asinus

la-noun

asinus m (genitive asinī); second declension

asinī (genitive)
asinus (nominative singular)
asinī (nominative plural)
asinī (genitive singular)
asinōrum (genitive plural)
asinō (dative singular)
asinīs (dative plural)
asinum (accusative singular)
asinōs (accusative plural)
asinō (ablative singular)
asinīs (ablative plural)
asine (singular vocative)
asinī (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Romanian: asin, asân

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: àinu

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: asinu

Italian: asino

Sicilian: àsinu

Western Romance:

Gallo-Italian:

Emilian: esen, az, ase, aso

Lombard: asen, asne

Ligurian: âze

Piedmontese: aso, asi

Venetan: axèno

Gallo-Romance:

Old Franco-Provençal: asno

Franco-Provençal: âno

desctree

Old French: asne
Middle French: asne
French: âne
Norman: âne
Walloon: ågne
→ Old Norse: asni (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: asno

Galician: asno

Portuguese: asno

Old Spanish: asno

Spanish: asno
→ Cebuano: asno
→ Classical Nahuatl: axnoh
→ Tagalog: asno

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: ase

Old Occitan: asne

Occitan: ase

Gascon: aso, aine

Limousin: asne

Provençal: ai

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: asen, asan, esan

→ Berber:

Tarifit: asnus

→ Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: azen

Old Cornish: asen

Welsh: asyn, asen

Old Irish: asan

Middle Irish: asan, assan

→ Old English: assen, assa

Middle English: as, ass, asse

English: ass

→ Samoan: asini

→ Esperanto: azeno

Usually compared to Ancient Greek ὄνος (ónos) (which cannot be its direct ancestor), and, just like other IE words for "ass", must be traced back to an unknown substrate source in Asia Minor (compare Hieroglyphic Luwian [script needed] (tarkasna), Sumerian 𒀲 (anšu)). The lack of rhotacism of the single intervocalic -s- after a short vowel would point to a recent borrowing.

Neque egō hominēs magis asinōs umquam vīdī[…]quōs quom feriās, tibi plūs noceās.

c. 191 BCE, Plautus, Pseudolus, act 1, scene 2:

I've never seen human beings who were more like asses […] When you hit them, you hurt yourself more.

Quid tū autem huic, asine, auscultās?

160 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Adelphoe

And why are you listening to him, you dolt?

Quid nunc tē, asine, litterās doceam? Nōn opus est verbīs, sed fustibus.

c. 70 BCE, Cicero, In Pisonem, chapter 73:

Must I now teach an ass like you to read? What you need isn't words but a cudgeling.

(figuratively, humorous, derogatory) ass, cretin, idiot, dolt, blockhead (a slow-witted, inept person)


musca

la-noun

musca f (genitive muscae); first declension

muscae (genitive)
musca (nominative singular)
muscae (nominative plural)
muscae (genitive singular)
muscārum (genitive plural)
muscae (dative singular)
muscīs (dative plural)
muscam (accusative singular)
muscās (accusative plural)
muscā (ablative singular)
muscīs (ablative plural)
musca (singular vocative)
muscae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: muscã

Istro-Romanian: mușkĕ

Megleno-Romanian: muscă

Romanian: muscă

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: muasca

Italian: mosca

Venetan: mósca

Sicilian: musca

Sardinian:

Sardinian: musca

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: moscje

Romansch: mustga

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: mosca

Franco-Provençal: mouche

Old French: mousche

desctree

Middle French: mousche
French: mouche
→ English: mouche
→ Portuguese: muche
→ Swedish: musch
→ Turkish: muş

Norman: moûque

Occitan: mosca

Walloon: moxhe

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: mosca

Old Galician-Portuguese: mosca
Fala: mosca
Galician: mosca
Portuguese: mosca

Old Spanish: mosca
Ladino: moshka (Latin spelling), מושקה (Hebrew spelling)
Spanish: mosca

⇒ Vulgar Latin: musciō

Catalan: moixó

Aragonese: muxón

Old French: muissun

Picard: mouchon

Walloon: moxhon

→ Old Dutch: musca

Middle Dutch: mussche

Dutch: mus

Afrikaans: mus

→ West Frisian: mosk

→ Luxembourgish: Mësch

From a Proto-Indo-European *mus-, *mu-, *mew-.
See also Old Church Slavonic моуха (muxa), and the Ancient Greek μυῖα (muîa, “a fly”) of which μυΐσκη (muḯskē) may be a diminutive form. Compare the German Mücke (“midge”) and English midge, midget.

(transferred sense) an inquisitive or prying person


perdix

la-noun

perdīx m or f (genitive perdīcis); third declension

perdīx (canonical feminine masculine)
perdīcis (genitive)
perdīx (nominative singular)
perdīcēs (nominative plural)
perdīcis (genitive singular)
perdīcum (genitive plural)
perdīcī (dative singular)
perdīcibus (dative plural)
perdīcem (accusative singular)
perdīcēs (accusative plural)
perdīce (ablative singular)
perdīcibus (ablative plural)
perdīx (singular vocative)
perdīcēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

pernaica

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: perdice, pernice

desctree

Italian: pernice
→ Alemannic German: Parniise

→ Franco-Provençal: pernisse, pernis

→ Old French: pernis

Padanian:

Friulian: pernîs

Piedmontese: perniś

Romagnol: parniz

Romansch: pernisch

Venetan: pernixe, pernixa

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: perdiu

Old French: perdriz (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: pedic, perditz

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: perdiz

Asturian: perdiz

Old Galician-Portuguese: perdiz (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: perdiz

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: perdiche, prediche (Nuorese), perdighe, perdiga (Logudorese), perdixi, padrixi, pardighi (Campidanese)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *peturnīcula (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek πέρδιξ (pérdix, “partridge”).


fagus

la-noun

fāgus f (genitive fāgī); second declension

fāgus (canonical feminine)
fāgī (genitive)
fāgus (nominative singular)
fāgī (nominative plural)
fāgī (genitive singular)
fāgōrum (genitive plural)
fāgō (dative singular)
fāgīs (dative plural)
fāgum (accusative singular)
fāgōs (accusative plural)
fāgūs (accusative plural)
fāgō (ablative singular)
fāgīs (ablative plural)
fāge (singular vocative)
fāgī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fag

Megleno-Romanian: fag

Romanian: fag

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: fagu

Padanian:

Emilian: fò

Friulian: fau

Ligurian: fò

Lombard: fo

Piedmontese: fò

Romansch: fau, fo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fo

Oïl:

desctree

Old French: fau, fou, fou, fau
Franc-Comtois: fô
Gallo: faeu
Norman: fau (Jersey)
⇒ French: fouet

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: fau, favo (most dialects)

Belsetán: faus

Benasqués: fago

Sobrarbe: fago

Catalan: fau (northwestern and Ribagorçan)

Occitan: fau (most dialects)

Gascon: hau, hac

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: fagu, fau

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *fāgārius

Dalmatian: faguor

Venetan: fagaro, faghèr, faghèra

Ancient borrowings:

→ Basque: pago

→ Welsh: ffaw ⇒ ffawydd

Translingual: Fagus

From Proto-Italic *fāgos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech tree”), same source as English beech, Russian бузина́ (buziná, “elder”), Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”).

inh

Sub tegmine fagi.

Vergilius; found in both Georgicon (Book IV, line 566) and Eclogae (Book I, line 1)


fragum

la-noun

frāgum n (genitive frāgī); second declension

frāgum (canonical neuter)
frāgī (genitive)
frāgum (nominative singular)
frāga (nominative plural)
frāgī (genitive singular)
frāgōrum (genitive plural)
frāgō (dative singular)
frāgīs (dative plural)
frāgum (accusative singular)
frāga (accusative plural)
frāgō (ablative singular)
frāgīs (ablative plural)
frāgum (singular vocative)
frāga (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: frangã

Romanian: fragă

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: fraga

Piedmontese: fraja, frèja

Romansch: fraja, fraia, freja

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: frèye, frêse (ORB, broad), frêya, friya

Occitano-Romance:

Aragonese: fraga

Catalan: fraga

Gascon: ahraga, haraga

Occitan: fraga

⇒ Latin: fragaria

>? Franco-Provençal: frêse

>? Old French: *fraiiere, *fraire, fraise, freise

Middle French: fraise, fraire

French: fraise

→ Asturian: fresa

→ Spanish: fresa

→ Hiligaynon: frésa

→ Tagalog: presa

→ Moroccan Arabic: فريز (friz)

Norman: frâse (Guernsey, Jersey), fraz (Sark)

→ Spanish: fragaria

→ Translingual: Fragaria

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *frāgula (see there for further descendants)

→ Esperanto: frago

From Proto-Italic *frāgom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreh₂ǵ-om, from either *dʰreh₂ǵ- (“berry”) (compare Albanian dredhëz, Sanskrit द्राक्षा (drā́kṣā)) or *sróh₂gs (“grape”) (compare Ancient Greek ῥώξ (rhṓx) (whence Greek ρώγα (róga)), Albanian rrush). The divergent phonetics and semantics of the comparanda suggest a foreign Wanderwort.

Fragaria vesca
Fragaria vesca#Translingual

(usually in the plural) strawberry (Fragaria vesca)


olea

la-noun

olea f (genitive oleae); first declension

oleae (genitive)
olea (nominative singular)
oleae (nominative plural)
oleae (genitive singular)
oleārum (genitive plural)
oleae (dative singular)
oleīs (dative plural)
oleam (accusative singular)
oleās (accusative plural)
oleā (ablative singular)
oleīs (ablative plural)
olea (singular vocative)
oleae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἐλαία (elaía, “olive berry, olive tree”), of Pre-Greek origin, compare oleum (“olive oil”).

der

‘flōrēbant oleae; ventī nocuēre protervī’

“The olive trees were blooming; wanton winds damaged them.”
(The poetic voice is that of Flora (mythology).)


apium

la-noun

apium n (genitive apiī or apī); second declension

apiī (genitive)
apī (genitive)
apium (nominative singular)
apia (nominative plural)
apiī (genitive singular)
apī (genitive singular)
apiōrum (genitive plural)
apiō (dative singular)
apiīs (dative plural)
apium (accusative singular)
apia (accusative plural)
apiō (ablative singular)
apiīs (ablative plural)
apium (singular vocative)
apia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Apium

Catalan: api

Galician: apio, aipo, ampio

Italian: appio, apiolo

Occitan: api

Old French: ache

→ English: ach

Neapolitan: accio

Portuguese: aipo

Romanian: achiu

Sardinian: àpiu, àppiu

Sicilian: accia

Spanish: apio

→ Cebuano: apyo

→ Ladino: apyo

→ Tagalog: apyo

→ Proto-West Germanic: *api (see there for further descendants)

From apis (“bee”) because of bees' perceived inclination towards the plant.


boletus

bōlētus m (genitive bōlētī); second declension

bōlētus (canonical masculine)
bōlētī (genitive)
bōlētus (nominative singular)
bōlētī (nominative plural)
bōlētī (genitive singular)
bōlētōrum (genitive plural)
bōlētō (dative singular)
bōlētīs (dative plural)
bōlētum (accusative singular)
bōlētōs (accusative plural)
bōlētō (ablative singular)
bōlētīs (ablative plural)
bōlēte (singular vocative)
bōlētī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: bureati, buburec

Catalan: bolet

English: bolete, boletus

French: bolet

Italian: boleto

Romanian: burete

Spanish: boleto

→ Proto-West Germanic: *bulit (see there for further descendants)

[boːˈɫ̪eːt̪ʊs̠]

porcini, an edible kind of mushroom (the most valued kind)


huso

hūsō m (genitive hūsōnis); third declension

hūsō (canonical masculine)
hūsōnis (genitive)
hūsō (nominative singular)
hūsōnēs (nominative plural)
hūsōnis (genitive singular)
hūsōnum (genitive plural)
hūsōnī (dative singular)
hūsōnibus (dative plural)
hūsōnem (accusative singular)
hūsōnēs (accusative plural)
hūsōne (ablative singular)
hūsōnibus (ablative plural)
hūsō (singular vocative)
hūsōnēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old High German hūso or its antecedent Proto-West Germanic *hūsō, as no name (of certain meaning) for the fish was transmitted from classical antiquity.


rostrum

rōstrum n (genitive rōstrī); second declension

rōstrum (canonical neuter)
rōstrī (genitive)
rōstrum (nominative singular)
rōstra (nominative plural)
rōstrī (genitive singular)
rōstrōrum (genitive plural)
rōstrō (dative singular)
rōstrīs (dative plural)
rōstrum (accusative singular)
rōstra (accusative plural)
rōstrō (ablative singular)
rōstrīs (ablative plural)
rōstrum (singular vocative)
rōstra (plural vocative)

Aromanian: arostu

Catalan: rostre

→ English: rostrum

French: rostre

Friulian: rostri

Galician: rostro

→ Ido: rostro

Italian: rostro

Portuguese: rostro, rosto

Romanian: rost

desc

→ Russian: ростр (rostr), ростра (rostra)

Spanish: rostro

[ˈroːs̠t̪rʊ̃ˑ]

From rōd(ō) (“to gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- + *-trom. Originally a bird's beak or animal's snout, but later extended to objects with a similar shape. Doublet of rāstrum.

Sīve ego, quod nōlim, longīs cōnsūmptus ab annīs,
sīve manū factā morte solūtus erō,
sīve per inmēnsās iactābor naufragus undās,
nostraque longinquus viscera piscis edet,
sīve peregrīnae carpent mea membra volucrēs,
sīve meō tinguent sanguine rōstra lupī,
sīve aliquis dignātus erit suppōnere terrae
et dare plēbēiō corpus ināne rogō,
quicquid erō, Stygiīs ērumpere nītar ab ōrīs,

Whether I shall be consumed by the long years, which I do not want,
whether I shall be set free by a death caused by a hand,
whether I shall be thrown shipwrecked about the immense waves
and a fish from far away lands my guts will eat,
whether wandering birds my limbs should rip,
whether wolves will stain their snouts with my blood,
whether someone will be dignified to lay on the ground
and give to a plebeian pyre my useless body,
whatever I shall be, I shall strive to break from the banks of the Styx
and I'll hold my icy hands in your face as an avenger.


napus

la-noun

nāpus m (genitive nāpī); second declension

nāpus (canonical masculine)
nāpī (genitive)
nāpus (nominative singular)
nāpī (nominative plural)
nāpī (genitive singular)
nāpōrum (genitive plural)
nāpō (dative singular)
nāpīs (dative plural)
nāpum (accusative singular)
nāpōs (accusative plural)
nāpō (ablative singular)
nāpīs (ablative plural)
nāpe (singular vocative)
nāpī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: napu

Romanian: nap

Italo-Romance:

Italian: napo

Padanian:

⇒ Emilian: navoun

Piedmontese: navon

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: nef ⇒ navet

French: navet

Norman: navet

⇒ Walloon: navea

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: napo, nap (Benasqués)

Catalan: nap

Old Occitan: nap ⇒ nabet

Auvergnat: navet

Gascon: nap, napo, nabet

Languedocien: nap

Limousin: naveu, ⇒ nabís

Provençal: navet

Vivaro-Alpine: nap, nabet, ⇒ naveu

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: nabo

Spanish: nabo, naba

Borrowings:

→ English: napiform

→ Old English: nǣp (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek νᾶπυ (nâpu, “mustard”).

Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa#Translingual

Brassica napus
Brassica napus#Translingual


ulmus

ulmus f (genitive ulmī); second declension

ulmī (genitive)
ulmus (nominative singular)
ulmī (nominative plural)
ulmī (genitive singular)
ulmōrum (genitive plural)
ulmō (dative singular)
ulmīs (dative plural)
ulmum (accusative singular)
ulmōs (accusative plural)
ulmō (ablative singular)
ulmīs (ablative plural)
ulme (singular vocative)
ulmī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: ulmu

Catalan: om

Esperanto: ulmo

French: orme

Franc-Comtois: oûerme

Galician: olmo, umeiro

Italian: olmo

Occitan: olm, olme

Old French: olme, orme

Portuguese: olmo

Romanian: ulm

Romansch: ulm, uolm

Sardinian: úlimu, úlumu, úlumu, urmu

Sicilian: urmu

Spanish: olmo

Translingual: Ulmus

Venetan: olmo

From Proto-Italic *olmos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”) (compare Old Irish lem, English elm).


pellis

la-noun

pellis f (genitive pellis); third declension

pellis (genitive)
pellis (nominative singular)
pellēs (nominative plural)
pellis (genitive singular)
pellium (genitive plural)
pellī (dative singular)
pellibus (dative plural)
pellem (accusative singular)
pellēs (accusative plural)
pellīs (accusative plural)
pelle (ablative singular)
pellibus (ablative plural)
pellis (singular vocative)
pellēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheali

Romanian: piele

Dalmatian:

pial

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pelle

Sicilian: peddi

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pedde, peddi (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Friulian: piel

Romagnol: pël

Romansch: pel

Venetan: pełe

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pél

desctree

Old French: pel
Angevin: piau
Bourguignon: peâ
Champenois: pé, piau
Franc-Comtois: pée
Middle French: peau
French: peau
Norman: pé
Poitevin-Saintongeais: pea
Picard: pieu, piau
Walloon: pea

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: pell

Occitan: pèl

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: piel

Old Galician-Portuguese: pele

Portuguese: pele

Spanish: piel

Borrowings:

→ English: pell

→ Old Irish: pell

Irish: peall

Scottish Gaelic: peall

→ Old Norse: pilz

Icelandic: pils

Norwegian Bokmål: pels

Norwegian Nynorsk: pels

From Proto-Italic *pelnis, from Proto-Indo-European *pel-ni-s (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”), from *pel- (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέλμᾰ (pélmă, “sole of the foot”), Old English fell (“fell, skin, hide; garment of skin”).

cog

(zootomy) pelt, fell, hide, animal skin; (poetic) human skin


talpa

la-noun

talpa f (genitive talpae); first declension

talpae (genitive)
talpa (nominative singular)
talpae (nominative plural)
talpae (genitive singular)
talpārum (genitive plural)
talpae (dative singular)
talpīs (dative plural)
talpam (accusative singular)
talpās (accusative plural)
talpā (ablative singular)
talpīs (ablative plural)
talpa (singular vocative)
talpae (plural vocative)

Asturian: topu

Catalan: talp

Corsican: topu

→ Esperanto: talpo

Old French: taupe

French: taupe

→ English: taupe

Norman: taupe

Galician: toupa, tiopa

Italian: talpa, topo

Occitan: talpa

⇒ Portuguese: toupeira

Spanish: talpa, topo

The etymology is unknown. Lewis and Short attribute this to the same root as Latin scalpō. However it is often ascribed to Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“ground”). Maybe transferred from a Germanic word for “paw” owing to the animal’s massive forelimbs, see Romanian talpă (“sole”).


pinus

pīnus f (variously declined, genitive pīnūs or pīnī); fourth declension, second declension

pīnus (canonical feminine)
pīnūs (genitive)
pīnī (genitive)
pīnus (nominative singular)
pīnūs (nominative plural)
pīnī (nominative plural)
pīnūs (genitive singular)
pīnī (genitive singular)
pīnuum (genitive plural)
pīnōrum (genitive plural)
pīnuī (dative singular)
pīnō (dative singular)
pīnibus (dative plural)
pīnīs (dative plural)
pīnum (accusative singular)
pīnūs (accusative plural)
pīnōs (accusative plural)
pīnū (ablative singular)
pīnō (ablative singular)
pīnibus (ablative plural)
pīnīs (ablative plural)
pīnus (singular vocative)
pīne (singular vocative)
pīnūs (plural vocative)
pīnī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: pino

Aromanian: chin

Asturian: pinu

Corsican: pinu

French: pin

Friulian: pin

Italian: pino

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: pinho, piño, pino (archaic)
Fala: pinu
Galician: piño
Portuguese: pinho

Old Occitan: pin

Catalan: pi

Occitan: pin

Romanian: pin

Romansch: pin, pegn

Sardinian: opinu

Sicilian: pignu

Spanish: pino

Translingual: Pinus

Venetan: pin

→ Basque: pinu

→ Proto-West Germanic: *pīnā (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: péine, pín

→ Welsh: pin

From Proto-Italic *pīnos, of disputed origin, with multiple theories proposed:
* From the same origin as Ancient Greek πῐ́νᾰξ (pĭ́năx, “wooden board, plank”).
* From the same origin as Ancient Greek πίτῠς (pítŭs, “pine tree”) and Albanian pishë (“id”), which is generally reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *pī́ts.
* Related to pix (“pitch, tar”), itself generally considered of the same origin as the second etymology above.
See also Sanskrit पितु (pitu, “sap, juice, resin”).


olor

la-noun

olor m (genitive olōris); third declension

olōris (genitive)
olor (nominative singular)
olōrēs (nominative plural)
olōris (genitive singular)
olōrum (genitive plural)
olōrī (dative singular)
olōribus (dative plural)
olōrem (accusative singular)
olōrēs (accusative plural)
olōre (ablative singular)
olōribus (ablative plural)
olor (singular vocative)
olōrēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁el- (a type of bird, waterfowl). Cognate with Welsh alarch (“swan”), Old Norse álka (“auk”). More at auk.


pecten

la-noun

pecten m (genitive pectinis); third declension

pectinis (genitive)
pecten (nominative singular)
pectinēs (nominative plural)
pectinis (genitive singular)
pectinum (genitive plural)
pectinī (dative singular)
pectinibus (dative plural)
pectinem (accusative singular)
pectinēs (accusative plural)
pectine (ablative singular)
pectinibus (ablative plural)
pecten (singular vocative)
pectinēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cheaptini, chiaptini

Megleno-Romanian: chiaptini

Romanian: pieptene, pieptăn

Dalmatian:

piacno

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: pèttine

Italian: pettine

Neapolitan: pèttene, pèttine

Sicilian: pèttini

Calabria: pèttinu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: petene, petini, petiri

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: pèten, pätne

Ligurian: péteno

Lombard: péten, pécen

Piedmontese: pento, pecio, peci, pécen

Romagnol: pètan, pètne

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: pietin

Ladin: péten

Romansch: petgen, pettan

Venetan: petene, peten

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pé(g)no

French: peigne

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: pinte, ⇒ pinta

desc

Gascon: piente, pentie, piento, pinti, pende, pentge, pinto, pienti, piendi

Occitan: penche (all dialects)

Limousin: pinte, pinti

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: piente, peine, pine

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: peñe, peine, peiñe, pene

Leonese: pende, peñe, peine

Mirandese: peine

Old Galician-Portuguese: *peitẽe

Galician: empeña, peite, pente, pieite

Portuguese: pente

Old Spanish: peyne

Spanish: empeine, peine

Borrowings:

→ English: pecten

From Proto-Italic *pekten, from Proto-Indo-European *peḱten-s, from Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“pluck”) (whence pecto). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτείς (kteís).


pisum

la-noun

pisum n (genitive pisī); second declension

pisī (genitive)
pisum (nominative singular)
pisa (nominative plural)
pisī (genitive singular)
pisōrum (genitive plural)
pisō (dative singular)
pisīs (dative plural)
pisum (accusative singular)
pisa (accusative plural)
pisō (ablative singular)
pisīs (ablative plural)
pisum (singular vocative)
pisa (plural vocative)

Padanian:

Ligurian: poîscio, poèixo, pôxo

Piedmontese: pòis

Venetan: bixo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pês

Old French: pois

French: pois

Norman: pais (Jersey), peis (Guernsey)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: pese

⇒ Latin: pisum sapidum (“tasty pea”)

Mozarabic: biššáuṭ

→ Aragonese: bisalto, bisalte

q

→ Spanish: guisante (influenced by guisar and Aragonese guixa)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pisellum

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pisello

Neapolitan: pesiello, pesillo

Sicilian: piseddu, puseddu

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pèsol

→ Spanish: pésol

Occitan: pesèu

Borrowings:

→ Old English: pise

Middle English: pese

English: pease, pea

→ Irish: pis

→ Welsh: pys


pirus

la-noun

pirus f (genitive pirī); second declension

pirī (genitive)
pirus (nominative singular)
pirī (nominative plural)
pirī (genitive singular)
pirōrum (genitive plural)
pirō (dative singular)
pirīs (dative plural)
pirum (accusative singular)
pirōs (accusative plural)
pirō (ablative singular)
pirīs (ablative plural)
pire (singular vocative)
pirī (plural vocative)

Translingual (binominal nomenclature): Pyrus

Aromanian: per

Italian: pero

Romanian: păr

Sicilian: piru

Spanish: pero

Tashelhit: tafirast


pirum

pirum n (genitive pirī); second declension

pirī (genitive)
pirum (nominative singular)
pira (nominative plural)
pirī (genitive singular)
pirōrum (genitive plural)
pirō (dative singular)
pirīs (dative plural)
pirum (accusative singular)
pira (accusative plural)
pirō (ablative singular)
pirīs (ablative plural)
pirum (singular vocative)
pira (plural vocative)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *per (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *peru (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: piorra

Rhaeto-Romance:

desc

Romansch: pair, pér (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan), peir (Surmiran)

→ Scottish Gaelic: peur

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pira (reanalyzed as feminine singular)

Dalmatian: paira

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: pearã

Romanian: pară

Italian: pera

Old French: peire

French: poire

→ Middle Irish: péire

Irish: péire

Norman: paithe, peire (continental Normandy), père (Guernsey)

Old Occitan: pera

Catalan: pera

Occitan: pera

Old Galician-Portuguese: pera

Galician: pera

Portuguese: pera

Old Spanish: pera

Spanish: pera

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: paira

Sardinian: pira

Sicilian: piru

⇒ Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (diminutive)

Padanian:

Friulian: piruç

Piedmontese: pruss

A loanword from an unknown Mediterranean substrate source, original form something like (a)pisom reflected also in Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́πῐον (ắpĭon, “pear”) and ᾰ̓́πῐος (ắpĭos, “pear tree”). Also compare Aramaic 𐡐𐡀𐡓𐡀 (pera, “fruit”).


alcyon

la-noun

alcyōn f (genitive alcyonis); third declension

alcyōn (canonical feminine)
alcyonis (genitive)
alcyōn (nominative singular)
alcyonēs (nominative plural)
alcyonis (genitive singular)
alcyonum (genitive plural)
alcyonī (dative singular)
alcyonibus (dative plural)
alcyonem (accusative singular)
alcyonēs (accusative plural)
alcyone (ablative singular)
alcyonibus (ablative plural)
alcyōn (singular vocative)
alcyonēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: alció

→ English: halcyon

French: halcyon

Italian: alcione

Romanian: alcion

Spanish: alción

From Ancient Greek ἀλκυών (alkuṓn, “kingfisher”).


equuleus

la-noun

equuleus m (genitive equuleī); second declension

equuleī (genitive)
equuleus (nominative singular)
equuleī (nominative plural)
equuleī (genitive singular)
equuleōrum (genitive plural)
equuleō (dative singular)
equuleīs (dative plural)
equuleum (accusative singular)
equuleōs (accusative plural)
equuleō (ablative singular)
equuleīs (ablative plural)
equulee (singular vocative)
equuleī (plural vocative)

Portuguese: ecúleo

Italian: eculeo

[ɛˈkʊɫ̪eʊs̠]

From equus (“horse”) + -uleus (diminutive suffix).


pullus

la-noun

pullus m (genitive pullī); second declension

pullī (genitive)
pullus (nominative singular)
pullī (nominative plural)
pullī (genitive singular)
pullōrum (genitive plural)
pullō (dative singular)
pullīs (dative plural)
pullum (accusative singular)
pullōs (accusative plural)
pullō (ablative singular)
pullīs (ablative plural)
pulle (singular vocative)
pullī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pulj, pulju, puljiu

Istro-Romanian: puľ

Megleno-Romanian: puľu

Romanian: pui

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pollo

→ Sicilian: pollu

Marchigiano: puju

Padanian:

Lombard: pói

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pôl

Old French: pol, pul, poul

→ Middle English: pulle

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: pollo

Ribagorçan: poll, pol

Catalan: poll

Languedocien: pol

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pollu, pullu

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: polo

Portuguese: polo

Spanish: pollo
→ Portuguese: polho

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pudhu, puddu

Sicilian: puḍḍu

⇒ Late Latin: pullanus

Old French:

⇒ Middle French: poulenet

desctree

→? Scots: powny
→ English: pony (see there for further descendants)
→ Scottish Gaelic: pònaidh

⇒ Vulgar Latin: pulla f

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pulã

Romanian: pulă

Dalmatian:

pula

Italo-Romance:

Umbro: pulla

Padanian:

Lombard: pola, póia

Romansch: pula

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pola

Old French: poule
French: poule
→ English: poule
⇒ Old French: polaille, poulaille
French: poulaille
→ Middle English: pullayle
Norman: poule
Walloon: poye

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: polla

Occitan: pola

Gascon: pora, potha

Languedocien: polha (meridional)

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: polla

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pudha, pudda

Sicilian: puḍḍa, pulla

→ Albanian: pulë

⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullāmen

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pollame

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: polain

Anglo-Norman: pulein

French: poulain

Norman: poulain

→ English: Pulliam

Insular Romance:

Sicilian: puḍḍami

→ Middle English: poleyn
English: pullen (obsolete)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullaster, pullastrum (cf. pullastra

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: pollastro

Laziale: pellàstre

Padanian:

Emilian: pulàstar

Ligurian: polàstro

Lombard: polàster

Piedmontese: polastr, polast

Venetan: polàstro

Insular Romance:

Sicilian: puḍḍastru, puḍḍastra

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pollastre
→ Spanish: pollastre

Occitan: polastre (“big chicken”)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulletrus

Padanian:

Emilian: pulér, pulédar, puliér

Ligurian: polêo, poliêro

Lombard: poléder

Piedmontese: polé

Romagnol: pulédar, puledre

Italo-Romance:

Italian: puledro

Neapolitan: pulletro, pullitro

Tuscan: puledro, pullero

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulleus (attributive)

Aromanian: puljiu, pulj

Romanian: pui
→? Hungarian: pulya

⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullīnus
Padanian:
Piedmontese: poin, pojin
Southern Gallo-Romance:
Catalan: pollí
Occitan: polin
Gascon: porin
Ibero-Romance:
Asturian: pollín

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pullittus (diminutive)

Padanian:

Romansch: poulet

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: polèt

Old French: poulet (see there for further descendants)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pollet

Occitan: polet

Gascon: poret

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pūllicella

Old French: pulcella, pulcele, pucele
Middle French: pucelle
French: pucelle
→ English: pucelle
→ Italian: pulzella
→ Yiddish: פּילצל (piltsl)

desc

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pulliter, *pullitrum, *pullitrus

Italo-Romance:

Italian: poltro

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: potro

Asturian: potru, podru

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: potro

Portuguese: potro

Old Galician-Portuguese: *poldro

Galician: poldro

Portuguese: poldro

>? Catalan: poltre

Insular Romance:

Sicilian: putru, puḍḍitru

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulitrella f

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pultrella

Old French: *poutrelle

desctree

⇒? Old French: poutre (apocope)
French: poutre

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pullere

Asturian: espolletar

Friulian: poleç

Occitan: polhe

Romansch: pulschain

Borrowings

→ Arabic: (via some Berber language)

Libyan Arabic: فِلُّوس (fillūs)

Maltese: fellus

Moroccan Arabic: فلوس (fallūs)

Tunisian Arabic: فلوس (fellūs)

→ Byzantine Greek: -ποῦλος (-poûlos)

desc

Greek: -πουλος (-poulos), -όπουλος (-ópoulos)

→ Tashelhit: afullus

→? Ancient Greek: ποῦλλος (poûllos)

⇒ Koine Greek: πουλλίον (poullíon, diminutive)

Byzantine Greek: πουλλίν (poullín)

Greek: πουλί (poulí)

→? Central Franconian: Pöll

→? Luxembourgish: Pëll

→? Dutch: pulle, pul
Berbice Creole Dutch: polo

Disputed; two etymologies are plausible:
* From Proto-Italic *polnos, from Proto-Indo-European *polH-on- (“offspring, (animal) young”); compare Ancient Greek πῶλος (pôlos, “foal; young girl”), Proto-Germanic *fulô (“foal”), Albanian pjellë (“child”) and pelë (“mare”), Old Armenian ուլ (ul, “kid, fawn”). The verbal root is likely found in Albanian pjell (“to beget”), which implies a connection to pellō (“to drive, push”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- with a semantic shift of “to push (out)” > “to beget”, if not a distinct root *pelH- (“to give birth”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *put-, also found in Latin putus (“boy”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás (“boy”) and perhaps Sanskrit पोत (pota, “young animal”) (which would indicate *pewt-, though more likely borrowed from Dravidian) and Lithuanian putýtis (“young bird, young animal”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *putslos, which he considers a variant of *putlos (“boy”). The presence of an earlier apical consonant in the stem in Latin is evidenced by the -s- in the diminutive adjective pusillus. Some authors connect these to the root *peh₂w- (“small”) (compare Latin paulus, paullus (“small”) and paucus (“little, few”), Old English fēaw (“little, few”)), but the morphology is unclear and the complete disappearance of the laryngeal is hard to explain.
Alternatively onomatopoeic, like Swedish pulla.


sella

la-noun

sella f (genitive sellae); first declension

sellae (genitive)
sella (nominative singular)
sellae (nominative plural)
sellae (genitive singular)
sellārum (genitive plural)
sellae (dative singular)
sellīs (dative plural)
sellam (accusative singular)
sellās (accusative plural)
sellā (ablative singular)
sellīs (ablative plural)
sella (singular vocative)
sellae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: shalë

Aromanian: shauã

Asturian: siella, siya

Catalan: sella

Dalmatian: siala

English: sella

French: selle

Friulian: siele

Galician: sela

→ Hebrew: אסלה (asla)

Italian: sella

Occitan: sèla

Portuguese: sela

Romanian: șa, șale

Romansch: sella, siala, seala, sela

Sardinian: sedha, sedda

Sicilian: seḍḍa

desctree

Spanish: silla
→ Cebuano: síya
→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: siya
→ Galician: silla
→ Hiligaynon: siya
→ Ladino: siya
→ Portuguese: silha
→ Southeastern Tepehuan: xiir
→ Tagalog: silya, siya
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: siya

Venetan: sela, seła

From Proto-Italic *sedlā, from Proto-Indo-European *sed-, whence sedeō (“I sit”). The same formation as Proto-Germanic *sadulaz, Proto-Slavic *sedъlo.

seat, chair (one that is moveable unlike a sedīle)

(historical) A kind of open or enclosed sedan chair


pulex

la-noun

pūlex m (genitive pūlicis); third declension

pūlex (canonical masculine)
pūlicis (genitive)
pūlex (nominative singular)
pūlicēs (nominative plural)
pūlicis (genitive singular)
pūlicum (genitive plural)
pūlicī (dative singular)
pūlicibus (dative plural)
pūlicem (accusative singular)
pūlicēs (accusative plural)
pūlice (ablative singular)
pūlicibus (ablative plural)
pūlex (singular vocative)
pūlicēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: puric

Romanian: purice

Dalmatian:

pulco

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pulce

Central Italian: pulce, purge, purce ⇒ purgia

Tuscan: puce, pulce, puice

⇒ Neapolitan: pócia, polàcia

Sicilian: pùlici, puci, purci

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: prûxa, purxa

Lombard: pùles, pùres

→ Franco-Provençal: pulas (Valdôtain)

→ Piedmontese: pùles, pùres

Piedmontese: purs, puls, prus

⇒ Romagnol: pólxa

Friulian: pulç, pulč

desc

Romansch: pilesch, pelisch, pelesch, pülesch, pülsch

Venetan: pulç, pulxo, polxe, pulexe

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: puge

Dauphinois: pusi

Forézien: piusi, pusi ⇒ piòsa

Lyonnais: pusi

Valdôtain: pôise, puougi, piugi ⇒ puja, puija

Old French: puce, puche

French: puce

→ English: puce

→ Welsh: piws

Norman: puche

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: pulç ⇒ pulça

Catalan: puça, pulça

Gascon: puç, piutz, puse

Occitan:

Languedocien: piuse

Limousin: piòse

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: pulz, pulce

Ribagorçan: ⇒ pulça

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: puighi, puliche, pulige, pulighe, pulixi

Borrowings:

⇒ Esperanto: pulo

⇒ Translingual: Pulex

[ˈpuːɫ̪ɛks̠]

From Proto-Indo-European *plúsis (“flea”), with metathesis plus → pusl → pūl, with a suffix -ex, -icis also found in cīmex (“bug”) and culex (“gnat”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ψύλλα (psúlla), Sanskrit प्लुषि (plúṣi), Old Armenian լու (lu) and Old English flēah, flēa (English flea).


malva

la-noun

malva f (genitive malvae); first declension

malvae (genitive)
malva (nominative singular)
malvae (nominative plural)
malvae (genitive singular)
malvārum (genitive plural)
malvae (dative singular)
malvīs (dative plural)
malvam (accusative singular)
malvās (accusative plural)
malvā (ablative singular)
malvīs (ablative plural)
malva (singular vocative)
malvae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: nalbã

Catalan: malva

Friulian: malve

Galician: malva

Italian: malva

Occitan: malva

Old French: mauve

French: mauve

→ Dutch: mauve

→ English: mauve

→ Greek: μοβ (mov)

→ Romanian: mov

Norman: mauve

Polish: malwa

Portuguese: malva

Romanian: nalbă

Sardinian: narba, mafra, marma

Sicilian: marva, màliva

Spanish: malva

Translingual: Malva

Venetan: nalba

→ Proto-West Germanic: *malwā (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: мальва (malʹva)

Unknown, but likely a substrate word related to Hebrew מַלּוּחַ (mallū́aḥ, “saltbush”) and Ancient Greek μαλάχη (malákhē, “mallow”). Compare also Middle Armenian բաղբակ (baġbak) and Georgian ბალბა (balba, “mallow”).


ceva

la-noun

cēva f (genitive cēvae); first declension

cēva (canonical feminine)
cēvae (genitive)
cēva (nominative singular)
cēvae (nominative plural)
cēvae (genitive singular)
cēvārum (genitive plural)
cēvae (dative singular)
cēvīs (dative plural)
cēvam (accusative singular)
cēvās (accusative plural)
cēvā (ablative singular)
cēvīs (ablative plural)
cēva (singular vocative)
cēvae (plural vocative)


spina

spīna f (genitive spīnae); first declension

spīna (canonical feminine)
spīnae (genitive)
spīna (nominative singular)
spīnae (nominative plural)
spīnae (genitive singular)
spīnārum (genitive plural)
spīnae (dative singular)
spīnīs (dative plural)
spīnam (accusative singular)
spīnās (accusative plural)
spīnā (ablative singular)
spīnīs (ablative plural)
spīna (singular vocative)
spīnae (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: èpena

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: spaina

Italian: spina

Neapolitan: spina

Sicilian: spina

desctree

Old French: espine
Champenois: épingne
Middle French: espine
French: épine
→ Middle English: spyne
English: spine

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: espina

Occitan: espina

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: spine

Romansch: spina, spegna

Sardinian:

Campidanese: spina

Logudorese: ispina

Venetan: spina

West Iberian

Asturian: espina

Old Galician-Portuguese: espinha
Galician: espiña
Portuguese: espinha

Spanish: espina

→ Albanian: shpinë

→ Middle Irish: spín

Irish: spíon

Scottish Gaelic: spìon

→ Middle English: spyne, spine, spin, spyn, spina (learned)
English: spine

→ Polish: spina (learned) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

der

(transferred sense)
(zootomy) a thorn, spine, prickle

(transferred sense)
(zootomy) a fishbone


mula

la-noun

mūla f (genitive mūlae); first declension

mūla (canonical feminine)
mūlae (genitive)
mūla (nominative singular)
mūlae (nominative plural)
mūlae (genitive singular)
mūlārum (genitive plural)
mūlae (dative singular)
mūlīs (dative plural)
mūlābus (dative plural)
mūlam (accusative singular)
mūlās (accusative plural)
mūlā (ablative singular)
mūlīs (ablative plural)
mūlābus (ablative plural)
mūla (singular vocative)
mūlae (plural vocative)

Aragonese: mula

Franco-Provençal: mula

French: mule

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: mua, mũa, muha
Fala: múa

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: mula
Fala: mula
Portuguese: mula

→ Old Spanish: mula
Spanish: mula
→ Ayutla Mixtec: mula
→ Taos: mùloʼóna
→ Zacatepec Chatino: mùlyā
 (see there for further descendants)

Feminine of mūlus; mūlus + -a (feminine suffix).


byssus

la-noun

byssus f (genitive byssī); second declension

byssī (genitive)
byssus (nominative singular)
byssī (nominative plural)
byssī (genitive singular)
byssōrum (genitive plural)
byssō (dative singular)
byssīs (dative plural)
byssum (accusative singular)
byssōs (accusative plural)
byssō (ablative singular)
byssīs (ablative plural)
bysse (singular vocative)
byssī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Byssus

From Ancient Greek βύσσος (bússos, “a very fine yellowish flax and the linen woven from it”), from Biblical Hebrew בּוּץ (búts), Aramaic בּוש (bus).


laburnum

la-noun

laburnum n (genitive laburnī); second declension

laburnī (genitive)
laburnum (nominative singular)
laburna (nominative plural)
laburnī (genitive singular)
laburnōrum (genitive plural)
laburnō (dative singular)
laburnīs (dative plural)
laburnum (accusative singular)
laburna (accusative plural)
laburnō (ablative singular)
laburnīs (ablative plural)
laburnum (singular vocative)
laburna (plural vocative)

[ɫ̪äˈbʊrnʊ̃ˑ]

Unknown. Some possibilities include:
* from Etruscan, due to the -rno- element as also in vīburnum, alburnus;
* from a Mediterranean substrate word of the form *lapa or *laba “rock” (Latin lapis), in reference to the terrain where the plant grows;
* if the first element is Latin (through folk etymology or otherwise), this might be labrum (“a lip”) or lābor (“to glide down”) + -urnus depending on the length of the vowel. For the former derivation compare Old English smǣre (“lip(s)”), Danish smære (“clover”), Icelandic smæra (“bermuda buttercup”).
Compare labrūsca.

plant of the genus Laburnum, golden chain


phalerae

phalerae f pl (genitive phalerārum); first declension

phalerārum (genitive)
phalerae (nominative plural)
phalerārum (genitive plural)
phalerīs (dative plural)
phalerās (accusative plural)
phalerīs (ablative plural)
phalerae (plural vocative)

→ English: phalera

[ˈpʰäɫ̪ɛräe̯]

From Ancient Greek φάλαρα (phálara), plural of φάλαρον (phálaron).

a trapping for the forehead and breast of horses


nymphaea

nymphaea f (genitive nymphaeae); first declension

nymphaeae (genitive)
nymphaea (nominative singular)
nymphaeae (nominative plural)
nymphaeae (genitive singular)
nymphaeārum (genitive plural)
nymphaeae (dative singular)
nymphaeīs (dative plural)
nymphaeam (accusative singular)
nymphaeās (accusative plural)
nymphaeā (ablative singular)
nymphaeīs (ablative plural)
nymphaea (singular vocative)
nymphaeae (plural vocative)

Translingual: Nymphaea

[nʏmˈpʰäe̯ä]


leaena

leaena f (genitive leaenae); first declension

leaenae (genitive)
leaena (nominative singular)
leaenae (nominative plural)
leaenae (genitive singular)
leaenārum (genitive plural)
leaenae (dative singular)
leaenīs (dative plural)
leaenam (accusative singular)
leaenās (accusative plural)
leaenā (ablative singular)
leaenīs (ablative plural)
leaena (singular vocative)
leaenae (plural vocative)

→ Italian: leena

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λέαινα (léaina).

bor+

Dīcit piger: Leaena in viā, leō in itineribus. [Text reordered in later editions; see below.]

Dīcit piger: Leō est in viā, et leaena in itineribus.

1592 CE, Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, Proverbs 26.13

The slothful man saith: There is a lion in the way, and a lioness in the roads.

1752 translation by Douay-Rheims, Challoner rev.


pava

la-noun

pāva f (genitive pāvae); first declension

pāva (canonical feminine)
pāvae (genitive)
pāva (nominative singular)
pāvae (nominative plural)
pāvae (genitive singular)
pāvārum (genitive plural)
pāvae (dative singular)
pāvīs (dative plural)
pāvam (accusative singular)
pāvās (accusative plural)
pāvā (ablative singular)
pāvīs (ablative plural)
pāva (singular vocative)
pāvae (plural vocative)

Russian: пава (pava)


laina

laina f (genitive lainae); first declension

lainae (genitive)
laina (nominative singular)
lainae (nominative plural)
lainae (genitive singular)
lainārum (genitive plural)
lainae (dative singular)
lainīs (dative plural)
lainam (accusative singular)
lainās (accusative plural)
lainā (ablative singular)
lainīs (ablative plural)
laina (singular vocative)
lainae (plural vocative)


ebur

ebur n (genitive eboris); third declension

eboris (genitive)
ebur (nominative singular)
ebora (nominative plural)
eboris (genitive singular)
eborum (genitive plural)
eborī (dative singular)
eboribus (dative plural)
ebur (accusative singular)
ebora (accusative plural)
ebore (ablative singular)
eboribus (ablative plural)
ebur (singular vocative)
ebora (plural vocative)

Loan word, probably from Demotic yb (“ivory, Elephantine”), from Egyptian Ab-b-w-E26 (ꜣbw, “ivory, elephant, Elephantine”). Compare Coptic ⲓⲏⲃ (iēb, “Elephantine”); also note Sanskrit इभ (íbha) and Tigre [script needed] (ʔabot).
In any case, probably cognate with the second half of Ancient Greek ἐλέφας (eléphas, “elephant”)


belladonna

la-noun

belladonna f (genitive belladonnae); first declension

belladonnae (genitive)
belladonna (nominative singular)
belladonnae (nominative plural)
belladonnae (genitive singular)
belladonnārum (genitive plural)
belladonnae (dative singular)
belladonnīs (dative plural)
belladonnam (accusative singular)
belladonnās (accusative plural)
belladonnā (ablative singular)
belladonnīs (ablative plural)
belladonna (singular vocative)
belladonnae (plural vocative)

Aecidium belladonnae

Amaryllis belladonna

Amphisphaeria belladonnae

Aspila belladonna

Atropa belladonna

Boberella belladonna

Coburgia belladonna

Delias belladonna

Delphinium belladonna

Hamadryas belladonna

Leopoldia belladonna

Lestes belladonna

Lilium belladonna

Mycosphaerella belladonnae

Naevia belladonnae

Pauia belladonna

Ploettnera belladonnae

Sphaerella belladonnae

Trematosphaeria belladonnae

[bɛlːʲäˈd̪ɔnːä]

[belːäˈd̪ɔnːä]

Borrowed from Italian belladonna (bella donna, literally “beautiful lady”), altered by folk etymology from Medieval Latin blādōna (“nightshade”), from Gaulish *blātōnā, blātunā, from Proto-Celtic *blātus (“flower”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰléh₃tus, from *bʰleh₃- (“blossom, flower”).

bor

<i class="Latn mention" lang="it">bella donna</i>

Atropa belladonna
Atropa belladonna#Translingual

(New Latin) belladonna (Atropa belladonna)


sardina

la-noun

sardīna f (genitive sardīnae); first declension

sardīna (canonical feminine)
sardīnae (genitive)
sardīna (nominative singular)
sardīnae (nominative plural)
sardīnae (genitive singular)
sardīnārum (genitive plural)
sardīnae (dative singular)
sardīnīs (dative plural)
sardīnam (accusative singular)
sardīnās (accusative plural)
sardīnā (ablative singular)
sardīnīs (ablative plural)
sardīna (singular vocative)
sardīnae (plural vocative)

Catalan: sardina

→ Middle Dutch: sardeyne

desctree

Dutch: sardine, sardien
Afrikaans: sardyn, sardien
→ Caribbean Javanese: dhèntyis
→ Papiamentu: saldinchi, sardinchi, sardin (Aruba)

French: sardine
→ English: sardine
→ Welsh: sardîn

Italian: sardina
→ Tunisian Arabic: سردينة (sardīna, “sardine, Sardina pilchardus”)
→ German: Sardine

Lombard: sardena

→ Italian: sardena

Spanish: sardina

[s̠ärˈd̪iːnäː]

Synonym of sarda (kind of fish, sardine or mackerel)


sarda

la-noun

sarda f (genitive sardae); first declension

sardae (genitive)
sarda (nominative singular)
sardae (nominative plural)
sardae (genitive singular)
sardārum (genitive plural)
sardae (dative singular)
sardīs (dative plural)
sardam (accusative singular)
sardās (accusative plural)
sardā (ablative singular)
sardīs (ablative plural)
sarda (singular vocative)
sardae (plural vocative)

Seemingly ultimately from Ancient Greek Σαρδώ (Sardṓ, “Sardinia”).

A kind of fish, perhaps sardine or mackerel.


melo

mēlō m (genitive mēlōnis); third declension

mēlō (canonical masculine)
mēlōnis (genitive)
mēlō (nominative singular)
mēlōnēs (nominative plural)
mēlōnis (genitive singular)
mēlōnum (genitive plural)
mēlōnī (dative singular)
mēlōnibus (dative plural)
mēlōnem (accusative singular)
mēlōnēs (accusative plural)
mēlōne (ablative singular)
mēlōnibus (ablative plural)
mēlō (singular vocative)
mēlōnēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: melón

Catalan: meló

desctree

Old French: melon
→ Middle Dutch: melone
Afrikaans: meloen
Dutch: meloen
→ Middle English: mē̆loun, melon, milon
→ English: melon, mellon
→ Japanese: メロン
→ Korean: 멜론 (mellon)
→ Welsh: melon
French: melon

Norman: m'lon

Galician: melón

Italian: melone, mellone (dialectal)
→ German: Melone
→ Hunsrik: Mëlon

Occitan: melon

Piedmontese: mëlon, mlon

Portuguese: melão

Romagnol: mlon, mlôn, mlōn

Sicilian: miluni

Spanish: melón

Attested since about late 4th century CE, since Palladius and the author(s) of Historia Augusta. Shortening of mēlopepō (q.v.), from Ancient Greek μηλοπέπων (mēlopépōn, “melon”).

der

Nunc melones serendi rarius: distent inter se semina pedibus duobus, locis subactis, vel pastinatis, maxime arenis.

c. 500 CE, Palladius, Opus agriculturae 4.9.5

Now melons are to be sown more rarely: let the seeds be two feet distant, in places well wrought and pastinated, especially in sandy soils.


falco

la-noun

falcō m (genitive falcōnis); third declension

falcō (canonical masculine)
falcōnis (genitive)
falcō (nominative singular)
falcōnēs (nominative plural)
falcōnis (genitive singular)
falcōnum (genitive plural)
falcōnī (dative singular)
falcōnibus (dative plural)
falcōnem (accusative singular)
falcōnēs (accusative plural)
falcōne (ablative singular)
falcōnibus (ablative plural)
falcō (singular vocative)
falcōnēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: falco, falcone

Sicilian: farcu, farcuni

→ Maltese: falkun

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: falcon, farcon

Friulian: falcuç

Romansch: falcun

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: faucon (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: falcó

Old Occitan: falcon
Occitan: falcon

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: falcón

Old Galician-Portuguese: falcon, falcõ

Galician: falcón

Portuguese: falcão

Old Spanish: falcon

Spanish: halcón

Uncertain and disputed origin, but probably from Germanic given the early attestation and widespread use of the word in Germanic. Perhaps from Old High German falco, falcho, falucho (“falcon”), from Proto-West Germanic *falkō, from Proto-Germanic *falkô (“falcon", literally, "grey bird”), from Proto-Indo-European *polH-, *pelH- (“grey, bluish”) + *-(u)k-, a suffix found in the names of several types of birds (e.g. *alkǭ, *habukaz, Proto-West Germanic *kranuk, etc.).
Cognate with Old Saxon falko (“falcon”), Old English *fealca, fealcen (“falcon”), Old Norse fálki (“falcon”), Old High German falo (“pale”), Latin pullus (“dusky coloured, blackish”). More at fallow.
Alternate etymology connects falco to Latin falx (“sickle, hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelk-, *dʰelg- (“a cutting tool”) due to the bird's curved beak and talons, but this derivation is usually regarded as folk-etymology.


pastinaca

la-noun

pastināca f (genitive pastinācae); first declension

pastināca (canonical feminine)
pastinācae (genitive)
pastināca (nominative singular)
pastinācae (nominative plural)
pastinācae (genitive singular)
pastinācārum (genitive plural)
pastinācae (dative singular)
pastinācīs (dative plural)
pastinācam (accusative singular)
pastinācās (accusative plural)
pastinācā (ablative singular)
pastinācīs (ablative plural)
pastināca (singular vocative)
pastinācae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: pastinaccia

⇒ Corsican: pastricciola

Italian: pastinaca

Neapolitan: pastenaca

Sicilian: vastunaca

Sardinian: pastinaca, frustinaca (etc.)

Old French: pasnaie

Middle French: panais

French: panais
Haitian Creole: pane

desc

Bourguignon: patenaille, potenaille, pétenaille, pait'naille

Norman: pônais, pânais, paunais, pânnais (Jersey), pânnais, pônais (Guernsey)

Walloon: panåjhe, pastenate

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">neep</i> (“turnip”)

→ Middle English: passenep, pasnepe (influenced by neep (“turnip”))

desctree

English: parsnepe, parsnep, parsnip
→ Japanese: パースニップ (pāsunippu)
→ Maori: pānipi

Scots: passeneip, paseneip, parsnip

→ Cornish: panes

→ Middle Breton: panesenn

Breton: panez

→ Welsh: pannas

Old Occitan: pastenago, pastenaga

desc

Catalan: pastanaga, pastenaga, bastanaga, bastenaga

Occitan: pastenaga, pastanaca, pastanaga, pastanagra, pastanarga

desctree

→ Middle French: pastenaille, pastenade, pastenaie
French: pastenade, patenais
→ German: Pastiney, Pastinei
→ Ottoman Turkish: پاستنای (pastinay)

→ Middle French: pastenague

French: pastenague

Venetan: pestenéga

→ Cimbrian: bostanàja

Emilian: pistinèga

desc

بِسْتِنَاجَة

بِشْتِْنَاجَة

بِشْتِنَاقَة

→ Andalusian Arabic: بِسْنَاج (bisnāj), بِسْتِنَاج (bistināj), بِسْتِنَاجَة (bistināja), بِشْتِْنَاجَة (bištināja), بِشْتِنَاقَة (bištināqa, “parsnip”)

→ Portuguese: bisnaga, bisnaca, visnaga (obsolete)

desctree

→ Spanish: biznaga
→ Basque: bisnaga, biznaga
→ Catalan: bisnaga, biçnaga (obsolete)
→ Galician: bisnaga, biznaga, bizniega

→ Galician: pastinaca

→ Picard: pasternache

→ Portuguese: pastinaca, pastinaga

→ Walloon: pastinåke

→ Greek: παστινάκη (pastináki)

→ Translingual: Pastinaca

→ Proto-West Germanic: *pastinakā (see there for further descendants)

[päs̠t̪ɪˈnäːkä]

From pastinum (“kind of two-pronged dibble”).


menta

la-noun

menta f (genitive mentae); first declension

mentae (genitive)
menta (nominative singular)
mentae (nominative plural)
mentae (genitive singular)
mentārum (genitive plural)
mentae (dative singular)
mentīs (dative plural)
mentam (accusative singular)
mentās (accusative plural)
mentā (ablative singular)
mentīs (ablative plural)
menta (singular vocative)
mentae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: menta

→ Cimbrian: menta

→ Galician: menta

→ Greek: μέντα (ménta)

→ Hungarian: menta

→ Italian: menta

Old French:

desctree

French: menthe
Haitian Creole: mant
→ Romanian: mentă

Norman: menthe

→? Old Irish: minntus

Irish: miontas

→ Portuguese: menta

→ Proto-Slavic: *męta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mintā (see there for further descendants)

→ Sicilian: menta

→ Spanish: menta

From Ancient Greek μῐ́νθη (mĭ́nthē), ultimately most likely a loan-word from an extinct (substrate) Mediterranean/south European language. See Armenian մանդակ (mandak) for more.

an tibi quondam femineos artus in olentes vertere mentas, […]


burra

la-noun

burra f (genitive burrae); first declension

burrae (genitive)
burra (nominative singular)
burrae (nominative plural)
burrae (genitive singular)
burrārum (genitive plural)
burrae (dative singular)
burrīs (dative plural)
burram (accusative singular)
burrās (accusative plural)
burrā (ablative singular)
burrīs (ablative plural)
burra (singular vocative)
burrae (plural vocative)

Catalan: borra, ⇒ borró

Old French: boure, borre, *bure

French: bourre, bure

Galician: borra, burel

Italian: borra

Portuguese: borra, burel

Spanish: borra

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *burrio

Old French: bourjon

French: bourgeon

Middle English: burjon

English: burgeon

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *burrula

Catalan: borla

Galician: bolra

Italian: burla

Portuguese: borla

Spanish: borla

a shaggy garment
(Late Latin) (plural) trifles, nonsense

a shaggy garment
(plural) trifles, nonsense


papilla

papilla f (genitive papillae); first declension

papillae (genitive)
papilla (nominative singular)
papillae (nominative plural)
papillae (genitive singular)
papillārum (genitive plural)
papillae (dative singular)
papillīs (dative plural)
papillam (accusative singular)
papillās (accusative plural)
papillā (ablative singular)
papillīs (ablative plural)
papilla (singular vocative)
papillae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: papil·la

→ English: papilla

→ Finnish: papilli

→ French: papille

→ Italian: papilla

→ Portuguese: papila

→ Serbo-Croatian: папѝла (papìla)

→ Sicilian: papiḍḍa

→ Spanish: papila

From papula (“a pustule, pimple”) + -la (diminutive nominal suffix).

af

(anatomy) a nipple, teat on the breast of human beings and of animals


blatta

la-noun

blatta f (genitive blattae); first declension

blattae (genitive)
blatta (nominative singular)
blattae (nominative plural)
blattae (genitive singular)
blattārum (genitive plural)
blattae (dative singular)
blattīs (dative plural)
blattam (accusative singular)
blattās (accusative plural)
blattā (ablative singular)
blattīs (ablative plural)
blatta (singular vocative)
blattae (plural vocative)

French: blatte

Italian: blatta

Portuguese: barata

Sicilian: bratta

Translingual: Blatta

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *blattula

Italian: piattola

No clear etymology. Possibly related to Ancient Greek βλάπτω (bláptō, “to disable, hinder, harm”).

cog

any insect that shuns the light, e.g. cockroach, moth


membrana

la-noun

membrāna f (genitive membrānae); first declension

membrāna (canonical feminine)
membrānae (genitive)
membrāna (nominative singular)
membrānae (nominative plural)
membrānae (genitive singular)
membrānārum (genitive plural)
membrānae (dative singular)
membrānīs (dative plural)
membrānam (accusative singular)
membrānās (accusative plural)
membrānā (ablative singular)
membrānīs (ablative plural)
membrāna (singular vocative)
membrānae (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: μεμβρᾰ́νᾱ (membrắnā), μέμβρανον (mémbranon)
→? Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 (maimbrana) (possibly directly from Latin)

→ Asturian: membrana

→ Catalan: membrana

→ Dutch: membraan

→ English: membrana, membrane

→ French: membrane

→ Galician: membrana

desc

→? Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 (maimbrana) (possibly through Ancient Greek)

→ Italian: membrana

→ Occitan: membrana

→ Polish: membrana

→ Portuguese: membrana

→ Romanian: membrană

→ Russian: мембрана (membrana)

→ Spanish: membrana

From membrum (“a limb or member of the body”).

(anatomy, zootomy) the skin or membrane that covers parts of the body; (especially) the skin or slough of snakes


canapa

la-noun

canapa f (genitive canapae); first declension

canapae (genitive)
canapa (nominative singular)
canapae (nominative plural)
canapae (genitive singular)
canapārum (genitive plural)
canapae (dative singular)
canapīs (dative plural)
canapam (accusative singular)
canapās (accusative plural)
canapā (ablative singular)
canapīs (ablative plural)
canapa (singular vocative)
canapae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: cãnipã

Megleno-Romanian: cǫnipă

Romanian: cânepă

Friulian: cjanaipe

Lombard: canav

Piedmontese: càuna, cànua

Italian: canapa

→ early Albanian: *kanëp

Gheg Albanian: kanp

Tosk Albanian: kërp

From cannabis, from Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis); see there for more.


chema

chēma f (genitive chēmae); first declension

chēma (canonical feminine)
chēmae (genitive)
chēma (nominative singular)
chēmae (nominative plural)
chēmae (genitive singular)
chēmārum (genitive plural)
chēmae (dative singular)
chēmīs (dative plural)
chēmam (accusative singular)
chēmās (accusative plural)
chēmā (ablative singular)
chēmīs (ablative plural)
chēma (singular vocative)
chēmae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χήμη (khḗmē).


carpa

carpa f (genitive carpae); first declension

carpae (genitive)
carpa (nominative singular)
carpae (nominative plural)
carpae (genitive singular)
carpārum (genitive plural)
carpae (dative singular)
carpīs (dative plural)
carpam (accusative singular)
carpās (accusative plural)
carpā (ablative singular)
carpīs (ablative plural)
carpa (singular vocative)
carpae (plural vocative)

Italian: carpa

Portuguese: carpa

Spanish: carpa

Unattested in Late Latin, from an unattested Germanic source (possibly Gothic *𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍀𐌰 (*karpa)). Surmised only from Old French carpe, Italian carpa.
Suggestions as to the further origin of the supposed Gothic word are speculative. It has been compared with Sanskrit शफर (śaphara), Welsh carp, Lithuanian šapalas. However, the un-shifted Germanic k suggests that the word entered Indo-European languages through Germanic and is ultimately from a non-Indo-European substrate native to the Alpine region and Danube basin.


prunum

prūnum n (genitive prūnī); second declension

prūnum (canonical neuter)
prūnī (genitive)
prūnum (nominative singular)
prūna (nominative plural)
prūnī (genitive singular)
prūnōrum (genitive plural)
prūnō (dative singular)
prūnīs (dative plural)
prūnum (accusative singular)
prūna (accusative plural)
prūnō (ablative singular)
prūnīs (ablative plural)
prūnum (singular vocative)
prūna (plural vocative)

Fala: abruñu, agruñu

Sicilian: prunu

⇒ Friulian: brugnul

desc

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pruna n pl, *prūna f sg

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: prunã

Megleno-Romanian: prună

Romanian: prună

Italo-Dalmatian

Sicilian: pruna

desctree

Old French: prune
French: prune
Norman: preune
Walloon: pronne
→ Middle English: prune, pruna
English: prune

Old Occitan:

Catalan: pruna

Occitan: pruna

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: prüna

Sardinian: pruna

Venetan: brógna, brónba

Spanish: pruna

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *prunea

Italian: prugna

→ Proto-West Germanic: *plūmā (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: prúna

From Ancient Greek προῦμνον (proûmnon, “plum”).


hibiscum

la-noun

hibīscum n (genitive hibīscī); second declension

hibīscum (canonical neuter)
hibīscī (genitive)
hibīscum (nominative singular)
hibīsca (nominative plural)
hibīscī (genitive singular)
hibīscōrum (genitive plural)
hibīscō (dative singular)
hibīscīs (dative plural)
hibīscum (accusative singular)
hibīsca (accusative plural)
hibīscō (ablative singular)
hibīscīs (ablative plural)
hibīscum (singular vocative)
hibīsca (plural vocative)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *ībisku (see there for further descendants)

[hɪˈbiːs̠kʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ἱβίσκος (hibískos, “marsh mallow”), probably from Gaulish or another Celtic language.


vitrum

la-noun

vitrum n (genitive vitrī); second declension

vitrī (genitive)
vitrum (nominative singular)
vitra (nominative plural)
vitrī (genitive singular)
vitrōrum (genitive plural)
vitrō (dative singular)
vitrīs (dative plural)
vitrum (accusative singular)
vitra (accusative plural)
vitrō (ablative singular)
vitrīs (ablative plural)
vitrum (singular vocative)
vitra (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: vitra

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: vaider

Lombard: védar, veder, védér, vedri

Piedmontese: véder

Romagnol: védar, vóidar

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: vetru

Dalmatian: viatro

Italian: vetro

Sicilian: vitru

Old Occitan:

Catalan: vidre

Occitan: veire

Old French: voirre

French: verre, → vitre

⇒ French: verrine
→ English: verrine

⇒ French: vitrine (see there for further descendants)

Norman: vitre, verre

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: veri

Ladin: vierech

Romansch: vaider

desc

Sardinian: bídri, bidru, birdi, bírdiu, birdu, bridu, fidru, vidru

Venetan: véro, viéro

West Iberian:

Aragonese: veire

Non-Romance borrowings:

desctree

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨdr
Middle Breton: guezr
Breton: gwer
Middle Cornish: gweder
Cornish: gweder
Middle Welsh: gwydyr
Welsh: gwydr

⇒ English: vitreous, vitrify

→ Esperanto: vitro

→ German: in vitro

→ Greek: βιτρίνα (vitrína)

→ Swedish: vitrös

[ˈu̯ɪt̪rʊ̃ˑ]

Nominalised from Proto-Indo-European *wed-ro- (literally “water-like”), from the root *wed- (“water”). For the semantic development compare Persian آبگینه (âbgina, “glass”). The plant and its dye were named after the color of glass in antiquity.

inh

Isatis tinctoria
Isatis tinctoria#Translingual

dyer's woad, a plant used for dying blue (Isatis tinctoria)


cicuta

la-noun

cicūta f (genitive cicūtae); first declension

cicūta (canonical feminine)
cicūtae (genitive)
cicūta (nominative singular)
cicūtae (nominative plural)
cicūtae (genitive singular)
cicūtārum (genitive plural)
cicūtae (dative singular)
cicūtīs (dative plural)
cicūtam (accusative singular)
cicūtās (accusative plural)
cicūtā (ablative singular)
cicūtīs (ablative plural)
cicūta (singular vocative)
cicūtae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cucutã

Romanian: cucută

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cicuta

Sicilian: cicuta

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: sùa

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: acecuta

Catalan: ceguda

Gascon: cecuta, ciguda, ceguda

Old French: cëue, cegue

French: ciguë, (dialectal) çue, ceüe

Occitan: ciguda

Vivaro-Alpine: cigüa

Norman: chue, cheüe

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: cegude, cigude

Portuguese: cegude, cigude

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: kukutë

desc

→ Andalusian Arabic: جقوطة (čuqūṭa, čaqūṭa)

→ Catalan: cicuta

→ Galician: cicuta

→ Greek: κικούτα (kikoúta), κιρκούτα (kirkoúta)

→ Portuguese: cicuta

→ Russian: цику́та (cikúta)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̀кута

Latin script: kùkuta

→ Spanish: cicuta

→ Translingual: Cicuta

From the same substrate source as English kex, Cornish cegas, and Welsh cegid (“hemlock”).

Conium maculatum
Conium maculatum#Translingual

Cicuta virosa
Cicuta virosa#Translingual

a plant, poison hemlock, probably either Conium maculatum or Cicuta virosa

the juice of the hemlock given to prisoners as poison


oliva

la-noun

olīva f (genitive olīvae); first declension

olīva (canonical feminine)
olīvae (genitive)
olīva (nominative singular)
olīvae (nominative plural)
olīvae (genitive singular)
olīvārum (genitive plural)
olīvae (dative singular)
olīvīs (dative plural)
olīvam (accusative singular)
olīvās (accusative plural)
olīvā (ablative singular)
olīvīs (ablative plural)
olīva (singular vocative)
olīvae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: ulli

Aragonese: oliba, oliva

Corsican: aliva

Dalmatian: olea

→ Esperanto: olivo

Friulian: ulive

→ Ido: olivo

Italian: oliva

desctree

→ Middle High German: olīve
German: Olive
→? Hunsrik: Oliv

Old French: olive
→ English: olive
French: olive
Romanian: olivă

Old Occitan: oliva

Catalan: oliva

Occitan: oliva

Old Galician-Portuguese: oliva

Fala: oliva

Galician: oliva

Portuguese: oliva

Romansch: uliva, uleiva

Sardinian: aliva

Sicilian: aliva, uliva

Spanish: oliva

Venetan: oliva, ołiva

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *olīvus

Catalan: oliu

Italian: olivo

Sicilian: alivu

Spanish: olivo

From Etruscan *𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (*eleiva) (whence 𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀𐌍𐌀 (eleivana, “of oil”)) or from Pre-Classical Ancient Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa) (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀷 (e-ra-wa), Ancient Greek ἐλαία (elaía)), most likely from Pre-Greek (according to Beekes) or, much more questionably, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁loywom (compare Old Church Slavonic лои (loi, “tallow”), Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”)).


strix

la-noun

strī̆x f (genitive strī̆gis); third declension

strī̆x (canonical feminine)
strī̆gis (genitive)
strī̆x (nominative singular)
strī̆gēs (nominative plural)
strī̆gis (genitive singular)
strī̆gum (genitive plural)
strī̆gī (dative singular)
strī̆gibus (dative plural)
strī̆gem (accusative singular)
strī̆gēs (accusative plural)
strī̆ge (ablative singular)
strī̆gibus (ablative plural)
strī̆x (singular vocative)
strī̆gēs (plural vocative)

⇒ Romanian: striga (“to call, shout”)

⇒ Sicilian: strìgula (“barn owl”)

→ English: strigine

→ Esperanto: strigo

→ Ido: strigo

→ Italian: strige

→ Portuguese: estrige

→ Spanish: estrige

Borrowed from Ancient Greek στρίξ (stríx, “screecher”), which also gave strī̆ga (“evil spirit, nightmare; vampire; witch”), itself likely of onomatopoeic origin and related to Latin strīdō (“to screech”).

doublet

eī hominēs cēnās ubi coquont, cum condiunt,
nōn condīmentīs condiunt, sed strīgibus,
vīvīs convīvīs intestīna quae exedint.

191 BCE, Plautus, Pseudolus, archived from the original on 2022-10-08, act 3, scene 2, lines 30–32:

Those people, when they cook dinners, when they season them,
season them not with seasonings, but with screech-owls
that would eat up the living guests' guts.
(This is in iambic senarii.)

Praebuit illa arbor miserō suspendia collō,
Carnificī dīrās praebuit illa crucēs;
Illa dedit turpēs raucīs būbōnibus umbrās,
Vulturis in rāmīs et strĭgis ōva tulit.

16 BCE, Ovid, Amores, archived from the original on 2017-01-06, 1.12, lines 17-20:

That tree offered a hanging to an unfortunate neck;
it offered dreadful crosses to the executioner;
it gave foul shade to hoarse owls;
it held the vulture's and screech-owl's eggs on its branches.
(This is in elegiac couplets.)

est illīs strĭgibus nōmen; sed nōminis huius
causa, quod horrendum strīdere nocte solent.
Screech-owls they're called; but the reason for this name is that they are wont to screech dreadfully at night.
(This is an elegiac couplet; “strī̆x” was associated with and in fact indirectly relates to the Latin strīdō, “to screech”.)

nōn comes obscūrus tripodum, nōn fulminis ārdēns
vector adest, flāvaeque sonāns avis unca Minervae
nōn venit auguriīs melior; quīn vultur et altīs
dēsuper accipitrēs exultāvēre rapīnīs.
mōnstra volant: dīrae strīdunt in nūbe volucrēs,
nocturnaeque gemunt strĭgĕs et fērālia būbō
damna canēns.

c. 90 CE, Statius, Thebaid, archived from the original on 2023-02-18, 3.506-512:

No the dark companion of the tripods [the raven], no burning lightning-bearer [the eagle]
is there, and no hooting and clawed bird of golden-haired Minerva [the owl]
comes auspiciously to the auguries; instead, a vulture and
hawks up above have rejoiced at their lofty plunder.
Evil omens are aflight: ominous birds shriek in the clouds,
and the nocturnal screech-owls and the death-like horned owl cry,
singing of loss.
(This is in dactylic hexameters.)

A kind of owl, probably the screech-owl (considered a bird of ill omen).

(by extension, according to popular belief) An evil spirit, a vampire or a harpy who sucked the blood of children and caused nightmares.


strix

la-noun

strix f (genitive strigis); third declension

strigis (genitive)
strix (nominative singular)
strigēs (nominative plural)
strigis (genitive singular)
strigum (genitive plural)
strigī (dative singular)
strigibus (dative plural)
strigem (accusative singular)
strigēs (accusative plural)
strige (ablative singular)
strigibus (ablative plural)
strix (singular vocative)
strigēs (plural vocative)

Possibly from a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia such as Celtiberian, from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to brush, strip, shear”) and cognate to Latin striga (“strip”).

der

Hispānia strigēs vocat aurī parvolās māssās.

(Spain, hapax, dubious) A golden nugget.


uria

la-noun

uria f (genitive uriae); first declension

uriae (genitive)
uria (nominative singular)
uriae (nominative plural)
uriae (genitive singular)
uriārum (genitive plural)
uriae (dative singular)
uriīs (dative plural)
uriam (accusative singular)
uriās (accusative plural)
uriā (ablative singular)
uriīs (ablative plural)
uria (singular vocative)
uriae (plural vocative)


marsupium

marsūpium n (genitive marsūpiī or marsūpī); second declension

marsūpium (canonical neuter)
marsūpiī (genitive)
marsūpī (genitive)
marsūpium (nominative singular)
marsūpia (nominative plural)
marsūpiī (genitive singular)
marsūpī (genitive singular)
marsūpiōrum (genitive plural)
marsūpiō (dative singular)
marsūpiīs (dative plural)
marsūpium (accusative singular)
marsūpia (accusative plural)
marsūpiō (ablative singular)
marsūpiīs (ablative plural)
marsūpium (singular vocative)
marsūpia (plural vocative)

→ English: marsupium (learned)

→ Italian: marsupio (learned)

→ Portuguese: marsúpio (learned)

→ Spanish: marsupio (learned)

From Ancient Greek μαρσίππιον (marsíppion), diminutive of μάρσιππος (mársippos, “pouch”).

sortem mitte nōbīscum, marsūpium ūnum sit omnium nostrum

Cast in thy lot with us, let us all have one purse. (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.; 1752 CE)


aegilops

aegilōps m (genitive aegilōpos); third declension

aegilōps (canonical masculine)
aegilōpos (genitive)
aegilōps (nominative singular)
aegilōpes (nominative plural)
aegilōpos (genitive singular)
aegilōpum (genitive plural)
aegilōpī (dative singular)
aegilōpibus (dative plural)
aegilōpa (accusative singular)
aegilōpas (accusative plural)
aegilōpe (ablative singular)
aegilōpibus (ablative plural)
aegilōps (singular vocative)
aegilōpes (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Aegilops

→ English: aegilops

→ French: égilope

valonia (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis)


escaria

ēscāria f (genitive ēscāriae); first declension

ēscāria (canonical feminine)
ēscāriae (genitive)
ēscāria (nominative singular)
ēscāriae (nominative plural)
ēscāriae (genitive singular)
ēscāriārum (genitive plural)
ēscāriae (dative singular)
ēscāriīs (dative plural)
ēscāriam (accusative singular)
ēscāriās (accusative plural)
ēscāriā (ablative singular)
ēscāriīs (ablative plural)
ēscāria (singular vocative)
ēscāriae (plural vocative)

200–400 Hermeneumata Stephani sect. De oleribus Περὶ λαχάνων = Corpus glossariorum latinorum III p. 359 l. 71

escaria τρώξιμα

c. 600–700, the so-called Folium Parisinum (a Latin-Greek glossary with Greek in Latin script) published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum II page 563 line 20

iscaria seris misce cerasu

endive [is in Greek] σέρις (séris) mixing [is in Greek] κέρασο (kéraso)


ilex

īlex f (genitive īlicis); third declension

īlex (canonical feminine)
īlicis (genitive)
īlex (nominative singular)
īlicēs (nominative plural)
īlicis (genitive singular)
īlicum (genitive plural)
īlicī (dative singular)
īlicibus (dative plural)
īlicem (accusative singular)
īlicēs (accusative plural)
īlice (ablative singular)
īlicibus (ablative plural)
īlex (singular vocative)
īlicēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Ilex

Albanian: ilqe

Catalan: alzina

English: Ilex

Esperanto: ilekso

French: yeuse

Galician: aciñeira

Ido: ilexo

Italian: elce

Portuguese: azinha

Sicilian: ìlici

Spanish: encina

Probably from a lost non-Indo-European substrate language.


viburnum

vīburnum n (genitive vīburnī); second declension

vīburnum (canonical neuter)
vīburnī (genitive)
vīburnum (nominative singular)
vīburna (nominative plural)
vīburnī (genitive singular)
vīburnōrum (genitive plural)
vīburnō (dative singular)
vīburnīs (dative plural)
vīburnum (accusative singular)
vīburna (accusative plural)
vīburnō (ablative singular)
vīburnīs (ablative plural)
vīburnum (singular vocative)
vīburna (plural vocative)

Catalan: viorn

French: viorne

Italian: viburno

[u̯iːˈbʊrnʊ̃ˑ]

Unknown, possibly Etruscan. Compare laburnum, alaternus, basterna, lacerna, santerna, pincerna, clarnus, all strongly suspected to be from Etruscan or a related language, although the sound sequence also occurs in words trusted to be native like sturnus, spinturnīx, cōturnīx.


vireo

la-verb

vireō (present infinitive virēre, perfect active viruī); second conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

vireō (canonical)
no passive (canonical)
virēre (infinitive present)
viruī (active perfect)
vireō (active first-person indicative present singular)
virēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
viret (active indicative present singular third-person)
virēmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
virētis (active indicative plural present second-person)
virent (active indicative plural present third-person)
virēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
virēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
virēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
virēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
virēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
virēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
virēbō (active first-person future indicative singular)
virēbis (active future indicative second-person singular)
virēbit (active future indicative singular third-person)
virēbimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
virēbitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
virēbunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
viruī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
viruistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
viruit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
viruimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
viruistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
viruērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
viruēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
virueram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
viruerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
viruerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
viruerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
viruerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
viruerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
viruerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
virueris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
viruerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
viruerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
virueritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
viruerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
viream (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
vireās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
vireat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
vireāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
vireātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
vireant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
virērem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
virērēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
virēret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
virērēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
virērētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
virērent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
viruerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
viruerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
viruerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
viruerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
viruerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
viruerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
viruissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
viruissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
viruisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
viruissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
viruissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
viruissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
virē (active imperative present second-person singular)
virēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
virētō (active future imperative second-person singular)
virētō (active future imperative singular third-person)
virētōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
virentō (active future imperative plural third-person)
virēre (active infinitive present)
viruisse (active infinitive perfect)
virēns (active participle present)
virendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
virendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
virendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
virendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)

From Proto-Italic *wizēō, from Proto-Indo-European *wiséh₁yeti, from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to increase”). See also Old English wise (“stalk, sprout”), Old Norse visir (“sprout, bud”), Lithuanian veisti (“propagate”).


vireo

la-noun

vireō m (genitive vireōnis); third declension

vireō (canonical masculine)
vireōnis (genitive)
vireō (nominative singular)
vireōnēs (nominative plural)
vireōnis (genitive singular)
vireōnum (genitive plural)
vireōnī (dative singular)
vireōnibus (dative plural)
vireōnem (accusative singular)
vireōnēs (accusative plural)
vireōne (ablative singular)
vireōnibus (ablative plural)
vireō (singular vocative)
vireōnēs (plural vocative)

→ English: vireo

⇒ Spanish: verderón


salar

salar m (genitive salaris); third declension

salaris (genitive)
salar (nominative singular)
salarēs (nominative plural)
salaris (genitive singular)
salarum (genitive plural)
salarī (dative singular)
salaribus (dative plural)
salarem (accusative singular)
salarēs (accusative plural)
salare (ablative singular)
salaribus (ablative plural)
salar (singular vocative)
salarēs (plural vocative)

From saliō (“leap”) (leaper), or possibly from sāl (“salt”) ("resident of salt water"). More at Wikipedia: Atlantic salmon § Nomenclature.

Taxonomic epithet of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.


ulula

ulula f (genitive ululae); first declension

ululae (genitive)
ulula (nominative singular)
ululae (nominative plural)
ululae (genitive singular)
ululārum (genitive plural)
ululae (dative singular)
ululīs (dative plural)
ululam (accusative singular)
ululās (accusative plural)
ululā (ablative singular)
ululīs (ablative plural)
ulula (singular vocative)
ululae (plural vocative)

From an imitative reduplicated root, perhaps ultimately Proto-Indo-European *(H)ulu(l)- (“to cry out, howl; owl”). Compare Sanskrit उलूक (ulūka, “owl”), sometimes also compared to Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒆷𒀸 (ḫu-wa-la-aš, “a kind of bird: owl?”) and Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ (“owl”), though these may all be independent onomatopoeias.
More at ululō (“howl, screech”). Compare also upupa.

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

screech owl (Tyto alba), tawny owl (Strix aluco)


vicia

la-noun

vicia f (genitive viciae); first declension

viciae (genitive)
vicia (nominative singular)
viciae (nominative plural)
viciae (genitive singular)
viciārum (genitive plural)
viciae (dative singular)
viciīs (dative plural)
viciam (accusative singular)
viciās (accusative plural)
viciā (ablative singular)
viciīs (ablative plural)
vicia (singular vocative)
viciae (plural vocative)

Catalan: veça

Occitan: veça

Old French: vece, veche

French: vesce

Norman: vèche (Jersey)

→ Middle Dutch: veche, vitse

desctree

→ Middle English: fecche, facche, fecch, fetche, ficche, fiche, vech, vetche
English: vetch, fitch
Scots: fitch

Friulian: vece

Galician: veza

Italian: veccia

Romansch: vetscha

Sicilian: vizza

Spanish: veza, avezón

Translingual: Vicia

→ Proto-Albanian: *viqë, *vigjë

Albanian: vigjëz

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨg

Breton: gweg

Old Welsh: *guic

Middle Welsh: guyc, gwyc

Welsh: gwŷg

desc

→ Koine Greek: βῐκία (bĭkía), βῐκίον (bĭkíon), βῐ́κος (bĭ́kos)

→ Aramaic:

lect

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic: בִּיקְיָא (bīqyā), בִּקְיָא (biqyā)

Classical Syriac: ܒܝܩܐ (bīqā)

→ Mishnaic Hebrew, Israeli Hebrew: בִּיקְיָה (bīqyā), בִּקְיָה (biqyā),

→ Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: fiğ, fiy

→ Bulgarian: фий (fij)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *wikkjā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *wikiā, probably from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to curve, bend”) (like Latin vincīre (“to bind”)) or from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, wind, bend”) (like viēre (“to plait”)).


ricinus

la-noun

ricinus m (genitive ricinī); second declension

ricinī (genitive)
ricinus (nominative singular)
ricinī (nominative plural)
ricinī (genitive singular)
ricinōrum (genitive plural)
ricinō (dative singular)
ricinīs (dative plural)
ricinum (accusative singular)
ricinōs (accusative plural)
ricinō (ablative singular)
ricinīs (ablative plural)
ricine (singular vocative)
ricinī (plural vocative)

(castor):

→ Translingual: Ricinus

→ Catalan: ricí

→ English: ricin

→ French: ricin

→ German: Rizinus

→ Italian: ricina

→ Romanian: ricin

→ Spanish: ricino

(tick):

→ Albanian: rriqër

Asturian: rendu, rédinu

Catalan: rènec

Dalmatian: drecno

Gallurese: rìcini, irrìcina

Sardinian:

desc

Logudorese: erighìna, bereghìna, rìghine

Campidanese: rìžini, arrìži

Nuorese: errichìna, orichìna, iritzìna

Spanish: rezno

Unknown; possibly a substrate word. Compare Albanian ergjëz (“nit”), Lithuanian érkė (“tick”), Latvian ērce (“tick”), Proto-Slavic *ràkъ (“crayfish”), Sanskrit रिक्षा (rikṣā, “nit”) and Persian رشک (rešk, “nit”), which cannot all be derived regularly from the same Proto-Indo-European source. A pre-form *HreK-(e)r ~ *Hrek-en- is possible for the Latin assuming post-PIE thematicization, but the root would remain unidentified.

castor oil plant, Ricinus (and its seeds)


urus

la-noun

ūrus m (genitive ūrī); second declension

ūrus (canonical masculine)
ūrī (genitive)
ūrus (nominative singular)
ūrī (nominative plural)
ūrī (genitive singular)
ūrōrum (genitive plural)
ūrō (dative singular)
ūrīs (dative plural)
ūrum (accusative singular)
ūrōs (accusative plural)
ūrō (ablative singular)
ūrīs (ablative plural)
ūre (singular vocative)
ūrī (plural vocative)

→ Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros)

Catalan: ur

→ English: ure, urus

French: ure

Italian: uro

Portuguese: uro

Spanish: uro

According to Julius Caesar, of Celtic origin. Perhaps indirectly related to Proto-Germanic *ūraz.


portulaca

portulāca f (genitive portulācae); first declension

portulāca (canonical feminine)
portulācae (genitive)
portulāca (nominative singular)
portulācae (nominative plural)
portulācae (genitive singular)
portulācārum (genitive plural)
portulācae (dative singular)
portulācīs (dative plural)
portulācam (accusative singular)
portulācās (accusative plural)
portulācā (ablative singular)
portulācīs (ablative plural)
portulāca (singular vocative)
portulācae (plural vocative)

From portula (“little door”), from porta (“door”) + -ula (“diminutive suffix”), + -āca, apparently because of the door-like opening of the seed capsule.


gladiolus

gladiolus m (genitive gladiolī); second declension

gladiolī (genitive)
gladiolus (nominative singular)
gladiolī (nominative plural)
gladiolī (genitive singular)
gladiolōrum (genitive plural)
gladiolō (dative singular)
gladiolīs (dative plural)
gladiolum (accusative singular)
gladiolōs (accusative plural)
gladiolō (ablative singular)
gladiolīs (ablative plural)
gladiole (singular vocative)
gladiolī (plural vocative)

Catalan: garitjol, → gladiol (learned)

→ English: gladiolus

French: glaïeul

→ German: Gladiole

Italian: giaggiolo

Occitan: glaujòl

→ Norwegian: gladiolus

[ɡɫ̪äˈd̪iɔɫ̪ʊs̠]

Diminutive of gladius (“sword”) + -olus.


conger

conger m (genitive congrī); second declension

congrī (genitive)
conger (nominative singular)
congrī (nominative plural)
congrī (genitive singular)
congrōrum (genitive plural)
congrō (dative singular)
congrīs (dative plural)
congrum (accusative singular)
congrōs (accusative plural)
congrō (ablative singular)
congrīs (ablative plural)
conger (singular vocative)
congrī (plural vocative)

Catalan: congre

Old French: congre

French: congre

Walloon: congue

→ Middle English: congre

English: conger

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: congro
Galician: congro
Portuguese: congro

Italian: grongo, gronco, gongro (literary)
→ Tunisian Arabic: قرنقو (grangu), قرينقو (grīngu), قرونقرو (grūngru, “conger, Conger conger”)

Spanish: congrio

From Ancient Greek γόγγρος (góngros), from Proto-Indo-European *geng-, *gong- (“a lump, rounded object”).


scopes

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σκῶπες (skôpes), plural of σκώψ (skṓps).

nominantur ab Homero scopes, avium genus: neque harum satyricos motus, cum insidientur, plerisque memoratos facile conceperim mente, neque ipsae iam aves noscuntur. quamobrem de confessis disseruisse praestiterit.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 10.138.1

1938 translation by H. Rackham
Homer mentions a kind of bird called the scops; many people speak of its comic dancing movements when it is watching for its prey, but I cannot easily grasp these in my mind, nor are the birds themselves now known. Consequently a discussion of admitted facts will be more profitable.


polypus

la-noun

pō̆lypus m (genitive pō̆lypī); second declension

pō̆lypus (canonical masculine)
pō̆lypī (genitive)
pō̆lypus (nominative singular)
pō̆lypī (nominative plural)
pō̆lypī (genitive singular)
pō̆lypōrum (genitive plural)
pō̆lypō (dative singular)
pō̆lypīs (dative plural)
pō̆lypum (accusative singular)
pō̆lypōs (accusative plural)
pō̆lypō (ablative singular)
pō̆lypīs (ablative plural)
pō̆lype (singular vocative)
pō̆lypī (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: polpu, pulpu, porpu

Italian: polpo

→ Esperanto: polpo

→ Ido: polpo

Neapolitan: purpo

Sicilian: purpu, pruppu, puppu, pùippu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: pórpo

Piedmontese: pòrpo

Romagnol: pôlp

Friulian: folp

Venetan: folpo

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: polp

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="ca">polp</i>

Catalan: pop (dialectal polp)

Old French: *puelve, *pueuve

Norman: puerve; pieuvre (Jersey, Guernsey)

→ French: pieuvre

→ Haitian Creole: pyèv

→ Italian: piovra

Occitan: pofre

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pulpu

Old Galician-Portuguese: polbo

Galician: polbo

Portuguese: polvo

Spanish: pulpo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: pulpu, pruppu

Logudorese: pulpu, pruppu

Nuorese: purpu, pruppu

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: pòlip

→ German: Polyp

→ Hungarian: polip

→ English: polyp; polypus

→ Middle French: poupe

French: poulpe

→ English: poulp, poulpe

desctree

→ French: polype
→ Ottoman Turkish: پولیپ (polip)
Turkish: polip
→ Romanian: polip

→ Galician: pólipo

→ Italian: polipo

→ Portuguese: pólipo

→ Spanish: pólipo

[ˈpɔlʲʏpʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek πολύπους (polúpous) (or from Doric Ancient Greek πώλυπος (pṓlupos) for the variant with long ō).


capellus

la-noun

capellus m (genitive capellī); second declension

capellī (genitive)
capellus (nominative singular)
capellī (nominative plural)
capellī (genitive singular)
capellōrum (genitive plural)
capellō (dative singular)
capellīs (dative plural)
capellum (accusative singular)
capellōs (accusative plural)
capellō (ablative singular)
capellīs (ablative plural)
capelle (singular vocative)
capellī (plural vocative)

French: chevreau

From caper (“goat”) + -lus (diminutive suffix).

af

[käˈpɛlːʲʊs̠]


brassica

la-noun

brassica f (genitive brassicae); first declension

brassicae (genitive)
brassica (nominative singular)
brassicae (nominative plural)
brassicae (genitive singular)
brassicārum (genitive plural)
brassicae (dative singular)
brassicīs (dative plural)
brassicam (accusative singular)
brassicās (accusative plural)
brassicā (ablative singular)
brassicīs (ablative plural)
brassica (singular vocative)
brassicae (plural vocative)

→ English: brassica

→ Translingual: Brassica

→ Old Irish: praissech

Irish: praiseach

→ Proto-Slavic: *brosky (see there for further descendants)

→? Serbo-Croatian: raštika

→ Proto-Brythonic: *brėsɨx

Middle Welsh: bressych

Welsh: bresych

[ˈbräs̠ːɪkä]

Unknown origin. Suggested derivations include a contraction of praesecāre, a compound of prae- (“before, in front”) + secāre (“to cut, to cut off”), interpreted as either “to cut off early” – referring to its harvesting during the autumn for early winter food – or as “to cut off the head”, attested in the latter sense in a Plautus comedy.

Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleracea#Translingual

especially cabbage, but including cauliflower and other varieties of Brassica oleracea


cursus

cursus m (genitive cursūs); fourth declension

cursūs (genitive)
cursus (nominative singular)
cursūs (nominative plural)
cursūs (genitive singular)
cursuum (genitive plural)
cursuī (dative singular)
cursibus (dative plural)
cursum (accusative singular)
cursūs (accusative plural)
cursū (ablative singular)
cursibus (ablative plural)
cursus (singular vocative)
cursūs (plural vocative)

Asturian: cursu

Catalan: cors, cós

Corsican: corsu, cursu

Friulian: cors

Italian: corso
→ German: Korso

Occitan: cors

desctree

Old French: cours, cors, curs
Middle French: cours
French:
cours
→ Japanese: クール (kūru)
→ English: cours, cour
→ Luxembourgish: Cours
→ Ottoman Turkish: قورس (kurs)
Turkish: kur, kurs
→ Vietnamese: cua
course
→ Catalan: cursa
→ Dutch: koers
→ Romanian: cursă
→ Swedish: kosa
→ Vietnamese: cuốc
→ Middle Dutch: coers
Dutch: koers
→ Indonesian: kurs (“exchange rate”)
→ Tetum: kurs
Norman: course
→ Irish: cúrsa
→ Middle English: cours, cors, cource, course, cowrs, cowrse, curs, kours
English: course
→ Gulf Arabic: كورس (kōrs)
Scots: coorse
→ Welsh: cwrs

Portuguese: corso, cosso

Romanian: curs

Sicilian: cursu

Spanish: coso

Venetan: córso

→ Catalan: curs

→ Crimean Tatar: kurs

→ English: cursus

→ French: cursus

→ Galician: curso

→ German: Kurs
→ Serbo-Croatian: kȕrs /ку̏рс

→ Hungarian: kurzus

→ Polish: kurs

→ Portuguese: curso

→ Russian: курс (kurs)
→ Armenian: կուրս (kurs)

→ Spanish: curso

→ Swedish: kurs
→ Finnish: kurssi

Hic cursus fuit

This was [our] voyage
(The first of many incomplete lines in the Aeneid.)

Course, way, passage, journey, voyage, march

(figuratively) Course, progress, direction, development, succession, passage, tendency; career


calamus

la-noun

calamus m (genitive calamī); second declension

calamī (genitive)
calamus (nominative singular)
calamī (nominative plural)
calamī (genitive singular)
calamōrum (genitive plural)
calamō (dative singular)
calamīs (dative plural)
calamum (accusative singular)
calamōs (accusative plural)
calamō (ablative singular)
calamīs (ablative plural)
calame (singular vocative)
calamī (plural vocative)

Albanian: kallam

Italian: calamo

Old French: chaume

French: chaume

Romanian: carâmb

→ Catalan: càlam

→ English: calamus

→ French: calame

→ Galician: cálamo

→ German: Kalmus

desc

→⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: kalmerot, kalmusrot, kamrot

→ Portuguese: cálamo

→ Spanish: cálamo

[ˈkäɫ̪ämʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos. Doublet of culmus. Compare calamīna.

Calamus gladio fortior

(by extension) an object made from a reed, such as a reed pen, arrow, or fishing rod

a whistle or musical pipe; sometimes specifically a blown pipe with tone holes


luma

la-noun

lūma f (genitive lūmae); first declension

lūma (canonical feminine)
lūmae (genitive)
lūma (nominative singular)
lūmae (nominative plural)
lūmae (genitive singular)
lūmārum (genitive plural)
lūmae (dative singular)
lūmīs (dative plural)
lūmam (accusative singular)
lūmās (accusative plural)
lūmā (ablative singular)
lūmīs (ablative plural)
lūma (singular vocative)
lūmae (plural vocative)

Uncertain; proposed derivations include:
* From a root common to Latvian lustes (“cheat grass”), Swedish losta (“cheat grass”) and Ancient Greek λάχνη (lákhnē, “woolly hair”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“bend, twist”). Cognates include Latin luctor (“I wrestle”), luxus (“dislocated”), Ancient Greek λύγος (lúgos, “twig, withe”) and Old Norse lok (“weed, unwanted plant”).


papilio

la-noun

pāpiliō m (genitive pāpiliōnis); third declension

pāpiliō (canonical masculine)
pāpiliōnis (genitive)
pāpiliō (nominative singular)
pāpiliōnēs (nominative plural)
pāpiliōnis (genitive singular)
pāpiliōnum (genitive plural)
pāpiliōnī (dative singular)
pāpiliōnibus (dative plural)
pāpiliōnem (accusative singular)
pāpiliōnēs (accusative plural)
pāpiliōne (ablative singular)
pāpiliōnibus (ablative plural)
pāpiliō (singular vocative)
pāpiliōnēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: papiglione; padiglione

>? Italian: farfalla

Sicilian: parpagghiuni

Padanian:

Emilian: parpaja, parpajen

Ligurian: parpagion

Lombard: parpaja, parpaj; parpala (northwestern)

desc

Piedmontese: parpajon, parpajora, parpajola

Romagnol: parpaja, pavaja, pavajòt

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: paveillon
→ English: pavilion
French: pavillon
Portuguese: pavilhão
Spanish: pabellón

Old French: papeillon (possibly semilearned)

French: papillon

Franco-Provençal: parpelyon, papelyon

Valdôtain pavilhon

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pavelló; papalló, papallona, papaió

desc

Occitan: parpalhon, parpalhòl, parpalhòu

Gascon: pavalh, pavalhon, parpalha, parpalh

Languedocien: parpanhòl (meridional); parpalhòt (oriental)

Borrowings

→ Esperanto: papilio

→ Ido: papiliono

→ Old Irish: pupall

Irish: puball

→ Italian: papilione

→ Norman: papillote

→ Middle Welsh: pebyll

Welsh: pabell

Probably a reduplicated form of Proto-Indo-European *pal- (“to feel, touch, shake”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *fifaldǭ (“butterfly”) (whence German Falter), Proto-Slavic *perpelъ (“quail”), Latvian paipala (“quail”), Old Mazanderani پاپلی (pāp(e)lē, “butterfly”).


radiolus

la-noun

radiolus m (genitive radiolī); second declension

radiolī (genitive)
radiolus (nominative singular)
radiolī (nominative plural)
radiolī (genitive singular)
radiolōrum (genitive plural)
radiolō (dative singular)
radiolīs (dative plural)
radiolum (accusative singular)
radiolōs (accusative plural)
radiolō (ablative singular)
radiolīs (ablative plural)
radiole (singular vocative)
radiolī (plural vocative)

→ English: radiolus

[räˈd̪iɔɫ̪ʊs̠]


upupa

upupa f (genitive upupae); first declension

upupae (genitive)
upupa (nominative singular)
upupae (nominative plural)
upupae (genitive singular)
upupārum (genitive plural)
upupae (dative singular)
upupīs (dative plural)
upupam (accusative singular)
upupās (accusative plural)
upupā (ablative singular)
upupīs (ablative plural)
upupa (singular vocative)
upupae (plural vocative)

Catalan: puput

Galician: bubela

Italian: upupa

Lombard: buba

Sicilian: pipituni

Spanish: abubilla

Translingual: Upupa

Onomatopoeic. Compare Ancient Greek ἔποψ (épops), Persian پوپو (pôpô). Compare also ulula.


tabanus

tabānus m (genitive tabānī); second declension

tabānus (canonical masculine)
tabānī (genitive)
tabānus (nominative singular)
tabānī (nominative plural)
tabānī (genitive singular)
tabānōrum (genitive plural)
tabānō (dative singular)
tabānīs (dative plural)
tabānum (accusative singular)
tabānōs (accusative plural)
tabānō (ablative singular)
tabānīs (ablative plural)
tabāne (singular vocative)
tabānī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: davan, tãun

Catalan: tavà, tave, tàvec

Franco-Provençal: tavan, tôna

Friulian: tavan

Italian: tavano, tafano

Neapolitan: tavano

Occitan: tavan

Old French: tahon

French: taon

Norman: taon

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: tavão
Galician: tabán, atabán, tabao, tábao, tabau
Portuguese: tavão, tabão, atavão, atabão

Romanian: tăun

Sicilian: tavana, tafana

Spanish: tábano

Venetan: tavàn

→ Esperanto: tabano

→ Translingual: Tabanus

[t̪äˈbäːnʊs̠]

Argued from onomastic witnesses to be Etruscan, but unknown.


sciurus

la-noun

sciūrus m (genitive sciūrī); second declension

sciūrus (canonical masculine)
sciūrī (genitive)
sciūrus (nominative singular)
sciūrī (nominative plural)
sciūrī (genitive singular)
sciūrōrum (genitive plural)
sciūrō (dative singular)
sciūrīs (dative plural)
sciūrum (accusative singular)
sciūrōs (accusative plural)
sciūrō (ablative singular)
sciūrīs (ablative plural)
sciūre (singular vocative)
sciūrī (plural vocative)

⇒ Aragonese: esquirgüelo

⇒ Asturian: esquilu

desc

⇒ Corsican: scurriolu, scurrichjolu, currachjolu; scoiattulu, scuiattulu

→ Esperanto: sciuro

⇒ Franco-Provençal: ècurél

⇒ Friulian: sghirate, sghirat

⇒ Galician: esquío

⇒ Italian: scoiattolo

⇒ Ladin: schirata

⇒ Lombard: sghiratt, sghiràt, schiràt

⇒ Old French: escurel, escureul, escuirel

Anglo-Norman: esquirel

→ Middle English: squirel, squyrelle, squerel, scurelle, squerell, scurelle, squyrell

English: squirrel

→ Ido: skurelo

→ Maltese: skwiril, squiril, skwirill

French: écureuil

Gallo: étchuro

Norman: êtchutheu (Jersey)

⇒ Old Occitan:

Catalan: esquirol

Occitan: esquiròl, esquirò (Aranese), esquiròu (Gascony, Provençal), esquiròu

⇒ Piedmontese: schërieul

⇒ Portuguese: esquilo

Romanian: știur

⇒ Romansch: stgilat

⇒ Sardinian: schirrittu, schirrimatta; iscojàttulu

⇒ Sicilian: scuiàttulu, scujàttulu

→ Maltese: skojjattlu, skojattlu

⇒ Spanish: esquilo

→ Translingual: Sciurus

⇒ Venetan: schirato, schirat

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σκίουρος (skíouros, “squirrel”), from σκιά (skiá, “shadow”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”).


meum

la-noun

mēum n (genitive mēī); second declension

mēum (canonical neuter)
mēī (genitive)
mēum (nominative singular)
mēa (nominative plural)
mēī (genitive singular)
mēōrum (genitive plural)
mēō (dative singular)
mēīs (dative plural)
mēum (accusative singular)
mēa (accusative plural)
mēō (ablative singular)
mēīs (ablative plural)
mēum (singular vocative)
mēa (plural vocative)

English: meum

Middle French: meu (perhaps)

English: meu

Translingual: Meum, Meum athamanticum

Translated by Pliny the Elder from Ancient Greek μῆον (mêon, “Meum athamanticum”), probably from μεῖον (meîon, “lesser”) for its small size.

bor

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 20.253

Meum athamanticum
Meum athamanticum#Translingual

an umbelliferous plant, Meum athamanticum


ferula

la-noun

ferula f (genitive ferulae); first declension

ferulae (genitive)
ferula (nominative singular)
ferulae (nominative plural)
ferulae (genitive singular)
ferulārum (genitive plural)
ferulae (dative singular)
ferulīs (dative plural)
ferulam (accusative singular)
ferulās (accusative plural)
ferulā (ablative singular)
ferulīs (ablative plural)
ferula (singular vocative)
ferulae (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: feurra, ⇒ fiuredda, feuredda, feruledda, eruledda, fraudda

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ferla, ferola, ⇒ ferolaggine

Neapolitan: ferula, fergola, fregola, ⇒ ferlizza, cannaferla

Sicilian: ferra, fella, A Ferra, ⇒ ferluju

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: ferla

Piedmontese: ferla

Romagnol: ferla

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ferla, ⇒ canyaferla

Old Occitan: ferla

Ibero-Romance:

⇒ Aragonese: cañaferra

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: fèrula,

→ English: ferula

→ French: férule

→ English: ferule

→ Italian: ferula

desctree

→ Middle High German: ferla
→ Old Czech: berla, brla (dialectal)
→ Old Polish: berła, perła, piorło
Polish: berło, barło, berła (Middle Polish)
→ Kashubian: berło
Silesian: berło
Czech: berla, berle

→ Occitan: ferula

→ Spanish: férula

→ Translingual: Ferula

Uncertain but perhaps connected to festūca (“stalk, straw”).

Ferula communis
Ferula communis#Translingual