēgīnae, masculine rēx); first declension

rēgīna (canonical feminine)
rēgīnae (genitive)
rēx (masculine)
rēgīna (nominative singular)
rēgīnae (nominative plural)
rēgīnae (genitive singular)
rēgīnārum (genitive plural)
rēgīnae (dative singular)
rēgīnīs (dative plural)
rēgīnam (accusative singular)
rēgīnās (accusative plural)
rēgīnā (ablative singular)
rēgīnīs (ablative plural)
rēgīna (singular vocative)
rēgīnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: reina

Franco-Provençal: rêna

Friulian: reìne

desctree

Italian: regina, reina (archaic, poetic, Old Roman)
→ Maltese: reġina

Neapolitan: riggina

Old French: royne
French: reine
Norman: royne, ranne, reine
Walloon: royinne
→ Old East Slavic: ръ́ина (rŷ́ina)

Old Galician-Portuguese: reinha, reỹa, reynna, reýña, reyña, rreýña, rreyña, rainha, raynna, raỹa, rayña
Galician: raíña
Portuguese: rainha

Old Occitan: reina
Occitan: reina

Old Spanish: reyna
Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: regina, rigegna, raïna

Sardinian: reina, arreina

desc

Sicilian: rijina (obsolete), riggina (influenced by Italian)

Venetan: rexina

Walloon: royinne

→ Basque: erregina

→ English: Regina, regina

→ Interlingua: regina

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: regina

→ Romanian: regină

→ Translingual: Regina

Inherited from Proto-Italic *rēgīnā, see there for more. A feminine counterpart to rēx, rēgis (“king”).

‘cūr igitur rēgīna vocor prīncepsque deārum?

“Therefore, why am I being called queen and foremost of the goddesses? Why have they given me a golden scepter for my right hand?”


rex

la-noun

rēx m (genitive rēgis, feminine rēgīna); third declension

rēx (canonical masculine)
rēgis (genitive)
rēgīna (feminine)
rēx (nominative singular)
rēgēs (nominative plural)
rēgis (genitive singular)
rēgum (genitive plural)
rēgī (dative singular)
rēgibus (dative plural)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgēs (accusative plural)
rēge (ablative singular)
rēgibus (ablative plural)
rēx (singular vocative)
rēgēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: rè

Italian: re
→ Maltese: re

Neapolitan: rré

Sicilian: re, reji

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rà

Old Lombard: rex

Lombard: rè, re

Piedmontese: rèj

Friulian: re

Ladin: re

Ligurian: re

Romansch: retg, raig, rai

Venetan: re

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rê

desctree

Old French: roi, rex, rei, rai, roy
Middle French: roy
French: roi, roy (obsolete) (pre-1800)
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa
Norman:
Continental Normandy: rei
Guernsey: ré, roué
Jersey: rouai
Sark: rwe
Walloon: roy, rwè
→ Middle English: roy, roye
English: roy

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: rei, rey

Catalan: rei

Old Occitan: rei
Occitan: rei, rèi

Ibero-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: rei, rey

Aragonese: rei

Old Leonese: rei, rey, re

Asturian: rei, reye

Leonese: rei

Mirandese: rei

Old Galician-Portuguese: rei
Fala: rei
Galician: rei
Portuguese: rei (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rey
Ladino: rey
Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: re, rei

→ Albanian: regj

→ Basque: errege

→ English: rex, Rex

→ Esperanto: reĝo

→ Koine Greek: ῥήξ (rhḗx)

→ Greek: ρήγας (rígas)

→ Albanian: rig

→ Romanian: rigă

→ Ido: rejo

→ Interlingua: rege

→ Italian: rege

→ Romanian: rege

→? Sicilian: reghi

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Balaeniceps rex, Tyrannosaurus rex

→ Volapük: reg

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
From Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”).

etymon

rēx

inh

(derogatory) despot, tyrant (during the time of the Republic when there were no kings and executive power was usually divided)


regno

la-verb

rēgnō (present infinitive rēgnāre, perfect active rēgnāvī, supine rēgnātum); first conjugation

rēgnō (canonical)
rēgnāre (infinitive present)
rēgnāvī (active perfect)
rēgnātum (supine)
rēgnō (active first-person indicative present singular)
rēgnās (active indicative present second-person singular)
rēgnat (active indicative present singular third-person)
rēgnāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
rēgnātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
rēgnant (active indicative plural present third-person)
rēgnābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
rēgnābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
rēgnābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
rēgnābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
rēgnābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
rēgnābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
rēgnābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
rēgnābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
rēgnābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
rēgnābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
rēgnābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
rēgnābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
rēgnāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
rēgnāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
rēgnāstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
rēgnāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
rēgnāt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
rēgnāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
rēgnāmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
rēgnāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
rēgnāstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
rēgnāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
rēgnārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
rēgnāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
rēgnāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
rēgnāram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
rēgnāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
rēgnārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
rēgnāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
rēgnārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
rēgnāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
rēgnārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
rēgnāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
rēgnārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
rēgnāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
rēgnārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
rēgnāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
rēgnārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
rēgnāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
rēgnāris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
rēgnāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
rēgnārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
rēgnāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
rēgnārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
rēgnāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
rēgnāritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
rēgnāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
rēgnārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
rēgnor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
rēgnāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
rēgnāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
rēgnātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
rēgnāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
rēgnāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
rēgnantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
rēgnābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
rēgnābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
rēgnābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
rēgnābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
rēgnābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
rēgnābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
rēgnābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
rēgnābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
rēgnāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
rēgnābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
rēgnābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
rēgnābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
rēgnābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
rēgnābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
rēgnem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rēgnēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rēgnēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rēgnētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rēgnent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rēgnārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
rēgnārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
rēgnārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
rēgnārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
rēgnārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
rēgnāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
rēgnārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
rēgnāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
rēgnārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
rēgnāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
rēgnārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
rēgnāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
rēgnārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
rēgnāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
rēgnārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
rēgnāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
rēgnāssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
rēgnāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnāssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
rēgnāsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
rēgnāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
rēgnāssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
rēgnāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
rēgnāssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
rēgnāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
rēgnāssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
rēgner (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rēgnēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rēgnēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rēgnēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rēgnentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rēgnārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
rēgnārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rēgnārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rēgnārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
rēgnārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rēgnārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rēgnā (active imperative present second-person singular)
rēgnāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
rēgnātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
rēgnātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
rēgnātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
rēgnantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
rēgnāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
rēgnāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
rēgnātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
rēgnātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
rēgnantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
rēgnāre (active infinitive present)
rēgnārī (infinitive passive present)
rēgnāns (active participle present)
rēgnātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
rēgnātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
rēgnātūrus (active future participle)
rēgnandus (future participle passive)
rēgnāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
rēgnāsse (active infinitive perfect)
rēgnātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
rēgnātus (participle passive perfect)
rēgnātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
rēgnātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
rēgnandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
rēgnandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
rēgnandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
rēgnandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
rēgnātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
rēgnātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
r. (alternative)

Asturian: reinar

Catalan: regnar

English: reign

French: régner

Italian: regnare

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: reinar
Galician: reinar
Portuguese: reinar

Piedmontese: regné

Romansch: regner, regnar

Spanish: reinar


domus

la-noun

domus f (genitive domūs or domī); irregular, variously declined, fourth declension, second declension

domus (canonical feminine)
variously declined (canonical)
domūs (genitive)
domī (genitive)
domus (nominative singular)
domūs (nominative plural)
domūs (genitive singular)
domī (genitive singular)
domuum (genitive plural)
domōrum (genitive plural)
domuī (dative singular)
domō (dative singular)
domū (dative singular)
domibus (dative plural)
domum (accusative singular)
domūs (accusative plural)
domōs (accusative plural)
domū (ablative singular)
domō (ablative singular)
domibus (ablative plural)
domus (singular vocative)
domūs (plural vocative)
domī (locative singular)
demus (alternative)

Italian: duomo, domo (“cathedral”)

→ Middle French: dome

French: dôme (“cathedral”)

→? Piedmontese: dòm, dom

→? Portuguese: domo

Old French: dom (rare)

Venetan: domo

Sardinian: domu, domo, dommu

Sicilian: domu

q

→ Proto-West Germanic: *dōm (see there for further descendants; some were later influenced by French)

For Proto-Italic *domos, from Proto-Indo-European *dṓm (“house, home”), from root *dem- (“to build”). Cognates include Ancient Greek δόμος (dómos), Albanian dhomë (“a chamber, a room”), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬨- (dam-) Sanskrit दम (dáma), Proto-Slavic *domъ and further to English timber. At least indirectly cognate to Latin dominus.
The feminine gender is probably due to the original root noun; attempts to transfer it to the 4th declension are due to 2nd declension feminines being unusual outside of tree names. Some manuscripts of Plautus show forms in dem-; De Vaan (2008) doubts their authenticity.

domī habeō

I have at home, I have in abundance, I am provided with

domō

from home, out of the house; at home, in the house; adverbial form

domum

home, homewards, to the house; adverbial form

extrā domum

placed outside of the house; refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery

prō domō

for one’s own home or house; serving the interests of a given perspective or for the benefit of a given group

household, family (the dependants of the head of a house)


regnum

la-noun

rēgnum n (genitive rēgnī); second declension

rēgnum (canonical neuter)
rēgnī (genitive)
rēgnum (nominative singular)
rēgna (nominative plural)
rēgnī (genitive singular)
rēgnōrum (genitive plural)
rēgnō (dative singular)
rēgnīs (dative plural)
rēgnum (accusative singular)
rēgna (accusative plural)
rēgnō (ablative singular)
rēgnīs (ablative plural)
rēgnum (singular vocative)
rēgna (plural vocative)

desctree

Old Leonese: regno
Asturian: reinu
Extremaduran: reinu
Leonese: reinu
Mirandese: reino

Catalan: regne

Dalmatian: raigno

French: règne

→ English: reign

→ Romanian: regn

Friulian: regn

Italian: regno

Ligurian: régno

Old Galician-Portuguese: reino, reyno
Fala: reinu
Galician: reino
Portuguese: reino

Piedmontese: regn

Sicilian: regnu

Sardinian: regnu, arregnu, rennu

Spanish: reino

Translingual: regnum

Sum sine rēgnō.

Templa Iovī centum lātīs immānia rēgnīs,
centum ārās posuit ….
[Iarbas] in his far-reaching realms had built a hundred great temples, a hundred altars, for Jupiter.
(See: Iarbas, Iovi.)

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.199–200


princeps

la-noun

prī̆nceps m or f (genitive prī̆ncipis); third declension

prī̆nceps (canonical feminine masculine)
prī̆ncipis (genitive)
prī̆nceps (nominative singular)
prī̆ncipēs (nominative plural)
prī̆ncipis (genitive singular)
prī̆ncipum (genitive plural)
prī̆ncipī (dative singular)
prī̆ncipibus (dative plural)
prī̆ncipem (accusative singular)
prī̆ncipēs (accusative plural)
prī̆ncipe (ablative singular)
prī̆ncipibus (ablative plural)
prī̆nceps (singular vocative)
prī̆ncipēs (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: pringj

→ Ancient Greek: πρῖγκιψ (prînkips)

Byzantine Greek: πρῖγκιψ (prînkips)

→ Greek: πρίγκιπας (prígkipas)

→ Basque: printze

Catalan: príncep

Italian: principe

desctree

→ Old French: prince (semi-learned)
Middle French: prince
French: prince
→ Ottoman Turkish: پرَنْس (prens)
Turkish: prens
→ Persian: پرَنس (perans)
→ English: prince
→ Manx: prinse
→ Japanese: プリンス (purinsu)
→ Dutch: prins
→ Danish: prins
→ Swedish: prins
→ Finnish: prinssi
→ Middle High German: prinze
German: Prinz
→ Russian: принц (princ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: princ
→ Esperanto: princo
→ Icelandic: prins
→ Faroese: prinsur
→ Luxembourgish: Prënz
→ Irish: prionsa
→ Romanian: prinț
→ Latvian: princis

Old Occitan: prince

→ Portuguese: príncipe

Sicilian: prìncipi

→ Spanish: príncipe
→ Cebuano: prinsipe
→ Tagalog: prinsipe

→ German: Fürst (calque)
→ Danish: fyrste
→ Estonian: vürst
→ Icelandic: fursti
→ Latvian: firsts
→ Polish: firc
→ Silesian: fyszt
→ Swedish: furste

→ Dutch: vorst (calque)

→ English: princeps

From Proto-Italic *priisemokaps by syncope. By surface analysis, prīmus (“first”) + -ceps (“catcher”). Compare Old English fruma (“chief, prince, ruler”).

cog

(military, in the plural) company or division of the second line of soldiers


dynastia

la-noun

dynastīa f (genitive dynastīae); first declension

dynastīa (canonical feminine)
dynastīae (genitive)
dynastīa (nominative singular)
dynastīae (nominative plural)
dynastīae (genitive singular)
dynastīārum (genitive plural)
dynastīae (dative singular)
dynastīīs (dative plural)
dynastīam (accusative singular)
dynastīās (accusative plural)
dynastīā (ablative singular)
dynastīīs (ablative plural)
dynastīa (singular vocative)
dynastīae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: dinastia

→ Czech: dynastie

→ Dalmatian: dynastia

→ Danish: dynasti

→ Finnish: dynastia

→ German: Dynastie

→ Hungarian: dinasztia

→ Italian: dinastia

→ Middle French: dynastie

French: dynastie

→ Dutch: dynastie

→ English: dynasty

→ Romanian: dinastie

→ Norwegian: dynasti

→ Occitan: dinastia

→ Polish: dynastia

→ Portuguese: dinastia

→ Sicilian: dinastìa

→ Spanish: dinastía

→ Swedish: dynasti

From Ancient Greek δυναστεία (dunasteía, “lordship, dominion”).


clementia

la-noun

clēmentia f (genitive clēmentiae); first declension

clēmentia (canonical feminine)
clēmentiae (genitive)
clēmentia (nominative singular)
clēmentiae (nominative plural)
clēmentiae (genitive singular)
clēmentiārum (genitive plural)
clēmentiae (dative singular)
clēmentiīs (dative plural)
clēmentiam (accusative singular)
clēmentiās (accusative plural)
clēmentiā (ablative singular)
clēmentiīs (ablative plural)
clēmentia (singular vocative)
clēmentiae (plural vocative)

Catalan: clemència

Dutch: clementie

English: clemency

French: clémence

Galician: clemencia

Italian: clemenza

Old French: clementia (isolated attestation)

Portuguese: clemência

Romanian: clemență

Sicilian: chimenza

Spanish: clemencia

clemency, mildness (of climate or the weather)

Clementia tua

Grace (capitalized for royal/imperial titles and addresses)


palatinus

la-adj

palātīnus (feminine palātīna, neuter palātīnum); first/second-declension adjective

palātīnus (canonical)
palātīna (feminine)
palātīnum (neuter)
palātīnus (masculine nominative singular)
palātīna (feminine nominative singular)
palātīnum (neuter nominative singular)
palātīnī (masculine nominative plural)
palātīnae (feminine nominative plural)
palātīna (neuter nominative plural)
palātīnī (genitive masculine singular)
palātīnae (feminine genitive singular)
palātīnī (genitive neuter singular)
palātīnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
palātīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
palātīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
palātīnō (dative masculine singular)
palātīnae (dative feminine singular)
palātīnō (dative neuter singular)
palātīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
palātīnum (accusative masculine singular)
palātīnam (accusative feminine singular)
palātīnum (accusative neuter singular)
palātīnōs (accusative masculine plural)
palātīnās (accusative feminine plural)
palātīna (accusative neuter plural)
palātīnō (ablative masculine singular)
palātīnā (ablative feminine singular)
palātīnō (ablative neuter singular)
palātīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
palātīne (masculine singular vocative)
palātīna (feminine singular vocative)
palātīnum (neuter singular vocative)
palātīnī (masculine plural vocative)
palātīnae (feminine plural vocative)
palātīna (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: palatí

→ French: palatin

Middle English:

→ English: palatine

→ Galician: palatino

Italian: paladino (see there for further descendants)

→ Italian: palatino

→ Portuguese: palatino

→ Spanish: palatino

From palātium (“a palace”) + -īnus (“-ine”, adjectival suffix).

af

(monarchy) relating to counties palatine; palatine


Cingetorix

la-proper noun

Cingetorīx m sg (genitive Cingetorīgis); third declension

Cingetorīx (canonical masculine singular)
Cingetorīgis (genitive)
Cingetorīx (nominative singular)
Cingetorīgis (genitive singular)
Cingetorīgī (dative singular)
Cingetorīgem (accusative singular)
Cingetorīge (ablative singular)
Cingetorīx (singular vocative)

From Gaulish *kingetorīx (literally “warrior-king, king of warriors”), from *kingess (“warrior”) + *rīx (“king”), from *kengets (“warrior”) + *rīxs (“king”), from *(s)keng- (“to limp, walk lamely”) + *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler”).

der

a Latin proper name borrowed from Celtic/Gaulish male name

one of the leading chiefs of the Celtic tribe "Treviri"

one of the leading chiefs of the Celtic tribe "Britons"