aquila

la-noun

aquila f (genitive aquilae); first declension

aquilae (genitive)
aquila (nominative singular)
aquilae (nominative plural)
aquilae (genitive singular)
aquilārum (genitive plural)
aquilae (dative singular)
aquilīs (dative plural)
aquilam (accusative singular)
aquilās (accusative plural)
aquilā (ablative singular)
aquilīs (ablative plural)
aquila (singular vocative)
aquilae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: atsirã

Romanian: aceră

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: acula

Italian: aquila

→ Friulian: acuile

→ Piedmontese: àquila

→ Venetan: àquiła

Sicilian: àcula, àicula

→ Maltese: ajkla

Padanian:

Ligurian: àgogia

Lombard: àgola, àigula, aguila, ògola

Piedmontese: àghia, éula, òja

Romagnol: êquila, êcvila

Romansch: evla

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: aglle, agllo, élye, élyo

Old French: aigle, aille

→ English: eagle

→ French: eagle

French: aigle

→ Esperanto: aglo

Norman: aiglle, aigl'ye (Jersey), aigl'ye, aiglle (France, Guernsey)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: alica, aliga

Catalan: àguila, àliga

Old Occitan: aigla

Occitan: agla, aigla

Gascon: aguilla

Vivaro-Alpine: eigla

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: aigla, águila, áiguila, aila, eila, áliga, éliga, éguila, áigueda

Galician: aguia, aiga

Portuguese: águia

Spanish: águila

→ Cebuano: agila

→ Hiligaynon: agila

→ Tagalog: agila

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: àbbila, àchili (eagle), achiliera (sea eagle)

Borrowings:

→ Ancient Greek: ἀκυλεής (akuleḗs), ἀκύλας (akúlas), ἀκυλάς (akulás) — Byzantine

→ Lithuanian: Akvilė f, Akvilius m

→ Romanian: acvilă

ȃkvila//а̑квила

→ Serbo-Croatian: ȃkvila /а̑квила

Unknown origin, but probably related to aquilus (“blackish, the color of darkness”). Displaced Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō.

the standard (of an eagle) carried by a Roman legion


abomasum

la-noun

abomāsum n (genitive abomāsī); second declension

abomāsum (canonical neuter)
abomāsī (genitive)
abomāsum (nominative singular)
abomāsa (nominative plural)
abomāsī (genitive singular)
abomāsōrum (genitive plural)
abomāsō (dative singular)
abomāsīs (dative plural)
abomāsum (accusative singular)
abomāsa (accusative plural)
abomāsō (ablative singular)
abomāsīs (ablative plural)
abomāsum (singular vocative)
abomāsa (plural vocative)

→ English: abomasum

→ Italian: abomaso

→ Malay: abomasum

→ Portuguese: abomaso

→ Spanish: abomaso

[äbɔˈmäːs̠ʊ̃ˑ]

ab- (“away from”) + omāsum (“tripe of a bullock”).


accipiter

la-noun

accipiter m (genitive accipitris); third declension

accipitris (genitive)
accipiter (nominative singular)
accipitrēs (nominative plural)
accipitris (genitive singular)
accipitrum (genitive plural)
accipitrī (dative singular)
accipitribus (dative plural)
accipitrem (accusative singular)
accipitrēs (accusative plural)
accipitre (ablative singular)
accipitribus (ablative plural)
accipiter (singular vocative)
accipitrēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: astor, azor

→ Basque: aztore

→ Byzantine Greek: ξιφτέρι (xiftéri), ξεφτέρι (xeftéri), ἐξιφτέριν (exiphtérin)

→ Albanian: qift (“kite”), skifter

Catalan: astor

Corsican: altore

→ English: accipiter

desc

Old French: hostur, ostur, ostor, ostoir

French: autour

Italian: astore

Lombard: astor

Occitan: astor

Old Galician-Portuguese: açor

Galician: azor

Portuguese: açor, Açores

→ English: Azores

Sardinian: istore

Old Spanish: adtor

Spanish: azor

From Proto-Italic *akupetros, from Proto-Indo-European *HHḱu-péth₂r̥, from *HéHḱus (“swift, quick”) + *péth₂r̥ (“feather, wing”) (compare penna). The geminate -cc- is perhaps influenced by accipiō (“take, seize”). Compare with the similarly constructed Ancient Greek ὠκύπτερος (ōkúpteros, “swift-winged”), Proto-Slavic *àstrę̄bъ.

Terrētur minimō pennae strīdōre columbā,

The dove is terrified by the slightest rustle of a feather, having been wounded by your talons, hawk.


lens

la-noun

lēns f (genitive lendis); third declension

lēns (canonical feminine)
lendis (genitive)
lēns (nominative singular)
lendēs (nominative plural)
lendis (genitive singular)
lendum (genitive plural)
lendī (dative singular)
lendibus (dative plural)
lendem (accusative singular)
lendēs (accusative plural)
lende (ablative singular)
lendibus (ablative plural)
lēns (singular vocative)
lendēs (plural vocative)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: len

Old French: lent

Picard: len

Walloon: lin

Late Latin: lendis (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. According to de Vaan, perhaps a deformed form of what is found as Proto-Slavic *gňìda (“nit”), Proto-Germanic *hnits (“nit”), Ancient Greek κονίς (konís) (gen. κονίδος (konídos)), Armenian անիծ (anic, “nit”); he proposes Proto-Indo-European *dḱ(o)nid- > *dkni-n-d- > *dklind- > Proto-Italic *(d)lind-. However, like the Indo-European cognates, it may be of substrate origin.


acacia

acācia f (genitive acāciae); first declension

acācia (canonical feminine)
acāciae (genitive)
acācia (nominative singular)
acāciae (nominative plural)
acāciae (genitive singular)
acāciārum (genitive plural)
acāciae (dative singular)
acāciīs (dative plural)
acāciam (accusative singular)
acāciās (accusative plural)
acāciā (ablative singular)
acāciīs (ablative plural)
acācia (singular vocative)
acāciae (plural vocative)

Italian: gaggia

Ligurian: gasîa

Piedmontese: gasìa, gaseja

Venetan: gazia

→ Greek: γαζία (gazía)

→ Dutch: acacia

→ English: acacia

→ French: acacia
→ Moore: kasɩya

→ Italian: acacia

→ Portuguese: acácia

→ Romanian: acacia

→ Spanish: acacia

[äˈkäːt͡ʃiä]

From Ancient Greek ἀκακία (akakía), from ἀκή (akḗ, “point”).

Vachellia nilotica
Vachellia nilotica#Translingual

the gum arabic tree (Vachellia nilotica, syn. Acacia nilotica).


ami

From Ancient Greek ἄμι (ámi), itself probably from Egyptian.

Visnaga daucoides
Visnaga daucoides#Translingual

bisnaga (Visnaga daucoides, syn. Ammi visnaga)


acanthus

acanthus m (genitive acanthī); second declension

acanthī (genitive)
acanthus (nominative singular)
acanthī (nominative plural)
acanthī (genitive singular)
acanthōrum (genitive plural)
acanthō (dative singular)
acanthīs (dative plural)
acanthum (accusative singular)
acanthōs (accusative plural)
acanthō (ablative singular)
acanthīs (ablative plural)
acanthe (singular vocative)
acanthī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: acant

→ Finnish: akantus, akantti

→ English: acanthus

→ French: acanthe
→ Romanian: acantă

→ Irish: acanta-, acantas

→ Italian: acanto

→ Polish: akant (learned)

→ Portuguese: acanto

→ Spanish: acanto

→ Swedish: akantus, akant

[äˈkän̪t̪ʰʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek ἄκανθος (ákanthos), from ἀκή (akḗ, “thorn”) + ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).

Helleborus foetidus
Helleborus foetidus#Translingual

A plant known as bear's-foot (Helleborus foetidus).


citrus

citrus f (genitive citrī); second declension

citrī (genitive)
citrus (nominative singular)
citrī (nominative plural)
citrī (genitive singular)
citrōrum (genitive plural)
citrō (dative singular)
citrīs (dative plural)
citrum (accusative singular)
citrōs (accusative plural)
citrō (ablative singular)
citrīs (ablative plural)
citre (singular vocative)
citrī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Citrus

French: citron

→ English: citrine, citron, citrus

Italian: cedro

Lombard: zeder

Piedmontese: sitron

Probably via Etruscan from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros).


zebra

zebra f (genitive zebrae); first declension

zebrae (genitive)
zebra (nominative singular)
zebrae (nominative plural)
zebrae (genitive singular)
zebrārum (genitive plural)
zebrae (dative singular)
zebrīs (dative plural)
zebram (accusative singular)
zebrās (accusative plural)
zebrā (ablative singular)
zebrīs (ablative plural)
zebra (singular vocative)
zebrae (plural vocative)

[ˈd̪͡z̪ɛbrä]

[ˈd̪͡z̪ɛːbrä]


lupus

lupus m (genitive lupī, feminine lupa); second declension

lupī (genitive)
lupa (feminine)
lupus (nominative singular)
lupī (nominative plural)
lupī (genitive singular)
lupōrum (genitive plural)
lupō (dative singular)
lupīs (dative plural)
lupum (accusative singular)
lupōs (accusative plural)
lupō (ablative singular)
lupīs (ablative plural)
lupe (singular vocative)
lupī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: lupo

Aromanian: lup, lupu

Asturian: llobu

Catalan: llop

Corsican: lupu

Emilian: låuv

Franco-Provençal: lop

Friulian: lôf

Istro-Romanian: lup

Italian: lupo

Leonese: llobu

Ligurian: lô

Megleno-Romanian: lup

Mirandese: lhobo

Neapolitan: lupo

Occitan: lop

desctree

Old French: leu, lou, lu
Middle French: leu
⇒ French: à la queue leu leu
⇒ Middle French: loup
French: loup
Haitian Creole: lou
⇒ Mauritian Creole: lulu
⇒ Seychellois Creole: loulou
→ English: loo; Loup

Old Galician-Portuguese: lobo
Galician: lobo
Portuguese: lobo

Old Lombard:

Lombard: lov, loff, lóff

desc

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: lupö, lup’, lupu

Piedmontese: luv

Romanian: lup

Romansch: luf

Sardinian: lupu

Sicilian: lupu
→ Maltese: lupu

desctree

Spanish: lobo
→ English: loafer, lobo, lofer, loper, lover
→ Tagalog: lobo

Venetan: lovo, lóvo, łovo, łóvo
→ Italian: lovo

Walloon: leu

→ Esperanto: lupo

→ Interlingua: lupo

→ Volapük: lup

→ Catalan: lupus

→ English: Lupus, lupus

→ Finnish: lupus

→ French: lupus

→ Galician: lupus

→ Italian: lupus

→ Portuguese: lúpus, lupo

→ Romanian: lupus

→ Spanish: Lupus, lupus

→ Translingual: Lupus; ⇒ Anarhichas lupus, Canis lupus

From Proto-Italic *lukʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”), with a metathesis of *wĺ̥- to *lú-. The shift of *kʷ to /p/ can be explained as a borrowing from an Osco-Umbrian language, where the change is regular. Another example of a borrowing with that shift is popīna.
Cognates include Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos), Sanskrit वृक (vṛka), Old English wulf, and Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ). Doublet of lycos and Lycus; not cognate to Latin vulpēs (“fox”).

agnum lupō ēripere velle

to wish the impossible, literally: to wish to rescue a lamb from a wolf

(zoology) an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf, particularly:

(carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:

a kind of hook used for hoisting objects


sepia

la-noun

sēpia f (genitive sēpiae); first declension

sēpia (canonical feminine)
sēpiae (genitive)
sēpia (nominative singular)
sēpiae (nominative plural)
sēpiae (genitive singular)
sēpiārum (genitive plural)
sēpiae (dative singular)
sēpiīs (dative plural)
sēpiam (accusative singular)
sēpiās (accusative plural)
sēpiā (ablative singular)
sēpiīs (ablative plural)
sēpia (singular vocative)
sēpiae (plural vocative)

Istriot:

sipa ⇒ sipariola

→ Serbo-Croatian: sipa, сипа

Italo-Romance:

Italian: seppia

Neapolitan: ceccia, seccia

Sicilian: siccia

Padanian:

⇒ Ligurian: sepieta

Piedmontese: sepia

Venetan: sepa

Northern Gallo-Romance:

French: seiche

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: sípia, sépia ⇒ sepiera

Old Occitan: sepia, sepcha

Occitan: sépia (all dialects)

Gascon: sipa

Vivaro-Alpine: supia

Ibero-Romance:

⇒ Asturian: chipirón

→ Spanish: chipirón

>? Mozarabic:

→ Asturian: xibiones (augmentative, plural)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: xiba

Portuguese: siba

→ Spanish: jibia

Borrowings:

→ English: sepia

→ Hungarian: szépia

→ Polish: sepia

→ Portuguese: sépia

→ Romanian: sepia, sepie

→ Russian: сепия (sepija)

→ Spanish: sepia

From Ancient Greek σηπία (sēpía), often suggested to be from Ancient Greek σήπειν (sḗpein, “to make rotten”), but (per Beekes) could instead be a Pre-Greek word.


verres

la-noun

verrēs m (genitive verris); third declension

verrēs (canonical masculine)
verris (genitive)
verrēs (nominative singular)
verrēs (nominative plural)
verris (genitive singular)
verrium (genitive plural)
verrī (dative singular)
verribus (dative plural)
verrem (accusative singular)
verrēs (accusative plural)
verrīs (accusative plural)
verre (ablative singular)
verribus (ablative plural)
verrēs (singular vocative)
verrēs (plural vocative)

Old French: ver

⇒ French: verrat

⇒ Norman: véthot

Romanian: vier

Romansch: ver, verr, vier

desc

Sardinian: berre, berri, erri, erre, verre

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *verrācus

⇒ Asturian: bracu

⇒ Spanish: verraco

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *verrea

Spanish: birria

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *verrōne(m)

Portuguese: barrão, varrão

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *verrus

Catalan: verro, verre, verri

Friulian: viru

Italian: verro

Sicilian: verru

[ˈu̯ɛrːeːs̠]

From Proto-Italic *wersēn, from Proto-Indo-European *wérsēn (“male animal”). The nominative singular and the i-stem declension pattern are analogous; a more logical development would have been verrēn as the form used in the nominative and vocative singular cases with the base being verrin-. Cognates include Sanskrit वृषन् (vṛ́ṣan), वृष (vṛṣa), Ancient Greek ἄρσην (ársēn) and Lithuanian ver̃šis.


lynx

la-noun

lynx m or f (genitive lyncis); third declension

lyncis (genitive)
lynx (nominative singular)
lyncēs (nominative plural)
lyncis (genitive singular)
lyncum (genitive plural)
lyncī (dative singular)
lyncibus (dative plural)
lyncem (accusative singular)
lyncēs (accusative plural)
lynce (ablative singular)
lyncibus (ablative plural)
lynx (singular vocative)
lyncēs (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *luncea

French: once

→ Portuguese: onça

Italian: lonza

→ Asturian: lince

→ Breton: lińs

→ Catalan: linx

→ Middle Dutch: linx

Dutch: lynx

desctree

→ Middle English: lynx, linx, lenx
English: lynx
Scots: lynx (obsolete)

→ Esperanto: linko

→ French: lynx

→ Romanian: linx

→ Friulian: linç

→ Galician: lince

→ Ido: linco

→ Interlingua: lynce

→ Irish: lincse

→ Italian: lince

→ Occitan: linx

→ Portuguese: lince, lynce (obsolete)

→ Quechua: linsi

→ Sardinian: linci, lintze

→ Scottish Gaelic: lioncs

→ Sicilian: linci

→ Spanish: lince

→ Swahili: linksi

→ Venetan: lenze

→ Welsh: lyncs

→ West Frisian: lynks

Colla lyncum.

Quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens
dulci laborem decipitur sono
nec curat Orion leones
aut timidos agitare lyncas
Prometheus too and Pelops' sire
In listening lose the sense of woe;

Carmina (also Odes) by Horace (Latin text with English translations)


ibex

la-noun

ībex m (genitive ībicis); third declension

ībex (canonical masculine)
ībicis (genitive)
ībex (nominative singular)
ībicēs (nominative plural)
ībicis (genitive singular)
ībicum (genitive plural)
ībicī (dative singular)
ībicibus (dative plural)
ībicem (accusative singular)
ībicēs (accusative plural)
ībice (ablative singular)
ībicibus (ablative plural)
ībex (singular vocative)
ībicēs (plural vocative)

Asturian: robizu, rebezu

English: ibex

Galician: rebezo

Romanian: ibex

Spanish: ibex, íbice, rebeco, robezo

Loanword of uncertain origin; suggested to be from a pre-Latin substrate language spoken in the Alps, as the ibex is native to the mountain range. If an Indo-European language, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ebʰ- (“climbing”).
Or, possibly of Iberian or Aquitanian origin.


octopus

octōpūs m (genitive octōpodis); third declension

octōpūs (canonical masculine)
octōpodis (genitive)
octōpūs (nominative singular)
octōpodēs (nominative plural)
octōpodis (genitive singular)
octōpodum (genitive plural)
octōpodī (dative singular)
octōpodibus (dative plural)
octōpodem (accusative singular)
octōpodēs (accusative plural)
octōpode (ablative singular)
octōpodibus (ablative plural)
octōpūs (singular vocative)
octōpodēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ὀκτώπους (oktṓpous, “eight feet”).

der

Jam vero testa in hac familia sola universalis pars est, Octopodis tantum exceptis.

1825, Willem de Haan, Monographiæ ammoniteorum et goniatiteorum specimen, page 10:

Now truly a shell is a part universal in this single family, octopus the notable exception.


laser

la-noun

lāser n (genitive lāseris); third declension

lāser (canonical neuter)
lāseris (genitive)
lāser (nominative singular)
lāsera (nominative plural)
lāseris (genitive singular)
lāserum (genitive plural)
lāserī (dative singular)
lāseribus (dative plural)
lāser (accusative singular)
lāsera (accusative plural)
lāsere (ablative singular)
lāseribus (ablative plural)
lāser (singular vocative)
lāsera (plural vocative)

Lasaris radix.


far

far n (genitive farris); third declension

farris (genitive)
far (nominative singular)
farra (nominative plural)
farris (genitive singular)
farrum (genitive plural)
farrī (dative singular)
farribus (dative plural)
far (accusative singular)
farra (accusative plural)
farre (ablative singular)
farribus (ablative plural)
far (singular vocative)
farra (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: far

Galician: farelo

Italian: farro
→ English: farro

Portuguese: farelo

Sicilian: farru

→ English: far

From Proto-Italic *fars (“flour, grain”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰars-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers- (“spike, prickle”); compare Welsh bara (“bread”), English barley, Serbo-Croatian brȁšno (“flour”), Albanian bar (“grass”), Ancient Greek Φηρῶν (Phērôn, “plant deity”).


box

la-noun

bōx m (genitive bōcis); third declension

bōx (canonical masculine)
bōcis (genitive)
bōx (nominative singular)
bōcēs (nominative plural)
bōcis (genitive singular)
bōcum (genitive plural)
bōcī (dative singular)
bōcibus (dative plural)
bōcem (accusative singular)
bōcēs (accusative plural)
bōce (ablative singular)
bōcibus (ablative plural)
bōx (singular vocative)
bōcēs (plural vocative)


rhinoceros

rhīnocerōs m (genitive rhīnocerōtis); third declension

rhīnocerōs (canonical masculine)
rhīnocerōtis (genitive)
rhīnocerōs (nominative singular)
rhīnocerōtēs (nominative plural)
rhīnocerōtis (genitive singular)
rhīnocerōtum (genitive plural)
rhīnocerōtī (dative singular)
rhīnocerōtibus (dative plural)
rhīnocerōta (accusative singular)
rhīnocerōtem (accusative singular)
rhīnocerōtas (accusative plural)
rhīnocerōtēs (accusative plural)
rhīnocerōte (ablative singular)
rhīnocerōtibus (ablative plural)
rhīnocerōs (singular vocative)
rhīnocerōtēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ῥῑνόκερως (rhīnókerōs).


ile

īle (canonical neuter)
īlis (genitive)
īle (nominative singular)
īlia (nominative plural)
īlis (genitive singular)
īlium (genitive plural)
īlī (dative singular)
īlibus (dative plural)
īle (accusative singular)
īlia (accusative plural)
īlī (ablative singular)
īlibus (ablative plural)
īle (singular vocative)
īlia (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: ijë

French: iles

Romanian: ie

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *iliaris

Galician: illar

Old Spanish: ixar

Spanish: ijar, ijal

Portuguese: ilhal

Sardinian: iğğáre, illári

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *iliarica

Galician: illarga

Portuguese: ilharga

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *iliata

Catalan: illada

Spanish: ijada

desctree

→ French: jade
→ Catalan: jade
→ English: jade
→ German: Jade
→ Italian: giada
→ Portuguese: jade
→ Romanian: jad
→ Spanish: jade

Most likely from Ancient Greek εἰλεός (eileós, “colic”), from εἰλέω (eiléō, “throng, press”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“turn, wind, round”), same source as with Old Armenian գելում (gelum).

der

(chiefly in the plural, anatomy, zootomy) intestines, guts, entrails


flos

la-noun

flōs m (genitive flōris); third declension

flōs (canonical masculine)
flōris (genitive)
flōs (nominative singular)
flōrēs (nominative plural)
flōris (genitive singular)
flōrum (genitive plural)
flōrī (dative singular)
flōribus (dative plural)
flōrem (accusative singular)
flōrēs (accusative plural)
flōre (ablative singular)
flōribus (ablative plural)
flōs (singular vocative)
flōrēs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: floari

Megleno-Romanian: floari

Romanian: floare

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: fiore

Italian: fiore

Neapolitan: sciore

Sicilian: ciuri

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: sciô

Lombard: fiuur, fiùu

Piedmontese: fior

Romagnol: fiôr

Friulian: flôr

Istriot: fiùr

desc

Romansch: flur, flura (Sursilvan), flour (Surmiran)

Venetan: fior

→? Dalmatian: fiaur

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: flor

Franco-Provençal: fllor

Gascon: hlor, ehlor, eslor

Old French: flor (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: flor
Occitan: flor

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: flor

Asturian: flor

Extremaduran: frol

Mirandese: frol, flor

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: flor, fror, frol, *chor
Fala: flor
Galician: flor, fror, frol, chor
Portuguese: flor, fror, frol (archaic or dialectal), flôr (obsolete), fulô (Northeast Brazil, eye dialect)
Kabuverdianu: flor
Papiamentu: flor

Old Spanish: flor

Ladino: flor

Spanish: flor
→ English: flor

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: floro
→ Ido: floro

→ Interlingua: flor

→ Swedish: flor

→ Translingual: Flos

→ Volapük: flor

A root noun interpreted as an s-stem noun, from Proto-Italic *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-s (“flower, blossom”), from *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”). Cognates include Ancient Greek φύλλον (phúllon), Gothic 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰 (blōma) and Old English blōstm, blæd (“leaf”) (English blossom, blade).

der

ferte deae flōrēs: gaudet flōrentibus herbīs haec dea

Bring flowers for the goddess; this goddess takes pleasure in flowering plants.


taurus

la-noun

taurus m (genitive taurī); second declension

taurī (genitive)
taurus (nominative singular)
taurī (nominative plural)
taurī (genitive singular)
taurōrum (genitive plural)
taurō (dative singular)
taurīs (dative plural)
taurum (accusative singular)
taurōs (accusative plural)
taurō (ablative singular)
taurīs (ablative plural)
taure (singular vocative)
taurī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: tavru

Asturian: toru

Catalan: toro

Corsican: toru

→ English: Taurus

French: taureau

Friulian: taur

Ido: tauro

Interlingua: tauro

Italian: toro

Norman: touothé

Occitan: taur

Old French: tor

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: touro
Galician: touro
Portuguese: touro, toiro

Romanian: taur

Romansch: taur

Sardinian: trau

Sicilian: tàuru, tàvuru

Spanish: toro (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: toro

Walloon: torea

[ˈt̪äu̯rʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *tauros, from Proto-Indo-European *táwros.


arbor

la-noun

arbor f (genitive arboris); third declension

arboris (genitive)
arbor (nominative singular)
arborēs (nominative plural)
arboris (genitive singular)
arborum (genitive plural)
arborī (dative singular)
arboribus (dative plural)
arborem (accusative singular)
arborēs (accusative plural)
arbore (ablative singular)
arboribus (ablative plural)
arbor (singular vocative)
arborēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: arburi, arbure, arbur, oarbãri

Istro-Romanian: årbure

Megleno-Romanian: arbur

Romanian: arbure (older), arbore (newer, Latinized)

Dalmatian:

juarbol, yuarbul, yuarbol, jarbul, yarbul, jarbur, garbr, arbl, iuarbol, iuarbul, iarbul, iarbur

Italo-Romance:

Italian: albero

Italian: arbore, àrbore (archaic)

Corsican: alberu

Gallurese: alburi

Sassarese: àiburu

Neapolitan: arbero, àrbero (Napoli)

Tarantino: arvule, àrvule

Romanesco: arbero (àrbero) (Rome)

Sicilian: àrbiru, àrburu, àrvuru

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: arbore, arbure, albore, albure

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: àrbul, âlber (Bologna), élber (Modena), àlbar (Mirandola)

Ligurian: erboro, èrbo

Lombard: erbor, àlbor

Piedmontese: erbo

Friulian: arbul

Ladin: alber

Istriot: arbaro, arbo

Romansch: arver, alber

desctree

Venetan: àlbaro, albaro, àlber
→ Cimbrian: albar

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: ârbro

Old French: arbre (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: arbre

Gascon: arbe

Old Occitan: arbre (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: arbol, (Ribagorça) abre

Old Leonese: arbol, arbor (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: arvor, arvol, arvore (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: arbor, arbol (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Balkan Slavic:

Macedonian: јарбол (jarbol)

Serbo-Croatian: ја̑рбол, jȃrbol

Slovene: jambor

→ Hungarian: árbóc (or via North Italian)

By rhotacism from Old Latin arbōs, from Proto-Italic *arðōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“high; to grow”), meaning "high upright plant". Cognate with arduus (“high”).

der

Interea genitor Tiberini ad fluminis undam / uulnera siccabat lymphis corpusque leuabat / arboris acclinis trunco

Meantime, his father at Tiber's flowing stream bathed his wounds in the clear water and his body leant against the trunk of a tree.

felix arbor

arbores serere

(specifically with the genitive of the species) arbor alni

arbores ficorum


uva

ūva (canonical feminine)
ūvae (genitive)
ūva (nominative singular)
ūvae (nominative plural)
ūvae (genitive singular)
ūvārum (genitive plural)
ūvae (dative singular)
ūvīs (dative plural)
ūvam (accusative singular)
ūvās (accusative plural)
ūvā (ablative singular)
ūvīs (ablative plural)
ūva (singular vocative)
ūvae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: auã

Asturian: uva

Corsican: uva

Dalmatian: joiva

Esperanto: uvo

French: uve

Friulian: ue, uve

Galician: uva

Italian: uva

Occitan: uva

Piedmontese: uva

Portuguese: uva

Romanian: auă

Romansch: iva, ieuva, uia, iua

Sardinian: úa

Sicilian: uva

Spanish: uva

Venetan: ua, ùa, ova

→ English: uva

From Proto-Italic *oiwā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- (“a kind of tree with berries”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄα (óa, “Sorbus domestica”), Old Armenian այգի (aygi, “grapevine”), Proto-Germanic *ī(h)waz (“yew”), Proto-Slavic *jь̀va (“willow”).


beta

la-noun

bēta f (genitive bētae); first declension

bēta (canonical feminine)
bētae (genitive)
bēta (nominative singular)
bētae (nominative plural)
bētae (genitive singular)
bētārum (genitive plural)
bētae (dative singular)
bētīs (dative plural)
bētam (accusative singular)
bētās (accusative plural)
bētā (ablative singular)
bētīs (ablative plural)
bēta (singular vocative)
bētae (plural vocative)

Catalan: bleda (partially), bleda-rave

French: bette, betterave, blette (partially)

Galician: beterraba

Portuguese: beterraba

Spanish: betarraga (Chile), beterraga (Chile), beterava (Western Argentina)

Irish: biatas

Italian: bieta (partially), bietola

Norman: betterave

Sicilian: jiti (Southern East of Sicily) (it is probably pluralia tantum but preceded by definite article "a")

→ Proto-West Germanic: *bētā (see there for further descendants)

Said by some sources to be of Celtic origin, but no obvious Celtic cognates exist. Also compared are blitum (“spinach”), meta (“conic heap of stones”) (compared to the root's spindle form), and less likely, sense 2, with the seed vessel resembling the letter.


laurus

laurus f (genitive laurī); second declension

laurī (genitive)
laurus (nominative singular)
laurī (nominative plural)
laurī (genitive singular)
laurōrum (genitive plural)
laurō (dative singular)
laurīs (dative plural)
laurum (accusative singular)
laurōs (accusative plural)
laurūs (accusative plural)
laurō (ablative singular)
laurīs (ablative plural)
laure (singular vocative)
laurī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: laur

Romanian: laur

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: lauru, lauro, làvoro

Corsican: addoru

Italian: alloro

Neapolitan: lauro, làvoro

Sicilian: aḍḍauru, lauru

Padanian:

Lombard: laur

Piedmontese: làuro, laur

⇒ Venetan: lavranèr, vialoro, doraro

Northern Gallo-Romance:

>? Franco-Provençal: lôro (Valdôtain)

Old French: lor

Old Lorrain: loir

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: lor

Catalan: llor, llort

Old Occitan: laur

Occitan: laur (Rouergue)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: lloru

Old Galician-Portuguese: louro

Galician: louro

Portuguese: louro, loiro

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: laru, lau, lavru

→ Albanian: lar

→ Asturian: lauro (learned)

→ Esperanto: laŭro

→ Italian: lauro (learned)

→ Polish: laur (learned)

→ Portuguese: lauro (learned)

→ Old Irish:

Manx: laurys

Scottish Gaelic: labhrais

→? Proto-Brythonic: *llọrɨβ̃

Welsh: llawryf

→ Proto-West Germanic: *laur (see there for further descendants)

→ Sicilian: lauru (learned)

→ Spanish: lauro (learned)

→ Latvian: laurs

→ Lithuanian: laurų

→ Samogitian: lauros

→ West Slavic:

Czech: vavřín

Polish: wawrzyn

Slovak: vavrín

Lower Sorbian: ławrjeńc

Upper Sorbian: ławrjenc

→ Hungarian: babér

→ Samogitian: babka, bakos

→ East and South Slavic:

Belarusian: лаўр (laŭr)

desc

Bulgarian: лавър (lavǎr), лавров (lavrov)

Bosnian: lovor

Croatian: lovor

Macedonian: лавор (lavor)

Russian: лавр (lavr) (see there for further descendants)

Serbo-Croatian: lovor, lovorika

Pannonian Rusyn: ловор (lovor)

Slovene: lovor

Ukrainian: лавр (lavr)

[ˈɫ̪äu̯rʊs̠]

From Old Latin dacrus. Related to Ancient Greek δάφνη (dáphnē, “laurel”), whence also the given name Δάφνη (Dáphnē), which Beekes derives from *dakʷ-(n-). Possibly related to Latin lacrima, dacrima and Ancient Greek δάκρυ (dákru), themselves from *dáḱru- and this from *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru-, referring to the shape of flowers, although this is uncertain.


acetabulum

la-noun

acētābulum n (genitive acētābulī); second declension

acētābulum (canonical neuter)
acētābulī (genitive)
acētābulum (nominative singular)
acētābula (nominative plural)
acētābulī (genitive singular)
acētābulōrum (genitive plural)
acētābulō (dative singular)
acētābulīs (dative plural)
acētābulum (accusative singular)
acētābula (accusative plural)
acētābulō (ablative singular)
acētābulīs (ablative plural)
acētābulum (singular vocative)
acētābula (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: acetàbul

→ English: acetabulum

→ Esperanto: acetabulo

→ French: acétabule, acétabulum

Italian: acetabolo

→ Portuguese: acetábulo

→ Romanian: acetabul

→ Russian: ацетабул (acetabul)

→ Spanish: acetábulo

[äkeːˈt̪äːbʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum (“a vessel for”).

suffix

(zootomy) acetabulum, the suckers or cavities in the arms of polypi


torus

la-noun

torus m (genitive torī); second declension

torī (genitive)
torus (nominative singular)
torī (nominative plural)
torī (genitive singular)
torōrum (genitive plural)
torō (dative singular)
torīs (dative plural)
torum (accusative singular)
torōs (accusative plural)
torō (ablative singular)
torīs (ablative plural)
tore (singular vocative)
torī (plural vocative)

Asturian: tueru

→ English: torus

French: toron, tore (borrowed)

→ Galician: toro

Italian: toro

→ Portuguese: toro

Spanish: tuero, toro (borrowed)

Of uncertain origin.
De Vaan proposes a tentative derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *torh₂-os, from *terh₂- (“to cross, go through”). This is formally and semantically solid, though there is little linguistic evidence to support it.
An older theory by Leumann derived the word from sternō (“to spread”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend”), but the connection between the two Latin words is semantically dubious (one would expect torus to be derived from a verb meaning "to turn" or "to knot" rather than "to spread").

der

(zootomy, usually poetic) muscular or fleshly part, muscle, brawn of an animal bodies

(transferred sense, botany) bulge, thickness of trees


mus

la-noun

mūs m or f (genitive mūris); third declension

mūs (canonical feminine masculine)
mūris (genitive)
mūs (nominative singular)
mūrēs (nominative plural)
mūris (genitive singular)
mūrium (genitive plural)
mūrī (dative singular)
mūribus (dative plural)
mūrem (accusative singular)
mūrēs (accusative plural)
mūrīs (accusative plural)
mūre (ablative singular)
mūribus (ablative plural)
mūs (singular vocative)
mūrēs (plural vocative)

Padanian:

⇒ Lombard: muson (“shrew”)

⇒ Piedmontese: musèt (“shrew”); muson (“shrew, mole”)

Northern Gallo-Romance:

⇒ Franco-Provençal: musèt (“shrew”)

→ Translingual: Mus

From Proto-Italic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s. Cognates include Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs), Sanskrit मूष् (mū́ṣ), Old English mūs (English mouse), Old High German mūs (German Maus), Proto-Slavic *myšь (Russian мышь (myšʹ)).

etymon

Old Galician-Portuguese: mur⇒ Galician: murar⇒ Portuguese: murarTrasmontano: muro

Old Galician-Portuguese: *murcegoGalician: morcego

Valadas

⇒ Vivaro-Alpine: muret (“marmot”); mure (“marmot”)


papyrus

la-noun

papȳrus m or f (genitive papȳrī); second declension

papȳrus (canonical feminine masculine)
papȳrī (genitive)
papȳrus (nominative singular)
papȳrī (nominative plural)
papȳrī (genitive singular)
papȳrōrum (genitive plural)
papȳrō (dative singular)
papȳrīs (dative plural)
papȳrum (accusative singular)
papȳrōs (accusative plural)
papȳrō (ablative singular)
papȳrīs (ablative plural)
papȳre (singular vocative)
papȳrī (plural vocative)

Megleno-Romanian: papră, păpură

Romanian: papură

Italo-Romance:

Italian: papile (central dialects)

Neapolitan: papile (Apulia)

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: pabil

Gascon: pabiou

Old Occitan: pabil

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: pavio
Galician: pabío
Portuguese: pavio

Old Spanish: pavilo
Spanish: pabilo, pábilo, pavíl
→ Sardinian: pabilu

Borrowings:

→ Basque: babil
→ Gascon: babi(t)

→⇒ Old Catalan: paper (see there for further descendants)

→? Old English: tapor (see there for further descendants)

→ Catalan: papir

→ Czech: papyrus

→ English: papyrus

→ Finnish: papyrus

→ French: papyrus

→ Friulian: papîr

→ Galician: papiro

→ Italian: papiro

→ Japanese: パピルス

→ Portuguese: papiro

→ Romanian: papirus

→ Russian: папирус (papirus)

→ Spanish: papiro

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros).

etymon

papȳrus


bunion

la-noun

būnion n (genitive būniī); second declension

būnion (canonical neuter)
būniī (genitive)
būnion (nominative singular)
būnia (nominative plural)
būniī (genitive singular)
būniōrum (genitive plural)
būniō (dative singular)
būniīs (dative plural)
būnion (accusative singular)
būnia (accusative plural)
būniō (ablative singular)
būniīs (ablative plural)
būnion (singular vocative)
būnia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Bunium

From the Ancient Greek βούνῐον (boúnĭon).

Nāpōrum duās differentiās et in medicīnā Graecī servant. Angulōsīs foliōrum caulibus, flōre anētī, quod būnion vocant, pūrgātiōnibus fēminārum et vēsīcae et ūrīnae ūtile dēcoctum, pōtum ex aquā mulsā vel sūcī drachmā; sēmen dysintericīs tostum trītumque in aquae calidae cyathīs quattuor. sed ūrīnam inhibet, sī nōn līnī sēmen ūna bibātur.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 20.11

The Greeks also preserve two distinct types of turnip in medicine. With angular leafstalks and a flower like that of dill, the one they call the “bunion” is useful boiled, drunk in mead or in a drachma of juice for women's purgings and for the bladder and for the urine; the seed, toasted and ground, in four ladlesful of warm water, (is useful) for people with dysentery. It prevents urination, however, if one (drachma) of linseed is not drunk.

a type of turnip, perhaps earthnut, Bunium ferulaceum


hyaena

hyaena f (genitive hyaenae); first declension

hyaenae (genitive)
hyaena (nominative singular)
hyaenae (nominative plural)
hyaenae (genitive singular)
hyaenārum (genitive plural)
hyaenae (dative singular)
hyaenīs (dative plural)
hyaenam (accusative singular)
hyaenās (accusative plural)
hyaenā (ablative singular)
hyaenīs (ablative plural)
hyaena (singular vocative)
hyaenae (plural vocative)


oryx

oryx m (genitive orygis); third declension

orygis (genitive)
oryx (nominative singular)
orygēs (nominative plural)
orygis (genitive singular)
orygum (genitive plural)
orygī (dative singular)
orygibus (dative plural)
orygem (accusative singular)
orygēs (accusative plural)
oryge (ablative singular)
orygibus (ablative plural)
oryx (singular vocative)
orygēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ὄρυξ (órux), the antelope probably being named after the sharp iron digging tools with the same name, because of the shape of its horns.


rhombus

rhombus m (genitive rhombī); second declension

rhombī (genitive)
rhombus (nominative singular)
rhombī (nominative plural)
rhombī (genitive singular)
rhombōrum (genitive plural)
rhombō (dative singular)
rhombīs (dative plural)
rhombum (accusative singular)
rhombōs (accusative plural)
rhombō (ablative singular)
rhombīs (ablative plural)
rhombe (singular vocative)
rhombī (plural vocative)

Catalan: rom

Portuguese: rumo

Spanish: rumbo, romo

→ English: rhumb

Sicilian: rummu

Borrowings

→ Albanian: romb

→ Azerbaijani: romb

→ Catalan: rombe

→ Danish: rombe

→ English: rhombus, rhomb

→ French: rhombe

→ Galician: rombo

→ Georgian: რომბი (rombi)

→ German: Rhombus
→ Estonian: romb

→ Hungarian: rombusz

→ Italian: rombo

→ Latvian: rombs

→ Lithuanian: rombas

→ Macedonian: ромб (romb)

→ Norwegian: rombe

→ Polish: romb

→ Portuguese: rombo

→ Romanian: romb

desctree

→ Russian: ромб (romb)
→ Kazakh: ромб (romb)

→ Serbo-Croatian: romb / ромб

→ Slovene: romb

→ Spanish: rombo

→ Swedish: romb

→ Ukrainian: ромб (romb)

From Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos, “rhombus, spinning top”), from ῥέμβω (rhémbō, “I turn around”).


hippopotamus

la-noun

hippopotamus m (genitive hippopotamī); second declension

hippopotamī (genitive)
hippopotamus (nominative singular)
hippopotamī (nominative plural)
hippopotamī (genitive singular)
hippopotamōrum (genitive plural)
hippopotamō (dative singular)
hippopotamīs (dative plural)
hippopotamum (accusative singular)
hippopotamōs (accusative plural)
hippopotamō (ablative singular)
hippopotamīs (ablative plural)
hippopotame (singular vocative)
hippopotamī (plural vocative)

Asturian: hipopótamu

Catalan: hipopòtam

English: hippopotamus

French: hippopotame

Italian: ippopotamo

Leonese: hipopótamu

Occitan: ipopotam

Portuguese: hipopótamo

Romanian: hipopotam

Spanish: hipopótamo

[hɪpːɔˈpɔt̪ämʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek ἱπποπόταμος (hippopótamos), from ἵππος (híppos, “horse”) + ποταμός (potamós, “river”).


patata

la-noun

patāta f (genitive patātae); first declension

patāta (canonical feminine)
patātae (genitive)
patāta (nominative singular)
patātae (nominative plural)
patātae (genitive singular)
patātārum (genitive plural)
patātae (dative singular)
patātīs (dative plural)
patātam (accusative singular)
patātās (accusative plural)
patātā (ablative singular)
patātīs (ablative plural)
patāta (singular vocative)
patātae (plural vocative)

[päˈt̪äːt̪ä]

[päˈt̪äːt̪ä]


vulpes

vulpēs f (genitive vulpis); third declension

vulpēs (canonical feminine)
vulpis (genitive)
vulpēs (nominative singular)
vulpēs (nominative plural)
vulpis (genitive singular)
vulpium (genitive plural)
vulpī (dative singular)
vulpibus (dative plural)
vulpem (accusative singular)
vulpēs (accusative plural)
vulpīs (accusative plural)
vulpe (ablative singular)
vulpibus (ablative plural)
vulpēs (singular vocative)
vulpēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: vulpi, vulpe

Catalan: volp

Corsican: volpe, vorpe, volpi, vulpi

Dalmatian: bualp, vualp

Friulian: bolp, volp

Galician: golpe, volpe

Istriot: bulpo

Istro-Romanian: vulpe

Italian: volpe

Ladin: volp, bolp

Neapolitan: vorpe

Occitan: volp

Piedmontese: vulp

Romanian: vulpe, hulpe

desc

Romansch: vulp, uolp (Sursilvan), vualp, gualp (Sutsilvan), golp (Surmiran), vuolp (Puter, Vallader)

desctree

Sicilian: vurpi, gurpi, vulpi, gulpi
→ Maltese: gilpa (from the form gulpi)

Venetan: volp, bolpe, bolp

→ Esperanto: vulpo

→ Translingual: Vulpes

[ˈu̯ʊɫ̪peːs̠]

From earlier volpēs, from Proto-Italic *wolpis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”) (compare Sanskrit लोपाश (lopāśá), Breton louarn, Lithuanian lãpė, Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), Persian روباه (rubâh)), with an analogous gender change. Possibly a conflation with earlier words for "wolf"; see wĺ̥kʷos.

(figuratively) smartness, strategy, quick thinking, adaptability, craftiness, cunning, cleverness, wisdom


ursus

la-noun

ursus m (genitive ursī); second declension

ursī (genitive)
ursus (nominative singular)
ursī (nominative plural)
ursī (genitive singular)
ursōrum (genitive plural)
ursō (dative singular)
ursīs (dative plural)
ursum (accusative singular)
ursōs (accusative plural)
ursō (ablative singular)
ursīs (ablative plural)
urse (singular vocative)
ursī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: onso

Aromanian: ursu

Asturian: osu

Catalan: os

Corsican: orsu

→ Esperanto: urso

Friulian: ors

Italian: orso

Ladin: lors

Ladino: lonso

Occitan: ors

desctree

Old French: urs
Middle French: ours
French: ours

Old Galician-Portuguese: usso, osso, husso
Fala: osu
Galician: oso
Portuguese: usso

Old Spanish: osso
Spanish: oso, osso (obsolete), joso (New Mexico)
→ Yaqui: hooso

→ Portuguese: urso

Romanian: urs

Romansch: urs, uors

Sardinian: ursu

Sicilian: ursu

Translingual: Ursus

Venetan: ors, orso

Walloon: oûsse

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *orssos
Latin ursus
From Proto-Italic *orssos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”). The initial u- is unexpected, and may have arisen as a taboo distortion. For the outcome s of original *tḱ compare sinō.


avis

la-noun

avis f (genitive avis); third declension

avis (genitive)
avis (nominative singular)
avēs (nominative plural)
avis (genitive singular)
avium (genitive plural)
avī (dative singular)
avibus (dative plural)
avem (accusative singular)
avēs (accusative plural)
avīs (accusative plural)
ave (ablative singular)
avī (ablative singular)
avibus (ablative plural)
avis (singular vocative)
avēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: au

Catalan: au

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: ave
Galician: ave
Portuguese: ave

desc

Sardinian: ave (Nuorese), ae (Logudorese)

Old Spanish: ave

Spanish: ave

From Proto-Italic *awis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwis. Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀετός (aetós), and Sanskrit वि (ví), and Albanian vito (“woodpidgeon”).

etymon

et vēnērunt ad eum avēs multī colōris innumerābilēs

c. 833, Nennius, “Vita Patricii” (chapter III), in Historia Brittonum, page 54:

and came to him countless birds of many colors


xiphias

la-noun

xiphiās m (genitive xiphiae); first declension

xiphiās (canonical masculine)
xiphiae (genitive)
xiphiās (nominative singular)
xiphiae (nominative plural)
xiphiae (genitive singular)
xiphiārum (genitive plural)
xiphiae (dative singular)
xiphiīs (dative plural)
xiphiān (accusative singular)
xiphiās (accusative plural)
xiphiā (ablative singular)
xiphiīs (ablative plural)
xiphiā (singular vocative)
xiphiae (plural vocative)

Translingual: Xiphias

[ˈks̠ɪpʰiäːs̠]

From Ancient Greek ξιφίας (xiphías), derived from ξίφος (xíphos, “sword”).

Xiphias gladius
Xiphias gladius#Translingual


viverra

viverra f (genitive viverrae); first declension

viverrae (genitive)
viverra (nominative singular)
viverrae (nominative plural)
viverrae (genitive singular)
viverrārum (genitive plural)
viverrae (dative singular)
viverrīs (dative plural)
viverram (accusative singular)
viverrās (accusative plural)
viverrā (ablative singular)
viverrīs (ablative plural)
viverra (singular vocative)
viverrae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian: viala

→ Russian: виверра (viverra)

→ Translingual: Viverra

[u̯iˈu̯ɛrːä]

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wer-; compare Proto-Celtic *wiweros.


antenna

antenna f (genitive antennae); first declension

antennae (genitive)
antenna (nominative singular)
antennae (nominative plural)
antennae (genitive singular)
antennārum (genitive plural)
antennae (dative singular)
antennīs (dative plural)
antennam (accusative singular)
antennās (accusative plural)
antennā (ablative singular)
antennīs (ablative plural)
antenna (singular vocative)
antennae (plural vocative)

→ Dutch: antenne

English: antenna

desctree

French: antenne
→ Romanian: antenă
→ Turkish: anten
→ Vietnamese: ăng ten

Galician: entena, antena

→ German: Antenne

→ Hebrew: אַנְטֶנָה (anténa)

→ Irish: aintéine

Italian: antenna

→ Polish: antena

Portuguese: antena

→ Russian: анте́нна f (anténna)

Spanish: antena, entena

→ Swedish: antenn

[än̪ˈt̪ɛnːä]

[än̪ˈt̪ɛnːä]

May be from Proto-Italic *antitempnā, from Proto-Indo-European *temp- (“to stretch, extend”).


appendix

la-noun

appendix f (genitive appendicis); third declension

appendicis (genitive)
appendix (nominative singular)
appendicēs (nominative plural)
appendicis (genitive singular)
appendicum (genitive plural)
appendicī (dative singular)
appendicibus (dative plural)
appendicem (accusative singular)
appendicēs (accusative plural)
appendice (ablative singular)
appendicibus (ablative plural)
appendix (singular vocative)
appendicēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: apèndix

English: appendix

French: appendice

Galician: apéndice

German: Appendix

Irish: aipindic

Italian: appendice

Portuguese: apêndice

Romanian: apendice

Russian: аппе́ндикс (appéndiks)

Scottish Gaelic: aipeandaig

Spanish: apéndice


cygnus

cygnus m (genitive cygnī); second declension

cygnī (genitive)
cygnus (nominative singular)
cygnī (nominative plural)
cygnī (genitive singular)
cygnōrum (genitive plural)
cygnō (dative singular)
cygnīs (dative plural)
cygnum (accusative singular)
cygnōs (accusative plural)
cygnō (ablative singular)
cygnīs (ablative plural)
cygne (singular vocative)
cygnī (plural vocative)

A romanized version of the Ancient Greek κύκνος (kúknos).


vinum

vīnum n (genitive vīnī); second declension

vīnum (canonical neuter)
vīnī (genitive)
vīnum (nominative singular)
vīna (nominative plural)
vīnī (genitive singular)
vīnōrum (genitive plural)
vīnō (dative singular)
vīnīs (dative plural)
vīnum (accusative singular)
vīna (accusative plural)
vīnō (ablative singular)
vīnīs (ablative plural)
vīnum (singular vocative)
vīna (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: yin, yinu

Istro-Romanian: vir

Megleno-Romanian: vin

Romanian: vin

Dalmatian:

vain

North Italian:

Friulian: vin

Istriot: veîn, vèin

Ladin: vin

Ligurian: vin

Lombard: vin

Piedmontese: vin

Romagnol: vẽn, vèin, vòin

Romansch: vin, vegn

Venetan: vin

Italo-Romance:

desctree

Italian: vino
→ English: vino
→ Sidamo: viino

Neapolitan: vino

Sicilian: vinu

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: vin

Old French: vin (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: vi

Occitan: vin

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: vino

Old Leonese:

Asturian: vinu

Extremaduran: vinu

Leonese: vinu

Mirandese: bino

Old Galician-Portuguese: vinho, vỹo, vinno, viño
Fala: viñu
Galician: viño, vinho (reintegrationist), vĩo (Ancarese)
Portuguese: vinho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: vino

Ladino: vino

Spanish: vino (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: binu

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Celtic: *wīnom (see there for further descendants)

→ Etruscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌌 (vinum)

→ Proto-Germanic: *wīną (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *vino (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *wīnom, from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom.


sagitta

la-noun

sagitta f (genitive sagittae); first declension

sagittae (genitive)
sagitta (nominative singular)
sagittae (nominative plural)
sagittae (genitive singular)
sagittārum (genitive plural)
sagittae (dative singular)
sagittīs (dative plural)
sagittam (accusative singular)
sagittās (accusative plural)
sagittā (ablative singular)
sagittīs (ablative plural)
sagitta (singular vocative)
sagittae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sãdzeatã

Romanian: săgeată

Italo-Romance:

Italian: saetta

→ Maltese: sajjetta

Sicilian: sajitta

North Italian:

Friulian: saete

Istriot: sàita

Ladin: saëta, sita

Piedmontese: sajëta

Romansch: sajetta

Venetan: sita, saéta

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: saete, saiete; sajette (latinized)

French: sagette

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: sageta

Occitan: sageta

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: saeta

Old Galician-Portuguese: saeta

Galician: seta

Portuguese: seta

Spanish: saeta

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: saitta

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: shigjetë

→ Tsakonian: σογίτθα (sogíttha)

→ Greek: σαΐτα (saḯta)

→ Old Irish: saiget (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *saɣeθ (see there for further descendants)

Later borrowings:

→ Catalan: sagita

→ English: sagitta

→ Esperanto: sago

→ Italian: sagitta

→ Translingual: Sagitta

→ Spanish: sagita

→ Volapük: sagit

[s̠äˈɡɪt̪ːä]

[säˈd͡ʒit̪ːä]

Unknown etymology. Probably from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language.
A minority view connects it to sāgiō (“to perceive quickly or keenly”).

the arrowhead (plant of the genus Sagittaria)


aper

aper m (genitive aprī); second declension

aprī (genitive)
aper (nominative singular)
aprī (nominative plural)
aprī (genitive singular)
aprōrum (genitive plural)
aprō (dative singular)
aprīs (dative plural)
aprum (accusative singular)
aprōs (accusative plural)
aprō (ablative singular)
aprīs (ablative plural)
aper (singular vocative)
aprī (plural vocative)

Sardinian: apru

Italian: apro

From Proto-Italic *apros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-r-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *eburaz, Proto-Slavic *veprь.

(figuratively) a standard of the Roman legions


vacca

vacca f (genitive vaccae); first declension

vaccae (genitive)
vacca (nominative singular)
vaccae (nominative plural)
vaccae (genitive singular)
vaccārum (genitive plural)
vaccae (dative singular)
vaccīs (dative plural)
vaccam (accusative singular)
vaccās (accusative plural)
vaccā (ablative singular)
vaccīs (ablative plural)
vacca (singular vocative)
vaccae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: vacã

Istro-Romanian: våcĕ

Megleno-Romanian: vacă

Romanian: vacă

Dalmatian:

vaca, baka, vacca, baca, bacca

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: vacca

desctree

Italian: vacca
→ Alemannic German: Wagge

Sicilian: vacca

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: vaca

Ligurian: vacca

Lombard: àca, vaca, vacja

Piedmontese: vaca

Romagnol: vàca

desc

Friulian: vacje, vačhe (alternative orthography)

Ladin: vacia

Romansch: vatga, vacca, vacha

Venetan: vaca

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: vaca

Franco-Provençal: vache

Old French: vache (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: vaca

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: baca

Asturian: vaca

Extremaduran: vaca

Mirandese: baca

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: vaca
Galician: vaca
Portuguese: vaca (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: vaca

Ladino: vaka

Spanish: vaca (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: bacca, bàca

Borrowings:

→ English: vacci-

Possibly from a Proto-Italic *wokā, from Proto-Indo-European *woḱéh₂, with a diminutive/hypocoristic or expressive suffix -ca. May be borrowed from another Indo-European language, but no obvious European cognate is known.


vermis

la-noun

vermis m (genitive vermis); third declension

vermis (genitive)
vermis (nominative singular)
vermēs (nominative plural)
vermis (genitive singular)
vermium (genitive plural)
vermī (dative singular)
vermibus (dative plural)
vermem (accusative singular)
vermēs (accusative plural)
vermīs (accusative plural)
verme (ablative singular)
vermibus (ablative plural)
vermis (singular vocative)
vermēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: yermu, ierm, iermu

desc

Asturian: viérbene, vierbe, viermo, berbene

Corsican: vermu, varmu, varme, gialmu

Esperanto: vermo

Franco-Provençal: vèrm

Friulian: vier

Galician: verme

Gascon: bermi (Béarnese)

Istro-Romanian: l'erm, gl'erm

Italian: verme, vermine (Tuscan)

Megleno-Romanian: ghermi, ghiarmi, varmi

Lombard: vermen

Neapolitan: vermene

Occitan: vèrm, vèrme

Old Catalan: verme

Catalan: verm

Old French: verm

French: ver

Old Galician-Portuguese: vermem

Portuguese: verme

Old Spanish: vierme, viermen, vierven

Piedmontese: verm

Romagnol: virman

Romanian: vierme

Romansch: verm, vierm

Sardinian: berme, merme, gremi, brèmmini

Sicilian: vermu

Venetan: vermo, verme

Walloon: varme

→ English: vermin, vermis

→ Spanish: verme

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *wurmiz (“worm; snake”).


picus

la-noun

pīcus m (genitive pīcī); second declension

pīcus (canonical masculine)
pīcī (genitive)
pīcus (nominative singular)
pīcī (nominative plural)
pīcī (genitive singular)
pīcōrum (genitive plural)
pīcō (dative singular)
pīcīs (dative plural)
pīcum (accusative singular)
pīcōs (accusative plural)
pīcō (ablative singular)
pīcīs (ablative plural)
pīce (singular vocative)
pīcī (plural vocative)

Asturian: picatueru

Catalan: picot

French: pic, pivert

Friulian: pic

desc

Piedmontese: pic, pions, picons, picassa

Galician: piquelo, peto (perhaps)

Italian: picchio

Occitan: picot

Sicilian: picu

Spanish: pito, pico

Translingual: Picus

From Proto-Italic *pikos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“woodpecker; magpie”), whence also Latin pīca (“magpie”).
Romance evidence points to a form with -cc-, perhaps onomatopoeic and/or influenced by Vulgar Latin *pīccāre (“to strike, sting, peck”) and/or Proto-Germanic *pikkōną (“to pick, peck, prick”). Cf. Vulgar Latin *pīcca (“pick-axe”).
Cognate with Umbrian peico (acc.sg.), Sanskrit पिक (piká, “cuckoo”), German Specht (“woodpecker”), Swedish spett (“crowbar, skewer; kind of woodpecker”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

pīcca

reconstructed, Western Romance territory


stratum

la-noun

strātum n (genitive strātī); second declension

strātum (canonical neuter)
strātī (genitive)
strātum (nominative singular)
strāta (nominative plural)
strātī (genitive singular)
strātōrum (genitive plural)
strātō (dative singular)
strātīs (dative plural)
strātum (accusative singular)
strāta (accusative plural)
strātō (ablative singular)
strātīs (ablative plural)
strātum (singular vocative)
strāta (plural vocative)

Catalan: estrat

→ Dutch: stratum

→ English: stratum

→ Welsh: stratwm

French: strate

Friulian: strât

Galician: estrado

Italian: strato

Occitan: estrat

Piedmontese: strat

Portuguese: estrado

Romanian: strat

Spanish: estrado

→ French: estrade

→ English: estrade

desc

→ Welsh: gwastrawd (“groom, stablekeeper”)

[ˈs̠t̪räːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From strātus, perfect passive participle of sternō (“spread”).


curriculum

la-noun

curriculum n (genitive curriculī); second declension

curriculī (genitive)
curriculum (nominative singular)
curricula (nominative plural)
curriculī (genitive singular)
curriculōrum (genitive plural)
curriculō (dative singular)
curriculīs (dative plural)
curriculum (accusative singular)
curricula (accusative plural)
curriculō (ablative singular)
curriculīs (ablative plural)
curriculum (singular vocative)
curricula (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: currículum

→ English: curricle; curriculum

→ French: curriculum

→ German: Curriculum

Italian: curricolo

Norman: tchuthitchulum

Portuguese: currículo

Spanish: currículo, carrejo

[kʊrˈrɪkʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From currō (“run, move quickly”) + -culum.


lacerta

lacerta f (genitive lacertae); first declension

lacertae (genitive)
lacerta (nominative singular)
lacertae (nominative plural)
lacertae (genitive singular)
lacertārum (genitive plural)
lacertae (dative singular)
lacertīs (dative plural)
lacertam (accusative singular)
lacertās (accusative plural)
lacertā (ablative singular)
lacertīs (ablative plural)
lacerta (singular vocative)
lacertae (plural vocative)

From lacerta:

Asturian: llacierta

Franco-Provençal: lenzèrda

Friulian: lisierte

desc

Gascon: lusèrt, lusèrp, lausèrt, lausèrp, lasèrp, ladèrt, ludèrt, lisèrp

Lombard: lüserta

Neapolitan: lacerta

Norman: lêzarde (Jersey)

Old French: laisarde

Occitan:

Languedocien: lusèrp, lausèrt

Limousin: lusert, luserta

Piedmontese: laserta, laserda, lasarda, luserta

Sicilian: lucerta

Venetan: luxèrta, uxèrta, lisarda, rixarda

from *lacertula:

Italian: lucertola

>? Sicilian: lucèrtula, gièrdula

Venetan: łuxèrtoła, oxèrtola

From the masculine variant lacertus:

Catalan: lluert

Old French: lesard

desctree

Middle French: lezart
French: lézard
Louisiana Creole: lézard
→ Romanian: lezard

→ Middle English: lesarde, lesard, leesarde, lisard, lisarde, lysard, lysarde, lyzard, lizard, lizarde, lacert, lacerta
English: lizard (← lizard)
Scots: lesart (obsolete)

Italian: lacerto

Vulgar Latin: *lacartum
Old Catalan:
Catalan: llagart
Old Galician-Portuguese: lagarto
Fala: lagartu
Galician: lagarto
Portuguese: lagarto (see there for further descendants)
Old Leonese:
Asturian: llagartu
Old Spanish: lagarto
Spanish: lagarto (see there for further descendants)

from *lacarta:

Asturian: llagarta, llagartesa

Portuguese: lagarta

>? Dalmatian: lačas m, lačar f

desc

>? Sardinian: lugesti, lucesti, lugestra, luxeta, calaxerta, caluxerta

borrowings:

Translingual: Lacerta, Lacertidae, Lacertilia

Esperanto: lacerto

Irish: laghairt

Scottish Gaelic: laghairt/f

[ɫ̪äˈkɛrt̪ä]

[läˈt͡ʃɛrt̪ä]

Unknown. Perhaps connected to Ancient Greek λικερτίζειν (likertízein, “to spring, dance”) or to Latin lacertum (“upper arm”).


psittacus

la-noun

psittacus m (genitive psittacī); second declension

psittacī (genitive)
psittacus (nominative singular)
psittacī (nominative plural)
psittacī (genitive singular)
psittacōrum (genitive plural)
psittacō (dative singular)
psittacīs (dative plural)
psittacum (accusative singular)
psittacōs (accusative plural)
psittacō (ablative singular)
psittacīs (ablative plural)
psittace (singular vocative)
psittacī (plural vocative)

German: Sittich

[ˈps̠ɪt̪ːäkʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek ψιττακός (psittakós).


campe

campē f (genitive campēs); first declension

campē (canonical feminine)
campēs (genitive)
campē (nominative singular)
campae (nominative plural)
campēs (genitive singular)
campārum (genitive plural)
campae (dative singular)
campīs (dative plural)
campēn (accusative singular)
campās (accusative plural)
campē (ablative singular)
campīs (ablative plural)
campē (singular vocative)
campae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κάμπη (kámpē).


vespa

vespa f (genitive vespae); first declension

vespae (genitive)
vespa (nominative singular)
vespae (nominative plural)
vespae (genitive singular)
vespārum (genitive plural)
vespae (dative singular)
vespīs (dative plural)
vespam (accusative singular)
vespās (accusative plural)
vespā (ablative singular)
vespīs (ablative plural)
vespa (singular vocative)
vespae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: yeaspi

Megleno-Romanian: ghiaspi

Romanian: viespe

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: vespa

Lombard: besba, veisp

Influenced by Frankish *wapsa:

Piedmontese: ghespa

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: aviespa ⇒ aviespara

Galician: avespa, vespa ⇒ avéspora, nespra

Portuguese: vespa

Spanish: avispa

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: vespa

Italian: vespa

→ Spanish: vespa

Sicilian: vespa

Venetan: brespa

Òc:

Catalan: vespa, vrespa, vespra

Occitan: vèspa

Gascon: vrèspa

desc

Aragonese: viespra, vrespa, vrispa, viespa

Merged with Frankish *wapsu, *waspijā:

Occitan: guèspa, guespa

Aragonese: grespa

Franco-Provençal: vépa

Oïl:

Influenced by Frankish *wapsa:

Franc-Comtois: vépre (former wespe)

Norman: vêpre (former wespe)

Bourguignon: gueîpe

Champenois: vêpre

French: guêpe

Gallo: gésp

Walloon: wesse

Franco-Provençal: gouépa

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: gjespe, yespe

Romansch: vespra

Sardinian:

espa

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: vespo

Ido: vespo

→ Interlingua: vespa

From Proto-Italic *wospā, metathesized from earlier Proto-Italic *wopsā, from Proto-Indo-European *wops-éh₂, from *wóps; see also wasp.


fungus

la-noun

fungus m (genitive fungī); second declension

fungī (genitive)
fungus (nominative singular)
fungī (nominative plural)
fungī (genitive singular)
fungōrum (genitive plural)
fungō (dative singular)
fungīs (dative plural)
fungum (accusative singular)
fungōs (accusative plural)
fungō (ablative singular)
fungīs (ablative plural)
funge (singular vocative)
fungī (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: fungo

Neapolitan: fungio

Sicilian: funcia, funciu

North-Italian:

Emilian: fonz, fons

Friulian: fonc, fong

Ligurian: fonzo

Lombard: fons, fonz, foncc, fonze

Piedmontese: fons

Romagnol: fons, fong

Venetan: fongo, fonc

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: fongo, frongo

desc

Catalan: fong (perhaps from Aragonese or a calque from Spanish)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Spanish: fongo
Spanish: hongo

Borrowings:

→ Asturian: fungu

→ Basque: onddo

→ English: fungus

→ French: fongus

→ Irish: fungas

→ Galician: fungo

→ Portuguese: fungo

→ Romanian: fungă

Originally sfungus. Along with Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos), "sponge" (whence Latin spongia), σφόγγος (sphóngos), and Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn), likely a loanword from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Possibly also related to Georgian სოკო (soḳo), Tsez зикӏу (zik’u), Bezhta сакӏо (sakʼo), Moksha панга (panga) and Erzya панго (pango, “mushroom”). Linguists such as Kluge and Kroonen have suggested a connection to English swamp and its Germanic cognates.


hydra

la-noun

hydra f (genitive hydrae); first declension

hydrae (genitive)
hydrus (masculine)
hydra (nominative singular)
hydrae (nominative plural)
hydrae (genitive singular)
hydrārum (genitive plural)
hydrae (dative singular)
hydrīs (dative plural)
hydram (accusative singular)
hydrās (accusative plural)
hydrā (ablative singular)
hydrīs (ablative plural)
hydra (singular vocative)
hydrae (plural vocative)


leo

leō m (genitive leōnis); third declension

leō (canonical masculine)
leōnis (genitive)
leō (nominative singular)
leōnēs (nominative plural)
leōnis (genitive singular)
leōnum (genitive plural)
leōnī (dative singular)
leōnibus (dative plural)
leōnem (accusative singular)
leōnēs (accusative plural)
leōne (ablative singular)
leōnibus (ablative plural)
leō (singular vocative)
leōnēs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: lionu

Italian: leone

Sicilian: liuni
→ Maltese: ljun

Romanian: leu

Venetan: leon, lion

Western Romance:

Gallo-italic:

Ligurian: lión

Lombard: leon

Piedmontese: lion, leon

Old French: lion (see there for further descendants)

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: lion

Romansch: liun

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: lión

Old Leonese:

Asturian: llión, lleón

Leonese: llión

Old Occitan:

Catalan: lleó

Occitan: leon

Old Galician-Portuguese: leon

Galician: león

desctree

Portuguese: leão
Kabuverdianu: lion
Macanese: leám
Papiamentu: leon
→ Tetum: leaun

Old Spanish: leon (see there for further descendants)

Southern Romance:

Sardinian: leone, leoni, lioni

→ Albanian: luan

→ Basque: lehoi

→ Proto-Brythonic: *llew (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *lēwō (see there for further descendants)

→ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (laiwa)
→ Proto-Slavic: *lьvъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Old English: lēo

→ Old Irish: léoman, léo

Irish: leon

Scottish Gaelic: leòmhann

→ Old Norse: león, leó (see there for further descendants)

Translingual: †Microleo, †Priscileo, †Thylacoleo, †Wakaleo


lupa

la-noun

lupa f (genitive lupae); first declension

lupae (genitive)
lupa (nominative singular)
lupae (nominative plural)
lupae (genitive singular)
lupārum (genitive plural)
lupae (dative singular)
lupīs (dative plural)
lupābus (dative plural)
lupam (accusative singular)
lupās (accusative plural)
lupā (ablative singular)
lupīs (ablative plural)
lupābus (ablative plural)
lupa (singular vocative)
lupae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: lupã

Asturian: lloba

Aragonese: lupa

Catalan: lloba

French: louve

Friulian: love

Italian: lupa

Neapolitan: lopa

Occitan: loba

Portuguese: loba

Sicilian: lupa

Spanish: loba

Venetan: lova

The feminine version of lupus. The sense “prostitute” is either a comparison of the prostitutes' predation on men to the wolf's rapacity, as also in Isidore's (often fanciful) opinion, or a reference to the she-wolf's uncleanliness and promiscuity (often culturally conflated), parallelled in English bitch.


canis

canis m or f (genitive canis); third declension

canis (genitive)
canis (nominative singular)
canēs (nominative plural)
canis (genitive singular)
canum (genitive plural)
canī (dative singular)
canibus (dative plural)
canem (accusative singular)
canēs (accusative plural)
cane (ablative singular)
canibus (ablative plural)
canis (singular vocative)
canēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: can

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cãni, cãne, cheni

Istro-Romanian: căre

Megleno-Romanian: cǫini

Romanian: câine, câne

Asturian: can

Corsican: cane

Dalmatian: cun, cuon

Franco-Provençal: chin

desctree

Old French: chien, kien
Middle French: chien
French: chien
Angevin: chin
Bourguignon: chein
Champenois: chin
Franc-Comtois: tchïn
Norman: quien
Picard: tchien, kien, quien
Walloon: tchén

Istriot: can

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cjan, čhan

Ladin: cian

Romansch: chaun, tgaun, chan

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: can

Old Piedmontese: cjeun

Piedmontese: can

Lombard: cjeun, cjaun

Lombard: can

desc

Romagnol: cân, chên (Cattolica), chën (Rimini)

Venetan: can

Italian: cane

Old Occitan: can

Catalan: ca

Occitan: can

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: can
Galician: can
Portuguese: cão

Sardinian:

Campidanese: cani

Logudorese: cane

Sicilian: cani

Spanish: can

From earlier canēs. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ, *ḱun- (“dog”), from earlier *ḱwón-s, whence also Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn), Sanskrit श्वन् (śván), though the expected outcome was formally much altered.
The -a- gained a number of ad hoc explanations, such as a shift of *-wo- to *-wa- in open syllables, or of *-n̥- to -an- before vowels. The initial unrounded c- must have been levelled early into the rest of the inflection from the expected nominative outcome *cō, as *ḱw- would have regularly delabialised before a rounded vowel.

ref

Now mostly rejected, as this assumes a relevelling on a genitive stem *ḱwn̥-, which is actually largely attested as *ḱun- in all the word's cognates.<ref name=Sihler/>

Petronius
Cave canem.


cornu

la-noun

cornū n (genitive cornūs); fourth declension

cornū (canonical neuter)
cornūs (genitive)
cornū (nominative singular)
cornua (nominative plural)
cornūs (genitive singular)
cornuum (genitive plural)
cornū (dative singular)
cornibus (dative plural)
cornū (accusative singular)
cornua (accusative plural)
cornū (ablative singular)
cornibus (ablative plural)
cornū (singular vocative)
cornua (plural vocative)

Aromanian: cornu

Asturian: cuernu

Catalan: corn

Dalmatian: cuarno

English: cornet, corn, -corn

Esperanto: korno

Franco-Provençal: côrna

French: cor, corne

Friulian: cuar

Galician: corno

Ido: korno

→ Irish: corn

Istriot: cuorno

Italian: corno

Old French: corn, corne

Portuguese: corno

Romanian: corn

Romansch: corn, corna

Sardinian: corru

Sicilian: cornu

Spanish: cuerno

Venetan: corno

→ Welsh: corn

Occitan: còrn

Inherited from Proto-Italic *kornū. Cognate with English horn, hirn; Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”), κέρας (kéras, “horn”); Sanskrit शृङ्ग (śṛ́ṅga, “horn, tusk”). See also cerebrum (“brain”), cervus (“deer”).

cog

any substance like the material of a horn, such as the beak or bill of a bird

the end of a book or scroll, usually made of ivory


passer

la-noun

passer m (genitive passeris); third declension

passeris (genitive)
passer (nominative singular)
passerēs (nominative plural)
passeris (genitive singular)
passerum (genitive plural)
passerī (dative singular)
passeribus (dative plural)
passerem (accusative singular)
passerēs (accusative plural)
passere (ablative singular)
passeribus (ablative plural)
passer (singular vocative)
passerēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: passerell, pàssera

Corsican: passula

Dalmatian: paserain

Esperanto: pasero

Franco-Provençal: pâsserâ

French: passereau

Friulian: passare, passarat

Ido: pasero

Interlingua: passere

Istro-Romanian: pǫsăre

Italian: passero, passera

Occitan: passerat

Romanian: pasăre

Romansch: pasler

Vulgar Latin:

*passarum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *passros with a declension change from second to third, from Proto-Indo-European *p(e)t-tro-s (“who flies, bird”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Related to penna.

inh

Passer mortuus est meae puellae.
Passer, deliciae meae puellae […]

c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 3.3–4

My girl's sparrow is dead.
The sparrow, my girl's pet […]

At contrā herbōsā piscēs luxantur harēnā
ut scarus, ēpastās sōlus quī rūminat ēscās,
fēcundumque genus mēnae lamyrusque smarisque
atque immunda chromis, meritō vīlissima salpa
atque avium phȳcis nīdōs imitāta sub undīs
et squāmās tenuī suffūsus sanguine mullus,
fulgentēs soleae candōre et concolor illīs
passer et Hadriacō mīrandus lītore rhombus,
tum leporēs lātī, tum mollēs tergore rānae […]
On the other hand, fish that revel in the grassy sand
such as the scar, the only one that chews over eaten up food,
the prolific kind of the maena, lamyrus and smaris

43 BCE – c. 17 CE, Ovid, Halieutica 118–126

and the phycis that imitates the nests of birds under the waves
and the mullet whose scales are suffused with tenous blood,
and the sole flashing with whiteness and the turbot
of the same colour, and the amazing flatfish on the Adriatic Shore,
then the broad sea-hares, then the soft-bodied sea-frog […]

and the unclean chronic, the deservedly worthless salpa


apis

la-noun

apis f (genitive apis); third declension

apis (genitive)
apis (nominative singular)
apēs (nominative plural)
apis (genitive singular)
apum (genitive plural)
apium (genitive plural)
apī (dative singular)
apibus (dative plural)
apem (accusative singular)
apēs (accusative plural)
apīs (accusative plural)
ape (ablative singular)
apibus (ablative plural)
apis (singular vocative)
apēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

juopa, juop, yuopa, yuop, iuopa, iuop

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: apa, aba, abba

Italian: ape

Neapolitan: apa, lapa

Sassarese: abi, aba

Sicilian: lapa

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Logudorese: abe

Nuorese: ape

Campidanese: abi

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: aif

Romagnol: êva, eva (Ville Unite)

Friulian: âf, âv

Ladin: eva, ê

Venetan: ava

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: âp

Gascon: aps

Old French: ef, e, ep
Picard: é

Uncertain. Phonetically impossible is any connection with Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- which gave instead fūcus (“drone”). Traditionally also hypothesized as from Proto-Indo-European *e/a(m)p-i- (“stinging insect; bee”), related to German Imme (“bee; swarm of bees”), Old English imbe and Ancient Greek ἐμπίς (empís, “a stinging or biting insect”). However, this has characteristics of a European substrate word. According to Vennemann's Atlantic substrate theory, the ultimate source may be a Semitic word cognate with Egyptian ꜥfj (“bee”) (though no attested Semitic cognates survive); de Vaan finds this plausible. Another hypothesis suggests an Oscan-Umbrian loan from an original *akuis (“sharp, stinging”) (e.g. Latin aqui- (“sharp”) in aquifolius, aquilinus); the Osco-Umbrian reflex of Proto-Indo-European labiovelar */kʷ/ that gives Latin is regularly /p/.

cog

Aut ut apēs saltūsque suōs et olentia nactae / pāscua per flōrēs et thyma summa volant.

Or as the bees, when they have found plants to plunder of their honey, hover hither and thither among the thyme and the flowers.


simia

la-noun

sīmia f (genitive sīmiae); first declension

sīmia (canonical feminine)
sīmiae (genitive)
sīmia (nominative singular)
sīmiae (nominative plural)
sīmiae (genitive singular)
sīmiārum (genitive plural)
sīmiae (dative singular)
sīmiīs (dative plural)
sīmiābus (dative plural)
sīmiam (accusative singular)
sīmiās (accusative plural)
sīmiā (ablative singular)
sīmiīs (ablative plural)
sīmiābus (ablative plural)
sīmia (singular vocative)
sīmiae (plural vocative)

Catalan: xímia

→ English: simian

Italian: scimmia f

desc

Romansch: schimgia, schemia, schemgia, schiemgia

Old Spanish: ximia f

Spanish: jimia f

Portuguese: símia f

→ Romanian: simie f

Sicilian: scìmia f

Translingual: Simia

From sīmus (“snub-nosed”), ultimately from Ancient Greek σῑμός (sīmós, “snub-nosed”).

der

Attributed to Ennius by Cicero in De natura deorum, Book I, Chapter XXXV
Sīmia quam similis turpissima bēstia nōbīs!

The ape, most vile beast, how similar to us!

Sīmiārum quoque genera plūra. Hominis figūrae proxima caudīs inter se distinguntur. Mīra sollertia viscō inunguī laqueīsque calciārī imitātiōne vēnantium trādunt, Mūciānus et latrunculis lusisse, fictas cera nuces visu distinguere; lunam cavam triste esse quibus in eo genere cauda sit, novam exultatione adorari. nam defectum siderum et ceterae pavent quadripedes.
Simiarum generi praecipua erga fetum adfectio. gestant catulos quae mansuefactae intra domos peperere, omnibus demonstrant tractarique gaudent, gratulationem intellegentibus similes, itaque magna ex parte conplectendo necant. efferatior cynocephalis natura sicut satyris. callitriches toto paene aspectu differunt; barba est in facie, cauda late fusa primori parte. hoc animal negatur vivere in alio quam Aethiopiae quo gignitur caelo.
1855 translation by John Bostock

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 8.215–216

The different kinds of apes, which approach the nearest to the human figure, are distinguished from each other by the tail. Their shrewdness is quite wonderful. It is said that, imitating the hunters, they will besmear themselves with bird-lime, and put their feet into the shoes, which, as so many snares, have been prepared for them. Mucianus says, that they have even played at chess, having, by practice, learned to distinguish the different pieces, which are made of wax. He says that the species which have tails become quite melancholy when the moon is on the wane, and that they leap for joy at the time of the new moon, and adore it. Other quadrupeds also are terrified at the eclipses of the heavenly bodies. All the species of apes manifest remarkable affection for their offspring. Females, which have been domesticated, and have had young ones, carry them about and shew them to all comers, shew great delight when they are caressed, and appear to understand the kindness thus shewn them. Hence it is, that they very often stifle their young with their embraces. The dog's-headed ape is of a much fiercer nature, as is the case with the satyr. The callitriche has almost a totally different aspect; it has a beard on the face, and a tail, which in the first part of it is very bushy. It is said that this animal cannot live except in the climate of Æthiopia, which is its native place.


formica

la-noun

formīca f (genitive formīcae); first declension

formīca (canonical feminine)
formīcae (genitive)
formīca (nominative singular)
formīcae (nominative plural)
formīcae (genitive singular)
formīcārum (genitive plural)
formīcae (dative singular)
formīcīs (dative plural)
formīcam (accusative singular)
formīcās (accusative plural)
formīcā (ablative singular)
formīcīs (ablative plural)
formīca (singular vocative)
formīcae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: furnicã, furnigã, furigã, furicã, sfãrnicã, sfãrnigã

Istro-Romanian: frunigĕ

Megleno-Romanian: furnigă

Romanian: furnică

Dalmatian:

formaica

Istriot:

furmeîga

Italo-Romance:

Italian: formica

Sicilian: furmicula

North-Italian:

Friulian: furmie

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: furmiga, formiga, furmigra, formigla, fermigra

Ligurian: formîgoa, fromîgoa, fuimîa

Lombard: formiga, furmiga, formea

Piedmontese: furmija, furmìa, formija, formìa, fermìa

Romansch: furmicla

Venetan: formìga

Gallo-Romance:

Bourguignon: fremi, formi, feurmi, fremin

Franco-Provençal: fromia

French: fourmi

Norman: frémille, fouormin

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: formiga, forniga

Gascon: hromiga, ahromiga, hormiga, hormic

Occitan: formiga

Limousin: fermic, furmic

Provençal: forniga

Vivaro-Alpine: formija, formiza, fremiza

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: fornica, forniga, formiga

Asturian: formiga

Mirandese: formiga

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: formiga
Fala: furniga, fulmiga, furmiga
Galician: formiga
Portuguese: formiga (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: hormiga

Sardinian:

formiga (Limba Sarda Comuna)

Borrowings:

→ English: formic

→ Translingual: Formica

From Proto-Italic *mormīkā, from Proto-Indo-European *morwi (a term with many deviating forms, probably taboo distortions, in various Indo-European languages). The irregular change of m- to f- can be explained by dissimilation of m- -m- to f- -m-. Cognate with Sanskrit वम्र (vamra), Ancient Greek μύρμηξ (múrmēx), Old Church Slavonic мравии (mravii), Polish mrówka, Old Irish moirb, Welsh myrion, Old Norse maurr, English mire, Albanian morr.

Ac velut ingentem formīcae farris acervum

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.402–403

And just as ants, when they plunder a big heap of grain — mindful of winter — and store it in their nest; ….

cum populant, hiemīs memorēs, tēctōque repōnunt; ….

vāde ad formīcam ō piger et cōnsīderā viās eius et disce sapientiam
Go to the ant, O sluggard, and consider her ways, and learn wisdom
(Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.; 1752 CE)


scorpius

la-noun

scorpius m (genitive scorpiī or scorpī); second declension

scorpiī (genitive)
scorpī (genitive)
scorpius (nominative singular)
scorpiī (nominative plural)
scorpiī (genitive singular)
scorpī (genitive singular)
scorpiōrum (genitive plural)
scorpiō (dative singular)
scorpiīs (dative plural)
scorpium (accusative singular)
scorpiōs (accusative plural)
scorpiō (ablative singular)
scorpiīs (ablative plural)
scorpie (singular vocative)
scorpiī (plural vocative)

See scorpiō


piscis

piscis m (genitive piscis); third declension

piscis (genitive)
piscis (nominative singular)
piscēs (nominative plural)
piscis (genitive singular)
piscium (genitive plural)
piscī (dative singular)
piscibus (dative plural)
piscem (accusative singular)
piscēs (accusative plural)
piscīs (accusative plural)
pisce (ablative singular)
piscibus (ablative plural)
piscis (singular vocative)
piscēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: pex

Aromanian: peashti, peashte, peshti

Catalan: peix

Corsican: pesciu

Dalmatian: pasc, pask

Friulian: pes

Istriot: piso

Istro-Romanian: peșt

Italian: pesce

Ladin: pësc

Ligurian: péscio

Lombard: pès

Megleno-Romanian: peaști

Neapolitan: pesce

Occitan: peis

desc

Old French: poisson, peison, peisoun, peisun, peisson, peissoun, peissun, pescion, poissoun (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: peixe, pexe, peyxe
Galician: peixe
Portuguese: peixe (see there for further descendants)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: pexe

Extremaduran: peci

Leonese: peixe

Mirandese: peç

Old Spanish: pez
Spanish: pez

Piedmontese: pess

Romagnol: pèṣ

Romanian: pește

desc

Romansch: pèsch, pesch (Rumantsch Grischun, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Puter, Vallader), pestg (Sutsilvan)

Sardinian: pisci (Campidanese), pische (Logudorese, Nuorese)

Sicilian: pisci

Venetan: pése, pésse, pisse

→ Albanian: peshk

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pɨsk (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *piskis, from Proto-Indo-European *péysks. Cognates include Old Irish íasc, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks) and Old English fisċ (English fish).

etymon

Piscis

Piscis Austrinus (constellation); the Fish

*porcopiscis

(i.e., porcus + piscis) pig-fish, porpoise


aries

la-noun

ariēs m (genitive arietis); third declension

ariēs (canonical masculine)
arietis (genitive)
ariēs (nominative singular)
arietēs (nominative plural)
arietis (genitive singular)
arietum (genitive plural)
arietī (dative singular)
arietibus (dative plural)
arietem (accusative singular)
arietēs (accusative plural)
ariete (ablative singular)
arietibus (ablative plural)
ariēs (singular vocative)
arietēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: areati

Champenois: aroi

Corsican: arghjetu

Franco-Provençal: arêt

Istro-Romanian: arete

Ligurian: ajou (Genoan)

Megleno-Romanian: ăreati, ręti

Romanian: arete

→ Catalan: ariet

→ English: Aries

→ Italian: ariete

→ Portuguese: aríete

→ Spanish: ariete

From Proto-Italic *arjēts, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r-i-(e)t- (“certain domestic animal”). Cognate with Old Irish heirp (“kid”), erb, Ancient Greek ἔριφος (ériphos).

der

cum mare trux ariēs cornū dēcertat; at īdem

With [another] male, the fierce ram fights it out with his horn, but the same
[ram] is careful to spare the forehead of a beloved ewe.


regulus

la-noun

rēgulus m (genitive rēgulī); second declension

rēgulus (canonical masculine)
rēgulī (genitive)
of rēx (diminutive)
rēgulus (nominative singular)
rēgulī (nominative plural)
rēgulī (genitive singular)
rēgulōrum (genitive plural)
rēgulō (dative singular)
rēgulīs (dative plural)
rēgulum (accusative singular)
rēgulōs (accusative plural)
rēgulō (ablative singular)
rēgulīs (ablative plural)
rēgule (singular vocative)
rēgulī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Regulus

→ Italian: regolo

→ Spanish: régulo

[ˈreːɡʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *rēgelos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵelós. Equivalent to rēx (“king”) + -ulus (diminutive suffix).


beber

la-noun

beber m (genitive bebrī); second declension

bebrī (genitive)
beber (nominative singular)
bebrī (nominative plural)
bebrī (genitive singular)
bebrōrum (genitive plural)
bebrō (dative singular)
bebrīs (dative plural)
bebrum (accusative singular)
bebrōs (accusative plural)
bebrō (ablative singular)
bebrīs (ablative plural)
beber (singular vocative)
bebrī (plural vocative)

desctree

Old French: bievre, bevre, bevere, bever
Middle French: bievre
French: bièvre (archaic or dialectal)

Friulian: bivar

Italian: bevero

Galician: befre

Old Spanish: befre

Borrowing from a Germanic or Celtic language, both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus (whence Latin fiber).


ros

la-noun

rōs m (genitive rōris); third declension

rōs (canonical masculine)
rōris (genitive)
rōs (nominative singular)
rōrēs (nominative plural)
rōris (genitive singular)
rōrum (genitive plural)
rōrī (dative singular)
rōribus (dative plural)
rōrem (accusative singular)
rōrēs (accusative plural)
rōre (ablative singular)
rōribus (ablative plural)
rōs (singular vocative)
rōrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aroauã

Romanian: rouă

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ros

→ Sardinian: arròsu

Occitan: ròs, arròs

Vulgar Latin:

⇒ *rōsāta (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: rore ⇒ rory

→ Middle French: rore

⇒ French: rorique

Esperanto: roso

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roseh₂ (“dew”), itself possibly a derivative of *h₁ers- (“to flow”). Cognate with Sanskrit रसा (rásā, “moisture, humidity”), Ancient Greek ἐξεράω (exeráō, “pour out”), Lithuanian rasà (“dew”), Serbo-Croatian rosa /роса (“dew”).

cog

690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6

Cytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to furzes and rosemary.

Citisum genus arboris quasi catanum erba odoribera uergilius et uix humiles apibus casias rorem que

Salvia rosmarinus
Salvia rosmarinus#Translingual

Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosmarinus officinalis#Translingual

rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)


rana

la-noun

rāna f (genitive rānae); first declension

rāna (canonical feminine)
rānae (genitive)
rāna (nominative singular)
rānae (nominative plural)
rānae (genitive singular)
rānārum (genitive plural)
rānae (dative singular)
rānīs (dative plural)
rānam (accusative singular)
rānās (accusative plural)
rānā (ablative singular)
rānīs (ablative plural)
rāna (singular vocative)
rānae (plural vocative)

Asturian: rana

Franco-Provençal: râna

French: raine (obsolete)

Italian: rana

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: rãa
Galician: ra, ran
Portuguese: rã

Romansch: rauna

Spanish: rana

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rānucula (see there for further descendants)

→ Hawaiian: lana


vespertilio

la-noun

vespertīliō m (genitive vespertīliōnis); third declension

vespertīliō (canonical masculine)
vespertīliōnis (genitive)
vespertīliō (nominative singular)
vespertīliōnēs (nominative plural)
vespertīliōnis (genitive singular)
vespertīliōnum (genitive plural)
vespertīliōnī (dative singular)
vespertīliōnibus (dative plural)
vespertīliōnem (accusative singular)
vespertīliōnēs (accusative plural)
vespertīliōne (ablative singular)
vespertīliōnibus (ablative plural)
vespertīliō (singular vocative)
vespertīliōnēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: sportiglione

Ibero-Romance: (both via the nominative?)

Asturian: esperteyu

Galician: espertello

Borrowings:

desc

→ Middle French: vespertille, vespertilion

→ Translingual: Vespertilio


camelus

la-noun

camēlus m (genitive camēlī, feminine camēla); second declension

camēlus (canonical masculine)
camēlī (genitive)
camēla (feminine)
camēlus (nominative singular)
camēlī (nominative plural)
camēlī (genitive singular)
camēlōrum (genitive plural)
camēlō (dative singular)
camēlīs (dative plural)
camēlum (accusative singular)
camēlōs (accusative plural)
camēlō (ablative singular)
camēlīs (ablative plural)
camēle (singular vocative)
camēlī (plural vocative)

Asturian: camellu

Corsican: camellu

Italian: cammello

Ladin: camel

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: camello

Old French: chamel, cameil, camuel

Middle French: chameau

French: chameau

Haitian Creole: chamo

Volapük: jamod

Norman: chanmeau

Walloon: chamo

Anglo-Norman: camel

→ Middle English: camel, camell

English: camel

→ Coeur d'Alene: keemel

→ Old Irish: camall

Irish: camall

Scottish Gaelic: càmhal

Old Ligurian: gameo

Old Occitan:

Catalan: camell

Occitan: camèl

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: camelo
Galician: camelo
Portuguese: camelo (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: camello

Ladino: gameyo (Latin spelling)

Spanish: camello

→ Bikol Central: kamelyo

→ Tagalog: kamelyo

Sardinian: camellu

Sicilian: jamiḍḍu, gamiḍḍu

Venetan: camèło

→ Middle Dutch: kemel, cameel

Dutch: kameel, kemel

Afrikaans: kameel

English: camel (South Africa)

→ Old Norse: kamell

Danish: kamel

Faroese: kamelur

Norwegian:

Bokmål: kamel

Nynorsk: kamel

Swedish: kamel

[käˈmeːɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek κάμηλος (kámēlos, “camel”), from a Semitic language; compare Arabic جَمَل (jamal) and Hebrew גָּמָל (gamál).


rosa

la-noun

rosa f (genitive rosae); first declension

rosae (genitive)
rosa (nominative singular)
rosae (nominative plural)
rosae (genitive singular)
rosārum (genitive plural)
rosae (dative singular)
rosīs (dative plural)
rosam (accusative singular)
rosās (accusative plural)
rosā (ablative singular)
rosīs (ablative plural)
rosa (singular vocative)
rosae (plural vocative)

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: róśa

Ligurian: rêuza

Lombard: ròsa, rösa, ròs, roeusa

Piedmontese: reusa

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: ruosa

Istriot: roza

Italian: rosa

Sicilian: rosa

→ Maltese: roża

Old Occitan:

Catalan: rosa

Occitan: ròsa

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: rose

Romansch: rosa, rösa (Puter, Vallader)

Sardinian: rosa, arrosa

Venetan: ròxa

West Iberian

Aragonese: rosa

Asturian: rosa

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: rosa
Galician: rosa
Portuguese: rosa (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rosa (semi-learned)

Spanish: rosa (see there for further descendants)

Ladino: roza / רוזה

Borrowings

→ Basque: arrosa

→ Old French: rose
Middle French: rose
French: rose (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Dutch: rose
Dutch: rose
Norman: rose
Picard: rose
Walloon: rôze

→ German: rosa (“pink”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *rōsā (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: rózsa

→ Middle Irish: rós (see there for further descendants)

→ Luxembourgish: rosa

→ Romanian: roză

→ Old Church Slavonic: рожа (roža)

→ Belarusian: ружа (ruža)

→ Bulgarian: роза (roza)

→ Czech: růže

→ Macedonian: роза (roza)

→ Polish: róża

→ Russian: ро́за (róza) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ruža / ружа

→ Slovak: ruža

→ Slovene: roža

→ Upper Sorbian: róža

→ Ukrainian: роза (roza)

→ Breton: roz

→ Cornish: ros

→ Dutch: roze

→ North Frisian: ruus

→ West Frisian: rôze

→ Ladino: roz

→ Lingala: roze

→ Lithuanian: rožė

→ Malay: ros

→ Northern Sami: ruvsu

→ Polish: róż

→ Rwanda-Rundi: iroza

→ Samogitian: ruožė

→ Silesian: rołza

→ Tongan: lose

→ Veps: ruza

→ Voro: roosa

→ Welsh: rhos

Probably derived from a variant of Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), but some of the details remain mysterious. Possibly via another Italic language like Oscan, or alternatively via the Aeolic version of ῥοδέᾱ (rhodéā, “rose-bush”) which would have been *ῥοζά (*rhozá).

Proderit et tunsum gallae admiscere saporem / arentesque rosas […]

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics 4.267

It's good too to blend a taste of pounded oak-apples / and dry rose leaves […]

Inde etiam rosas effert, umbrarumque frigus non ingrato sole distinguit. Finito vario illo multiplicique curvamine recto limiti redditur nec huic uni, nam viae plures intercedentibus buxis dividuntur.

61 CE – c. 112 CE, Pliny the Younger, Epistulae 5

Farther on, there are roses too along the path, and the cool shade is pleasantly alternated with sunshine. Having passed through these manifold winding alleys, the path resumes a straight course, and at the same time divides into several tracks, separated by box hedges.
Even roses grow there, and the warmth of the sun is delightful as a change from the cool of the shade. When you come to the end of these various winding alleys, the boundary again runs straight, or should I say boundaries, for there are a number of paths with box shrubs between them.

Mea rosa.

Rosa!

Tu mihi rosa es.

(transferred sense, endearment) dear, rose, sweetheart, love; a word of endearment

transferred sense; endearment; transferred sense; endearment


cuniculus

la-noun

cunī̆culus m (genitive cunī̆culī); second declension

cunī̆culus (canonical masculine)
cunī̆culī (genitive)
cunīculus (nominative singular)
cunīculī (nominative plural)
cunīculī (genitive singular)
cunīculōrum (genitive plural)
cunīculō (dative singular)
cunīculīs (dative plural)
cunīculum (accusative singular)
cunīculōs (accusative plural)
cunīculō (ablative singular)
cunīculīs (ablative plural)
cunīcule (singular vocative)
cunīculī (plural vocative)

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: cunili, cunij, cunej, cunì ⇒ cunin, cunen

Lombard: conì, conili, conécc, cómic

Piedmontese: cunij, cunì, cunèj, cunicc ⇒ conin

→ Corsican: cunigliu

desctree

→ Italian: coniglio
→ Greek: κουνέλι (kounéli)
→ Sardinian: conigliu

→ Sicilian: cunigghiu, cunigliu

Friulian: cunin

Romansch: cunigl

Venetan: cunicio
→ Ladin: cunicio
→ Serbo-Croatian: kunić

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: conill
→ Sardinian: conigliu

Old French: connil (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: conilh

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: coniello

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: coneyu

Leonese: cuneyu

Mirandese: coneilho

Old Galician-Portuguese: cõelho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: conejo

Ladino: konejo

Spanish: conejo (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings

→ Ancient Greek: κύνικλος (kúniklos), κούνικλος (koúniklos), κόνικλος (kóniklos)
⇒ Greek: κονικλοτροφείο (koniklotrofeío)

→ Arabic:

desc

Moroccan Arabic: قنية (qniyya), قلينة (qlayna)

→ English: cuniculus

→ Esperanto: kuniklo

Ido: kuniklo

→ Italian: cunicolo

→ Middle High German: küniklīn, künglīn (partial calque)

Czech: králík

Lower Sorbian: kralik

Polish: królik (see there for further descendants)

Slovak: králik

→ Old Breton: [Term?]

Middle Breton: conicl, conniffl

Breton: konikl, konifl

→ Portuguese: cunículo

[kʊˈniːkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

[kʊˈnɪkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

Perhaps some Iberian or Celtiberian word + the Latin diminutive -ulus or -culus. Compare Basque untxi (“rabbit”), Mozarabic conchair (“greyhound”). Attested from Varro onward.


lingua

la-noun

lingua f (genitive linguae); first declension

linguae (genitive)
lingua (nominative singular)
linguae (nominative plural)
linguae (genitive singular)
linguārum (genitive plural)
linguae (dative singular)
linguīs (dative plural)
linguam (accusative singular)
linguās (accusative plural)
linguā (ablative singular)
linguīs (ablative plural)
lingua (singular vocative)
linguae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: limbã

Istro-Romanian: limbĕ

Megleno-Romanian: limbă

Romanian: limbă

Dalmatian:

langa, luanga

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: lingua

desctree

Italian: lingua
→ Greek: λίγκα (lígka)
→ Maltese: lingwa
→? Sabir: lingua

⇒ Italian: linguine (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: lengua, lenga

Sicilian: lingua

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: längua

Ligurian: lengua

Lombard: lengua

Piedmontese: lenga

Romagnol: lèngva

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: lenghe

Ladin: lënga

desc

Romansch: lieunga, lengua, glianga, laungia, leua

Istriot: lèngua, lengua, laèngua

Venetan: łéngua, łéngoa, léngoa, lengoa, léngua

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: lengoua

desctree

Old French: langue, lingue, lengue
Middle French: langue
French: langue (see there for further descendants)
Champenois: laingue
Franc-Comtois: landye
Norman: laungue
Picard: lingue
Poitevin-Saintongeais: lengue
Walloon: linwe

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: lengua

Catalan: llengua

Old Occitan: lengua, lenga
Occitan: lenga
Gascon: lengua
Limousin: linga
Provençal: lengo, lenguo

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: luenga (with metathesis of /w/)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: llingua, llengua, lluengua (Eastern Asturias), ḷḷingua, ḷḷuinga (Ayer), chingua (Valdés), chengua (Valdés), yuönga (Cabrales)

Extremaduran: luenga

Leonese: llingua

Mirandese: lhéngua

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: lingua, lengua, lingoa, lengoa
Fala: lengua
Galician: lingua
Portuguese: língua (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: lengua

Ladino: לינגוה / lengua, lingua

Spanish: lengua
Chavacano: lengua
Papiamentu: lenga

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: limba (Logudorese), lingua (Campidanese)

Borrowings:

→ English: lingua

→ Esperanto: lingvo

From older dingua (attested as a rare word in Gaius Marius Victorinus), from Proto-Italic *denɣwā, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. The change of d- to l- is variously explained by a borrowing from another Italic language with such a shift and/or by a folk-etymological association with the verb lingō (“to lick”); compare Old Armenian լեզու (lezu) and Lithuanian liežùvis for the latter process. Other cognates include German Zunge and English tongue.

Lingua herba nascitur circa fontes.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 24.170

The plant called "tongue" grows around springs.

(transferred sense)
tongue-shaped things:
Ranunculus lingua (a flowering plant)


bos

la-noun

bōs m or f (irregular, genitive bovis); third declension

bōs (canonical feminine masculine)
bovis (genitive)
bōs (nominative singular)
bovēs (nominative plural)
bovis (genitive singular)
boum (genitive plural)
bovum (genitive plural)
boverum (genitive plural)
bovī (dative singular)
bōbus (dative plural)
būbus (dative plural)
bovibus (dative plural)
bovem (accusative singular)
bovēs (accusative plural)
bove (ablative singular)
bovīd (ablative singular)
bōbus (ablative plural)
būbus (ablative plural)
bovibus (ablative plural)
bōs (singular vocative)
bovēs (plural vocative)

Balkan-Romance:

Aromanian: bou

Megleno-Romanian: bou

Romanian: bou

Dalmatian:

bu

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: boiu

Italian: bove, bue

Sicilian: voi

Padanian:

Emilian: beu, bò

Friulian: bo

Ligurian: beu

Lombard: beu, bò, (alpine) beuiv

Piedmontese: beu, bò

Romagnol: bò, bo

Romansch: bov

Venetan: bo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Bourguignon: beu

Franco-Provençal: bôf

Bressan: bœuf

Savoyard: buef

Old French: buef

French: bœuf

→ English: beef

→ Portuguese: bife

→ Spanish: bife

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: bue, uei, buei

Catalan: bou

desctree

Old Occitan: bou, bueu
Auvergnat: beu, bueu
Gascon: buèu, bueu, beu, bieu, büu
Languedocien: buòu, biòu
Provençal: buou, bou
Vivaro-Alpine: buou

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: buee

Asturian: bue, güe, buoi, buei, güei

Leonese: bué, boi, buei, güé, güei

Mirandese: bui

Old Galician-Portuguese: boi
Fala: boi
Galician: boi
Portuguese: boi

Old Spanish: buey
Ladino: buey
Spanish: buey

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: boe, foe, voe (Logudorese-Nuorese), boi (Campidanese), boi, boe (Logudorese-Nuorese) (Campidanese)

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: bovo

Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.
Most likely a borrowing from Sabellic (Oscan-Umbrian), attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash: with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.

Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.

The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.

head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)


cancer

la-noun

cancer m (genitive cancrī); second declension

cancrī (genitive)
cancer (nominative singular)
cancrī (nominative plural)
cancrī (genitive singular)
cancrōrum (genitive plural)
cancrō (dative singular)
cancrīs (dative plural)
cancrum (accusative singular)
cancrōs (accusative plural)
cancrō (ablative singular)
cancrīs (ablative plural)
cancer (singular vocative)
cancrī (plural vocative)

desc

Asturian: cáncanu, cancru, cangru (“crab louse”)

→ Old English: cancer

Middle English: canker

English: canker

→ Irish: cancar

→ Welsh: cancr

Old French: chancre

desctree

Middle French: chancre
French: chancre
→ English: chancre
Norman: chancre

Walloon: crantche

Friulian: cancar (from a dialectal variant *cáncaro),
 granç (via Late Latin cancrus)

desc

Galician: cáncaro, cángaro, cancro, cangrio

→ Middle Irish: cainncer

q

Italian: granchio (via metathesis of Late Latin cancrulus > *cranclus)

Old Occitan:

Catalan: cranc, carranc

Occitan: cranc

Portuguese: carango (“crab louse”)

Sicilian: garanciu

→ Maltese: granċ

Old Spanish: cangro

desctree

⇒ Spanish: cangrejo
→ Asturian: cangrexu
→ Galician: cangrexo, caranguexo
→ Portuguese: caranguejo

Venetan: cancaro (from a dialectal variant *cáncaro), granso (via Late Latin cancrus)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *krank

Asturian: cáncer

Catalan: càncer

English: cancer

French: cancer
→ Romanian: cancer
→ Turkish: kanser
, cancre

Middle Dutch: canker

Dutch: kanker
Afrikaans: kanker
→ Caribbean Javanese: kangker
→ Indonesian: kanker
→ Minangkabau: kangker
→ Papiamentu: kanker

Italian: cancro

Norman: cancèr

Occitan: càncer

Portuguese: cancro, câncer

Spanish: cáncer, cancro

Walloon: cancer

From Proto-Italic *kankros, dissimilation of Proto-Italic *karkros (“enclosure”) (because the pincers of a crab form a circle), from Proto-Indo-European *kr-kr- (“circular”), reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”) in the sense of "enclosure", and as such a doublet of carcer. Cognate with curvus. The medical sense, found in Celsus, seems likely to be a calque of Ancient Greek καρκίνος (karkínos, “crab; ulcer; cancer”), which is possibly cognate.


mulus

la-noun

mūlus m (genitive mūlī); second declension

mūlus (canonical masculine)
mūlī (genitive)
mūlus (nominative singular)
mūlī (nominative plural)
mūlī (genitive singular)
mūlōrum (genitive plural)
mūlō (dative singular)
mūlīs (dative plural)
mūlum (accusative singular)
mūlōs (accusative plural)
mūlō (ablative singular)
mūlīs (ablative plural)
mūle (singular vocative)
mūlī (plural vocative)

Catalan: mul

Franco-Provençal: mul (archaic)

Italian: mulo

Occitan: mul

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: muu
Fala: mú
Portuguese: mu

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: mulo
Galician: mulo
Portuguese: mulo

Romanian: mul

Sicilian: mulu

Spanish: mulo

→ Albanian: mulë

→ Proto-Brythonic: *mʉl

Middle Welsh: mul

Welsh: mul

→ Esperanto: mulo

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mūl (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *mulъ

Czech: mula

Lower Sorbian: mul

Polish: muł

Russian: мул (mul)

Serbo-Croatian: mȕla

Proto-Italic *mukslos, *musk-, *muks-, probably from a pre-Latin Mediterranean/Near Eastern substrate language, likely cognate with Ancient Greek μυχλός (mukhlós), μύκλος (múklos), μύκλα (múkla), Albanian mushk (“mule”) and Old East Slavic мъскъ (mŭskŭ).