escaria

la-noun

ēscāria f (genitive ēscāriae); first declension

ēscāria (canonical feminine)
ēscāriae (genitive)
ēscāria (nominative singular)
ēscāriae (nominative plural)
ēscāriae (genitive singular)
ēscāriārum (genitive plural)
ēscāriae (dative singular)
ēscāriīs (dative plural)
ēscāriam (accusative singular)
ēscāriās (accusative plural)
ēscāriā (ablative singular)
ēscāriīs (ablative plural)
ēscāria (singular vocative)
ēscāriae (plural vocative)

200–400 Hermeneumata Stephani sect. De oleribus Περὶ λαχάνων = Corpus glossariorum latinorum III p. 359 l. 71

escaria τρώξιμα

c. 600–700, the so-called Folium Parisinum (a Latin-Greek glossary with Greek in Latin script) published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum II page 563 line 20

iscaria seris misce cerasu

endive [is in Greek] σέρις (séris) mixing [is in Greek] κέρασο (kéraso)


avia

avia f (genitive aviae); first declension

aviae (genitive)
avia (nominative singular)
aviae (nominative plural)
aviae (genitive singular)
aviārum (genitive plural)
aviae (dative singular)
aviīs (dative plural)
aviam (accusative singular)
aviās (accusative plural)
aviā (ablative singular)
aviīs (ablative plural)
avia (singular vocative)
aviae (plural vocative)


lactuca

lactūca f (genitive lactūcae); first declension

lactūca (canonical feminine)
lactūcae (genitive)
lactūca (nominative singular)
lactūcae (nominative plural)
lactūcae (genitive singular)
lactūcārum (genitive plural)
lactūcae (dative singular)
lactūcīs (dative plural)
lactūcam (accusative singular)
lactūcās (accusative plural)
lactūcā (ablative singular)
lactūcīs (ablative plural)
lactūca (singular vocative)
lactūcae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: lãptucã

Romanian: lăptucă (with lapatica from lapathum and lappa)

Dalmatian:

→ Proto-Slavic: *loťika (see there for further descendants)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: lattuga

Sicilian: lattuca

Padanian:

Emilian: laciuga

Friulian: latuie

Ligurian: leitûga

Lombard: laciuga

Piedmontese: laitùa

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: lètua, lèitua, lètuva, lèituva

desctree

Old French: laitue
French: laitue
Norman: laitue (Jersey)
→ Middle Dutch: latuwe
Dutch: latuw
→ Middle English: letuse, letus, letys, letuce, letuze, letes, letows, letyse
English: lettuce
Scots: lettuce, lattice
→ Welsh: letys

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: lletuga, lletruga, lletua

Septentrional: lleituga

Occitan:

Auvergnat: laituja

Gascon: lèituga

Languedocien: laituga, lachuga

Limousin: laituja

Provençal: lachuga

Vivaro-Alpine: lachua

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llechuga; lleituga (Occidental)

Galician: leituga

Leonese: lleituga

Portuguese: leituga

Spanish: lechuga

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: lattuca, làtua, làtia, latuca

Borrowings:

→ Proto-West Germanic: *lahtukā (see there for further descendants)

[ɫ̪äkˈt̪uːkä]

From lac (“milk”) + -ūcus (suffix common to several plant names), in reference to the milky white substance (latex) exuded by cut lettuce stems.

affix

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual

lettuce (Lactuca sativa), wolf's milk (Lactuca maritima), and other Lactuca species


lappa

la-noun

lappa f (genitive lappae); first declension

lappae (genitive)
lappa (nominative singular)
lappae (nominative plural)
lappae (genitive singular)
lappārum (genitive plural)
lappae (dative singular)
lappīs (dative plural)
lappam (accusative singular)
lappās (accusative plural)
lappā (ablative singular)
lappīs (ablative plural)
lappa (singular vocative)
lappae (plural vocative)

Unknown, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang loosely”) – to which labium and lambō –, Proto-Slavic *lopěnъ (“burdock”) is also suggestive.


centaurea

la-noun

centaurēa f (genitive centaurēae); first declension

centaurēa (canonical feminine)
centaurēae (genitive)
centaurēa (nominative singular)
centaurēae (nominative plural)
centaurēae (genitive singular)
centaurēārum (genitive plural)
centaurēae (dative singular)
centaurēīs (dative plural)
centaurēam (accusative singular)
centaurēās (accusative plural)
centaurēā (ablative singular)
centaurēīs (ablative plural)
centaurēa (singular vocative)
centaurēae (plural vocative)

desc

جِنْتَوْرِيَّة

→ Arabic: جِنْتَوْرِيَّة (jintawriyya)

→ Dutch: centaurie

→ Old English: centaurie

→ Middle English: centaure

→ English: centaury

→ Catalan: centaura

→ Czech: čantoryja, čantoryjka, cintorie

→ French: centaurée

→ Ido: centaureo

→ Italian: centaurea

→ Norman: centaurée

→ Occitan: centaurèa

→ Portuguese: centáurea

→ Romanian: cintáură, cintorie, cintoare, țintaură

→ Spanish: centaura

desctree

→ Translingual: Centaurea
→ English: centaurea

[kɛn̪t̪äu̯ˈreːä]

[t͡ʃen̪t̪äu̯ˈrɛːä]

Accessory form of centaurēum in the Herbarium of Pseudo-Apuleius, from Ancient Greek κενταύρειον (kentaúreion, “several plants related to Centaurea”), from κένταυρος (kéntauros, “centaur”) (due to the mythological discovery of its medicinal properties by Chiron the Centaur).

der

(Medieval Latin) Alternative form of centaurēum


helenium

la-noun

helenium n (genitive heleniī or helenī); second declension

heleniī (genitive)
helenī (genitive)
helenium (nominative singular)
helenia (nominative plural)
heleniī (genitive singular)
helenī (genitive singular)
heleniōrum (genitive plural)
heleniō (dative singular)
heleniīs (dative plural)
helenium (accusative singular)
helenia (accusative plural)
heleniō (ablative singular)
heleniīs (ablative plural)
helenium (singular vocative)
helenia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Helenium

[hɛˈɫ̪ɛniʊ̃ˑ]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἑλένιον (helénion), said to be named for Ἑλένη (Helénē) of Troy, who according to legend planted elecampane on the island of Pharos.

Inula helenium
Inula helenium#Translingual


caltha

caltha f (genitive calthae); first declension

calthae (genitive)
caltha (nominative singular)
calthae (nominative plural)
calthae (genitive singular)
calthārum (genitive plural)
calthae (dative singular)
calthīs (dative plural)
caltham (accusative singular)
calthās (accusative plural)
calthā (ablative singular)
calthīs (ablative plural)
caltha (singular vocative)
calthae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Romanian: calce (uncertain but likely)

Italian: calta

Old Spanish:

Spanish: calta

→ French: caltha

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calthinus

desc

→ Albanian: kaltër, kaltë, kaltën, kaltërt

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κάλαθος (kálathos), καλθε (kalthe, “yellow flower”), later “goblet” (because of its shape), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“gleam, yellow”).


abrotonum

la-noun

abrotonum n (genitive abrotonī); second declension

abrotonī (genitive)
abrotonum (nominative singular)
abrotona (nominative plural)
abrotonī (genitive singular)
abrotonōrum (genitive plural)
abrotonō (dative singular)
abrotonīs (dative plural)
abrotonum (accusative singular)
abrotona (accusative plural)
abrotonō (ablative singular)
abrotonīs (ablative plural)
abrotonum (singular vocative)
abrotona (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: abrotano

Padanian:

Piedmontese: aureul

Venetian: ambrógano

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: abroigne, abrogne

desc

Middle French: auroine, aurone, auronie, aurosne, auronde

French: aurone

Norman: vrogne

→ Breton: afronenn

→ Middle Dutch: averone, aefrug

Dutch: averoen

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: broida

Old Occitan: veroina

Occitan: broina

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: abrótea

Portuguese: abrótea

Sardinian:

párdamu

Ancient borrowings:

→ Danish: abrod

→ Old English: aprotane

→ Finnish: aaprotti

→ Proto-West Germanic: *abrūtā (see there for further descendants)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abrodd, abrot

→ Swedish: åbrodd

Learned borrowings:

→ Catalan: abròtan

→ Middle French: abrotone

French: abrotone

→ Norman: abrotone

→ Portuguese: abrótano

→ Spanish: abrótano

[äˈbrɔt̪ɔnʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ἀβρότονον (abrótonon, “wormwood, southernwood”), of uncertain ultimate origin; possibly a substrate akin to Akkadian (𒀀)𒈬𒌨𒁲𒉡 ((a)murdennu, “thorned flower”).

der

Artemisia abrotanum
Artemisia abrotanum#Translingual


cotyla

la-noun

cotyla f (genitive cotylae); first declension

cotylae (genitive)
cotyla (nominative singular)
cotylae (nominative plural)
cotylae (genitive singular)
cotylārum (genitive plural)
cotylae (dative singular)
cotylīs (dative plural)
cotylam (accusative singular)
cotylās (accusative plural)
cotylā (ablative singular)
cotylīs (ablative plural)
cotyla (singular vocative)
cotylae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: ciuturã

Italian: ciotola

Megleno-Romanian: ciutură

desctree

Romanian: ciutură
(some are from Aromanian)
→ Albanian: çotrë, çutrë, çuturë, çutër (obsolete)
→ Bulgarian: чу́тура (čútura)
→ Czech: čutora
→ Gagauz:
Cyrillic script: чотра
Latin script: çotra
→ Greek: τσότρα (tsótra), τσιότρα (tsiótra)
→ Hungarian: csutora
→ Macedonian: чутура (čutura)
→ Romanian: ciutură
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: чу̀тура
Latin script: čùtura
→ Slovak: čutora
→ Slovene: čútara
→ Ottoman Turkish: چوتوره (çotura), چوتره (çotura, çotra)
Turkish: çotra
→ Ukrainian: чуто́ра (čutóra), чіту́ра (čitúra) (Transcarpathian, archaic)

Sicilian: ciòtula

→ English: cotyle, cotyla

From Ancient Greek κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup, half-pint”).

der

[…] Plantis etiam stercus das. Da etiam urinam, sodes: per quam earum febrem iudices. Stercus in illis ais esse modicum, & siccum. Iccirco bene olere. Etiamne Ballotae, aut Marrubium? Etiamne Spathula, quae a foetore cognomen adepta est? Etiamne illa, cui teterrimum obodorem, teterrima voce (auribus sit honor) à muliebribus pudendis, & eorum opere, duo nomina indiderunt? Ut omittam Cotulam, & alias multas. At, opinor, Arundines Moscho excellentius olent: quia parum in eis stercoris est, atque id siccum. Cantharides quia siccae non sunt, malè olent.

1557, Julius Caesar Scaliger, Exotericarum exercitationum liber XV. De Subtilitate ad Hieronymum Cardanum, Frankfurt, published 1582, page 675:

(New Latin) stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula), an annual weed of strong, bitter, and disagreeable taste used in small quantities in infusions its for diaphoretic, stimulating, and tonic effects


farfarum

la-noun

farfarum n (genitive farfarī); second declension

farfarī (genitive)
farfarum (nominative singular)
farfara (nominative plural)
farfarī (genitive singular)
farfarōrum (genitive plural)
farfarō (dative singular)
farfarīs (dative plural)
farfarum (accusative singular)
farfara (accusative plural)
farfarō (ablative singular)
farfarīs (ablative plural)
farfarum (singular vocative)
farfara (plural vocative)

Italian: farfara

Spanish: fárfara

Unknown, presumed a borrowing from another Italian language.
Nikolaev proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂s-o-bʰor-o-, a compound of *bʰeh₂-es- (“shining”) and *bʰer- (“to bear”) also found in Ancient Greek φωσφόρος (phōsphóros, literally “light-bearing”). The name may be assumed to arise from the flowers' radiant shape. The -a- from the second syllable would then stem from assimilation to the first syllable.


centaureum

la-noun

centaurēum n (genitive centaurēī); second declension

centaurēum (canonical neuter)
centaurēī (genitive)
centaurēum (nominative singular)
centaurēa (nominative plural)
centaurēī (genitive singular)
centaurēōrum (genitive plural)
centaurēō (dative singular)
centaurēīs (dative plural)
centaurēum (accusative singular)
centaurēa (accusative plural)
centaurēō (ablative singular)
centaurēīs (ablative plural)
centaurēum (singular vocative)
centaurēa (plural vocative)

[kɛn̪t̪äu̯ˈreːʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek κενταύρειον (kentaúreion, “several plants related to Centaurea”), from κένταυρος (kéntauros, “centaur”) (due to the mythological discovery of its medicinal properties by Chiron the Centaur).


intibus

intibus m or f (genitive intibī); second declension

intibī (genitive)
intibus (nominative singular)
intibī (nominative plural)
intibī (genitive singular)
intibōrum (genitive plural)
intibō (dative singular)
intibīs (dative plural)
intibum (accusative singular)
intibōs (accusative plural)
intibō (ablative singular)
intibīs (ablative plural)
intibe (singular vocative)
intibī (plural vocative)

→ Byzantine Greek: ἔντυβον (éntubon)

[ˈɪn̪t̪ɪbʊs̠]

A Semitic borrowing, found in the same particular meaning in the Frahang-ī Pahlavīg, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic הּנְדְּבָא (hindəḇā), and Classical Syriac ܗܶܢܕܒܳܐ (hendǝḇā) and ܗܶܕ݁ܒܳܐ (heddəḇā), cognate to Arabic هَدَب (hadab, “twisted leaves or sprigs; cilium”).
Compare also corylus and serpyllum for unwarranted y in Latin.


picris

la-noun

picris f (genitive picridis); third declension

picridis (genitive)
picris (nominative singular)
picridēs (nominative plural)
picridis (genitive singular)
picridum (genitive plural)
picridī (dative singular)
picridibus (dative plural)
picridem (accusative singular)
picridēs (accusative plural)
picride (ablative singular)
picridibus (ablative plural)
picris (singular vocative)
picridēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Picris

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πικρίς (pikrís).


aphaca

aphaca f (genitive aphacae); first declension

aphacae (genitive)
aphaca (nominative singular)
aphacae (nominative plural)
aphacae (genitive singular)
aphacārum (genitive plural)
aphacae (dative singular)
aphacīs (dative plural)
aphacam (accusative singular)
aphacās (accusative plural)
aphacā (ablative singular)
aphacīs (ablative plural)
aphaca (singular vocative)
aphacae (plural vocative)


conyza

conȳza f (genitive conȳzae); first declension

conȳza (canonical feminine)
conȳzae (genitive)
conȳza (nominative singular)
conȳzae (nominative plural)
conȳzae (genitive singular)
conȳzārum (genitive plural)
conȳzae (dative singular)
conȳzīs (dative plural)
conȳzam (accusative singular)
conȳzās (accusative plural)
conȳzā (ablative singular)
conȳzīs (ablative plural)
conȳza (singular vocative)
conȳzae (plural vocative)

Translingual: Conyza

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόνυζα (kónuza).


escariola

ēscāriola f (genitive ēscāriolae); first declension

ēscāriola (canonical feminine)
ēscāriolae (genitive)
ēscāriola (nominative singular)
ēscāriolae (nominative plural)
ēscāriolae (genitive singular)
ēscāriolārum (genitive plural)
ēscāriolae (dative singular)
ēscāriolīs (dative plural)
ēscāriolam (accusative singular)
ēscāriolās (accusative plural)
ēscāriolā (ablative singular)
ēscāriolīs (ablative plural)
ēscāriola (singular vocative)
ēscāriolae (plural vocative)

desctree

Italian: scarola
→ Catalan: escarola
→ French: scarole
→ English: escarole
→ German: Escarol, Eskarol, Escariol, Eskariol
→ Occitan: escarola
→ Portuguese: escarola
→ Spanish: escarola

[eːs̠käːˈriɔɫ̪ä]

Diminutive, ēscāria + -ola, from ēscārius (“edible”).

τρώξιμα escariolae (var. θρώξιμα escariole)
[Greek] τρώξιμα [is in Latin] escariolae

200–400 Hermeneumata Pseudodositheana Leidensia Book 2 sect. Περὶ λαχάνων De oleribus = Corpus glossariorum latinorum III p. 16 l. 37

Intiua cicorea herba cuius radices multe et tenues sunt ambiunt segetes et necant […] Intiba quę vulgo scariola vocatur

800–1000 Codex cassinensis 402 in Corpus glossariorum latinorum V p. 552

The endive is cichory the roots of which are many and tender and go around what is sown and kill it. […] Endive which is popularly called scariola


febrifugia

Old English: feferfuge
English: feverfew

febris (“fever”) + fugō (“I drive away”)