ami

From Ancient Greek ἄμι (ámi), itself probably from Egyptian.

Visnaga daucoides
Visnaga daucoides#Translingual

bisnaga (Visnaga daucoides, syn. Ammi visnaga)


far

la-noun

far n (genitive farris); third declension

farris (genitive)
far (nominative singular)
farra (nominative plural)
farris (genitive singular)
farrum (genitive plural)
farrī (dative singular)
farribus (dative plural)
far (accusative singular)
farra (accusative plural)
farre (ablative singular)
farribus (ablative plural)
far (singular vocative)
farra (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: far

Galician: farelo

Italian: farro
→ English: farro

Portuguese: farelo

Sicilian: farru

→ English: far

From Proto-Italic *fars (“flour, grain”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰars-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers- (“spike, prickle”); compare Welsh bara (“bread”), English barley, Serbo-Croatian brȁšno (“flour”), Albanian bar (“grass”), Ancient Greek Φηρῶν (Phērôn, “plant deity”).


beta

la-noun

bēta f (genitive bētae); first declension

bēta (canonical feminine)
bētae (genitive)
bēta (nominative singular)
bētae (nominative plural)
bētae (genitive singular)
bētārum (genitive plural)
bētae (dative singular)
bētīs (dative plural)
bētam (accusative singular)
bētās (accusative plural)
bētā (ablative singular)
bētīs (ablative plural)
bēta (singular vocative)
bētae (plural vocative)

Catalan: bleda (partially), bleda-rave

French: bette, betterave, blette (partially)

Galician: beterraba

Portuguese: beterraba

Spanish: betarraga (Chile), beterraga (Chile), beterava (Western Argentina)

Irish: biatas

Italian: bieta (partially), bietola

Norman: betterave

Sicilian: jiti (Southern East of Sicily) (it is probably pluralia tantum but preceded by definite article "a")

→ Proto-West Germanic: *bētā (see there for further descendants)

Said by some sources to be of Celtic origin, but no obvious Celtic cognates exist. Also compared are blitum (“spinach”), meta (“conic heap of stones”) (compared to the root's spindle form), and less likely, sense 2, with the seed vessel resembling the letter.


uva

ūva (canonical feminine)
ūvae (genitive)
ūva (nominative singular)
ūvae (nominative plural)
ūvae (genitive singular)
ūvārum (genitive plural)
ūvae (dative singular)
ūvīs (dative plural)
ūvam (accusative singular)
ūvās (accusative plural)
ūvā (ablative singular)
ūvīs (ablative plural)
ūva (singular vocative)
ūvae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: auã

Asturian: uva

Corsican: uva

Dalmatian: joiva

Esperanto: uvo

French: uve

Friulian: ue, uve

Italian: uva

Occitan: uva

Old Galician-Portuguese: uva

Fala: uva

Galician: uva

Portuguese: uva

Piedmontese: uva

Romanian: auă

Romansch: iva, ieuva, uia, iua

Sardinian: úa

Sicilian: uva

Spanish: uva

Venetan: ua, ùa, ova

→ English: uva

From Proto-Italic *oiwā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- (“a kind of tree with berries”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄα (óa, “Sorbus domestica”), Old Armenian այգի (aygi, “grapevine”), Proto-Germanic *ī(h)waz (“yew”), Proto-Slavic *jь̀va (“willow”).


bunion

la-noun

būnion n (genitive būniī); second declension

būnion (canonical neuter)
būniī (genitive)
būnion (nominative singular)
būnia (nominative plural)
būniī (genitive singular)
būniōrum (genitive plural)
būniō (dative singular)
būniīs (dative plural)
būnion (accusative singular)
būnia (accusative plural)
būniō (ablative singular)
būniīs (ablative plural)
būnion (singular vocative)
būnia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Bunium

From the Ancient Greek βούνῐον (boúnĭon).

Nāpōrum duās differentiās et in medicīnā Graecī servant. Angulōsīs foliōrum caulibus, flōre anētī, quod būnion vocant, pūrgātiōnibus fēminārum et vēsīcae et ūrīnae ūtile dēcoctum, pōtum ex aquā mulsā vel sūcī drachmā; sēmen dysintericīs tostum trītumque in aquae calidae cyathīs quattuor. sed ūrīnam inhibet, sī nōn līnī sēmen ūna bibātur.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 20.11

The Greeks also preserve two distinct types of turnip in medicine. With angular leafstalks and a flower like that of dill, the one they call the “bunion” is useful boiled, drunk in mead or in a drachma of juice for women's purgings and for the bladder and for the urine; the seed, toasted and ground, in four ladlesful of warm water, (is useful) for people with dysentery. It prevents urination, however, if one (drachma) of linseed is not drunk.

a type of turnip, perhaps earthnut, Bunium ferulaceum


patata

patāta f (genitive patātae); first declension

patāta (canonical feminine)
patātae (genitive)
patāta (nominative singular)
patātae (nominative plural)
patātae (genitive singular)
patātārum (genitive plural)
patātae (dative singular)
patātīs (dative plural)
patātam (accusative singular)
patātās (accusative plural)
patātā (ablative singular)
patātīs (ablative plural)
patāta (singular vocative)
patātae (plural vocative)

[päˈt̪äːt̪ä]

[päˈt̪äːt̪ä]


ros

rōs m (genitive rōris); third declension

rōs (canonical masculine)
rōris (genitive)
rōs (nominative singular)
rōrēs (nominative plural)
rōris (genitive singular)
rōrum (genitive plural)
rōrī (dative singular)
rōribus (dative plural)
rōrem (accusative singular)
rōrēs (accusative plural)
rōre (ablative singular)
rōribus (ablative plural)
rōs (singular vocative)
rōrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aroauã

Romanian: rouă

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ros

→ Sardinian: arròsu

Occitan: ròs, arròs

Vulgar Latin:

⇒ *rōsāta (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: rore ⇒ rory

→ Middle French: rore

⇒ French: rorique

Esperanto: roso

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roseh₂ (“dew”), itself possibly a derivative of *h₁ers- (“to flow”). Cognate with Sanskrit रसा (rásā, “moisture, humidity”), Ancient Greek ἐξεράω (exeráō, “pour out”), Lithuanian rasà (“dew”), Serbo-Croatian rosa /роса (“dew”).

cog

690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6

Cytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to furzes and rosemary.

Citisum genus arboris quasi catanum erba odoribera uergilius et uix humiles apibus casias rorem que

Salvia rosmarinus
Salvia rosmarinus#Translingual

Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosmarinus officinalis#Translingual

rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)


baca

la-noun

bāca f (genitive bācae); first declension

bāca (canonical feminine)
bācae (genitive)
bāca (nominative singular)
bācae (nominative plural)
bācae (genitive singular)
bācārum (genitive plural)
bācae (dative singular)
bācīs (dative plural)
bācam (accusative singular)
bācās (accusative plural)
bācā (ablative singular)
bācīs (ablative plural)
bāca (singular vocative)
bācae (plural vocative)

Italian: bacca

→ Romanian: bacă

Old French: baie

French: baie

→ Catalan: baia

→ Middle English: baye, baie

English: bay (leaf)

→ Middle Dutch: baye

Dutch: bei

→ Italian: baia

→ Spanish: baya

West Iberian

Asturian: baga

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: baga

Portuguese: baga

Spanish: baca

Unknown. Possibly:
* If from Proto-Indo-European, it may be connected to Lithuanian bapkas (“berry, laurel”), which renders a sound-symbolic root *bab- (“to be round; small fruit”), evolving into *bab-ca and finally bā̆(c)ca (with compensatory lengthening or gemination). This etymology suffers from phonological problems as well as the paucity of cognates, but for the alternation compare the pairs cippus : cīpus and littera : lītera.
* Somehow related to Ancient Greek Βάκχος (Bákkhos, “Bacchus; twig used as a symbol of Bacchus?”), which cannot be inherited and may be Pre-Greek or Anatolian in origin.
* More likely, from a local substrate source perhaps shared with Proto-Berber *bqā (“blackberry, mulberry, shrub berry”).

cog

Et hāctenus sint speciēs ac genera pōmōrum: nātūrās artius colligī pār est. alia siliquīs distinguntur, ipsīs dulcibus sēmenque conplexīs amārum, cum in plūribus sēmina placeant, in siliquā damnentur; alia bācīs, quārum intus lignum et extrā carō, ut olīvīs, cerasīs; aliquōrum intus bācae, forīs lignum, ut iīs quae in Aegyptō dīximus gignī. quae bācīs nātūra, eadem et pōmīs.

23 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 16.219

various small fruit of trees and shrubs: a berry, stone fruit (including olives, cherries)


vagina

la-noun

vāgīna f (genitive vāgīnae); first declension

vāgīna (canonical feminine)
vāgīnae (genitive)
vāgīna (nominative singular)
vāgīnae (nominative plural)
vāgīnae (genitive singular)
vāgīnārum (genitive plural)
vāgīnae (dative singular)
vāgīnīs (dative plural)
vāgīnam (accusative singular)
vāgīnās (accusative plural)
vāgīnā (ablative singular)
vāgīnīs (ablative plural)
vāgīna (singular vocative)
vāgīnae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: guaina

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: vèina

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: beina

Old French: guaïne

French: gaine

Occitan: gaina

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: bainha (“sheath”)
Galician: vaíña, baíña
Portuguese: bainha

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: [Term?] (“pod”)

Fala: vaina

Galician: vaxa, gaxa, vaixa, varxa

Portuguese: vagem, vage, bagem

Asturian: vaina

Spanish: vaina

⇒ Spanish: vainilla (see there for further descendants)

→ English: vanilla

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėɣin (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Irish: faigen

Irish: faighin

Manx: fine

Scottish Gaelic: faighean

Borrowings (anatomical sense)

→ Afrikaans: vagina

→ Albanian: vaginë, vagjinë

→ Aragonese: vachina

→ Asturian: vaxina

→ Azerbaijani: vagina

→ Belarusian: вагіна (vahina)

→ Bulgarian: вагина (vagina)

→ Catalan: vagina

→ Czech: vagína

→ Danish: vagina

→ Dutch: vagina

→ English: vagina

→ Finnish: vagina

→ French: vagin (see there for further descendants)

→ Friulian: vagine, vazine

→ Galician: vaxina

→ Georgian: ვაგინა (vagina)

→ German: Vagina

→ Japanese: ワギナ (wagina)

→ Korean: 바기나 (bagina)

→ Northern Kurdish: vajîna

→ Indonesian: vagina

→ Italian: vagina

→ Latvian: vagīna

→ Macedonian: вагина (vagina)

→ Maltese: vaġina

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vagina

→ Occitan: vagina

→ Portuguese: vagina

→ Russian: ваги́на (vagína)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вагина

Latin script: vagina

→ Sicilian: vajina, vagina

→ Slovak: vagína

→ Slovene: vagina

→ Spanish: vagina

→ Swedish: vagina

→ Turkish: vajina

→ Ukrainian: вагіна (vahina)

→ Uzbek: vagina

→ Venetan: vaxina, vazina

→ West Frisian: fagina

→ Yiddish: וואַגינע (vagine)

[u̯äːˈɡiːnä]

[väˈd͡ʒiːnä]

From Proto-Italic *wāgīnā (“sheath, scabbard”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wag- (“sheath, cover”). Tentatively cognate with Lithuanian vóžti (“to cover”).

inh

(transferred sense) the covering, sheath, holder of anything


avena

la-noun

avēna f (genitive avēnae); first declension

avēna (canonical feminine)
avēnae (genitive)
avēna (nominative singular)
avēnae (nominative plural)
avēnae (genitive singular)
avēnārum (genitive plural)
avēnae (dative singular)
avēnīs (dative plural)
avēnam (accusative singular)
avēnās (accusative plural)
avēnā (ablative singular)
avēnīs (ablative plural)
avēna (singular vocative)
avēnae (plural vocative)

Old French: aveine

Bourguignon: aivoigne

Champenois: aoinne, avène, avouène

French: avoine

Norman: avaine

Picard: avin·ne

Walloon: avoenne

Dalmatian: vun

Friulian: vene

Italian: avena

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: avẽa
Fala: avea, vea
Galician: avea
Portuguese: aveia

Romansch: avaina, avagna

Sardinian: aena, avena, auena, ena

Sicilian: aina, avina

Spanish: avena

Venetan: véna

→ Esperanto: aveno

Probably a non-Indo-European substrate word. Cognate with Lithuanian aviža, Latvian auzas, and Proto-Slavic *ovьsъ.


radix

la-noun

rādīx f (genitive rādīcis); third declension

rādīx (canonical feminine)
rādīcis (genitive)
rādīx (nominative singular)
rādīcēs (nominative plural)
rādīcis (genitive singular)
rādīcum (genitive plural)
rādīcī (dative singular)
rādīcibus (dative plural)
rādīcem (accusative singular)
rādīcēs (accusative plural)
rādīce (ablative singular)
rādīcibus (ablative plural)
rādīx (singular vocative)
rādīcēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: radice (see there for further descendants)

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: réixe, réixa, ràixa, raìxa

Old Lombard: rayxe

Lombard: raìss, ariss

Piedmontese: rèis, ràis, rèux

Romagnol: radìșa

Friulian: radris

Romansch: ragisch, risch, rieisch

Venetan: raìs, raixa

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rés, réce, rage

Old French: raïz

desc

⇒ French: raifort (“horseradish”) (+fort 'strong')

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: raïu, rahiu

⇒ Catalan: raïl (hypercorrection) ⇒ rel (monophthongization) ⇒ arrel (epenthesis)

Gascon: arraditz, raditz, arraïtz

Old Occitan: raitz

Occitan: raiç

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: radiz

Asturian: raíz

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: raiz, rayz
Galician: raíz
Portuguese: raiz (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: raíz; ⇒ raigón

Ancient borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian: [Term?]

Albanian: radhiqe

→ Proto-West Germanic: *rādik (see there for further descendants)

Later borrowings:

→ English: radix

→ German: Radix

→ Welsh: rhadicl

→ Welsh: rhuddygl

From Proto-Italic *wrādīks, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds.

(figuratively) a foundation, basis, ground, origin, source, root


spica

la-noun

spīca f (genitive spīcae); first declension

spīca (canonical feminine)
spīcae (genitive)
spīca (nominative singular)
spīcae (nominative plural)
spīcae (genitive singular)
spīcārum (genitive plural)
spīcae (dative singular)
spīcīs (dative plural)
spīcam (accusative singular)
spīcās (accusative plural)
spīcā (ablative singular)
spīcīs (ablative plural)
spīca (singular vocative)
spīcae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: spaica

Italian: spiga

Sicilian: spica

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: espiga

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: spia, spigia, speia

desc

Sardinian: ipiga, ispiga, ispica, spiga, spica

West Iberian

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: espiga
Galician: espiga
Portuguese: espiga

Old Spanish: espiga

Spanish: espiga

→ English: spica

→ Italian: spica

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: schic

Romanian: spic

Occitano-Romance

Occitan: espic, aspic

→ French: aspic

Old French: espi

Middle French: espy, espi

French: épi

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: spi

→ French: spic

From Proto-Italic *speikā, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp; sharp stick”), with de Vaan proposing a particular extended pre-form of *speyg.


glans

la-noun

glāns f (genitive glandis); third declension

glāns (canonical feminine)
glandis (genitive)
glāns (nominative singular)
glandēs (nominative plural)
glandis (genitive singular)
glandum (genitive plural)
glandī (dative singular)
glandibus (dative plural)
glandem (accusative singular)
glandēs (accusative plural)
glande (ablative singular)
glandibus (ablative plural)
glāns (singular vocative)
glandēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: gljindã

Romanian: ghindă

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ghianda, ajjanna (Reati)

Sicilian: ghianna

Calabrian: aghianda

Padanian:

Friulian: gland, glant

Ladin: gian

Piedmontese: giand, agian, gianda

desc

Romansch: glogn, glonda, galonda, glanda

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: glland, agllan, allan, llan

Valdôtain: llande, llan

Old French: glant, glande

French: gland, glande

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: glan

Belsetán: lan

Ribagorçan: llan

Old Catalan: glan, aglan

Catalan: gla, aglá

Old Occitan: glan, aglan

Occitan: agland (silent ⟨d⟩)

Gascon: gland

Vivaro-Alpine: gland, alhand

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llande

Portuguese: lande

Spanish: lande (Álava), llande (regional?)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: landi

Logudorese: lande, landa

Nuorese: grande, lande, lanne

Vulgar Latin: glandinis

Neapolitan: ghialne (Andria)

Piedmontese: giandr

Sardinian: landiri (Campidanese)

Spanish: landre

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: gland

→ English: gland, glans

→ French: glande

→ Galician: glande

→ Italian: glande

→ Portuguese: glande

→ Romanian: gland

→ Russian: гла́нды (glándy)

→ Spanish: glande

From Proto-Italic *glānts, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₂- (“acorn”).

(literal) an acorn, nut; any acorn-shaped fruit; a beechnut, chestnut


prunus

la-noun

prūnus f (genitive prūnī); second declension

prūnus (canonical feminine)
prūnī (genitive)
prūnus (nominative singular)
prūnī (nominative plural)
prūnī (genitive singular)
prūnōrum (genitive plural)
prūnō (dative singular)
prūnīs (dative plural)
prūnum (accusative singular)
prūnōs (accusative plural)
prūnō (ablative singular)
prūnīs (ablative plural)
prūne (singular vocative)
prūnī (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: prun, prunu, purnu

Romanian: prun

Italian: pruno, prugno

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: abruño, agruño, abrunho

Portuguese: abrunho

Spanish: pruno

→ English: prunus

→ Translingual: Prunus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek προύνη (proúnē), a loanword from a language of Asia Minor.


asparagus

asparagus m (genitive asparagī); second declension

asparagī (genitive)
asparagus (nominative singular)
asparagī (nominative plural)
asparagī (genitive singular)
asparagōrum (genitive plural)
asparagō (dative singular)
asparagīs (dative plural)
asparagum (accusative singular)
asparagōs (accusative plural)
asparagō (ablative singular)
asparagīs (ablative plural)
asparage (singular vocative)
asparagī (plural vocative)

Albanian: shparg

Catalan: espàrrec

Dalmatian: spirač

→ English: asparagus

French: asperge

Friulian: sparc, sparg

Galician: espárrago

German: Spargel

→ Irish: asparagas

Italian: asparago

→ Polish: szparag

Occitan: esparga

Portuguese: aspargo, espargo

Romansch: spargia, aspergia

Sardinian: sparàu, isparàu, ispàrau

Sicilian: spàraciu, spàriciu

Spanish: espárrago

Venetan: spàraxo, sparexara

[äs̠ˈpäräɡʊs̠]

Also found in Medieval Latin. From Ancient Greek ἀσπάραγος (aspáragos), variant of ἀσφάραγος (aspháragos).

Deinde fossulās facitō, quō rādīcēs asparagī dēmittās.

c. 160 BCE, Marcus Porcius Cato, De agri cultura, archived from the original on 2022-04-03, chapter 161:

Then make little ditches to drop the asparagus roots into.

Cōtīdiānō sermōne quaedam frequenter et nōtābilius ūsurpāsse eum [Augustum], litterae ipsius autographae ostendunt, in quibus [...] ad exprimendam festīnātae reī vēlōcitātem, celerius quam asparagī cocuntur; [...]

121 CE, Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, “Divus Augustus”, in De Vita Caesarum, chapter 87:

That in daily conversation he [Augustus] often and famously used certain [expressions], his own handwritten letters show; among these, … to express the speed of a thing done quickly, faster than asparaguses are cooked; …

asparagus; shoot, sprout-like asparagus, samphire


cactus

cactus m (genitive cactī); second declension

cactī (genitive)
cactus (nominative singular)
cactī (nominative plural)
cactī (genitive singular)
cactōrum (genitive plural)
cactō (dative singular)
cactīs (dative plural)
cactum (accusative singular)
cactōs (accusative plural)
cactō (ablative singular)
cactīs (ablative plural)
cacte (singular vocative)
cactī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Cactus

→ English: cactus

→ Welsh: cactws

→ Czech: kaktus

→ Italian: cactus

→ Greek: κάκτος (káktos)

→ Spanish: cacto

→ Sicilian: cactus

→ Galician: cacto

→ German: Kaktus

→ Portuguese: cato, cáctus, cacto

From Ancient Greek κάκτος (káktos, “cardoon”).

der

Cynara cardunculus
Cynara cardunculus#Translingual


ovum

la-noun

ōvum n (genitive ōvī); second declension

ōvum (canonical neuter)
ōvī (genitive)
ōvum (nominative singular)
ōva (nominative plural)
ōvī (genitive singular)
ōvōrum (genitive plural)
ōvō (dative singular)
ōvīs (dative plural)
ōvum (accusative singular)
ōva (accusative plural)
ōvō (ablative singular)
ōvīs (ablative plural)
ōvum (singular vocative)
ōva (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ou

Megleno-Romanian: uou

Romanian: ou

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ou, ovu

Vulgar Latin: *ŏvum (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: ovum

→ Esperanto: ovo

→ Ido: ovo

→ Interlingua: ovo

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ovo

→ Spanish: ovo

From Proto-Italic *ōwom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾠόν (ōión).


carica

cārica f (genitive cāricae); first declension

cārica (canonical feminine)
cāricae (genitive)
cārica (nominative singular)
cāricae (nominative plural)
cāricae (genitive singular)
cāricārum (genitive plural)
cāricae (dative singular)
cāricīs (dative plural)
cāricam (accusative singular)
cāricās (accusative plural)
cāricā (ablative singular)
cāricīs (ablative plural)
cārica (singular vocative)
cāricae (plural vocative)

Ellipsis of *Cārica fīcus f (“Carian fig”), from the feminine of the adjective Cāricus (“Carian”), from Cāria + -icus (adjective-forming suffix).


quercus

la-noun

quercus f (genitive quercūs); fourth declension

quercūs (genitive)
quercus (nominative singular)
quercūs (nominative plural)
quercūs (genitive singular)
quercuum (genitive plural)
quercōrum (genitive plural)
quercuī (dative singular)
quercubus (dative plural)
quercum (accusative singular)
quercūs (accusative plural)
quercū (ablative singular)
quercubus (ablative plural)
quercus (singular vocative)
quercūs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Quercus

⇒ Galician: cerquiño, cerqueiro

Italian: quercia

Portuguese: querco

Sicilian: cerza

Spanish: alcornoque

→ English: cork

From Proto-Italic *kʷerkus, assimilated from Proto-Indo-European *pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu- (“oak”). Compare Old Norse fýri (as in fýriskógr (“pine-wood”), Punjabi ਪਰਗਾਇ (pargāī, “holm oak”). See also English fir.

der

(poetic) something made from oak wood (e.g., an oaken ship, an oaken javelin, etc.)


asia

la-noun

asia f (genitive asiae); first declension

asiae (genitive)
asia (nominative singular)
asiae (nominative plural)
asiae (genitive singular)
asiārum (genitive plural)
asiae (dative singular)
asiīs (dative plural)
asiam (accusative singular)
asiās (accusative plural)
asiā (ablative singular)
asiīs (ablative plural)
asia (singular vocative)
asiae (plural vocative)

Uncertain; possibly from Ancient Ligurian or another Celtic language since Pliny ascribes the term to the Taurini, a Celto-Ligurian tribe. An emendation to *sasia has been suggested, from Proto-Celtic *sasyos (“rye”).


alium

ālium n (genitive āliī or ālī); second declension

ālium (canonical neuter)
āliī (genitive)
ālī (genitive)
ālium (nominative singular)
ālia (nominative plural)
āliī (genitive singular)
ālī (genitive singular)
āliōrum (genitive plural)
āliō (dative singular)
āliīs (dative plural)
ālium (accusative singular)
ālia (accusative plural)
āliō (ablative singular)
āliīs (ablative plural)
ālium (singular vocative)
ālia (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: alj, aljiu

Megleno-Romanian: al'

Romanian: ai

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: aggio

Piedmontese: aj

Romagnol: àj

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: aglia

Dalmatian: ail, alj, agl, aill

Italian: aglio

Neapolitan: aglio

Tarantino: aglie

Sicilian: agghia

Old French:

desctree

French: ail
Haitian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Mauritian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Moore: lay (from l’ail)

Picard: al

Walloon: a

Old Occitan:

Catalan: all

Occitan: alh

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: ai

Romansch: agl

Sardinian: àllu, azu

Campidanese: allu

Venetan: ajo

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: allo

Asturian: ayu

Old Galician-Portuguese: alho
Galician: allo
Portuguese: alho (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: ajo (see there for further descendants)

Unknown according to de Vaan (2008). May be connected to āla (“wing”), on the image of the garlic bulb being divided into "wings"; for a similar derivation from garlic being "cloven" cf. the etymology of German Knoblauch (“garlic”). It has also been compared with the Greek gloss of ἄλλην (állēn) as 'vegetables' "among the Italians", which may stem from another Italic language, and if so, has no direct bearing on the etymological consideration of Latin ālium.
Based only on the form allium, Kroonen (2012) suggests that it may be a borrowing from the root of Ancient Greek ἄγλις (áglis), specifically via a byform *adlī-. See the Ancient Greek entry for more. This assumption of Proto-Italic *alljom agrees with Ancient Greek ἀλλᾶς (allâs, “sausage”) (plural ἀλλᾶντες (allântes)), which could reflect earlier *αλλᾱϝεντ- (*allāwent-, “sausage seasoned with garlic”), a derivation from the Italic stem *all- with Proto-Hellenic *-wénts (though this suffix is regularly reflected in Greek as -(ϝ)εις (-(w)eis)).
According to Roberts, from Proto-Indo-European *ālu- (“bitter plant”).

unk

Unknown


carota

la-noun

carōta f (genitive carōtae); first declension

carōta (canonical feminine)
carōtae (genitive)
carōta (nominative singular)
carōtae (nominative plural)
carōtae (genitive singular)
carōtārum (genitive plural)
carōtae (dative singular)
carōtīs (dative plural)
carōtam (accusative singular)
carōtās (accusative plural)
carōtā (ablative singular)
carōtīs (ablative plural)
carōta (singular vocative)
carōtae (plural vocative)

Middle French: carotte (see there for further descendants)

Italian: carota

Romanian: carotă

Romansch: carota, carotta

Sicilian: carrota

Maltese: carrota

→ Albanian: karotë

→ Polish: karota

From Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón, “carrot”), a diminutive of κᾰρώ (kărṓ, “caraway”), possibly derived from κάρᾱ (kárā, “head”) or from Pre-Greek. Related to carum.


cepa

la-noun

cēpa f (genitive cēpae); first declension

cēpa (canonical feminine)
cēpae (genitive)
cēpa (nominative singular)
cēpae (nominative plural)
cēpae (genitive singular)
cēpārum (genitive plural)
cēpae (dative singular)
cēpīs (dative plural)
cēpam (accusative singular)
cēpās (accusative plural)
cēpā (ablative singular)
cēpīs (ablative plural)
cēpa (singular vocative)
cēpae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tseapã

Romanian: ceapă

→ Albanian: qepë

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ceba

Occitan: ceba

Old French: cive (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→⇒ English: cepaceous

→ Old English: ciepe

A borrowing from an unknown, possibly Anatolian source, cf. Hesychian Ancient Greek κάπια (kápia, “onions”) claimed for Ceryneia and the complex of Arabic قُبَّعَة (qubbaʕa, “bulbous hat”). Given the borrowing of Proto-Slavic *lukъ (“onion”), it is probable that the Italians at the date of their expansion also only knew ramsons, as a kind of ālium. At least it is known that spring onion was only introduced in the modern period from China, while the bulb onion is also Asiatic, such that ancient Africa knew the cultivated onion only in the north, by generic names like Egyptian ḥḏw, it having expanded beyond the Great Desert only by the Arabs under their name بَصَل (baṣal).

unk

unknown


ficus

la-noun

fīcus m or f (variously declined, genitive fīcī or fīcūs); second declension, fourth declension

fīcus (canonical feminine masculine)
fīcī (genitive)
fīcūs (genitive)
fīcus (nominative singular)
fīcī (nominative plural)
fīcūs (nominative plural)
fīcī (genitive singular)
fīcūs (genitive singular)
fīcōrum (genitive plural)
fīcuum (genitive plural)
fīcō (dative singular)
fīcuī (dative singular)
fīcīs (dative plural)
fīcibus (dative plural)
fīcum (accusative singular)
fīcōs (accusative plural)
fīcūs (accusative plural)
fīcō (ablative singular)
fīcū (ablative singular)
fīcīs (ablative plural)
fīcibus (ablative plural)
fīce (singular vocative)
fīcus (singular vocative)
fīcī (plural vocative)
fīcūs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: hic, hicu

Megleno-Romanian: ic

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: fico

Sicilian: ficu

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: fîc

Romansch: fig

Northern Italian:

Ligurian: fîgo

Piedmontese: fi

Venetan: figo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ficu, figu

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: fie

Catalan: fic

West Iberian:

Aragonese: figo

Asturian: figu

Old Galician-Portuguese: figo

Galician: figo

Portuguese: figo

Spanish: higo (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: fik

→ Basque: piku

→ English: ficus

Vulgar Latin: *fīca

Aromanian: hicã

Megleno-Romanian: ică

Piedmontese: fighé

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: fica

Dalmatian: faica, faika

Italian: fica

desctree

Old Occitan: figa
Occitan: figa
→ Old French: figue (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: figa

→ Hungarian: füge

Aragonese: figa

→ Old Norse: fíkja

Icelandic: fíkja

Unsorted borrowings

→ Breton: fiez, figez

→ Faroese: fika

→ Irish: fige

→ Lingala: figi

→ Lithuanian: figa

→ Manx: fig

→ Quechua: igu

→ Romanian: fig (archaic)

→ Slovene: figa

→ Tongan: fiki

→ Ukrainian: фіга (fiha)

→ West Frisian: fiich

Possibly adapted into Pre-Latin in the form *θūko- or *θīko- and likely related to Ancient Greek σῦκον (sûkon) and Old Armenian թուզ (tʻuz) through a Mediterranean substrate form *tʲuk- or the like.
One possibility is a Semitic loanword. Compare Phoenician 𐤐𐤀𐤂 (pʾg, “half-ripe fig”), Hebrew פַּג (paḡ), פַּגָּה (paggâ, “unripe fig”), Classical Syriac ܦܵܓܵܐ (“unripe fig”).


laserpicium

la-noun

lāserpīcium n (genitive lāserpīciī or lāserpīcī); second declension

lāserpīcium (canonical neuter)
lāserpīciī (genitive)
lāserpīcī (genitive)
lāserpīcium (nominative singular)
lāserpīcia (nominative plural)
lāserpīciī (genitive singular)
lāserpīcī (genitive singular)
lāserpīciōrum (genitive plural)
lāserpīciō (dative singular)
lāserpīciīs (dative plural)
lāserpīcium (accusative singular)
lāserpīcia (accusative plural)
lāserpīciō (ablative singular)
lāserpīciīs (ablative plural)
lāserpīcium (singular vocative)
lāserpīcia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Laserpitium

[ɫ̪äːs̠ɛrˈpiːkiʊ̃ˑ]

resin similar to asafoetida, obtained during Antiquity from an unidentified plant called silphium, probably close to the genus of plants Laserpitium.


ceresia

ceresia f (genitive ceresiae); first declension

ceresiae (genitive)
ceresia (nominative singular)
ceresiae (nominative plural)
ceresiae (genitive singular)
ceresiārum (genitive plural)
ceresiae (dative singular)
ceresiīs (dative plural)
ceresiam (accusative singular)
ceresiās (accusative plural)
ceresiā (ablative singular)
ceresiīs (ablative plural)
ceresia (singular vocative)
ceresiae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

desc

Aromanian: cireashã, tsireashi, cireashi, tsireashã, tseriashã, chirashã, chirashe

Megleno-Romanian: cireașcă

desctree

Romanian: cireașă
→ Bulgarian: череша (čereša)

desc

Franco-Provençal: ceriése, ceriésa, cerije, çrije, çrisa, ceriéje, ciriéje

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: sresa, siresa

Ligurian: çêxa

Lombard: saresa, seresa, siresa

Piedmontese: seresa, siresa, sresa

Romagnol: sresa, srisa

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: chjarasgia

Dalmatian: cris

Istriot: sareza

Italian: ciliegia, ciriegia, ceregia, saragia

Neapolitan: cerasa

Tarantino: ceráse

Sicilian: cirasa
→ Maltese: ċirasa

Oïl

Old French: cerise (see there for further descendants)

Old Northern French: cherise (see there for further descendants)

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: cjariese, ceriese

Romansch: tscharescha, tscherescha (Sursilvan), tschariescha (Sutsilvan, Surmiran), tschirescha (Puter, Vallader)

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: cirera, cidera, cilera, cira

Occitan:

Auvergnat: celeira, celira

Gascon: ceriesa, cerisa, cerilha, cerida, çrisa, çrilha, cerija, cereja, çrija, cesira, cerida

Languedocien: cerièra, cirera, cerièira, cirèira, cièira, cedièira, cilèira, celèira, celhèira, cilhèira, cerèija, cirèia

Limousin: cireisa, cireija, cireia

Provençal: cerieisa, cerieia, cerièira, cerisa

Vivaro-Alpine: cereisa, cerieisa, ceriesa, ceriera, ciriesa, ceresa, cieresa, cireisa

Sardinian: carésia, cerésia, cheréssia, ceréxia

Venetan: sareza, sarexa

→? Istriot: sareza

West Iberian

Aragonese: ciresa

Old Leonese:

Asturian: cereza, zreza

Occidental: cereiza, zreiza

Leonese: zreisa, cereisa, zreiza

Mirandese: cereija

Old Spanish: ceresa

Spanish: cereza
→ Tagalog: seresa

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cereija, cereyja
Fala: cereixha
Galician: cereixa, cireixa, zreixa, cereija, cereja, zreija
Portuguese: cereja, cereija, sareija
→ Hunsrik: Sëreesch

Borrowings

→ Albanian: qershi

→ Basque: gerezi

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kėres (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kirsijā (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *čèršьňa (possibly via Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

[t͡ʃeˈrɛːs̬iä]

From the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry”), from Ancient Greek κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin.

der

200s, Quintus Gargilius Martialis De pomis seu medicina ex pomis 16 ed. Angelo Mai Operis deperditi de hortis Fragmenta ex codicibus Neapolitano et Romano cum scholiis palaeographicis et adnotationibus Rome 1846 p. 76 = Classici auctores e Vaticanicis codicibus editi. Tomus III Rome 1831 p. 422

The fresh fruit from the cherry moistens the maw and stimulates; dry it desiccates and draws back: the fresh fruit is bad for the stomach and the dry one good. In this fruit we believe to be three virtues. In some the taste is bitter, in some sour, in some sweet. The bitter ones constrict the belly, strengthen the stomach. The sour ones are said to fit stomachs abundating in phlegm: for they desiccate more and cut off the thickness of the teeth and humour of the mouth. The sweet ones are bad for the stomach. However the Praenestinian ones flow faster. Their gum, held in the mouth and swallowed, covers the arteries, constrains the oldest cough: drunk with unmixed wine it breaks the calculi.

Ceresiā viride pomum ventrem humectat et provocat; aridum siccat ac detinet: viride stomacho contrarium est, siccum utile. In hoc pomo tres inesse virtutes suspicamur. In quibusdam sapor austerus est, in aliis acidus, in aliis dulcis. Austerae ventrem constringunt, stomachum confortant. Acidae iudicantur flegmate habundantibus stomachis opportunae: nam magis siccant et crassitudinem dentium orisque humorem incidunt. Dulces stomacho contrariae. Citius autem praenestinae fluunt. Gummus earum ore detentus et gluttiendus arteriam linit, vetustissimam tussem conpescit: cum mero potatus calculos frangit.


persica

→ Albanian: pjeshkë (probably)

desc

Aromanian: chearsicã, chiarsicã, hearhicã, hearsicã, kearsicã

Italian: persica, pesca

Neapolitan: perzeca

Occitan: persega

→ Old Danish: persik

desctree

Danish: fersken
→ Faroese: ferska
→ Icelandic: ferskja
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fersken
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fersken

Old French: pesche, persche
Champenois: prêche, péte
Middle French: pesche
French: pêche
→ Malagasy: paiso
Norman: pêche
Walloon: pexhî
→ Middle English: peche
English: peach
→ Abenaki: biches (from the plural peaches)
→? Arapaho: biisib
→ Bengali: পীচ (pic) (probably)
→ Haida: píichas
→ Malay: pic (probably)
→? Maori: pītiti
→ Swahili: pichi (probably)
→ Thai: พีช (píit)
→ Irish: péitseog
→ Manx: peitshag, pershagh

Piedmontese: persi

Romanian: piersică

Sardinian: pélsica, pérsiga

Sicilian: pèrsicu

→ Swedish: persika

→ Proto-Slavic: *persky, *bersky, *porsky
South Slavic:
Bulgarian: пра́скова (práskova), пра́сква (práskva), пра́скъва (práskǎva), пра́скува (práskuva), пра́ска (práska), пра́сквя (práskvja), пра́ська (prásʹka), пра́скя (práskja), пра́скье (práskje), пра́сковье (práskovje), пра́скъ f (prásk) — dialectal
Macedonian: праска (praska)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бре̏сква, dialectally бра̏сква, пра̏сква, пра̏ска, бре̏ска, бри̏ска, бри̏сква
Latin script: brȅskva, dialectally brȁskva, prȁskva, prȁska, brȅska, brȉska, brȉskva
Slovene: brẹ́skəv, dialectally brẹ̑skva
→ Aromanian: prascã
→ Hungarian: barack
West Slavic:
Czech: břeskev, replaced by confusion with broskev
Polish: brzoskiew
⇒ Polish: brzoskwinia
→ Russian: броскви́на (broskvína), брускви́на (bruskvína), брусвына (brusvyna), бросква (broskva), бросквиня (broskvinja), бросвины (brosviny)
→ Old Ukrainian: бросквинъ (broskvin)
Ukrainian: бросквина (broskvyna), броскви́ня (broskvýnja), брускви́на (bruskvýna), брускви́ня (bruskvýnja), брусвина (brusvyna), брескви́ня (breskvýnja), броскви́ння (broskvýnnja), броски́ння (broskýnnja)
Old Slovak: breskev, breskva, breskyňa, broskyňa
Pannonian Rusyn: брескиня (breskinja)
Slovak: broskyňa, formerly dialectally broskva, broskev
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: brjaschen, rjaschen, brjaskeẃ, brjasken (of which rjaschen prevails)
Upper Sorbian: brěska f, brěšk m


anethum

la-noun

anēthum n (genitive anēthī); second declension

anēthum (canonical neuter)
anēthī (genitive)
anēthum (nominative singular)
anētha (nominative plural)
anēthī (genitive singular)
anēthōrum (genitive plural)
anēthō (dative singular)
anēthīs (dative plural)
anēthum (accusative singular)
anētha (accusative plural)
anēthō (ablative singular)
anēthīs (ablative plural)
anēthum (singular vocative)
anētha (plural vocative)

→ Italian: aneto

→ Middle French: anet, annet

French: anet, aneth

desc

Middle English: anet, anete, annet, annete

English: anet

Early Scots: anet, anat, anethe, annat, annet, annot, ennet

Scots: anet

→ Old Catalan: anet

Catalan: anet

→ Old Occitan: anet

Occitan: anet

→ Portuguese: aneto

→ Spanish: aneto

*anētulum

Portuguese: endro

Old Spanish: aneldo

Spanish: eneldo

Translingual: Anethum

[äˈneːt̪ʰʊ̃ˑ]


fagus

la-noun

fāgus f (genitive fāgī); second declension

fāgus (canonical feminine)
fāgī (genitive)
fāgus (nominative singular)
fāgī (nominative plural)
fāgī (genitive singular)
fāgōrum (genitive plural)
fāgō (dative singular)
fāgīs (dative plural)
fāgum (accusative singular)
fāgōs (accusative plural)
fāgūs (accusative plural)
fāgō (ablative singular)
fāgīs (ablative plural)
fāge (singular vocative)
fāgī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fag

Megleno-Romanian: fag

Romanian: fag

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: fagu

Padanian:

Emilian: fò

Friulian: fau

Ligurian: fò

Lombard: fo

Piedmontese: fò

Romansch: fau, fo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fo

Oïl:

desctree

Old French: fau, fou, fou, fau
Franc-Comtois: fô
Gallo: faeu
Norman: fau (Jersey)
⇒ French: fouet

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: fau, favo (most dialects)

Belsetán: faus

Benasqués: fago

Sobrarbe: fago

Catalan: fau (northwestern and Ribagorçan)

Occitan: fau (most dialects)

Gascon: hau, hac

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: fagu, fau

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *fāgārius

Dalmatian: faguor

Venetan: fagaro, faghèr, faghèra

Ancient borrowings:

→ Basque: pago

→ Welsh: ffaw ⇒ ffawydd

Translingual: Fagus

From Proto-Italic *fāgos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech tree”), same source as English beech, Russian бузина́ (buziná, “elder”), Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”).

inh

Sub tegmine fagi.

Vergilius; found in both Georgicon (Book IV, line 566) and Eclogae (Book I, line 1)


fragum

la-noun

frāgum n (genitive frāgī); second declension

frāgum (canonical neuter)
frāgī (genitive)
frāgum (nominative singular)
frāga (nominative plural)
frāgī (genitive singular)
frāgōrum (genitive plural)
frāgō (dative singular)
frāgīs (dative plural)
frāgum (accusative singular)
frāga (accusative plural)
frāgō (ablative singular)
frāgīs (ablative plural)
frāgum (singular vocative)
frāga (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: frangã

Romanian: fragă

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: fraga

Piedmontese: fraja, frèja

Romansch: fraja, fraia, freja

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: frèye, frêse (ORB, broad), frêya, friya

Occitano-Romance:

Aragonese: fraga

Catalan: fraga

Gascon: ahraga, haraga

Occitan: fraga

⇒ Latin: fragaria

>? Franco-Provençal: frêse

>? Old French: *fraiiere, *fraire, fraise, freise

Middle French: fraise, fraire

French: fraise

→ Asturian: fresa

→ Spanish: fresa

→ Hiligaynon: frésa

→ Tagalog: presa

→ Moroccan Arabic: فريز (friz)

Norman: frâse (Guernsey, Jersey), fraz (Sark)

→ Spanish: fragaria

→ Translingual: Fragaria

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *frāgula (see there for further descendants)

→ Esperanto: frago

From Proto-Italic *frāgom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreh₂ǵ-om, from either *dʰreh₂ǵ- (“berry”) (compare Albanian dredhëz, Sanskrit द्राक्षा (drā́kṣā)) or *sróh₂gs (“grape”) (compare Ancient Greek ῥώξ (rhṓx) (whence Greek ρώγα (róga)), Albanian rrush). The divergent phonetics and semantics of the comparanda suggest a foreign Wanderwort.

Fragaria vesca
Fragaria vesca#Translingual

(usually in the plural) strawberry (Fragaria vesca)


apium

la-noun

apium n (genitive apiī or apī); second declension

apiī (genitive)
apī (genitive)
apium (nominative singular)
apia (nominative plural)
apiī (genitive singular)
apī (genitive singular)
apiōrum (genitive plural)
apiō (dative singular)
apiīs (dative plural)
apium (accusative singular)
apia (accusative plural)
apiō (ablative singular)
apiīs (ablative plural)
apium (singular vocative)
apia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Apium

Catalan: api

Galician: apio, aipo, ampio

Italian: appio, apiolo

Occitan: api

Old French: ache

→ English: ach

Neapolitan: accio

Portuguese: aipo

Romanian: achiu

Sardinian: àpiu, àppiu

Sicilian: accia

Spanish: apio

→ Cebuano: apyo

→ Ladino: apyo

→ Tagalog: apyo

→ Proto-West Germanic: *api (see there for further descendants)

From apis (“bee”) because of bees' perceived inclination towards the plant.


napus

nāpus m (genitive nāpī); second declension

nāpus (canonical masculine)
nāpī (genitive)
nāpus (nominative singular)
nāpī (nominative plural)
nāpī (genitive singular)
nāpōrum (genitive plural)
nāpō (dative singular)
nāpīs (dative plural)
nāpum (accusative singular)
nāpōs (accusative plural)
nāpō (ablative singular)
nāpīs (ablative plural)
nāpe (singular vocative)
nāpī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: napu

Romanian: nap

Italo-Romance:

Italian: napo

Padanian:

⇒ Emilian: navoun

Piedmontese: navon

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: nef ⇒ navet

French: navet

Norman: navet

⇒ Walloon: navea

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: napo, nap (Benasqués)

Catalan: nap

Old Occitan: nap ⇒ nabet

Auvergnat: navet

Gascon: nap, napo, nabet

Languedocien: nap

Limousin: naveu, ⇒ nabís

Provençal: navet

Vivaro-Alpine: nap, nabet, ⇒ naveu

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: nabo

Spanish: nabo, naba

Borrowings:

→ English: napiform

→ Old English: nǣp (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek νᾶπυ (nâpu, “mustard”).

Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa#Translingual

Brassica napus
Brassica napus#Translingual


pirum

pirum n (genitive pirī); second declension

pirī (genitive)
pirum (nominative singular)
pira (nominative plural)
pirī (genitive singular)
pirōrum (genitive plural)
pirō (dative singular)
pirīs (dative plural)
pirum (accusative singular)
pira (accusative plural)
pirō (ablative singular)
pirīs (ablative plural)
pirum (singular vocative)
pira (plural vocative)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *per (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *peru (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: piorra

Rhaeto-Romance:

desc

Romansch: pair, pér (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan), peir (Surmiran)

→ Scottish Gaelic: peur

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pira (reanalyzed as feminine singular)

Dalmatian: paira

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: pearã

Romanian: pară

Italian: pera

Old French: peire

French: poire

→ Middle Irish: péire

Irish: péire

Norman: paithe, peire (continental Normandy), père (Guernsey)

Old Occitan: pera

Catalan: pera

Occitan: pera

Old Galician-Portuguese: pera

Galician: pera

Portuguese: pera

Old Spanish: pera

Spanish: pera

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: paira

Sardinian: pira

Sicilian: piru

⇒ Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (diminutive)

Padanian:

Friulian: piruç

Piedmontese: pruss

A loanword from an unknown Mediterranean substrate source, original form something like (a)pisom reflected also in Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́πῐον (ắpĭon, “pear”) and ᾰ̓́πῐος (ắpĭos, “pear tree”). Also compare Aramaic 𐡐𐡀𐡓𐡀 (pera, “fruit”).


menta

la-noun

menta f (genitive mentae); first declension

mentae (genitive)
menta (nominative singular)
mentae (nominative plural)
mentae (genitive singular)
mentārum (genitive plural)
mentae (dative singular)
mentīs (dative plural)
mentam (accusative singular)
mentās (accusative plural)
mentā (ablative singular)
mentīs (ablative plural)
menta (singular vocative)
mentae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: menta

→ Cimbrian: menta

→ Galician: menta

→ Greek: μέντα (ménta)

→ Hungarian: menta

→ Italian: menta

Old French:

desctree

French: menthe
Haitian Creole: mant
→ Romanian: mentă

Norman: menthe

→? Old Irish: minntus

Irish: miontas

→ Portuguese: menta

→ Proto-Slavic: *męta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mintā (see there for further descendants)

→ Sicilian: menta

→ Spanish: menta

From Ancient Greek μῐ́νθη (mĭ́nthē), ultimately most likely a loan-word from an extinct (substrate) Mediterranean/south European language. See Armenian մանդակ (mandak) for more.

an tibi quondam femineos artus in olentes vertere mentas, […]


pastinaca

la-noun

pastināca f (genitive pastinācae); first declension

pastināca (canonical feminine)
pastinācae (genitive)
pastināca (nominative singular)
pastinācae (nominative plural)
pastinācae (genitive singular)
pastinācārum (genitive plural)
pastinācae (dative singular)
pastinācīs (dative plural)
pastinācam (accusative singular)
pastinācās (accusative plural)
pastinācā (ablative singular)
pastinācīs (ablative plural)
pastināca (singular vocative)
pastinācae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: pastinaccia

⇒ Corsican: pastricciola

Italian: pastinaca

Neapolitan: pastenaca

Sicilian: vastunaca

Sardinian: pastinaca, frustinaca (etc.)

Old French: pasnaie

Middle French: panais

French: panais
Haitian Creole: pane

desc

Bourguignon: patenaille, potenaille, pétenaille, pait'naille

Norman: pônais, pânais, paunais, pânnais (Jersey), pânnais, pônais (Guernsey)

Walloon: panåjhe, pastenate

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">neep</i> (“turnip”)

→ Middle English: passenep, pasnepe (influenced by neep (“turnip”))

desctree

English: parsnepe, parsnep, parsnip
→ Japanese: パースニップ (pāsunippu)
→ Maori: pānipi

Scots: passeneip, paseneip, parsnip

→ Cornish: panes

→ Middle Breton: panesenn

Breton: panez

→ Welsh: pannas

Old Occitan: pastenago, pastenaga

desc

Catalan: pastanaga, pastenaga, bastanaga, bastenaga

Occitan: pastenaga, pastanaca, pastanaga, pastanagra, pastanarga

desctree

→ Middle French: pastenaille, pastenade, pastenaie
French: pastenade, patenais
→ German: Pastiney, Pastinei
→ Ottoman Turkish: پاستنای (pastinay)

→ Middle French: pastenague

French: pastenague

Venetan: pestenéga

→ Cimbrian: bostanàja

Emilian: pistinèga

desc

بِسْتِنَاجَة

بِشْتِْنَاجَة

بِشْتِنَاقَة

→ Andalusian Arabic: بِسْنَاج (bisnāj), بِسْتِنَاج (bistināj), بِسْتِنَاجَة (bistināja), بِشْتِْنَاجَة (bištināja), بِشْتِنَاقَة (bištināqa, “parsnip”)

→ Portuguese: bisnaga, bisnaca, visnaga (obsolete)

desctree

→ Spanish: biznaga
→ Basque: bisnaga, biznaga
→ Catalan: bisnaga, biçnaga (obsolete)
→ Galician: bisnaga, biznaga, bizniega

→ Galician: pastinaca

→ Picard: pasternache

→ Portuguese: pastinaca, pastinaga

→ Walloon: pastinåke

→ Greek: παστινάκη (pastináki)

→ Translingual: Pastinaca

→ Proto-West Germanic: *pastinakā (see there for further descendants)

[päs̠t̪ɪˈnäːkä]

From pastinum (“kind of two-pronged dibble”).


prunum

la-noun

prūnum n (genitive prūnī); second declension

prūnum (canonical neuter)
prūnī (genitive)
prūnum (nominative singular)
prūna (nominative plural)
prūnī (genitive singular)
prūnōrum (genitive plural)
prūnō (dative singular)
prūnīs (dative plural)
prūnum (accusative singular)
prūna (accusative plural)
prūnō (ablative singular)
prūnīs (ablative plural)
prūnum (singular vocative)
prūna (plural vocative)

Fala: abruñu, agruñu

Sicilian: prunu

⇒ Friulian: brugnul

desc

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pruna n pl, *prūna f sg

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: prunã

Megleno-Romanian: prună

Romanian: prună

Italo-Dalmatian

Sicilian: pruna

desctree

Old French: prune
French: prune
Norman: preune
Walloon: pronne
→ Middle English: prune, pruna
English: prune

Old Occitan:

Catalan: pruna

Occitan: pruna

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: prüna

Sardinian: pruna

Venetan: brógna, brónba

Spanish: pruna

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *prunea

Italian: prugna

→ Proto-West Germanic: *plūmā (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: prúna

From Ancient Greek προῦμνον (proûmnon, “plum”).


cicuta

la-noun

cicūta f (genitive cicūtae); first declension

cicūta (canonical feminine)
cicūtae (genitive)
cicūta (nominative singular)
cicūtae (nominative plural)
cicūtae (genitive singular)
cicūtārum (genitive plural)
cicūtae (dative singular)
cicūtīs (dative plural)
cicūtam (accusative singular)
cicūtās (accusative plural)
cicūtā (ablative singular)
cicūtīs (ablative plural)
cicūta (singular vocative)
cicūtae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cucutã

Romanian: cucută

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cicuta

Sicilian: cicuta

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: sùa

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: acecuta

Catalan: ceguda

Gascon: cecuta, ciguda, ceguda

Old French: cëue, cegue

French: ciguë, (dialectal) çue, ceüe

Occitan: ciguda

Vivaro-Alpine: cigüa

Norman: chue, cheüe

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: cegude, cigude

Portuguese: cegude, cigude

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: kukutë

desc

→ Andalusian Arabic: جقوطة (čuqūṭa, čaqūṭa)

→ Catalan: cicuta

→ Galician: cicuta

→ Greek: κικούτα (kikoúta), κιρκούτα (kirkoúta)

→ Portuguese: cicuta

→ Russian: цику́та (cikúta)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̀кута

Latin script: kùkuta

→ Spanish: cicuta

→ Translingual: Cicuta

From the same substrate source as English kex, Cornish cegas, and Welsh cegid (“hemlock”).

Conium maculatum
Conium maculatum#Translingual

Cicuta virosa
Cicuta virosa#Translingual

a plant, poison hemlock, probably either Conium maculatum or Cicuta virosa

the juice of the hemlock given to prisoners as poison


oliva

la-noun

olīva f (genitive olīvae); first declension

olīva (canonical feminine)
olīvae (genitive)
olīva (nominative singular)
olīvae (nominative plural)
olīvae (genitive singular)
olīvārum (genitive plural)
olīvae (dative singular)
olīvīs (dative plural)
olīvam (accusative singular)
olīvās (accusative plural)
olīvā (ablative singular)
olīvīs (ablative plural)
olīva (singular vocative)
olīvae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: ulli

Aragonese: oliba, oliva

Corsican: aliva

Dalmatian: olea

→ Esperanto: olivo

Friulian: ulive

→ Ido: olivo

Italian: oliva

desctree

→ Middle High German: olīve
German: Olive
→? Hunsrik: Oliv

Old French: olive
→ English: olive
French: olive
Romanian: olivă

Old Occitan: oliva

Catalan: oliva

Occitan: oliva

Old Galician-Portuguese: oliva

Fala: oliva

Galician: oliva

Portuguese: oliva

Romansch: uliva, uleiva

Sardinian: aliva

Sicilian: aliva, uliva

Spanish: oliva

Venetan: oliva, ołiva

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *olīvus

Catalan: oliu

Italian: olivo

Sicilian: alivu

Spanish: olivo

From Etruscan *𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (*eleiva) (whence 𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀𐌍𐌀 (eleivana, “of oil”)) or from Pre-Classical Ancient Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa) (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀷 (e-ra-wa), Ancient Greek ἐλαία (elaía)), most likely from Pre-Greek (according to Beekes) or, much more questionably, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁loywom (compare Old Church Slavonic лои (loi, “tallow”), Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”)).


brassica

la-noun

brassica f (genitive brassicae); first declension

brassicae (genitive)
brassica (nominative singular)
brassicae (nominative plural)
brassicae (genitive singular)
brassicārum (genitive plural)
brassicae (dative singular)
brassicīs (dative plural)
brassicam (accusative singular)
brassicās (accusative plural)
brassicā (ablative singular)
brassicīs (ablative plural)
brassica (singular vocative)
brassicae (plural vocative)

→ English: brassica

→ Translingual: Brassica

→ Old Irish: praissech

Irish: praiseach

→ Proto-Slavic: *brosky (see there for further descendants)

→? Serbo-Croatian: raštika

→ Proto-Brythonic: *brėsɨx

Middle Welsh: bressych

Welsh: bresych

[ˈbräs̠ːɪkä]

Unknown origin. Suggested derivations include a contraction of praesecāre, a compound of prae- (“before, in front”) + secāre (“to cut, to cut off”), interpreted as either “to cut off early” – referring to its harvesting during the autumn for early winter food – or as “to cut off the head”, attested in the latter sense in a Plautus comedy.

Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleracea#Translingual

especially cabbage, but including cauliflower and other varieties of Brassica oleracea


musa

mūsa f (genitive mūsae); first declension

mūsa (canonical feminine)
mūsae (genitive)
mūsa (nominative singular)
mūsae (nominative plural)
mūsae (genitive singular)
mūsārum (genitive plural)
mūsae (dative singular)
mūsīs (dative plural)
mūsam (accusative singular)
mūsās (accusative plural)
mūsā (ablative singular)
mūsīs (ablative plural)
mūsa (singular vocative)
mūsae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek μοῦσα (moûsa). Akin to mēns (“mind, reason”).


anguria

angūria f (genitive angūriae); first declension

angūria (canonical feminine)
angūriae (genitive)
angūria (nominative singular)
angūriae (nominative plural)
angūriae (genitive singular)
angūriārum (genitive plural)
angūriae (dative singular)
angūriīs (dative plural)
angūriam (accusative singular)
angūriās (accusative plural)
angūriā (ablative singular)
angūriīs (ablative plural)
angūria (singular vocative)
angūriae (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) watermelon (fruit and plant)


unio

ūniō f or m (genitive ūniōnis); third declension

ūniō (canonical feminine masculine)
ūniōnis (genitive)
ūniō (nominative singular)
ūniōnēs (nominative plural)
ūniōnis (genitive singular)
ūniōnum (genitive plural)
ūniōnī (dative singular)
ūniōnibus (dative plural)
ūniōnem (accusative singular)
ūniōnēs (accusative plural)
ūniōne (ablative singular)
ūniōnibus (ablative plural)
ūniō (singular vocative)
ūniōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: xunión

→ Catalan: unió

→ Old French: union

→ Middle English: unyoun

English: union

Middle French: union

→ Dutch: unie

French: union

→ German: Union

→ Galician: unión

→ Italian: unione

→ Occitan: union

→ Polish: unia

→ Piedmontese: union

→ Portuguese: união

→ Romanian: uniune

→ Russian: уния (unija)

→ Sicilian: uniuni

→ Spanish: unión

→ Venetan: union

→ Translingual: Unio

Virga mater est Domini, simplex, pura, sincera, nullo extrinsecus germine cohaerente, et ad similitudinem Dei unione fecunda. Virgae flos Christus est, dicens: "Ego flos campi, et lilium convallium".

The stalk is the mother of God, simple, pure, sincere, adjoined by no other sprout from outside, in a manner similar to the fertile unity of God. The flower of the stalk is Christ, saying, "I am the flower of the field, and the lily of the valleys."


lactuca

lactūca f (genitive lactūcae); first declension

lactūca (canonical feminine)
lactūcae (genitive)
lactūca (nominative singular)
lactūcae (nominative plural)
lactūcae (genitive singular)
lactūcārum (genitive plural)
lactūcae (dative singular)
lactūcīs (dative plural)
lactūcam (accusative singular)
lactūcās (accusative plural)
lactūcā (ablative singular)
lactūcīs (ablative plural)
lactūca (singular vocative)
lactūcae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: lãptucã

Romanian: lăptucă (with lapatica from lapathum and lappa)

Dalmatian:

→ Proto-Slavic: *loťika (see there for further descendants)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: lattuga

Sicilian: lattuca

Padanian:

Emilian: laciuga

Friulian: latuie

Ligurian: leitûga

Lombard: laciuga

Piedmontese: laitùa

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: lètua, lèitua, lètuva, lèituva

desctree

Old French: laitue
French: laitue
Norman: laitue (Jersey)
→ Middle Dutch: latuwe
Dutch: latuw, lattouwe
→ Middle English: letuse, letus, letys, letuce, letuze, letes, letows, letyse
English: lettuce
Scots: lettuce, lattice
→ Welsh: letys

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: lletuga, lletruga, lletua

Septentrional: lleituga

Occitan:

Auvergnat: laituja

Gascon: lèituga

Languedocien: laituga, lachuga

Limousin: laituja

Provençal: lachuga

Vivaro-Alpine: lachua

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llechuga; lleituga (Occidental)

Galician: leituga

Leonese: lleituga

Portuguese: leituga

Spanish: lechuga

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: lattuca, làtua, làtia, latuca

Borrowings:

→ Proto-West Germanic: *lahtukā (see there for further descendants)

[ɫ̪äkˈt̪uːkä]

From lac (“milk”) + -ūcus (suffix common to several plant names), in reference to the milky white substance (latex) exuded by cut lettuce stems.

affix

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual

lettuce (Lactuca sativa), wolf's milk (Lactuca maritima), and other Lactuca species


aesculus

la-noun

aesculus f (genitive aesculī); second declension

aesculī (genitive)
aesculus (nominative singular)
aesculī (nominative plural)
aesculī (genitive singular)
aesculōrum (genitive plural)
aesculō (dative singular)
aesculīs (dative plural)
aesculum (accusative singular)
aesculōs (accusative plural)
aesculō (ablative singular)
aesculīs (ablative plural)
aescule (singular vocative)
aesculī (plural vocative)

Italian: eschio

Portuguese: ésculo

[ˈäe̯s̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

Etymology unclear. By surface analysis, seemingly a diminutive form ending in -ulus (diminutive suffix).
Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”), or from a Mediterranean substrate, though the presence of a Germanic cognate is surprising. Compare English oak, Lithuanian ąžuolas (“oak”), Albanian enjë (“juniper, yew”), Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps, “Turkey oak”).

cog

the tallest species of oak, the winter oak or Italian oak (with edible acorns), sacred to Jupiter


persicum

la-noun

persicum n (genitive persicī); second declension

persicī (genitive)
persicum (nominative singular)
persica (nominative plural)
persicī (genitive singular)
persicōrum (genitive plural)
persicō (dative singular)
persicīs (dative plural)
persicum (accusative singular)
persica (accusative plural)
persicō (ablative singular)
persicīs (ablative plural)
persicum (singular vocative)
persica (plural vocative)

Istriot:

pirsigheîn (diminutive form)

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: piérzeco

Sicilian: pèrsicu

Padanian:

Emilian: pèrsec, pèrseg, pèrsac

Friulian: piersul

Ligurian: pèrsego, pêrsio

Lombard: pèrsec, pèrsic, pèrseghe

Piedmontese: persi, pessi

Romansch: persic

Venetan: persego

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: presiego, prisiego

Ansotano: presigo

Belsetán: precieco, presico

Chistabín: prixego

Ribagorçan: pressic

Catalan: préssec, prèssic

Occitan: persèc

Gascon: persec, pershec, pessec, preshic, persic, pershic

Limousin: prossec

Provençal: persègue

Vivaro-Alpine: persegue

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: presco

Asturian: piescu

Old Leonese:

Leonese: peixagu

Mirandese: piérxigo

desc

Galician: pexego, pésago, pésego, pesego, pésigo, péxago, péxego, poxego, préxego, préxigo, príxigo

desctree

Portuguese: pêssego, pessego (pre-reform)
Kabuverdianu: pésigu
Macanese: péscu

Old Spanish: priesco, presco

Spanish: piesco, prisco

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: pjeshkë

→ Latvian: persiks

→ Lithuanian: persikas

→ Proto-West Germanic: *persik (see there for further descendants)

→ Kabyle: afresɣu

[ˈpɛrs̠ɪkʊ̃ˑ]

Ellipsis of persicum pōmum (“Persian fruit”), from Persae (“Persians”). Compare Ancient Greek Περσική (Persikḗ, “Persia”).


spelta

la-noun

spelta f (genitive speltae); first declension

speltae (genitive)
spelta (nominative singular)
speltae (nominative plural)
speltae (genitive singular)
speltārum (genitive plural)
speltae (dative singular)
speltīs (dative plural)
speltam (accusative singular)
speltās (accusative plural)
speltā (ablative singular)
speltīs (ablative plural)
spelta (singular vocative)
speltae (plural vocative)

Catalan: espelta

Old French: espiautre
French: épeautre

Galician: espelta

Italian: spelta

Portuguese: espelta

Spanish: espelta

[ˈs̠pɛɫ̪t̪ä]

Borrowed from Frankish *spelta, from Proto-Germanic *spiltaz.

Triticum spelta
Triticum spelta#Translingual


malum cotonium

mālum cotōnium n (genitive mālī cotōniī); second declension

mālum cotōnium (canonical neuter)
mālī cotōniī (genitive)
mālum cotōnium (nominative singular)
māla cotōnia (nominative plural)
mālī cotōniī (genitive singular)
mālōrum cotōniōrum (genitive plural)
mālō cotōniō (dative singular)
mālīs cotōniīs (dative plural)
mālum cotōnium (accusative singular)
māla cotōnia (accusative plural)
mālō cotōniō (ablative singular)
mālīs cotōniīs (ablative plural)
mālum cotōnium (singular vocative)
māla cotōnia (plural vocative)

Italian: melocotogno

desctree

Spanish: melocotón (“peach”)
→? Catalan: melicotó, melocotó, melacotó
→ English: melocoton
→ Portuguese: melocotão

→ Albanian: mollaftua

[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ kɔˈt̪oːniʊ̃ˑ]

Calque of Ancient Greek μηλοκυδώνιον (mēlokudṓnion, literally “apple of Cydonia”), named after a town in Crete.

calque

μηλοκυδώνιον


castanea

la-noun

castanea f (genitive castaneae); first declension

castaneae (genitive)
castanea (nominative singular)
castaneae (nominative plural)
castaneae (genitive singular)
castaneārum (genitive plural)
castaneae (dative singular)
castaneīs (dative plural)
castaneam (accusative singular)
castaneās (accusative plural)
castaneā (ablative singular)
castaneīs (ablative plural)
castanea (singular vocative)
castaneae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cãstãnji

Megleno-Romanian: căstǫn'ă

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: castagna

Italian: castagna (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: castagna

Sicilian: castagna

Padanian:

Friulian: cjastine

Venetan: castegna

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: castanya

Franco-Provençal: châtagne

Old French: chastaigne (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: castanha

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: castaña

Old Galician-Portuguese: castanna

Galician: castaña

Portuguese: castanha

desctree

Old Spanish: castanna
Spanish: castaña (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: gështenjë

→ Basque: gaztaina

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: kistin

Cornish: kesten

Welsh: castan ⇒ castanwydd

→ Czech: kaštan

→ Estonian: kasta

→ Old Irish: castán

Irish: castán

Manx: castan

Scottish Gaelic: castan

→ Latgalian: kaštans

→ Latvian: kastanis

→ Lithuanian: kaštonas

→ Macedonian: костен (kosten)

→ Polish: kasztan

→ Ukrainian: каштан (kaštan)

→ Russian: каштан (kaštan)

→ Slovak: gaštan

→ Slovene: kostanj

→ Translingual: Castanea

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kastannjā (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek καστάνεια (kastáneia), from κᾰ́στᾰνᾰ (kắstănă).


carduus

la-noun

carduus m (genitive carduī); second declension

carduī (genitive)
carduus (nominative singular)
carduī (nominative plural)
carduī (genitive singular)
carduōrum (genitive plural)
carduō (dative singular)
carduīs (dative plural)
carduum (accusative singular)
carduōs (accusative plural)
carduō (ablative singular)
carduīs (ablative plural)
cardue (singular vocative)
carduī (plural vocative)

Italian: cardo

q

from Medieval Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">cardō</i>

Old French: (from Medieval Latin cardō)

French: chardon

Old Occitan: cardon (from Medieval Latin cardō)

→ Italian: cardone

→ Middle French: cardon

French: cardon

→ English: cardoon

→ Sicilian: carduni

Old Occitan: carda f (possibly, or from *caritō, from carō (“to comb”))

Catalan: card

→ Old French: carde

desctree

French: carde
→ English: chard
→ Romanian: carda

→ English: card (“comb”)

→ Dutch: kaarden

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: cardo

Portuguese: cardo

Old Spanish:

Spanish: cardo

Piedmontese: card

Sicilian: cardu

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kardā f (see there for further descendants)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kars- (“to scratch, scrape, rub, card”). See also Middle Low German harsch (“hairy”), Russian короста (korosta, “scab”), Old Church Slavonic краста (krasta), Lithuanian karsiu (“to comb”).


frumentum

la-noun

frūmentum n (genitive frūmentī); second declension

frūmentum (canonical neuter)
frūmentī (genitive)
frūmentum (nominative singular)
frūmenta (nominative plural)
frūmentī (genitive singular)
frūmentōrum (genitive plural)
frūmentō (dative singular)
frūmentīs (dative plural)
frūmentum (accusative singular)
frūmenta (accusative plural)
frūmentō (ablative singular)
frūmentīs (ablative plural)
frūmentum (singular vocative)
frūmenta (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: furmiant

Italian: frumento, fromento, formento

Sicilian: frummentu

Venetan: formento, ⇒ formenton

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: forment

Romansch: frument

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: forment, ⇒ formenton

Piedmontese: forment, ⇒ formenton

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: forment

Franco-Provençal: froment

desctree

Old French: froment, ferment, formant, forment, fronment, furment
Middle French: froment, forment, fourment
French: froment
→? Middle English: furment, firment, frument

⇒ Old French: fourmenté

Middle French: fromenté

→ Hungarian: furmint

→ Middle English: furmente

English: frumenty

[fruːˈmɛn̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *frūgməntom, equivalent to fruor (“I use, enjoy”) + -mentum (instrumental suffix); ultimately, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-mn̥-to-m.

affix

Mūnīre urbem, frūmentum convehere, tela arma parāre.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 29.4

To strengthen the defences of the city, to accumulate stores of grain, to prepare a supply of weapons and armour.


abiga

la-noun

abiga f (genitive abigae); first declension

abigae (genitive)
abiga (nominative singular)
abigae (nominative plural)
abigae (genitive singular)
abigārum (genitive plural)
abigae (dative singular)
abigīs (dative plural)
abigam (accusative singular)
abigās (accusative plural)
abigā (ablative singular)
abigīs (ablative plural)
abiga (singular vocative)
abigae (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Ajuga

From abigō (“force birth, cause an abortion”).

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 24.29

300 CE – 400 CE, Pseudo-Apuleius, Herbarium 27

Ajuga chamaepitys
Ajuga chamaepitys#Translingual

a flowering plant known as yellow bugle or Ajuga chamaepitys used in medicine to induce an abortion.


zizyphum

zīzyphum n (genitive zīzyphī); second declension

zīzyphum (canonical neuter)
zīzyphī (genitive)
zīzyphum (nominative singular)
zīzypha (nominative plural)
zīzyphī (genitive singular)
zīzyphōrum (genitive plural)
zīzyphō (dative singular)
zīzyphīs (dative plural)
zīzyphum (accusative singular)
zīzypha (accusative plural)
zīzyphō (ablative singular)
zīzyphīs (ablative plural)
zīzyphum (singular vocative)
zīzypha (plural vocative)

See zīzyphus

[ˈd̪͡z̪iːz̪d̪͡z̪ʏpʰʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ζίζυφον n (zízuphon). Latin zīzyphus denotes the tree.


amygdalum

amygdalum n (genitive amygdalī); second declension

amygdalī (genitive)
amygdalum (nominative singular)
amygdala (nominative plural)
amygdalī (genitive singular)
amygdalōrum (genitive plural)
amygdalō (dative singular)
amygdalīs (dative plural)
amygdalum (accusative singular)
amygdala (accusative plural)
amygdalō (ablative singular)
amygdalīs (ablative plural)
amygdalum (singular vocative)
amygdala (plural vocative)

→ Afrikaans: amandel

Asturian: almendra

→ Basque: almendra

desc

→ Belarusian: мінда́ль (mindálʹ), мігда́л (mihdál)

→ Breton: alamandez

Catalan: ametlla

Corsican: amandula

→ Czech: amygdala, mandle

→ Danish: amygdala, mandel

→ Dutch: amygdala, amandel

→ Old English: āmigdal

→ Esperanto: migdalo

→ Estonian: mandel

→ Faroese: mandel

→ Finnish: manteli

Old French: almande, amande

French: amygdale, amande

English: amygdala, almond

Friulian: mandule

→ German: Amygdala, Mandel

Galician: améndoa

→ Greenlandic: mandeli

→ Hungarian: amigdala, mandula

→ Icelandic: mandla, sætmandla

→ Indonesian: amigdala

→ Irish: almóinn

Istriot: manduleîna

Italian: amigdala, mandorla

→ Japanese: アーモンド (āmondo)

→ Korean: 아몬드 (amondeu)

→ Manx: almon

→ Norwegian: amygdala, mandel

Occitan: amètla

→ Polish: migdał

Portuguese: amígdala, amêndoa, mígala

Romanian: migdal, migdală

Romansch: mandel, mandla

→ Russian: минда́ль (mindálʹ)

Sardinian: méndhula, méndua, méndula, ménnula, míndula

→ Serbo-Croatian: amigdala, mȁndula

Sicilian: mènnula

→ Slovene: mandelj

Old Spanish: almendra

Ladino: almendra

Spanish: amígdala, almendra

Tagalog: alméndras

→ Swedish: amygdala, mandel

→ Turkish: amigdala

→ Ukrainian: мигда́ль (myhdálʹ)

→ Welsh: almon

[äˈmʏɡd̪äɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ἀμύγδαλον (amúgdalon, “almond, almond shaped”).


armeniaca

la-noun

armeniaca f (genitive armeniacae); first declension

armeniacae (genitive)
armeniaca (nominative singular)
armeniacae (nominative plural)
armeniacae (genitive singular)
armeniacārum (genitive plural)
armeniacae (dative singular)
armeniacīs (dative plural)
armeniacam (accusative singular)
armeniacās (accusative plural)
armeniacā (ablative singular)
armeniacīs (ablative plural)
armeniaca (singular vocative)
armeniacae (plural vocative)

Lombard: mugnaga, mügnaga

→ Translingual: Prunus armeniaca

From Armenia, because apricot was spread throughout Roman Empire from Armenia.


armeniacum

armeniacum n (genitive armeniacī); second declension

armeniacī (genitive)
armeniacum (nominative singular)
armeniaca (nominative plural)
armeniacī (genitive singular)
armeniacōrum (genitive plural)
armeniacō (dative singular)
armeniacīs (dative plural)
armeniacum (accusative singular)
armeniaca (accusative plural)
armeniacō (ablative singular)
armeniacīs (ablative plural)
armeniacum (singular vocative)
armeniaca (plural vocative)

Istriot:

Istriot: armileîna

Padanian:

Emilian: mugnaga, mignaga, mugnèga, miäga

⇒ Ligurian: armognìn

Lombard: mognaga, mugnaga, armignèga, ramignaga, romignaga, rebugnaga

⇒ ambrognaga

Piedmontese: armognan, ramognan

⇒ Venetan: armelin

→ Italian: armellino (dated) (see there for further descendants)

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: armèniâye

[ärmɛˈniäkʊ̃ˑ]


zea

zēa (canonical feminine)
zēae (genitive)
zēa (nominative singular)
zēae (nominative plural)
zēae (genitive singular)
zēārum (genitive plural)
zēae (dative singular)
zēīs (dative plural)
zēam (accusative singular)
zēās (accusative plural)
zēā (ablative singular)
zēīs (ablative plural)
zēa (singular vocative)
zēae (plural vocative)

→ English: zea, ⇒ zein

→ Italian: zea

→ Translingual: Zea

A type of grain; spelt (Triticum spelta)


zingiberi

→ Translingual: Zingiber, Zingiberales

Italo-Romance:

Italian: zenzero (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: gènciru, zenzeru

Padanian:

Friulian: zenzar

Old Lombard: çençauro

Old Ligurian: zenzavro

Piedmontese: zenser

Venetan: xènxaro

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old Catalan: gingebre, gingibre, gengibre, gengebre
Catalan: gingebre

Old French: gingembre (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: gingibre (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Hungarian: gyömbér (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *gingiberō (see there for further descendants)

[d̪͡z̪ɪŋˈɡɪbɛrɪ]

From Ancient Greek ζιγγίβερις (zingíberis), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera), from a Dravidian language; compare Old Tamil 𑀇𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀺 (iñci, “ginger”) + 𑀯𑁂𑀭𑁆 (vēr, “root”) (modern Tamil இஞ்சி (iñci, “ginger”) + வேர் (vēr, “root”)).


sagapenum

la-noun

sagapēnum n (genitive sagapēnī); second declension

sagapēnum (canonical neuter)
sagapēnī (genitive)
sagapēnum (nominative singular)
sagapēna (nominative plural)
sagapēnī (genitive singular)
sagapēnōrum (genitive plural)
sagapēnō (dative singular)
sagapēnīs (dative plural)
sagapēnum (accusative singular)
sagapēna (accusative plural)
sagapēnō (ablative singular)
sagapēnīs (ablative plural)
sagapēnum (singular vocative)
sagapēna (plural vocative)

[s̠äɡäˈpeːnʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek σαγάπηνον (sagápēnon), from Arabic سَكْبِينَج (sakbīnaj), from Persian سَكْبِينَهٌ.

der

Persian سَكْبِينَهٌ


vaccinium

la-noun

vaccīnium n (genitive vaccīniī or vaccīnī); second declension

vaccīnium (canonical neuter)
vaccīniī (genitive)
vaccīnī (genitive)
vaccīnium (nominative singular)
vaccīnia (nominative plural)
vaccīniī (genitive singular)
vaccīnī (genitive singular)
vaccīniōrum (genitive plural)
vaccīniō (dative singular)
vaccīniīs (dative plural)
vaccīnium (accusative singular)
vaccīnia (accusative plural)
vaccīniō (ablative singular)
vaccīniīs (ablative plural)
vaccīnium (singular vocative)
vaccīnia (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Vaccinium

→ English: vaccinium

From vaccīnus (“relating to cows”), or a corruption of Ancient Greek ὑάκινθος (huákinthos, “dark red, purple”).


palmula

la-noun

palmula f (genitive palmulae); first declension

palmulae (genitive)
palmula (nominative singular)
palmulae (nominative plural)
palmulae (genitive singular)
palmulārum (genitive plural)
palmulae (dative singular)
palmulīs (dative plural)
palmulam (accusative singular)
palmulās (accusative plural)
palmulā (ablative singular)
palmulīs (ablative plural)
palmula (singular vocative)
palmulae (plural vocative)

[ˈpäɫ̪mʊɫ̪ä]

palma (“hand, palm of the hand; palm tree”) + -ula

af

(by extension) the fruit of the palm tree; date


secale

la-noun

sēcale n (genitive sēcalis); third declension

sēcale (canonical neuter)
sēcalis (genitive)
sēcale (nominative singular)
sēcalia (nominative plural)
sēcalis (genitive singular)
sēcalium (genitive plural)
sēcalī (dative singular)
sēcalibus (dative plural)
sēcale (accusative singular)
sēcalia (accusative plural)
sēcalī (ablative singular)
sēcalibus (ablative plural)
sēcale (singular vocative)
sēcalia (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sicarã

Romanian: secară

Italo-Romance:

Italian: segale, ⇒ segala

Tuscan and Central Italian: segale, segole ⇒ segala, segola, seguala

Sicilian: sègala

Padanian:

desc

Emilian: séigar, sègher, sagle, säigle, ségul, sègal ⇒ segla, segàra, séigala, sgala

Friulian: siale

⇒ Ligurian: séia, séiga, sêga

Lombard:

Alpine: ⇒ sèila, sèa

Occidental seghel, ségal ⇒ segla, segra, selgra, ségria, sega

Oriental: séghel, ségal, sìgal

Piedmontese: sèil, sèi, sail, sèl, sè ⇒ segla, seirada

→ Vivaro-Alpine: sèil, sèi

Romagnol: segle, ségal, ségol, ségul, ségual

⇒ Venetan: siala, segala, segała

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal:

Bressan: ⇒ sèglla, sèlya, sêlya

Dauphinois: sêgla, sîdia

Forézien: sêly, sêlyi

Fribourgeois: ⇒ sàela

Genevois: ⇒ sâla

Lyonnais: sêgl ⇒ ségla, sêlya

Jurassien: ⇒ sélyo, sêglo, sèlo

Neuchâtelois: sèly

Savoyard: sèla, séila, sèlya, sêla, sala

Valaisin: ⇒ sèila, sèlya, sêgla, sila

Valdôtain: ⇒ sèila

Vaudois: sêgle ⇒ sèlya, saèla, sâla, sèla

Old French: soile

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: seille

Bourguignon: soille

Champenois: soâle

Franc-Comtois: soile

Picard: soile

Walloon: swele, soil

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: ségal

Ribagorçan: selga, séguel

Catalan: sègol, segle, ségol, sèguel, sègal

Old Occitan: segle

Auvergnat: selhe ⇒ selha, silha

Gascon: segle

Languedocien: segal, segle, siegle, sial, siàl, segol, siol ⇒ segla

Limousin: segle, seglhe, selhe

Foishenc: séguel, séguelh

Cevenòl: ⇒ segia, selha

Provençal: segle, segue, segie ⇒ segla

Vivaro-Alpine: sèu, sege ⇒ segla, sela, selha, seja

Valadas: ⇒ sega

→? Old French: segle, seygle, soigle

Middle French: seigle

French: seigle

Borrowings

→ Byzantine Greek: σίκαλη (síkalē)

Greek: σίκαλη (síkali)

→⇒ English: triticale (in part)

→ Old English: sigle

→ Old Irish: secal

Irish: seagal

Scottish Gaelic: seagal

→ Translingual: Secale

[ˈs̠eːkäɫ̪ɛ]

Unknown. Maybe a loanword from a language spoken in the Balkans. Has been compared unconvincingly to sēcula (“sickle”) and secō (“to cut”).


triticum

la-noun

trīticum n (genitive trīticī); second declension

trīticum (canonical neuter)
trīticī (genitive)
trīticum (nominative singular)
trītica (nominative plural)
trīticī (genitive singular)
trīticōrum (genitive plural)
trīticō (dative singular)
trīticīs (dative plural)
trīticum (accusative singular)
trītica (accusative plural)
trīticō (ablative singular)
trīticīs (ablative plural)
trīticum (singular vocative)
trītica (plural vocative)

Aragonese: trigo

Italian: tritico

Old Leonese: trigo

Asturian: trigu, tríu

Mirandese: trio

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: triigo
Galician: trigo
Portuguese: trigo (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish:

Ladino: trigo

Spanish: trigo (see there for further descendants)

Sardinian: tricu, tridicu, tridigu, trigu

→ English: triticum; →⇒ triticale

→ Esperanto: tritiko

→ Translingual: Triticum

[ˈt̪riːt̪ɪkʊ̃ˑ]

From trītus, perfect passive participle of terō (“graze, grind”).


hordeum

la-noun

hordeum n (genitive hordeī); second declension

hordeī (genitive)
hordeum (nominative singular)
hordea (nominative plural)
hordeī (genitive singular)
hordeōrum (genitive plural)
hordeō (dative singular)
hordeīs (dative plural)
hordeum (accusative singular)
hordea (accusative plural)
hordeō (ablative singular)
hordeīs (ablative plural)
hordeum (singular vocative)
hordea (plural vocative)

Aromanian: ordzu

Catalan: ordi, orxata

desc

Champenois: orge (Troyen), orde (Rémois)

Dalmatian: vuarz

Franc-Comtois: oûerdge

Dutch: orgeade

English: orgeat, horchata

Franco-Provençal: horgeo, horgeat

French: orge, orgeat

Friulian: vuardi

Italian: orzo, orzata

Megleno-Romanian: uorz, uorḑ

Occitan: òrdi, ordiat

Asturian: orgu

Old Galician-Portuguese: orjo

Galician: orxo

Romanian: orz

Romansch: ierdi, üerdi

Sardinian: ogliu, olzu, orgiu, orju, orzu

Sicilian: oriu (from an earlier “òrjiu”)

→ Spanish: hordio, horchata

Translingual: Hordeum

[ˈhɔrd̪eʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *horzdeom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰr̥sdeyom (“bristly”) after the long prickly awns of the ear of grain.
Cognate to Old High German gersta (“barley”), German Gerste (“barley”), English gorse. Related to Latin horreo (“to bristle”), hirsutus (“hairy”), and ericius (“urchin”)


colocasia

la-noun

colocāsia f (genitive colocāsiae); first declension

colocāsia (canonical feminine)
colocāsiae (genitive)
colocāsia (nominative singular)
colocāsiae (nominative plural)
colocāsiae (genitive singular)
colocāsiārum (genitive plural)
colocāsiae (dative singular)
colocāsiīs (dative plural)
colocāsiam (accusative singular)
colocāsiās (accusative plural)
colocāsiā (ablative singular)
colocāsiīs (ablative plural)
colocāsia (singular vocative)
colocāsiae (plural vocative)

[kɔɫ̪ɔˈkäːs̠iä]

From Ancient Greek κολοκασία (kolokasía), κολοκάσιον (kolokásion). Of uncertain Asiatic origin shared with Mishnaic Hebrew קולקס, קרקס (“taro”) and Arabic قُلْقَاس (qulqās, “taro”).


siligo

silīgō f (genitive silīginis); third declension

silīgō (canonical feminine)
silīginis (genitive)
silīgō (nominative singular)
silīginēs (nominative plural)
silīginis (genitive singular)
silīginum (genitive plural)
silīginī (dative singular)
silīginibus (dative plural)
silīginem (accusative singular)
silīginēs (accusative plural)
silīgine (ablative singular)
silīginibus (ablative plural)
silīgō (singular vocative)
silīginēs (plural vocative)

The origin is uncertain. Probably not Indo-European, therefore a candidate substrate term. Compare Latin siliqua.


granatum

grānātum n (genitive grānātī); second declension

grānātum (canonical neuter)
grānātī (genitive)
grānātum (nominative singular)
grānāta (nominative plural)
grānātī (genitive singular)
grānātōrum (genitive plural)
grānātō (dative singular)
grānātīs (dative plural)
grānātum (accusative singular)
grānāta (accusative plural)
grānātō (ablative singular)
grānātīs (ablative plural)
grānātum (singular vocative)
grānāta (plural vocative)

Catalan: granada, granat

English: garnet, grenade

French: grenade

Galician: granado, granada

Italian: granato, granata

Romanian: granată

Russian: гранат (granat)

Sardinian: aranada

Spanish: granado, granada

[ɡräːˈnäːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Ellipsis of pōmum grānātum (“seeded fruit”) Inflected form of grānātus (“having many seeds”), from grānum (“grain, seed”).


rubus

la-noun

rubus m (genitive rubī); second declension

rubī (genitive)
rubus (nominative singular)
rubī (nominative plural)
rubī (genitive singular)
rubōrum (genitive plural)
rubō (dative singular)
rubīs (dative plural)
rubum (accusative singular)
rubōs (accusative plural)
rubō (ablative singular)
rubīs (ablative plural)
rube (singular vocative)
rubī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: arug, rug

Italian: rovo, rogo

Romanian: rug

→ English: rubus

→ Interlingua: rubo

→ Italian: rubo

→ Spanish: rubo

→ Translingual: rubus

From Proto-Italic *wruðos, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰo- (“sweetbriar”) (compare dialectal Norwegian erre, orr (“bush”), Albanian hurdhe (“ivy”), Old Persian *vr̥dah (“flower, rose”), Old English word (“thornbush”)). See rose.

Apparuitque ei Dominus in flamma ignis de medio rubi et videbat quod rubus arderet et non conbureretur (Exodus 3:2, Vulgate)


pomus

pōmus f (genitive pōmī); second declension

pōmus (canonical feminine)
pōmī (genitive)
pōmus (nominative singular)
pōmī (nominative plural)
pōmī (genitive singular)
pōmōrum (genitive plural)
pōmō (dative singular)
pōmīs (dative plural)
pōmum (accusative singular)
pōmōs (accusative plural)
pōmō (ablative singular)
pōmīs (ablative plural)
pōme (singular vocative)
pōmī (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: pemë

Aromanian: pom

→ English: pome

Italian: pomo

Megleno-Romanian: pom

Portuguese: pomo

Romanian: pom

Sicilian: pumu

Spanish: pomo

Catalan: poma

French: pomme

From Proto-Italic *poomos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂po-h₁ém-os (“taken off”), from *h₂epo (“off”) (whence po-) + *h₁em- (“take”) (whence emō). Compare the same semantic development in Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós).


acinos

la-noun

acinos f (genitive acinī); second declension

acinī (genitive)
acinos (nominative singular)
acinī (nominative plural)
acinī (genitive singular)
acinōrum (genitive plural)
acinō (dative singular)
acinīs (dative plural)
acinon (accusative singular)
acinōs (accusative plural)
acinō (ablative singular)
acinīs (ablative plural)
acine (singular vocative)
acinī (plural vocative)

Spanish: alcino

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄκινος (ákinos).


arbutum

arbutum n (genitive arbutī); second declension

arbutī (genitive)
arbutum (nominative singular)
arbuta (nominative plural)
arbutī (genitive singular)
arbutōrum (genitive plural)
arbutō (dative singular)
arbutīs (dative plural)
arbutum (accusative singular)
arbuta (accusative plural)
arbutō (ablative singular)
arbutīs (ablative plural)
arbutum (singular vocative)
arbuta (plural vocative)


sambucum

sambūcum n (genitive sambūcī); second declension

sambūcum (canonical neuter)
sambūcī (genitive)
sambūcum (nominative singular)
sambūca (nominative plural)
sambūcī (genitive singular)
sambūcōrum (genitive plural)
sambūcō (dative singular)
sambūcīs (dative plural)
sambūcum (accusative singular)
sambūca (accusative plural)
sambūcō (ablative singular)
sambūcīs (ablative plural)
sambūcum (singular vocative)
sambūca (plural vocative)

Ad frigidam podagram, quae sine tumore consistit, cataplasma: piperis nigri moliti hemina, feniculi seminis contusi hemina; coquuntur ex aqua utraque; ubi temperata sunt, adicitur axungia suilla et, dum calet, panno spisso inductum medicamentum imponitur.
Bene facit ad idem genus et: lini seminis et feni graeci seminis, farinae hordeaciae, singulorum bini sextarii cribrati in unum commiscentur; inde coquere oportet quod satis erit ex aqua et oleo, subinde caldum cataplasma etiam imponere.

c. 43 CE – 46 CE, Scribonius Largus, Compositiones medicamentorum 160

Bene facit et hibisci radix ex aqua mulsa cocta et imposita, item sambūcum cum axungia vetere tritum et impositum, adiectus et brassicae cinis cum axungia vel semen caulium. ubi autem impetus cessaverit, et in hoc et in priore genere podagrae calda aqua marina diu fovendi sunt, vel si haec non erit, aquae purae ferventi salem adicito. post epithemate uti oportet, quod ad parotidas scriptum est: tollit enim cito reliquias per sudores et in futurum confirmat nervos nec patitur facile vitiari.


morum

mōrum n (genitive mōrī); second declension

mōrum (canonical neuter)
mōrī (genitive)
mōrum (nominative singular)
mōra (nominative plural)
mōrī (genitive singular)
mōrōrum (genitive plural)
mōrō (dative singular)
mōrīs (dative plural)
mōrum (accusative singular)
mōra (accusative plural)
mōrō (ablative singular)
mōrīs (ablative plural)
mōrum (singular vocative)
mōra (plural vocative)

Catalan: móra

English: morula

French: mûre

Galician: amora, mora

Italian: mora

Occitan: amora

Old Polish: mora

Portuguese: amora, morango (from Vulgar *mōrānicus)

Romanian: mură

qual

Sicilian: mura (mainly plural only, with collective article "a": "a muri")

Spanish: mora

Probably from Ancient Greek μόρον (móron), though the long vowel is somewhat unexpected.


marum

la-noun

marum n (genitive marī); second declension

marī (genitive)
marum (nominative singular)
mara (nominative plural)
marī (genitive singular)
marōrum (genitive plural)
marō (dative singular)
marīs (dative plural)
marum (accusative singular)
mara (accusative plural)
marō (ablative singular)
marīs (ablative plural)
marum (singular vocative)
mara (plural vocative)

Spanish: maro

Portuguese: maro

→ Translingual: Marum, Teucrium marum

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μᾶρον (mâron), from Aramaic מַרְוָא / ܡܲܪܘܵܐ (marwā, “Origanum syriacum syn. Origanum maru”), an important ritual herb (☞ explained by Löw), from Middle Persian [script needed] (mlc' /marw/), related to Sanskrit मरुव (maruva, “marjoram”). Also found in Arabic مَرْو (marw, “fragrant herbs; pebbles; quartz”), مَرْدَقُوش (mardaqūš, “marjoram”).

der

Aramaic מַרְוָא

cog

A kind of plant, cat thyme Teucrium marum


alica

la-noun

alica f (genitive alicae); first declension

alicae (genitive)
alica (nominative singular)
alicae (nominative plural)
alicae (genitive singular)
alicārum (genitive plural)
alicae (dative singular)
alicīs (dative plural)
alicam (accusative singular)
alicās (accusative plural)
alicā (ablative singular)
alicīs (ablative plural)
alica (singular vocative)
alicae (plural vocative)

Romanian: alac

Sardinian: àlighe, àligu

Spanish: álaga

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄλιξ (álix) ‘rice-wheat groat’.


olyra

olȳra f (genitive olȳrae); first declension

olȳra (canonical feminine)
olȳrae (genitive)
olȳra (nominative singular)
olȳrae (nominative plural)
olȳrae (genitive singular)
olȳrārum (genitive plural)
olȳrae (dative singular)
olȳrīs (dative plural)
olȳram (accusative singular)
olȳrās (accusative plural)
olȳrā (ablative singular)
olȳrīs (ablative plural)
olȳra (singular vocative)
olȳrae (plural vocative)

A type of grain similar to spelt, possibly another type of hulled wheat


porrum

porrum n (genitive porrī); second declension

porrī (genitive)
porrum (nominative singular)
porrī (nominative plural)
porra (nominative plural)
porrī (genitive singular)
porrōrum (genitive plural)
porrō (dative singular)
porrīs (dative plural)
porrum (accusative singular)
porrōs (accusative plural)
porrō (ablative singular)
porrīs (ablative plural)
porrum (singular vocative)
porrī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: por, pur

Italo-Romance:

Italian: porro
→ Alemannic German: Bor

Sicilian: porru

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: pòr ⇒ porass, porèn

Ligurian: pöro ⇒ pörin, porin

Lombard: pòr, pòrc

Piedmontese: pòr, pòro ⇒ poret, porät, porin

Romagnol: pòr, pòrc

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pôr ⇒ porrel

Old French: por ⇒ poree, poiree

desctree

⇒ French: poireau, porreau (obsolete)
Haitian Creole: powo

Norman: pouothé

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: porro
→ Spanish: porro

Gascon: pòr

Occitan: pòrre ⇒ porret

⇒ Auvergnat: porrada

⇒ Limousin: porrat, porrada

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: porro

Asturian: puerru

Galician: porro

Portuguese: porra, porro

Spanish: porra, puerro

Borrowings

→ Albanian: porr

→ Basque: porru

→ Cornish: por

→ Czech: pór, pórek

→ Danish: porre

→ Faroese: purra

→ Limburgish: poor

→ Norwegian Bokmål: purre

→ Polish: por

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: порилук

Latin script: poriluk

→ Slovak: pór

→ Slovene: por

→ Swedish: purjo, purjolök
→ Finnish: purjo, purjosipuli

From Proto-Italic *porso-, from Proto-Indo-European *pers-ó-s. Cognate with Ancient Greek πράσον (práson), Sanskrit पर्ष (parṣa), and Albanian presh. Compare Latin ferrum.


hysopum

la-noun

hȳsōpum n (genitive hȳsōpī); second declension

hȳsōpum (canonical neuter)
hȳsōpī (genitive)
hȳsōpum (nominative singular)
hȳsōpa (nominative plural)
hȳsōpī (genitive singular)
hȳsōpōrum (genitive plural)
hȳsōpō (dative singular)
hȳsōpīs (dative plural)
hȳsōpum (accusative singular)
hȳsōpa (accusative plural)
hȳsōpō (ablative singular)
hȳsōpīs (ablative plural)
hȳsōpum (singular vocative)
hȳsōpa (plural vocative)

Medieval Latin: hȳsōpus

→ Catalan: hisop

→ Old French: ysope

French: hysope

→ Italian: issopo

→ Occitan: isòp

→ Portuguese: hissopo

→ Spanish: hisopo

→ Old English: ȳsōpe

Middle English: īsōpe

English: hyssop

→ Czech: yzop

→ Old High German: hysop

Old High German: isopo, isipo

Middle High German: isôpe, ysôpe

German: Isope, Ysope, Ysop

Piedmontese: issòp, isòp

→ Polish: hyzop

→ Slovak: yzop

[hyːˈs̠oːpʊ̃ˑ]


amomum

amōmum n (genitive amōmī); second declension

amōmum (canonical neuter)
amōmī (genitive)
amōmum (nominative singular)
amōma (nominative plural)
amōmī (genitive singular)
amōmōrum (genitive plural)
amōmō (dative singular)
amōmīs (dative plural)
amōmum (accusative singular)
amōma (accusative plural)
amōmō (ablative singular)
amōmīs (ablative plural)
amōmum (singular vocative)
amōma (plural vocative)

Catalan: amom

French: amome

Galician: amomo

Italian: amomo

Portuguese: amomo

Spanish: amomo

Translingual: Amomum

→ English: amomum


capparis

capparis f (genitive capparis); third declension

capparis (genitive)
capparis (nominative singular)
capparēs (nominative plural)
capparis (genitive singular)
capparium (genitive plural)
capparī (dative singular)
capparibus (dative plural)
capparim (accusative singular)
capparin (accusative singular)
capparēs (accusative plural)
capparīs (accusative plural)
capparī (ablative singular)
capparibus (ablative plural)
capparis (singular vocative)
capparēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cappero

→ French: câpre

Sicilian: chiàppara

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: tàpano, tapano

Piedmontese: tàpari

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: tapèra, tapèna

Gascon: tapera

Occitan: tapera, tapena

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: tapara, tapera

>? Mozarabic: [Term?]

→ Spanish: alcaparra

Borrowings:

→ English: caper

→ Translingual: Capparis


ficarius

la-adj

fīcārius (feminine fīcāria, neuter fīcārium); first/second-declension adjective

fīcārius (canonical)
fīcāria (feminine)
fīcārium (neuter)
fīcārius (masculine nominative singular)
fīcāria (feminine nominative singular)
fīcārium (neuter nominative singular)
fīcāriī (masculine nominative singular)
fīcāriae (feminine nominative plural)
fīcāria (neuter nominative plural)
fīcāriī (genitive masculine singular)
fīcāriae (feminine genitive singular)
fīcāriī (genitive neuter singular)
fīcāriōrum (genitive masculine singular)
fīcāriārum (feminine genitive plural)
fīcāriōrum (genitive neuter plural)
fīcāriō (dative masculine singular)
fīcāriae (dative feminine singular)
fīcāriō (dative neuter singular)
fīcāriīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
fīcārium (accusative masculine singular)
fīcāriam (accusative feminine singular)
fīcārium (accusative neuter singular)
fīcāriōs (accusative masculine singular)
fīcāriās (accusative feminine plural)
fīcāria (accusative neuter plural)
fīcāriō (ablative masculine singular)
fīcāriā (ablative feminine singular)
fīcāriō (ablative neuter singular)
fīcāriīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
fīcārie (masculine singular vocative)
fīcāria (feminine singular vocative)
fīcārium (neuter singular vocative)
fīcāriī (masculine singular vocative)
fīcāriae (feminine plural vocative)
fīcāria (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: figuer, figuera

Dalmatian: fichiera

Friulian: figâr

Galician: figueira

Occitan: figuièra

Portuguese: figueira

Sicilian: ficara

Spanish: higuera

Translingual: Ficaria

Venetan: figaro, figher


prinus

la-noun

prīnus f (genitive prīnī); second declension

prīnus (canonical feminine)
prīnī (genitive)
prīnus (nominative singular)
prīnī (nominative plural)
prīnī (genitive singular)
prīnōrum (genitive plural)
prīnō (dative singular)
prīnīs (dative plural)
prīnum (accusative singular)
prīnōs (accusative plural)
prīnō (ablative singular)
prīnīs (ablative plural)
prīne (singular vocative)
prīnī (plural vocative)


melongena

mēlongēna f (genitive mēlongēnae); first declension

mēlongēna (canonical feminine)
mēlongēnae (genitive)
mēlongēna (nominative singular)
mēlongēnae (nominative plural)
mēlongēnae (genitive singular)
mēlongēnārum (genitive plural)
mēlongēnae (dative singular)
mēlongēnīs (dative plural)
mēlongēnam (accusative singular)
mēlongēnās (accusative plural)
mēlongēnā (ablative singular)
mēlongēnīs (ablative plural)
mēlongēna (singular vocative)
mēlongēnae (plural vocative)

→ French: mélongène

→ English: melongene

[meːɫ̪ɔŋˈɡeːnä]

Medieval Latin, compare Italian melanzana. From Byzantine Greek μελιτζάνα (melitzána), from Arabic بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏinjān), from Classical Persian بادنجان (bādinjān).

der

Arabic بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏinjān)


oryza

la-noun

orȳza f (genitive orȳzae); first declension

orȳza (canonical feminine)
orȳzae (genitive)
orȳza (nominative singular)
orȳzae (nominative plural)
orȳzae (genitive singular)
orȳzārum (genitive plural)
orȳzae (dative singular)
orȳzīs (dative plural)
orȳzam (accusative singular)
orȳzās (accusative plural)
orȳzā (ablative singular)
orȳzīs (ablative plural)
orȳza (singular vocative)
orȳzae (plural vocative)

[ɔˈryːz̪d̪͡z̪ä]

From Ancient Greek ὄρῡζα (órūza), ὄρῡζον (órūzon); see there for more.


panicum

pānicum n (genitive pānicī); second declension

pānicum (canonical neuter)
pānicī (genitive)
pānicum (nominative singular)
pānica (nominative plural)
pānicī (genitive singular)
pānicōrum (genitive plural)
pānicō (dative singular)
pānicīs (dative plural)
pānicum (accusative singular)
pānica (accusative plural)
pānicō (ablative singular)
pānicīs (ablative plural)
pānicum (singular vocative)
pānica (plural vocative)

French: panic

Italian: panico

Romanian: părâng, părinc

[ˈpäːnɪkʊ̃ˑ]

Uncertain, probably either from pānis (“bread; loaf”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to graze; to protect; to shepherd”)) or pānus (“ear of millet; thread wound on a bobbin”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to twist; to weave”)) + -cum (suffix forming neuter nouns).

inh

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual

Italian millet, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), panicgrass


satureia

la-noun

saturēia f (genitive saturēiae); first declension

saturēia (canonical feminine)
saturēiae (genitive)
saturēia (nominative singular)
saturēiae (nominative plural)
saturēiae (genitive singular)
saturēiārum (genitive plural)
saturēiae (dative singular)
saturēiīs (dative plural)
saturēiam (accusative singular)
saturēiās (accusative plural)
saturēiā (ablative singular)
saturēiīs (ablative plural)
saturēia (singular vocative)
saturēiae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: santoreggia

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: srèa, srèja, serèa

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: saborea

Catalan: sajolida, saborija, sadorija

→ Spanish: saldorija (Murcian)

Old French: sarriee, savereie

⇒ French: sarriette

→? Spanish: sarilla

Occitan: sadrèia

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: segorella, segurella

Portuguese: segurelha

Borrowings:

desc

→ Andalusian Arabic: اشترية (aš-šaṭríyya)

→ Aragonese: xadrea

→ Spanish: jedrea, ajedrea

→ Middle English: saverey

English: savory

→ Italian: satureia

→ Translingual: Satureja

→ Proto-West Germanic: *saþurejā, *saturejā (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. See Arabic زَعْتَر (zaʕtar) for more.


marrubium

la-noun

marrubium n (genitive marrubiī or marrubī); second declension

marrubiī (genitive)
marrubī (genitive)
marrubium (nominative singular)
marrubia (nominative plural)
marrubiī (genitive singular)
marrubī (genitive singular)
marrubiōrum (genitive plural)
marrubiō (dative singular)
marrubiīs (dative plural)
marrubium (accusative singular)
marrubia (accusative plural)
marrubiō (ablative singular)
marrubiīs (ablative plural)
marrubium (singular vocative)
marrubia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Marrubium

Catalan: malrubí, marrubí, marreu

Italian: marrubio

Spanish: marrubio

Said to be unknown, but since it is a bitter plant the first part of it is easily identifiable as the Semitic word for “bitter”, Arabic مُرّ (murr) etc., unless it is the same word as treated under مَرْو (marw, “fragrant herbs”) ex Aramaic מַרְוָא / ܡܲܪܘܵܐ (marwā, “Origanum syriacum syn. Origanum maru”), whence Latin marum.

cog

Aramaic מַרְוָא

horehound, a herb used against respiratory maladies


cepulla

la-noun

cēpulla f (genitive cēpullae); first declension

cēpulla (canonical feminine)
cēpullae (genitive)
cēpulla (nominative singular)
cēpullae (nominative plural)
cēpullae (genitive singular)
cēpullārum (genitive plural)
cēpullae (dative singular)
cēpullīs (dative plural)
cēpullam (accusative singular)
cēpullās (accusative plural)
cēpullā (ablative singular)
cēpullīs (ablative plural)
cēpulla (singular vocative)
cēpullae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

capula, capul, capuola, capaula

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cipolla

→ Slavomolisano: čipula

Neapolitan: cepolla, cepodda

Sicilian: cipudda

Calabrese: cipuja, cipura

North Italian:

desc

Emilian: sigula, sigòla, sivòla, scigula, sgula, svòla

Friulian: civole, cevole

Ligurian: çiòula, çevolla, çèula, çeolla, çiòla

Lombard: sigola, scigola, higola, sìgola

Piedmontese: siola, sciola, sigola, sivola

Romagnol: sòla, suòla

Romansch: tschagula, tschaguola, tschavola, tschiguolla

Venetan: séoła, ségoła, séola, zéoła, ziola, zhéoła, zivola — Fiumano

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: cevôla (“scallion”), ceôla (“onion”)

Valdôtain: çòula, çaule

Old Northern French: chibole

desctree

→ Middle English: chibolle, chebolle, chiboll, chibol, chesbolle
English: cibol, chibol
Scots: sybol

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: cibolla (“onionweed”) (Balearic)

⇒ Catalan: ceboller (“mole cricket”)

Old Occitan: cebola, cibola

→ French: ciboule

Occitan: cebola (“scallion”)

Auvergnat: cebola (“onion”)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: cebolla

Old Galician-Portuguese: cebola, çebola, cebolla
Fala: cebola
Galician: cebola
Portuguese: cebola (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: cebolla
Ladino: sevoya
Spanish: cebolla (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: chibudda

→ Basque: tipula

→ Belarusian: цыбу́ля (cybúlja)

→ Czech: cibule

→ Proto-West Germanic: *cibollā (see there for further descendants)

→ Polish: cebula (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ка̀пула/kàpula

→ Slovak: cibuľa

→ Slovene: čebula

From less common cēpula + -la or syncopated -ula, cēpula itself being cēpa (“onion”) + -ula, that makes cēpa + -ula + -la or cēpa + -ula + -ula.