batis

la-noun

batis f (genitive batis); third declension

batis (genitive)
batis (nominative singular)
batēs (nominative plural)
batis (genitive singular)
batium (genitive plural)
batī (dative singular)
batibus (dative plural)
batem (accusative singular)
batēs (accusative plural)
batīs (accusative plural)
bate (ablative singular)
batibus (ablative plural)
batis (singular vocative)
batēs (plural vocative)


baca

bāca f (genitive bācae); first declension

bāca (canonical feminine)
bācae (genitive)
bāca (nominative singular)
bācae (nominative plural)
bācae (genitive singular)
bācārum (genitive plural)
bācae (dative singular)
bācīs (dative plural)
bācam (accusative singular)
bācās (accusative plural)
bācā (ablative singular)
bācīs (ablative plural)
bāca (singular vocative)
bācae (plural vocative)

Italian: bacca

→ Romanian: bacă

Old French: baie

French: baie

→ Catalan: baia

→ Middle English: baye, baie

English: bay (leaf)

→ Middle Dutch: baye

Dutch: bei

→ Italian: baia

→ Spanish: baya

West Iberian

Asturian: baga

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: baga

Portuguese: baga

Spanish: baca

Unknown. Possibly:
* If from Proto-Indo-European, it may be connected to Lithuanian bapkas (“berry, laurel”), which renders a sound-symbolic root *bab- (“to be round; small fruit”), evolving into *bab-ca and finally bā̆(c)ca (with compensatory lengthening or gemination). This etymology suffers from phonological problems as well as the paucity of cognates, but for the alternation compare the pairs cippus : cīpus and littera : lītera.
* Somehow related to Ancient Greek Βάκχος (Bákkhos, “Bacchus; twig used as a symbol of Bacchus?”), which cannot be inherited and may be Pre-Greek or Anatolian in origin.
* More likely, from a local substrate source perhaps shared with Proto-Berber *bqā (“blackberry, mulberry, shrub berry”).

cog

Et hāctenus sint speciēs ac genera pōmōrum: nātūrās artius colligī pār est. alia siliquīs distinguntur, ipsīs dulcibus sēmenque conplexīs amārum, cum in plūribus sēmina placeant, in siliquā damnentur; alia bācīs, quārum intus lignum et extrā carō, ut olīvīs, cerasīs; aliquōrum intus bācae, forīs lignum, ut iīs quae in Aegyptō dīximus gignī. quae bācīs nātūra, eadem et pōmīs.

23 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 16.219

various small fruit of trees and shrubs: a berry, stone fruit (including olives, cherries)


vipera

la-noun

vīpera f (genitive vīperae); first declension

vīpera (canonical feminine)
vīperae (genitive)
vīpera (nominative singular)
vīperae (nominative plural)
vīperae (genitive singular)
vīperārum (genitive plural)
vīperae (dative singular)
vīperīs (dative plural)
vīperam (accusative singular)
vīperās (accusative plural)
vīperā (ablative singular)
vīperīs (ablative plural)
vīpera (singular vocative)
vīperae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: vipirã

Asturian: víbora

Catalan: vibra, víbria

Franco-Provençal: vipèra

Friulian: lipare, vipare

Galician: víbora

Istriot: beîpara

Italian: vipera

→ Middle English: vipera

→ Middle High German: viper

German: Viper

Occitan: vipèra

Old French: guivre, wivre

French: vouivre

→ English: weever

Old Northern French: wivre

→ Middle English: wyver, wyvere

English: wyvern

→ Irish: vuibhearn

→ Spanish: guiverno

→ Old French: vipre

Middle French: vipere

→ English: viper

French: vipère

Portuguese: víbora

Romanian: viperă

Sicilian: lìpira, vìpira

Sardinian: pìbera, pìbara, pìpera

Spanish: víbora

Translingual: Vipera

Venetan: vìpera, vìpara, lìpera

→ Welsh: gwiber

Possibly from vivus-pario, "one that gives live young". If this is true, doublet of vīvipara.


cetus

cētus m (genitive cētī); second declension

cētus (canonical masculine)
cētī (genitive)
cētus (nominative singular)
cētī (nominative plural)
cētī (genitive singular)
cētōrum (genitive plural)
cētō (dative singular)
cētīs (dative plural)
cētum (accusative singular)
cētōs (accusative plural)
cētō (ablative singular)
cētīs (ablative plural)
cēte (singular vocative)
cētī (plural vocative)

[ˈt͡ʃɛːt̪us]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κῆτος (kêtos, “any sea-monster or huge fish”).

bor

Any large sea-animal, such as a whale, shark, seal, dogfish, dolphin, or tuna, or a sea monster.


faba

la-noun

faba f (genitive fabae); first declension

fabae (genitive)
faba (nominative singular)
fabae (nominative plural)
fabae (genitive singular)
fabārum (genitive plural)
fabae (dative singular)
fabīs (dative plural)
fabam (accusative singular)
fabās (accusative plural)
fabā (ablative singular)
fabīs (ablative plural)
faba (singular vocative)
fabae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: fauã, favã

Asturian: faba

Catalan: fava

Dalmatian: fua

Esperanto: fabo

Franc-Comtois: fave

French: fève

Friulian: fave

Galician: faba

Italian: fava

→ English: fava

→ Kabyle: ibawen

→ Moroccan Amazigh: ⵉⴱⴰⵡⵏ (ibawn)

Occitan: fava

Portuguese: fava

Romansch: fava, feva

Sardinian: faa, faba, fae, fava

Sicilian: fava, fafa

Spanish: haba

→ Mezquital Otomi: aba

Translingual: Faba

Venetan: fava

→ Welsh: ffa

From Proto-Italic *fabā (“bean”). Akin to Proto-Slavic *bobъ, Ancient Greek φακός (phakós) and Proto-Germanic *baunō, ultimately likely from a European substrate.

Pinguia cūr illīs gustentur lārda Kalendīs,

Why is it that bacon fats are to be eaten on the Kalends,
and [these] having been mixed with hot bean[s] [and] far, you ask?

mixtaque cum calidō sit faba farre, rogās?


draco

dracō m (genitive dracōnis); third declension

dracō (canonical masculine)
dracōnis (genitive)
dracō (nominative singular)
dracōnēs (nominative plural)
dracōnis (genitive singular)
dracōnum (genitive plural)
dracōnī (dative singular)
dracōnibus (dative plural)
dracōnem (accusative singular)
dracōnēs (accusative plural)
dracōne (ablative singular)
dracōnibus (ablative plural)
dracō (singular vocative)
dracōnēs (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: drac, dracu, dãrac, darac

Megleno-Romanian: drac

Romanian: drac

Italian: drago, dragone

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: dragón

Neapolitan: draone

desctree

→ Old French: dragon, dragun (Anglo-Norman)
Middle French: dracon
French: dragon (see there for further descendants)
Norman: dragon
→ Middle English: dragoun, dragon, dragoune, dragun
English: dragon (see there for further descendants)
Scots: draigon
→ Old Irish: dragán
Irish: dragan
Manx: dragan

Old Leonese:

Asturian: dragu, dragón

Old Occitan:

Catalan: drac, dragó

Occitan: drac, dragon

→ French: drac

Old Galician-Portuguese: dragon

Galician: dragón

Portuguese: drago, dragão

Old Spanish: dragon
Spanish: drago, dragón (see there for further descendants)

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: drâc, dragon

Romansch: dragun

Sardinian: dragone

Sicilian: dragu

→ Maltese: dragun

Venetan: dragon

Vulgar Latin: *dragōnis

→ Proto-Albanian: *dragɔ̄n

Albanian: dragua

→ Albanian: *drak

Albanian: dreq

→ Cornish: dragon

→ Estonian: draakon

→ Proto-West Germanic: *drakō (see there for further descendants)

→ Latvian: drakons

→ Lithuanian: drakonas

→ Welsh: draig

→ Yiddish: דראַקאָן (drakon)

From Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn, “serpent, dragon”).

der

The standard of a Roman cohort, shaped like an Egyptian crocodile ('dragon') head.


achaemenis

la-noun

achaemenis f (genitive achaemenidis); third declension

achaemenidis (genitive)
achaemenis (nominative singular)
achaemenidēs (nominative plural)
achaemenidis (genitive singular)
achaemenidum (genitive plural)
achaemenidī (dative singular)
achaemenidibus (dative plural)
achaemenidem (accusative singular)
achaemenidēs (accusative plural)
achaemenide (ablative singular)
achaemenidibus (ablative plural)
achaemenis (singular vocative)
achaemenidēs (plural vocative)

[äˈkʰäe̯mɛnɪs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀχαιμενίς (akhaimenís), according to Beekes ultimately from Ἀχαιμένης (Akhaiménēs, “founder of the Achaemenid dynasty”).

a plant alleged to have magical properties


catanance

catanancē f (genitive catanancēs); first declension

catanancē (canonical feminine)
catanancēs (genitive)
catanancē (nominative singular)
catanancae (nominative plural)
catanancēs (genitive singular)
catanancārum (genitive plural)
catanancae (dative singular)
catanancīs (dative plural)
catanancēn (accusative singular)
catanancās (accusative plural)
catanancē (ablative singular)
catanancīs (ablative plural)
catanancē (singular vocative)
catanancae (plural vocative)

[kät̪äˈnäŋkeː]

[kät̪äˈnän̠ʲt͡ʃe]

From Ancient Greek κατανάγκη (katanánkē).


mandragoras

mandragorās m (genitive mandragorae); first declension

mandragorās (canonical masculine)
mandragorae (genitive)
mandragorās (nominative singular)
mandragorae (nominative plural)
mandragorae (genitive singular)
mandragorārum (genitive plural)
mandragorae (dative singular)
mandragorīs (dative plural)
mandragorān (accusative singular)
mandragorās (accusative plural)
mandragorā (ablative singular)
mandragorīs (ablative plural)
mandragorā (singular vocative)
mandragorae (plural vocative)

→ French: mandragore

Italian: mandragora

→ Old English: mandragora

Middle English: mandragora

English: mandragora

⇒ Middle English: mandrake, mondrake

English: mandrake

Old French: mandegloire

→ Portuguese: mandrágora

→ Polish: mandragora

→ Serbo-Croatian: mandragora

→ Spanish: mandrágora

[män̪ˈd̪räɡɔräːs̠]

From Ancient Greek μανδραγόρας (mandragóras), probably from a non-Indo-European Pre-Greek/substrate. Or, possibly from Old Persian *merdum gija (“plant of humans”).


elephantus

la-noun

elephantus m (genitive elephantī); second declension

elephantī (genitive)
elephantus (nominative singular)
elephantī (nominative plural)
elephantī (genitive singular)
elephantōrum (genitive plural)
elephantō (dative singular)
elephantīs (dative plural)
elephantum (accusative singular)
elephantōs (accusative plural)
elephantō (ablative singular)
elephantīs (ablative plural)
elephante (singular vocative)
elephantī (plural vocative)

[ɛɫ̪ɛˈpʰän̪t̪ʊs̠]


agnus

agnus m (genitive agnī); second declension

agnī (genitive)
agnus (nominative singular)
agnī (nominative plural)
agnī (genitive singular)
agnōrum (genitive plural)
agnum (genitive plural)
agnō (dative singular)
agnīs (dative plural)
agnum (accusative singular)
agnōs (accusative plural)
agnō (ablative singular)
agnīs (ablative plural)
agne (singular vocative)
agnī (plural vocative)

Galician: año

Italian: agno

Neapolitan: àino

Old French: agne, aigne, ainne

Portuguese: anho

Sicilian: aiuno, avuno, amuno (Calabrian)

Catalan: anyell

From Proto-Italic *agʷnos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós (“lamb”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀμνός (amnós), Old Church Slavonic агнѧ (agnę), Old English ēanian (English yean), and Albanian enjë.

Agnus absque maculā.

Vīlla abundat porcō, haedō, agnō.

The farm abounds in pigs, young goats and lambs.

Ecce Agnus Deī.

a lamb, especially one used as a sacrifice


Agnus Dei

la-proper noun

Agnus Deī m sg (genitive Agnī Deī); second declension

Agnus Deī (canonical masculine singular)
Agnī Deī (genitive)
Agnus Deī (nominative singular)
Agnī Deī (genitive singular)
Agnō Deī (dative singular)
Agnum Deī (accusative singular)
Agnō Deī (ablative singular)
Agne Deī (singular vocative)

English: Agnus Dei

desc

Portuguese: Agnus Dei, agnus dei, Cordeiro de Deus (calque)

[ˈäŋnʊs̠ ˈd̪eiː]

[ˈäɲːus ˈd̪ɛːi]

Calque of Ancient Greek Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ (Amnòs toû Theoû). The name refers to Jesus' role as a sacrificial lamb that is (voluntarily) slaughtered on the Cross.

calque

Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ

Agnus Deī, quī tollis peccāta mundī...

Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world...

Literally, “Lamb of God”, a title applied by Christians to Jesus, whose death they equate with the offering of such animals for sacrifice at the temple in Jerusalem by those who have sinned, as described in the Hebrew scriptures.


stella

la-noun

stēlla f (genitive stēllae); first declension

stēlla (canonical feminine)
stēllae (genitive)
stēlla (nominative singular)
stēllae (nominative plural)
stēllae (genitive singular)
stēllārum (genitive plural)
stēllae (dative singular)
stēllīs (dative plural)
stēllam (accusative singular)
stēllās (accusative plural)
stēllā (ablative singular)
stēllīs (ablative plural)
stēlla (singular vocative)
stēllae (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: isteddu, steddu m

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: steauã

Istro-Romanian: ste

Megleno-Romanian: steau̯ă

Romanian: stea

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: stella, stedda, stidda

Gallurese: stedda, istella, stella

Sassarese: isthella, sthella

Dalmatian: stala, stalla

Istriot: stila

Italian: stella, Stella

→ Sardinian: istella, stella

Neapolitan: stella

desctree

Sicilian: stiḍḍa, stidda (eye dialect), steḍḍa, stella (misspelled and Italianized)
→ Italian: Stidda
→ Maltese: stilla

Venetan: steła

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: stele

Ladin: stëila, stëra

Romansch: staila, steila, stéla

q

many via <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">stēla</i>

Gallo-Italic: (many via stēla)

Emilian: strèla

Lombard: stela

Ligurian: stela

Piedmontese: stèila, steila

all via <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">stēla</i>

Gallo-Romance: (all via stēla)

Catalan: estela, estel

Franco-Provençal: ètêla

Old French: estoile (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: estela

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: estrela

Asturian: estrella

Extremaduran: estrella

Leonese: estrella

Mirandese: streilha

Old Galician-Portuguese: estrela (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: estrella

→ Danish: Stella

→ Dutch: Stella

→ English: stella, Stella

→ Esperanto: stelo
Ido: stelo

→ Faroese: Stella

→ German: Stella

→ Icelandic: Stella

→ Interlingua: stella

desctree

→ Old Occitan: stella
Occitan: estela, estiala
Occitan: Estela
→ French: Estelle

→ Spanish: Estela

→ Swedish: Stella

→ Volapük: stel

[ˈs̠t̪eːlːʲä]

From Proto-Italic *stērlā, diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.

stēla

late, attested in Anonymous Valesianus II

(literal) a star; (poetic) a constellation

a star; (poetic) a constellation
a wandering star, a planet


dorcas

la-noun

dorcas f (genitive dorcadis); third declension

dorcadis (genitive)
dorcas (nominative singular)
dorcadēs (nominative plural)
dorcadis (genitive singular)
dorcadum (genitive plural)
dorcadī (dative singular)
dorcadibus (dative plural)
dorcadem (accusative singular)
dorcadēs (accusative plural)
dorcade (ablative singular)
dorcadibus (ablative plural)
dorcas (singular vocative)
dorcadēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δορκάς (dorkás).


sphingion

sphingion n (genitive sphingiī); second declension

sphingiī (genitive)
sphingion (nominative singular)
sphingia (nominative plural)
sphingiī (genitive singular)
sphingiōrum (genitive plural)
sphingiō (dative singular)
sphingiīs (dative plural)
sphingion (accusative singular)
sphingia (accusative plural)
sphingiō (ablative singular)
sphingiīs (ablative plural)
sphingion (singular vocative)
sphingia (plural vocative)

[ˈs̠pʰɪŋɡiɔn]

From Ancient Greek σφιγγίον (sphingíon).


corvus

corvus m (genitive corvī); second declension

corvī (genitive)
corvus (nominative singular)
corvī (nominative plural)
corvī (genitive singular)
corvōrum (genitive plural)
corvō (dative singular)
corvīs (dative plural)
corvum (accusative singular)
corvōs (accusative plural)
corvō (ablative singular)
corvīs (ablative plural)
corve (singular vocative)
corvī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

→ Albanian: korb

Aromanian: corbu

Istro-Romanian: corb

Megleno-Romanian: corb, cuărb

Romanian: corb

Italo-Romance:

Italian: corvo

Sicilian: corvu, corbu

Venetan: corvo, corf

Sardinian:

desc

Sardinian: colbu, crobu, colvu, corbu, corvu

Rhaeto-Romance:

⇒ Friulian: corvat

Ladin: corf

Romansch: corv

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: corb

Old French: corf, corb, corp, crop

Old Occitan:

Occitan: còrb

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: cuervu, cuorvu, cuirvu

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: corvo
Fala: colvu, corvu
Galician: corvo
Portuguese: corvo

Spanish: cuervo

⇒ Late Latin: corbellus, corvellus

Old French: corbel
Middle French: corbeau m
French: corbeau m
→ English: corbeau
→ English: corbie
→ Scots: corbie
→ Middle English: corbel
English: corbel

→ Esperanto: korvo

→ English: corvus (learned)

→ Translingual: Corvus

From Proto-Italic *korwos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorh₂wós, from a root *ḱorh₂- (“crow, raven”), imitative of harsh sounds; see cornīx (“crow”) for more. The word has been decomposed as from *ḱer- (compare Latin crepō (“I creak, crack”), Sanskrit कृपते (kṛ́pate, “he laments, implores”)) + *-wós (whence Latin -vus).

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

A raven; a bird associated with prophecy and sacred to Apollo.


aegis

la-noun

aegis f (genitive aegidos or aegidis); third declension

aegidos (genitive)
aegidis (genitive)
aegis (nominative singular)
aegides (nominative plural)
aegidēs (nominative plural)
aegidos (genitive singular)
aegidis (genitive singular)
aegidum (genitive plural)
aegidī (dative singular)
aegidibus (dative plural)
aegida (accusative singular)
aegidem (accusative singular)
aegidas (accusative plural)
aegidēs (accusative plural)
aegide (ablative singular)
aegidibus (ablative plural)
aegis (singular vocative)
aegi (singular vocative)
aegides (plural vocative)
aegidēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: ègida

English: aegis

French: égide

German: → Ägis, → Ägide
→ Ukrainian: егі́да (ehída)

Italian: egida

→ Polish: egida

Portuguese: égide

Romanian: egidă

Russian: эги́да (egída)

Sicilian: èggida

Spanish: égida

the aegis, or shield. See Aegis; αἰγίς.
of Zeus or Jupiter


oculus

oculus m (genitive oculī); second declension

oculī (genitive)
oculus (nominative singular)
oculī (nominative plural)
oculī (genitive singular)
oculōrum (genitive plural)
oculō (dative singular)
oculīs (dative plural)
oculum (accusative singular)
oculōs (accusative plural)
oculō (ablative singular)
oculīs (ablative plural)
ocule (singular vocative)
oculī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: oclju

Megleno-Romanian: uocľu

Istro-Romanian: ocľu

Romanian: ochi

Dalmatian:

uaclo, vaclo

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: ochju

Italian: occhio

Neapolitan: uocchio

Tarantino: uècchije

Sassarese: occi

Sicilian: occhiu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ogru, ogu, oju, ogiu, ociu

Western Romance of N. Italy and environs:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: òć

Ligurian: éuggio, éuglio, éujo

Lombard: oeugg, oeugl

Piedmontese: eucc, euj

Romagnol: òcc

Friulian: voli

Istriot: uocio

Ladin: uedl

Romansch: egl, îgl, îl, ögl

Venetan: ocio

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: uely

Old French: ueil (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: olh
Occitan: uèlh

Catalan: ull

Aragonese: uello

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: ולויש (wlwyš) (only the plural is attested)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: güeyu

Leonese: gueyu

Mirandese: uolho

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: olho, ollo
Eonavian: oyo
Fala: ollu
Galician: ollo
Portuguese: olho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: ojo

Ladino: ojo

Spanish: ojo (see there for further descendants)

Learned borrowings:

→ Catalan: òcul (learned)

→ Czech: okulus (learned)

→ English: oculus, Oculi (learned)

→ Esperanto: okulo (learned)
→ Ido: okulo

→ French: oculus (learned)

→ Romanian: oculus (learned)

→ German: Okuli (learned)

→ Interlingua: oculo (learned)

→ Italian: oculo (learned)

→ Portuguese: óculo, óculos (learned)

→ Spanish: óculo (learned)

→ Swedish: oculus (learned)

From the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”) with the diminutive suffix -ulus. Compare Sanskrit अक्षि (ákṣi, “eye”), Ancient Greek ὄσσε (ósse, “eyes”), ὤψ (ṓps, “eye”).

(transferred sense):
(botany):
great houseleek


cinyphes

la-noun

cinyphēs f pl (genitive cinyphum); third declension

cinyphēs (canonical feminine plural)
cinyphum (genitive)
cinyphēs (nominative plural)
cinyphum (genitive plural)
cinyphibus (dative plural)
cinyphēs (accusative plural)
cinyphibus (ablative plural)
cinyphēs (plural vocative)

Alternative spelling of cinifēs (“stinging insects”)


hirpus

hirpus m (genitive hirpī); second declension

hirpī (genitive)
hirpus (nominative singular)
hirpī (nominative plural)
hirpī (genitive singular)
hirpōrum (genitive plural)
hirpō (dative singular)
hirpīs (dative plural)
hirpum (accusative singular)
hirpōs (accusative plural)
hirpō (ablative singular)
hirpīs (ablative plural)
hirpe (singular vocative)
hirpī (plural vocative)

From Sabine, which according to de Vaan could be related to hircus (“he-goat”).


canatim

[käˈnäːt̪ɪ̃ˑ]


hirudo

hirūdō f (genitive hirūdinis); third declension

hirūdō (canonical feminine)
hirūdinis (genitive)
hirūdō (nominative singular)
hirūdinēs (nominative plural)
hirūdinis (genitive singular)
hirūdinum (genitive plural)
hirūdinī (dative singular)
hirūdinibus (dative plural)
hirūdinem (accusative singular)
hirūdinēs (accusative plural)
hirūdine (ablative singular)
hirūdinibus (ablative plural)
hirūdō (singular vocative)
hirūdinēs (plural vocative)

English: hirudin, hirudinoid

Esperanto: hirudo

Translingual: Hirudo

Italian: irudine

Occitan: iruge

Portuguese: hirudíneo

Spanish: hirudíneo

Unknown. Seemingly a parallel formation with testūdō (from testū), but no stem *hiru- is known. Stifter suggests it may be related to Old Irish giritán (“periwinkle”).


acalephe

acalēphē f (genitive acalēphēs); first declension

acalēphē (canonical feminine)
acalēphēs (genitive)
acalēphē (nominative singular)
acalēphae (nominative plural)
acalēphēs (genitive singular)
acalēphārum (genitive plural)
acalēphae (dative singular)
acalēphīs (dative plural)
acalēphēn (accusative singular)
acalēphās (accusative plural)
acalēphē (ablative singular)
acalēphīs (ablative plural)
acalēphē (singular vocative)
acalēphae (plural vocative)

[äkäˈɫ̪eːpʰeː]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀκαλήφη (akalḗphē, “stinging-nettle”).


hircus

la-noun

hircus m (genitive hircī); second declension

hircī (genitive)
hircus (nominative singular)
hircī (nominative plural)
hircī (genitive singular)
hircōrum (genitive plural)
hircō (dative singular)
hircīs (dative plural)
hircum (accusative singular)
hircōs (accusative plural)
hircō (ablative singular)
hircīs (ablative plural)
hirce (singular vocative)
hircī (plural vocative)

Catalan: erc

→⇒ English: hircine, hircinous, hircose

Galician: hirco

Italian: irco

Sicilian: ircu

Spanish: hirco

Unknown. As with other Indo-European words for “goat”, a reliable Proto-Indo-European etymon cannot be formally reconstructed. Nonetheless, compare Old High German irah, irh (“buck”), which Pokorny says is borrowed from the Latin. Possibly related to hirpus (“wolf”) and/or hirtus (“hairy, shaggy”); according to Pokorny, all three are from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”).
Varro, in De Lingua Latina cites a Sabine form: fircus.

der

(by extension) the rank smell of the armpits


delphinus

la-noun

delphīnus m (genitive delphīnī); second declension

delphīnus (canonical masculine)
delphīnī (genitive)
delphīnus (nominative singular)
delphīnī (nominative plural)
delphīnī (genitive singular)
delphīnōrum (genitive plural)
delphīnō (dative singular)
delphīnīs (dative plural)
delphīnum (accusative singular)
delphīnōs (accusative plural)
delphīnō (ablative singular)
delphīnīs (ablative plural)
delphīne (singular vocative)
delphīnī (plural vocative)

Asturian: llofín

Catalan: dofí, delfí

Dutch: dolfijn

French: dauphin

Galician: delfín

desctree

→ German: Delphin, Delfin (1996 spelling reform, now roughly equally common)
→ Bulgarian: делфи́н (delfín)
→ Czech: delfín
→ Macedonian: делфин (delfin)
→ Middle Russian: дельфи́нъ (delʹfín)
Russian: дельфи́н (delʹfín)
→ Armenian: դելֆին (delfin)
→ Bezhta: делфин (delfin)
→ Kazakh: дельфин (delfin)
→ Polish: delfin
→ Old Ruthenian: делфи́нъ (delfín)
Belarusian: дэльфі́н (delʹfín)
Carpathian Rusyn: делфи́н (delfýn)
Ukrainian: дельфі́н (delʹfín)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: дѐлфӣн
Latin script: dèlfīn
→ Slovak: delfín
→ Swedish: delfin
→ Upper Sorbian: delfin

Istriot: dulfeîn

Italian: delfino

Ligurian: delfìn, drafìn

→ Middle English: delphyn, delfyne, delphin, dolphyn
English: dolphin
Scots: dowphin
→ Welsh: dolffin

Occitan: dalfin

Old Galician-Portuguese: golfinno
Galician: golfiño
Portuguese: golfinho

Portuguese: delfim

Romagnol: dilfòin

Romanian: delfin

Romansch: delfin

Sardinian: gorfinu, grufinu, gurfinu

desc

Sicilian: dirfinu, derfinu, draffinu, darfinu

Spanish: delfín, golfín

Translingual: Delphinus; Delphinium

Venetan: dolfin, delfin

→ Albanian: delfin

[d̪ɛɫ̪ˈpʰiːnʊs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís).

bor+

a dolphin (an aquatic mammal of the family Delphinidae or Platanistidae)


ossifragus

la-noun

ossifragus m (genitive ossifragī); second declension

ossifragī (genitive)
ossifragus (nominative singular)
ossifragī (nominative plural)
ossifragī (genitive singular)
ossifragōrum (genitive plural)
ossifragō (dative singular)
ossifragīs (dative plural)
ossifragum (accusative singular)
ossifragōs (accusative plural)
ossifragō (ablative singular)
ossifragīs (ablative plural)
ossifrage (singular vocative)
ossifragī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: ossífrag

English: osprey

⇒ Vulgar Latin: ossifrangens

Catalan: aufrany

[ɔs̠ˈs̠ɪfräɡʊs̠]


balaena

bālaena f (genitive bālaenae); first declension

bālaena (canonical feminine)
bālaenae (genitive)
bālaena (nominative singular)
bālaenae (nominative plural)
bālaenae (genitive singular)
bālaenārum (genitive plural)
bālaenae (dative singular)
bālaenīs (dative plural)
bālaenam (accusative singular)
bālaenās (accusative plural)
bālaenā (ablative singular)
bālaenīs (ablative plural)
bālaena (singular vocative)
bālaenae (plural vocative)

[bäːˈɫ̪äe̯nä]


murex

mūrex m (genitive mūricis); third declension

mūrex (canonical masculine)
mūricis (genitive)
mūrex (nominative singular)
mūricēs (nominative plural)
mūricis (genitive singular)
mūricum (genitive plural)
mūricī (dative singular)
mūricibus (dative plural)
mūricem (accusative singular)
mūricēs (accusative plural)
mūrice (ablative singular)
mūricibus (ablative plural)
mūrex (singular vocative)
mūricēs (plural vocative)

English: muriciform, muricite, muricoid

Irish: maorach

Catalan: múrex

Italian: murice

Portuguese: múrice

Spanish: múrice

Translingual: Murex

Uncertain. Perhaps a derivative of mūs (“mouse”), whence mūsculus (“a saltwater mussel”). Alternatively, together with Ancient Greek μύαξ (múax, “sea mussel”) borrowed from a Mediterranean substrate language.

A sharp murex shell used as a bridle bit.


equito

la-verb

equitō (present infinitive equitāre, perfect active equitāvī, supine equitātum); first conjugation, no passive

equitō (canonical)
no passive (canonical)
equitāre (infinitive present)
equitāvī (active perfect)
equitātum (supine)
equitō (active first-person indicative present singular)
equitās (active indicative present second-person singular)
equitat (active indicative present singular third-person)
equitāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
equitātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
equitant (active indicative plural present third-person)
equitābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
equitābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
equitābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
equitābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
equitābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
equitābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
equitābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
equitābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
equitābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
equitābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
equitābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
equitābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
equitāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
equitāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
equitāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
equitāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
equitāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
equitāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
equitāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
equitāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
equitāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
equitāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
equitāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
equitāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
equitāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
equitāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
equitāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
equitāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
equitāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
equitāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
equitāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
equitem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
equitēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
equitet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
equitēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
equitētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
equitent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
equitārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
equitārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
equitāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
equitārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
equitārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
equitārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
equitāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
equitāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
equitāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
equitāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
equitāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
equitāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
equitāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
equitāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
equitāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
equitāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
equitāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
equitāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
equitā (active imperative present second-person singular)
equitāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
equitātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
equitātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
equitātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
equitantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
equitāre (active infinitive present)
equitāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
equitātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
equitāns (active participle present)
equitātūrus (active future participle)
equitandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
equitandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
equitandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
equitandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
equitātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
equitātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)


porcus

la-noun

porcus m (genitive porcī); second declension

porcī (genitive)
porcus (nominative singular)
porcī (nominative plural)
porcī (genitive singular)
porcōrum (genitive plural)
porcō (dative singular)
porcīs (dative plural)
porcum (accusative singular)
porcōs (accusative plural)
porcō (ablative singular)
porcīs (ablative plural)
porce (singular vocative)
porcī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: porcu, porc

Istro-Romanian: porc

Megleno-Romanian: porc, porcu, puorc

Romanian: porc

Dalmatian:

puarc

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: porcu, polcu, procu

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: porcu

Gallurese: porcu

Sassarese: porcu

Italian: porco

Neapolitan: puorco

Sicilian: porcu

North Italian:

Emilian: pôrch, pōrc

Ligurian: pòrco

Friulian: porc ⇒ purcit

Piedmontese: pors, peurc ⇒ porcòt, porchèt

desc

Romansch: portg, piertg (Sursilan, Sutsilvan), püerch (Puter, Vallader), piertg, portg (Rumantsch Grischun, Surmiran), püerch (Puter, Vallader)

→ Alemannic German: Porgge (presumably)

Venetan: porco

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: porc

Occitan: pòrc

Old French: porc (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: puercu

Mirandese: puorco

Old Galician-Portuguese: porco

Fala: porco

Galician: porco

Portuguese: porco (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: puerco

From Proto-Italic *porkos, from Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos (“young pig”). Cognate with Old English fearh (“piglet”). More at farrow. Compare also Ancient Greek πόρκος (pórkos).

inh

Short for porcus marīnus (“sea-hog, mereswine, porpoise”).


azalea

la-noun

azalea f (genitive azaleae); first declension

azaleae (genitive)
azalea (nominative singular)
azaleae (nominative plural)
azaleae (genitive singular)
azaleārum (genitive plural)
azaleae (dative singular)
azaleīs (dative plural)
azaleam (accusative singular)
azaleās (accusative plural)
azaleā (ablative singular)
azaleīs (ablative plural)
azalea (singular vocative)
azaleae (plural vocative)

→ English: azalea

→ German: Azalee

[äd̪ˈd̪͡z̪äːleä]

From Ancient Greek ἀζαλέος (azaléos, “dry”).


avena

avēna f (genitive avēnae); first declension

avēna (canonical feminine)
avēnae (genitive)
avēna (nominative singular)
avēnae (nominative plural)
avēnae (genitive singular)
avēnārum (genitive plural)
avēnae (dative singular)
avēnīs (dative plural)
avēnam (accusative singular)
avēnās (accusative plural)
avēnā (ablative singular)
avēnīs (ablative plural)
avēna (singular vocative)
avēnae (plural vocative)

Old French: aveine

Bourguignon: aivoigne

Champenois: aoinne, avène, avouène

French: avoine

Norman: avaine

Picard: avin·ne

Walloon: avoenne

Dalmatian: vun

Friulian: vene

Italian: avena

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: avẽa
Fala: avea, vea
Galician: avea
Portuguese: aveia

Romansch: avaina, avagna

Sardinian: aena, avena, auena, ena

Sicilian: aina, avina

Spanish: avena

Venetan: véna

→ Esperanto: aveno

Probably a non-Indo-European substrate word. Cognate with Lithuanian aviža, Latvian auzas, and Proto-Slavic *ovьsъ.


onager

la-noun

onager m (genitive onagrī); second declension

onagrī (genitive)
onager (nominative singular)
onagrī (nominative plural)
onagrī (genitive singular)
onagrōrum (genitive plural)
onagrō (dative singular)
onagrīs (dative plural)
onagrum (accusative singular)
onagrōs (accusative plural)
onagrō (ablative singular)
onagrīs (ablative plural)
onager (singular vocative)
onagrī (plural vocative)

French: onagre

Italian: onagro

Portuguese: onagro

Spanish: onagro

→ English: onager

[ˈɔːnäd͡ʒer]

From Hellenistic Ancient Greek ὄναγρος (ónagros, “wild ass”), from ὄνος (ónos, “ass”) + ἄγριος (ágrios, “wild”).


caninus

la-adj

canīnus (feminine canīna, neuter canīnum); first/second-declension adjective

canīnus (canonical)
canīna (feminine)
canīnum (neuter)
canīnus (masculine nominative singular)
canīna (feminine nominative singular)
canīnum (neuter nominative singular)
canīnī (masculine nominative plural)
canīnae (feminine nominative plural)
canīna (neuter nominative plural)
canīnī (genitive masculine singular)
canīnae (feminine genitive singular)
canīnī (genitive neuter singular)
canīnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
canīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
canīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
canīnō (dative masculine singular)
canīnae (dative feminine singular)
canīnō (dative neuter singular)
canīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
canīnum (accusative masculine singular)
canīnam (accusative feminine singular)
canīnum (accusative neuter singular)
canīnōs (accusative masculine plural)
canīnās (accusative feminine plural)
canīna (accusative neuter plural)
canīnō (ablative masculine singular)
canīnā (ablative feminine singular)
canīnō (ablative neuter singular)
canīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
canīne (masculine singular vocative)
canīna (feminine singular vocative)
canīnum (neuter singular vocative)
canīnī (masculine plural vocative)
canīnae (feminine plural vocative)
canīna (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: caní

English: canine

French: canin

Galician: caíño

Italian: canino

Malay: kanin

Portuguese: cainho, canino

Romanian: canin

Spanish: canino


elephas

la-noun

elephās m (genitive elephantis); third declension

elephās (canonical masculine)
elephantis (genitive)
elephās (nominative singular)
elephantēs (nominative plural)
elephantis (genitive singular)
elephantum (genitive plural)
elephantī (dative singular)
elephantibus (dative plural)
elephantem (accusative singular)
elephantēs (accusative plural)
elephante (ablative singular)
elephantibus (ablative plural)
elephās (singular vocative)
elephantēs (plural vocative)

Corsican: elefante

Italian: elefante

Ladin: elefant

Ligurian: liofante

Lombard: elefant

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: elefant, alifant

Neapolitan: liufante, alifante

Old Leonese:

Asturian: elefante

Mirandese: eilefante

Old Occitan: elephant

Catalan: elefant

Occitan: elefant

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: elefante, alifant, alyfante, elifante, elyfante
Fala: elefanti
Galician: elefante, alefante
Portuguese: elefante, elephante, elephãte (obsolete)
Papiamentu: elefante

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: elefant

Romansch: elefant

Piedmontese: elefant

Sardinian: elefante, elefanti

Sicilian: liafanti

Vulgar Latin: *olifantus

Old French: olifan, elefant, olifant, oliphant
Middle French: olifant
French: olifant
→ Catalan: olifant
→ Finnish: olifantti
→ Norwegian: olifant
→ Portuguese: olifante
Walloon: elefant
→ Breton: olifant
→ Middle Dutch: olifant
Dutch: olifant
Afrikaans: olifant
→ Papiamentu: olefante, olifant
→ Middle English: olifant, olifaunt, oliphant, olyphant (from olifan, olifant form)
English: oliphant, olifant, olyfaunte, olyphant, oliphaunt
→ Cornish: olifans
→ Middle English: elefant, elefaunt (from elefan, elefant form)
English: elephant
→ Hawaiian: ʻelepani
→ Maori: arewhana
→ Tokelauan: elefane
→ Tongan: ʻelefanite
→ Welsh: eliffant
Scots: elephant
→ Manx: elefant
→ Middle Irish: elifaint
Irish: eilifint
Scottish Gaelic: ailbhean
→ Old Spanish: elifant, alefant, eleofant
Ladino: איליפ׳אנטי (elefante)
Spanish: elefante
→ Basque: elefante
→ Chol: elefanti
→ Cebuano: elepante
→ Hiligaynon: elepante
→ Quechua: ilijanti
→ Tagalog: elepante
→ Waray-Waray: elepante

→ Gothic: 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (ulbandus) (uncertain; one of several theories)

→ Proto-Slavic: *velьb(l)ǫdъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: elefant

→ Proto-Germanic: *ulbanduz (“camel”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Proto-West Germanic: *elpand (“elephant; ivory”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Middle French: elephant
French: éléphant
Haitian Creole: elefan
→ Romanian: elefant
→ Irish: eilifint
→ Norman: êléphant, éléphant

→ Chukchi: эʼԓыпын (ėʼḷypyn)

→ Danish: elefant

→ Estonian: elevant

→ Finnish: elefantti

→ Hungarian: elefánt

→ Malagasy: elefanta

→ Mezquital Otomi: elefante

→ Mukulu: 'elbi ?

→ Northern Sami: elefánta

→ Norwegian: elefant

→ Samoan: 'elefane

→ Scottish Gaelic: ailbhean

→ Upper Sorbian: elefant

→ Swedish: elefant

→ Tagalog: elepante

→ Võro: elevant'

→ West Frisian: oaljefant

→ Latvian: elefants

→ Faroese: elefantur

→ Low German: Elefant

→ Chamorro: elifante

→ Inuktitut: alipa

→ Limburgish: Olifante

→ Tuvaluan: elefane

→ Quechua: eliphanti

→ Latgalian: elefants

→ Silesian: elefant

[ˈɛɫ̪ɛpʰäːs̠]

From Ancient Greek ἐλέφᾱς (eléphās), possibly borrowed from Egyptian ꜣbw Ab-b-w-E26


ornus

la-noun

ornus f (genitive ornī); second declension

ornī (genitive)
ornus (nominative singular)
ornī (nominative plural)
ornī (genitive singular)
ornōrum (genitive plural)
ornō (dative singular)
ornīs (dative plural)
ornum (accusative singular)
ornōs (accusative plural)
ornō (ablative singular)
ornīs (ablative plural)
orne (singular vocative)
ornī (plural vocative)

Dalmatian: uarno

→ French: orne (learned)

Italian: orno, orniello

Romanian: urm

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃s-. See also English ash.


lupinus

la-adj

lupīnus (feminine lupīna, neuter lupīnum); first/second-declension adjective

lupīnus (canonical)
lupīna (feminine)
lupīnum (neuter)
lupīnus (masculine nominative singular)
lupīna (feminine nominative singular)
lupīnum (neuter nominative singular)
lupīnī (masculine nominative plural)
lupīnae (feminine nominative plural)
lupīna (neuter nominative plural)
lupīnī (genitive masculine singular)
lupīnae (feminine genitive singular)
lupīnī (genitive neuter singular)
lupīnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
lupīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
lupīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
lupīnō (dative masculine singular)
lupīnae (dative feminine singular)
lupīnō (dative neuter singular)
lupīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lupīnum (accusative masculine singular)
lupīnam (accusative feminine singular)
lupīnum (accusative neuter singular)
lupīnōs (accusative masculine plural)
lupīnās (accusative feminine plural)
lupīna (accusative neuter plural)
lupīnō (ablative masculine singular)
lupīnā (ablative feminine singular)
lupīnō (ablative neuter singular)
lupīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lupīne (masculine singular vocative)
lupīna (feminine singular vocative)
lupīnum (neuter singular vocative)
lupīnī (masculine plural vocative)
lupīnae (feminine plural vocative)
lupīna (neuter plural vocative)

[ɫ̪ʊˈpiːnʊs̠]


vagina

la-noun

vāgīna f (genitive vāgīnae); first declension

vāgīna (canonical feminine)
vāgīnae (genitive)
vāgīna (nominative singular)
vāgīnae (nominative plural)
vāgīnae (genitive singular)
vāgīnārum (genitive plural)
vāgīnae (dative singular)
vāgīnīs (dative plural)
vāgīnam (accusative singular)
vāgīnās (accusative plural)
vāgīnā (ablative singular)
vāgīnīs (ablative plural)
vāgīna (singular vocative)
vāgīnae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: guaina

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: vèina

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: beina

Old French: guaïne

French: gaine

Occitan: gaina

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: bainha (“sheath”)
Galician: vaíña, baíña
Portuguese: bainha

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: [Term?] (“pod”)

Fala: vaina

Galician: vaxa, gaxa, vaixa, varxa

Portuguese: vagem, vage, bagem

Asturian: vaina

Spanish: vaina

⇒ Spanish: vainilla (see there for further descendants)

→ English: vanilla

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėɣin (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Irish: faigen

Irish: faighin

Manx: fine

Scottish Gaelic: faighean

Borrowings (anatomical sense)

→ Afrikaans: vagina

→ Albanian: vaginë, vagjinë

→ Aragonese: vachina

→ Asturian: vaxina

→ Azerbaijani: vagina

→ Belarusian: вагіна (vahina)

→ Bulgarian: вагина (vagina)

→ Catalan: vagina

→ Czech: vagína

→ Danish: vagina

→ Dutch: vagina

→ English: vagina

→ Finnish: vagina

→ French: vagin (see there for further descendants)

→ Friulian: vagine, vazine

→ Galician: vaxina

→ Georgian: ვაგინა (vagina)

→ German: Vagina

→ Japanese: ワギナ (wagina)

→ Korean: 바기나 (bagina)

→ Northern Kurdish: vajîna

→ Indonesian: vagina

→ Italian: vagina

→ Latvian: vagīna

→ Macedonian: вагина (vagina)

→ Maltese: vaġina

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vagina

→ Occitan: vagina

→ Portuguese: vagina

→ Russian: ваги́на (vagína)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вагина

Latin script: vagina

→ Sicilian: vajina, vagina

→ Slovak: vagína

→ Slovene: vagina

→ Spanish: vagina

→ Swedish: vagina

→ Turkish: vajina

→ Ukrainian: вагіна (vahina)

→ Uzbek: vagina

→ Venetan: vaxina, vazina

→ West Frisian: fagina

→ Yiddish: וואַגינע (vagine)

[u̯äːˈɡiːnä]

[väˈd͡ʒiːnä]

From Proto-Italic *wāgīnā (“sheath, scabbard”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wag- (“sheath, cover”). Tentatively cognate with Lithuanian vóžti (“to cover”).

inh

(transferred sense) the covering, sheath, holder of anything


cicada

la-noun

cicāda f (genitive cicādae); first declension

cicāda (canonical feminine)
cicādae (genitive)
cicāda (nominative singular)
cicādae (nominative plural)
cicādae (genitive singular)
cicādārum (genitive plural)
cicādae (dative singular)
cicādīs (dative plural)
cicādam (accusative singular)
cicādās (accusative plural)
cicādā (ablative singular)
cicādīs (ablative plural)
cicāda (singular vocative)
cicādae (plural vocative)

→ English: cicada

→ Galician: cicada

→ German: Zikade

→ Macedonian: цикада (cikada)

→ Polish: cykada

→ Romanian: cicadă

→ Russian: цика́да f (cikáda)

Balkan Romance:

⇒ Romanian: cicoare

→ Albanian: qingallë ⇒ gjinkallë

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: cicala

Italian: cicala

→ English: cicala

North Italian:

Friulian: ciale

Piedmontese: siala

Romagnol: zghêla

Venetan: çigala, sigala, sigała

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: cigala

Old Occitan: cigala

Occitan: cigala

→ French: cigale

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: zicala

Mozarabic: [script needed] (čiqâla)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: chicula

Mozarabic: [Term?]

→ Galician: chicharra

→ Portuguese: chicharra

→ Spanish: chicharra

Portuguese: cigarra

Spanish: cigarra

[t͡ʃiˈkäːd̪ä]

Unknown. Probably an onomatopoeic loanword from a lost Mediterranean substrate language. Compare also Sanskrit चिश्चिर (ciścira, “cicada”).


grus

grūs f or m (genitive gruis); third declension

grūs (canonical feminine masculine)
gruis (genitive)
grūs (nominative singular)
gruēs (nominative plural)
gruis (genitive singular)
gruum (genitive plural)
gruī (dative singular)
gruibus (dative plural)
gruem (accusative singular)
gruēs (accusative plural)
grue (ablative singular)
gruibus (ablative plural)
grūs (singular vocative)
gruēs (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *grua f

Old French: grue f

Middle French: grue f

French: grue f

Albanian: kurrilë

Catalan: grua f

English: Grus

Translingual: Grus

Galician: grúa f

Italian: gru f

Piedmontese: gru f

Portuguese: grou m, grua f (possibly via French), grulha (via Spanish)

Romanian: grui m

Spanish: grulla f, grúa f

Translingual: Grues, Grus

From Proto-Italic *grūs, from *gr̥h₂ú-, from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”). Cognate to English crane, but not to grouse, whose etymology is unknown.


lada

la-noun

lāda f (genitive lādae); first declension

lāda (canonical feminine)
lādae (genitive)
lāda (nominative singular)
lādae (nominative plural)
lādae (genitive singular)
lādārum (genitive plural)
lādae (dative singular)
lādīs (dative plural)
lādam (accusative singular)
lādās (accusative plural)
lādā (ablative singular)
lādīs (ablative plural)
lāda (singular vocative)
lādae (plural vocative)

A shrub in Cyprus from which a resin was obtained


morion

mōrion n (genitive mōriī); second declension

mōrion (canonical neuter)
mōriī (genitive)
mōrion (nominative singular)
mōria (nominative plural)
mōriī (genitive singular)
mōriōrum (genitive plural)
mōriō (dative singular)
mōriīs (dative plural)
mōrion (accusative singular)
mōria (accusative plural)
mōriō (ablative singular)
mōriīs (ablative plural)
mōrion (singular vocative)
mōria (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μώριον (mṓrion) or μοίριον (moírion) (Hesychios).

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 21.180

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 25.148


glottis

glōttis f (genitive glōttidis); third declension

glōttis (canonical feminine)
glōttidis (genitive)
glōttis (nominative singular)
glōttidēs (nominative plural)
glōttidis (genitive singular)
glōttidum (genitive plural)
glōttidī (dative singular)
glōttidibus (dative plural)
glōttidem (accusative singular)
glōttidēs (accusative plural)
glōttide (ablative singular)
glōttidibus (ablative plural)
glōttis (singular vocative)
glōttidēs (plural vocative)

→ English: glottis

→ French: glotte

→ Italian: glottide

[ˈɡɫ̪oːt̪ːɪs̠]

Borrowing from Ancient Greek γλωττῐ́ς (glōttĭ́s, “mouth of the windpipe; corncrake”), from γλῶττᾰ (glôttă, “tongue”) + -ῐς (-ĭs, feminine noun suffix).


fiber

la-noun

fiber m (genitive fibrī); second declension

fibrī (genitive)
fiber (nominative singular)
fibrī (nominative plural)
fibrī (genitive singular)
fibrōrum (genitive plural)
fibrō (dative singular)
fibrīs (dative plural)
fibrum (accusative singular)
fibrōs (accusative plural)
fibrō (ablative singular)
fibrīs (ablative plural)
fiber (singular vocative)
fibrī (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus. Doublet of beber. The noun was changed to a second declension noun, displacing the original fourth declension pattern which would have yielded *fibrus, *fibrūs.


dryophonon

dryophonon n (genitive dryophonī); second declension

dryophonī (genitive)
dryophonon (nominative singular)
dryophona (nominative plural)
dryophonī (genitive singular)
dryophonōrum (genitive plural)
dryophonō (dative singular)
dryophonīs (dative plural)
dryophonon (accusative singular)
dryophona (accusative plural)
dryophonō (ablative singular)
dryophonīs (ablative plural)
dryophonon (singular vocative)
dryophona (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek δρυόφονον (druóphonon).


aster

astēr m (genitive asteris); third declension

astēr (canonical masculine)
asteris (genitive)
astēr (nominative singular)
asterēs (nominative plural)
asteris (genitive singular)
asterum (genitive plural)
asterī (dative singular)
asteribus (dative plural)
astera (accusative singular)
asterem (accusative singular)
asterēs (accusative plural)
astere (ablative singular)
asteribus (ablative plural)
astēr (singular vocative)
asterēs (plural vocative)

desctree

→ English: aster
→ Cebuano: aster
→ Esperanto: astero

→ German: Aster
→ Esperanto: astero
→ Ukrainian: а́йстра (ájstra)

→ Middle French: aster

French: aster
→ Romanian: aster

desc

Translingual: Aster, Thalassianthus aster

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr). See also Latin astrum and the inherited stēlla.


cannabis

la-noun

cannabis f (genitive cannabis); third declension

cannabis (genitive)
cannabis (nominative singular)
cannabēs (nominative plural)
cannabis (genitive singular)
cannabium (genitive plural)
cannabī (dative singular)
cannabibus (dative plural)
cannabim (accusative singular)
cannabēs (accusative plural)
cannabīs (accusative plural)
cannabe (ablative singular)
cannabī (ablative singular)
cannabibus (ablative plural)
cannabis (singular vocative)
cannabēs (plural vocative)

⇒ Late Latin: cannabum, cannabus

Asturian: cáñamu

Catalan: cànem

Galician: cánabo (“hemp, hemp fiber”)

Occitan: cambe, carbe

Old Galician-Portuguese: cánamo, cánabo

Spanish: cáñamo

→ Portuguese: cânhamo

Sardinian: cànnabu, càgnu

Sicilian: cànnavu, cànnamu

⇒ Vulgar Latin: canapa

→ Albanian: kërp

Aromanian: cãnipã

Friulian: cjanaipe, čhanaipe

Italian: canapa

Megleno-Romanian: cǫnipă

Romanian: cânepă, cânipă

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *canapis, *canapus

⇒ Dalmatian: canapial (“cord”)

⇒ Late Latin: canava

French: chanvre

Norman: cannevi

Portuguese: cânave

Romansch: chanv, chonv, coniv, tgonev

Sicilian: cànnava

Venetan: caneva

→ Catalan: cànnabis

→ Dutch: cannabis

→ English: cannabis

→ Irish: cannabas

→ French: cannabis

→ German: Cannabis

→ Galician: cánnabis

→ Greek: κάνναβη (kánnavi) (or directly from Ancient Greek)

→ Irish: cnáib

→ Italian: cannabis

→ Norman: cannabis

→ Occitan: canabís,

→ Portuguese: canábis, cânabis

→ Romanian: canabis

→ Spanish: cannabis

→ Swedish: cannabis

[ˈkänːäbɪs̠]

From Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis). See there for more.


lepus

lepus m (genitive leporis); third declension

leporis (genitive)
lepus (nominative singular)
leporēs (nominative plural)
leporis (genitive singular)
leporum (genitive plural)
leporī (dative singular)
leporibus (dative plural)
leporem (accusative singular)
leporēs (accusative plural)
lepore (ablative singular)
leporibus (ablative plural)
lepus (singular vocative)
leporēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ljepuri

Romanian: iepure

Dalmatian:

lipro

Italo-Romance:

>? Corsican: levra

Italian: lepre

>? Sicilian: lepru, dièvuru, lebbru

→ Maltese: liebru

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: levr

Romagnol: lìvri

Friulian: jeur

Ladin: liever

Romansch: lieur

Venetan: liéore

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: llebre

Franco-Provençal: liévra

Old French: lievre (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: lèbre

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: liebre

Asturian: llebre

Galician: lebre

Portuguese: lebre

desctree

Old Spanish: liebre
Spanish: liebre
→ Tagalog: liyebre

Insular Romance:

Old Corsican: [Term?]

Gallurese: lepparu

Sassarese: lepparu

Sardinian: leppore

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian: [Term?]

desc

Albanian: lepur, lepër — Gheg, lepën — Gheg

→ Translingual: Lepus

Unknown. Perhaps not an Indo-European word. It may be of Iberian origin, or else of Celtiberian substrate origin and related to Massaliot λεβηρίς (lebērís, “European rabbit”).

Nōn sunt minus mīra quae dē lepore marīnō trāduntur.

23 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Nātūrālis Historia 32.3

No less wonderful, too, are the particulars which we find stated relative to the sea-hare.

a poisonous sea fish colored like the hare


femina

la-noun

fēmina f (genitive fēminae); first declension

fēmina (canonical feminine)
fēminae (genitive)
fēmina (nominative singular)
fēminae (nominative plural)
fēminae (genitive singular)
fēminārum (genitive plural)
fēminae (dative singular)
fēminīs (dative plural)
fēminam (accusative singular)
fēminās (accusative plural)
fēminā (ablative singular)
fēminīs (ablative plural)
fēmina (singular vocative)
fēminae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

femia

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: feamin

Romanian: famen

→ Albanian: femër, femën — Gheg

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: femina

Istriot: fimana

Italian: femmina

Neapolitan: femmena

Sicilian: fìmmina

Sardinian:

femina, emina, femia

Padanian:

Lombard: femna, fomna, fonna

Friulian: femine

Ladin: femena

Piedmontese: fomna, fombra, fomla

Romansch: femna

Venetan: fémena

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fèna

desctree

Old French: fame, fam, feme
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: fonne
Bourguignon: fanne, fonne
Champenois: fanme, fonme, fomme
Gallo: fame, fom
Lorrain: fomme
Middle French: femme (see there for further descendants)
Norman: femme, fâme, faume, faumme (Guernsey), foume (continental Normandy), fenme (Cotentin), foume, fenme
Picard: fanme, féme, feume
Walloon: feme
→ Middle English: femme, feme
English: femme, feme

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fembra

Old Occitan: femna, feme

Occitan: femna, (Gascon) hemna, frema

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: fema

Old Galician-Portuguese: femea, femẽa
Galician: femia, fema, fémea
Portuguese: fêmeo, fêmea (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: femna, fembra
Spanish: hembra
→ English: hembra

Borrowings:

→ Ido: femino

→ English: femina (perhaps via Italian)

→ Spanish: fémina

From Proto-Italic *fēmanā, from earlier *θēmanā, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-m̥h₁n-éh₂ (“[the one] nursing, breastfeeding”), the feminine mediopassive participle of *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck, suckle”). Related to fellō, fētus, fīlius.

der

conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni
aut metus acer erat; navis, quae forte paratae,
corripiunt, onerantque auro: portantur avari

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.361–364

Those came together that either felt ruthless hate or bitter fear for their tyrant. They seized ships that had incidentally already been arranged and loaded them with gold. The treasures of avaricious Pygmalion were carried to the sea; the leader of the action was a woman.

Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina facti.

Prius quam messim facies, porcam praecidaneam hoc modo fieri oportet. Cereri porca praecidanea porco femina, prius quam hasce fruges condantur: far, triticum, hordeum, fabam, semen rapicium. thure, vino Iano Iovi Iunoni praefato, prius quam porcum feminam immolabis.

234 BCE – 149 BCE, Cato the Elder, De Agri Cultura 134.1

Before you carry out the harvest, it is proper to offer the porca praecidanea in this manner. Offer to Ceres a female pig as porca praecidanea before these crops are stored: emmer, wheat, barley, beans, and rapeseed. With incense and wine, offer a prayer to Janus, Jupiter, and Juno before you sacrifice the female pig.

Nam primum aliae (bestiae) mares, aliae feminae sunt, quod perpetuitatis causa machinata natura est, deinde partes corporis et ad procreandum et ad concipiendum aptissimae, et in mari et in femina commiscendorum corporum mirae libidines; …

To begin with, some of them (animals) are of gender males, others females, the which is for nature's perpetuity wrought, whence of each their parts in procreation and conceiving be optimal, and so the wanton desires in male and female towards sexual union of their own body; …

“Paelicem” autem appellatam probrosamque habitam, quae iuncta consuetaque esset cum eo in cuius manu mancipioque alia matrimonii causa foret, hac antiquissima lege ostenditur, quam Numae regis fuisse accepimus: “Paelex aedem Iunonis ne tangito; si tangit, Iunoni crinibus demissis agnum feminam caedito.”

c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 4.3.3.6

1927 translation by John C. Rolfe
Moreover, a woman was called paelex, or “concubine,” and regarded as infamous, if she lived on terms of intimacy with a man who had another woman under his legal control in a state of matrimony, as is evident from this very ancient law, which we are told was one of king Numa’s: “Let no concubine touch the temple of Juno; if she touch it, let her, with hair unbound, offer up a ewe lamb to Juno.”


anas

la-noun

anās f (genitive anātis); third declension

anās (canonical feminine)
anātis (genitive)
anās (nominative singular)
anātēs (nominative plural)
anātis (genitive singular)
anātum (genitive plural)
anātī (dative singular)
anātibus (dative plural)
anātem (accusative singular)
anātēs (accusative plural)
anāte (ablative singular)
anātibus (ablative plural)
anās (singular vocative)
anātēs (plural vocative)


alga

alga f (genitive algae); first declension

algae (genitive)
alga (nominative singular)
algae (nominative plural)
algae (genitive singular)
algārum (genitive plural)
algae (dative singular)
algīs (dative plural)
algam (accusative singular)
algās (accusative plural)
algā (ablative singular)
algīs (ablative plural)
alga (singular vocative)
algae (plural vocative)

Catalan: alga

English: alga

French: algue

Galician: alga

German: Alge

Italian: alga

Portuguese: alga

Romanian: algă

Sardinian: aliga

Sicilian: àliga

Spanish: alga

From Proto-Indo-European *alg-, *alǵ- (“to be dirty, be slimy; frog; duckweed”). Cognate with Norwegian dialectal alka (“to dirty, soil”), Norwegian ulk (“frog, slime”), Low German ulk (“frog”).

Seaweed; plants that grow in freshwater.


cervix

cervīx f (genitive cervīcis); third declension

cervīx (canonical feminine)
cervīcis (genitive)
cervīx (nominative singular)
cervīcēs (nominative plural)
cervīcis (genitive singular)
cervīcum (genitive plural)
cervīcī (dative singular)
cervīcibus (dative plural)
cervīcem (accusative singular)
cervīcēs (accusative plural)
cervīce (ablative singular)
cervīcibus (ablative plural)
cervīx (singular vocative)
cervīcēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: cerbice

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: serviu

Old French: cerviz ⇒ cervele, chervele (Picard)

Middle French: cevich

Old Occitan: cervitz ⇒ cervigal

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: cerviz

Spanish: cerviz

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cervice

Sicilian: cirbici

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: cèrvix

→ Dutch: cervix

→ English: cervix

→ Malay: serviks

→ Portuguese: cérvice, cérvix

→ Romanian: cervix

→ Spanish: cervix

According to one hypothesis, from Proto-Italic *kerweyks, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂(s)weyk-s, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-(s-) (“the head”) (compare cerebrum) and *weyk- (“to curve, bend”) (compare vinciō), literally “where the head turns”. De Vaan rejects this etymology, calling it "semantically very doubtful".

der

apta iugō cervīx nōn est feriendā secūrī:

The neck suitable for the yoke should not be struck by the axe:
may it live long and labor often in the hard soil.
(Agriculture dawns as Ceres teaches humans to yoke oxen to the plow and instead use other animals for sacrificial rites. See Ceres (mythology).)

levis odorato cervix manabit olivo

30 BCE – 16 BCE, Propertius, Elegies 3.17–18

Your smooth throat glistening with scented oil
the flowing robe will brush your naked feet.


aloe

la-noun

aloē f (genitive aloēs); first declension

aloē (canonical feminine)
aloēs (genitive)
aloē (nominative singular)
aloae (nominative plural)
aloēs (genitive singular)
aloārum (genitive plural)
aloae (dative singular)
aloīs (dative plural)
aloēn (accusative singular)
aloās (accusative plural)
aloē (ablative singular)
aloīs (ablative plural)
aloē (singular vocative)
aloae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: àloe

desctree

→ Dutch: aloë
Afrikaans: aalwyn
→ Japanese: アロエ (aroe)

→ German: Aloe

→ Estonian: aaloe

→ Finnish: aaloe

→ Hungarian: aloé

→ Italian: aloe

→ Japanese: 蘆薈 (rokai)
→ Okinawan: 蘆薈 (rugwai, dugwai)

→ Old English: alwe

English: aloe
→ Irish: aló
→ Samoan: aloe

→ Old French: aloes

French: aloès
→ Romanian: aloe

Norman: aloé

→ Old Irish: aloe

→ Portuguese: aloe

→ Russian: алоэ (aloe)

→ Scottish Gaelic: àloe

→ Serbo-Croatian: aloja / алоја

→ Swedish: aloe

→ Finnish: aaloe

→ Ukrainian: алое (aloe)

→ Translingual: Aloe, Aloë

From Ancient Greek ἀλόη (alóē, “aloes”). Ultimately from Tamil அகில் (akil);

The bitter juice produced by the aloe used as a perfume, in medicine and in embalming.


elate

la-adv

ēlātē (comparative ēlātus or ēlātius, no superlative)

ēlātē (canonical)
ēlātus (comparative)
ēlātius (comparative)

[eːˈɫ̪äːt̪eː]

From ēlātus (“exalted, lofty”), perfect passive participle of efferō (“bring forth or out; raise; exalt”), from ē (“out of”), short form of ex, + ferō (“carry, bear”).

Introit adulescens et praefatur arrogantius et elatius, quam aetati eius decebat, ac deinde iubet exponi controversias.

c. 177, Gellius: Noctes Atticae, Book 9, Chapter 15, Verse 4:

The young fellow entered the room, made some preliminary remarks in a more arrogant and presumptuous style than became his years, and then asked that subjects for debate be given him.


canna

la-noun

canna f (genitive cannae); first declension

cannae (genitive)
canna (nominative singular)
cannae (nominative plural)
cannae (genitive singular)
cannārum (genitive plural)
cannae (dative singular)
cannīs (dative plural)
cannam (accusative singular)
cannās (accusative plural)
cannā (ablative singular)
cannīs (ablative plural)
canna (singular vocative)
cannae (plural vocative)

Gallo-Italic

Romagnol: câna

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: canna
→ English: canna

Sicilian: canna

desctree

Old French: cane
French: canne
Norman: tchêne (Jersey), kyeen (Sark)
→ Middle English: cane, canne, kane, kanne
English: cane
Scots: cane

Old Occitan:

Catalan: canya

Occitan: cana

Venetan: cana

West Iberian

Asturian: caña

Old Galician-Portuguese: cana, canna
Galician: cana
Portuguese: cana (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: canna

Spanish: caña

→ Albanian: kanë

→ English: canna

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κᾰ́ννᾱ (kắnnā, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒂵𒉡𒌑𒌝 (qanûm, “reed”). Compare Biblical Hebrew קָנֶה (qané), Aramaic קַנְיָא (qanyā) or ܩܲܢܝܵܐ (qanyā) and Classical Syriac ܩܰܢܝܳܐ (qanyo).

(by extension) Anything made of reed or cane; reed-pipe, flute; gondola; windpipe.


alum

la-noun

ālum n (genitive ālī); second declension

ālum (canonical neuter)
ālī (genitive)
ālum (nominative singular)
āla (nominative plural)
ālī (genitive singular)
ālōrum (genitive plural)
ālō (dative singular)
ālīs (dative plural)
ālum (accusative singular)
āla (accusative plural)
ālō (ablative singular)
ālīs (ablative plural)
ālum (singular vocative)
āla (plural vocative)


capo

cāpō m (genitive cāpōnis); third declension

cāpō (canonical masculine)
cāpōnis (genitive)
cāpō (nominative singular)
cāpōnēs (nominative plural)
cāpōnis (genitive singular)
cāpōnum (genitive plural)
cāpōnī (dative singular)
cāpōnibus (dative plural)
cāpōnem (accusative singular)
cāpōnēs (accusative plural)
cāpōne (ablative singular)
cāpōnibus (ablative plural)
cāpō (singular vocative)
cāpōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: capó

Friulian: cjapon

→ Greek: καπόνι (kapóni)

Italian: cappone

→ Middle Dutch: capoen

Dutch: kapoen

Occitan: capon

→ Old English: capūn

Middle English: capoun

English: capon

Old French: chapon

Middle French: chappon

French: chapon

→ Old High German: chappo

Middle High German: kappūn

German: Kapaun

→ Latvian: kapauns

→ Polish: kapłon
→ Romanian: clapon

Old Galician-Portuguese: capon

Galician: capón

Portuguese: capão

Romanian: clapon

Sardinian: caboni

Sicilian: capuni

Spanish: capón

Venetan: capón

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- or *(s)kap- (“to hew, cut, shovel”), from a PIE substrate word that also gave Latin scapulae - see Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō), Ancient Greek σκάπτω (skáptō) for further cognates and discussion, as well as Proto-Indo-European *kap-. Alternatively, from another substrate word that also gave Latin caper. In both cases the vocalism requires postulating a substrate origin.


lea

leae (genitive)
lea (nominative singular)
leae (nominative plural)
leae (genitive singular)
leārum (genitive plural)
leae (dative singular)
leīs (dative plural)
leam (accusative singular)
leās (accusative plural)
leā (ablative singular)
leīs (ablative plural)
lea (singular vocative)
leae (plural vocative)


radix

rādīx f (genitive rādīcis); third declension

rādīx (canonical feminine)
rādīcis (genitive)
rādīx (nominative singular)
rādīcēs (nominative plural)
rādīcis (genitive singular)
rādīcum (genitive plural)
rādīcī (dative singular)
rādīcibus (dative plural)
rādīcem (accusative singular)
rādīcēs (accusative plural)
rādīce (ablative singular)
rādīcibus (ablative plural)
rādīx (singular vocative)
rādīcēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: radice (see there for further descendants)

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: réixe, réixa, ràixa, raìxa

Old Lombard: rayxe

Lombard: raìss, ariss

Piedmontese: rèis, ràis, rèux

Romagnol: radìșa

Friulian: radris

Romansch: ragisch, risch, rieisch

Venetan: raìs, raixa

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rés, réce, rage

Old French: raïz

desc

⇒ French: raifort (“horseradish”) (+fort 'strong')

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: raïu, rahiu

⇒ Catalan: raïl (hypercorrection) ⇒ rel (monophthongization) ⇒ arrel (epenthesis)

Gascon: arraditz, raditz, arraïtz

Old Occitan: raitz

Occitan: raiç

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: radiz

Asturian: raíz

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: raiz, rayz
Galician: raíz
Portuguese: raiz (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: raíz; ⇒ raigón

Ancient borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian: [Term?]

Albanian: radhiqe

→ Proto-West Germanic: *rādik (see there for further descendants)

Later borrowings:

→ English: radix

→ German: Radix

→ Welsh: rhadicl

→ Welsh: rhuddygl

From Proto-Italic *wrādīks, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds.

(figuratively) a foundation, basis, ground, origin, source, root


boa

boae (genitive)
boa (nominative singular)
boae (nominative plural)
boae (genitive singular)
boārum (genitive plural)
boae (dative singular)
boīs (dative plural)
boam (accusative singular)
boās (accusative plural)
boā (ablative singular)
boīs (ablative plural)
boa (singular vocative)
boae (plural vocative)

First mentioned by Pliny, of unknown origin. Folk etymology connected it to Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs, “ox”).

unk

unknown


thrips

la-noun

thrīps m (genitive thrīpis); third declension

thrīps (canonical masculine)
thrīpis (genitive)
thrīps (nominative singular)
thrīpēs (nominative plural)
thrīpis (genitive singular)
thrīpum (genitive plural)
thrīpī (dative singular)
thrīpibus (dative plural)
thrīpem (accusative singular)
thrīpēs (accusative plural)
thrīpe (ablative singular)
thrīpibus (ablative plural)
thrīps (singular vocative)
thrīpēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek θρῑ́ψ (thrī́ps, “woodworm”).


spica

la-noun

spīca f (genitive spīcae); first declension

spīca (canonical feminine)
spīcae (genitive)
spīca (nominative singular)
spīcae (nominative plural)
spīcae (genitive singular)
spīcārum (genitive plural)
spīcae (dative singular)
spīcīs (dative plural)
spīcam (accusative singular)
spīcās (accusative plural)
spīcā (ablative singular)
spīcīs (ablative plural)
spīca (singular vocative)
spīcae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: spaica

Italian: spiga

Sicilian: spica

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: espiga

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: spia, spigia, speia

desc

Sardinian: ipiga, ispiga, ispica, spiga, spica

West Iberian

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: espiga
Galician: espiga
Portuguese: espiga

Old Spanish: espiga

Spanish: espiga

→ English: spica

→ Italian: spica

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: schic

Romanian: spic

Occitano-Romance

Occitan: espic, aspic

→ French: aspic

Old French: espi

Middle French: espy, espi

French: épi

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: spi

→ French: spic

From Proto-Italic *speikā, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp; sharp stick”), with de Vaan proposing a particular extended pre-form of *speyg.


ibis

la-noun

ībis f (genitive ībis or ībidis); third declension

ībis (canonical feminine)
ībis (genitive)
ībidis (genitive)
ībis (nominative singular)
ībidēs (nominative plural)
ībēs (nominative plural)
ībidis (genitive singular)
ībis (genitive singular)
ībidum (genitive plural)
ībium (genitive plural)
ībidī (dative singular)
ībī (dative singular)
ībidibus (dative plural)
ībibus (dative plural)
ībidem (accusative singular)
ībim (accusative singular)
ībem (accusative singular)
ībin (accusative singular)
ībidas (accusative plural)
ībidēs (accusative plural)
ībide (ablative singular)
ībī (ablative singular)
ībidibus (ablative plural)
ībibus (ablative plural)
ībis (singular vocative)
ībidēs (plural vocative)
ībēs (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

Third declension noun (irregular)

English: ibis

French: ibis

Italian: ibis

Portuguese: íbis

Romanian: ibis

Spanish: ibis

From Ancient Greek ἶβις (îbis), from Egyptian h-b-Z4-G26 (hbj).

Ībis avis Nīlī flūminis, quae sēmetipsam pūrgat, rōstrō in ānum aquam fundēns. Haec serpentium ōva vēscitur, grātissimam ex eīs ēscam nīdīs suīs dēportāns.

c. 600 CE – 625 CE, Isidorus Hispalensis, Etymologiae 12.7.33

The ibis is a bird of the river Nile, which purges itself by pouring water into its anus with its beak. It devours the eggs of snakes, carrying from them to its nests the most welcome food.


umber

la-noun

umber m (genitive umbrī); second declension

umbrī (genitive)
umber (nominative singular)
umbrī (nominative plural)
umbrī (genitive singular)
umbrōrum (genitive plural)
umbrō (dative singular)
umbrīs (dative plural)
umbrum (accusative singular)
umbrōs (accusative plural)
umbrō (ablative singular)
umbrīs (ablative plural)
umber (singular vocative)
umbrī (plural vocative)

an Umbrian; also a breed of sheep and dog


tuber

tūber n (genitive tūberis); third declension

tūber (canonical neuter)
tūberis (genitive)
tūber (nominative singular)
tūbera (nominative plural)
tūberis (genitive singular)
tūberum (genitive plural)
tūberī (dative singular)
tūberibus (dative plural)
tūber (accusative singular)
tūbera (accusative plural)
tūbere (ablative singular)
tūberibus (ablative plural)
tūber (singular vocative)
tūbera (plural vocative)

→ English: tuber

→ Portuguese: túbera

→ Spanish: tubera

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tūbellum (diminutive)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: todiyu, todiellu, todíu

Old Spanish: touiello
Spanish: tobillo

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tufera

Old Catalan: tòfera

Catalan: tòfona

Old Occitan: trufa

Occitan: trufa

→ Catalan: trufa

→ Old French: trufe

desctree

French: truffe
→ Greek: τρούφα (troúfa)
→ Japanese: トリュフ
→ Romanian: trufă

⇒ Old French: trufle (variant)

→ Alemannic German: trüffulu, trifflu (Italian Walser)

→ Danish: trøffel

→ Dutch: truffel

→ English: truffle

→ Faroese: trøfla

→ German: Trüffel (see there for further descendants)

→ Norwegian: trøffel

→ Polish: trufla

→ Swedish: tryffel
→ Finnish: tryffeli

→ Portuguese: trufa

→ Spanish: trufa

q

⇒ Vulgar Latin: (Vulgar equivalent to Classical Latin terrae tūber (“tuber of the earth”))

Italian: tartufo (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Italian: tartufolo (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)

Rhaeto-Romance:

desc

Romansch: tartuffel, hardefel, truffel, tiffel, ardöffel

Probably from Proto-Italic *tūβos, from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”) (though de Vaan is skeptical of the hypothetical morphology).

der

a truffle (any of various edible fungi, of the genus Tuber)


pica

la-noun

pīca f (genitive pīcae); first declension

pīca (canonical feminine)
pīcae (genitive)
pīca (nominative singular)
pīcae (nominative plural)
pīcae (genitive singular)
pīcārum (genitive plural)
pīcae (dative singular)
pīcīs (dative plural)
pīcam (accusative singular)
pīcās (accusative plural)
pīcā (ablative singular)
pīcīs (ablative plural)
pīca (singular vocative)
pīcae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: pica

Sicilian: pica

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: piga (“freckle”)

Occitan: piga

desc

⇒ Occitan: pigal, pigalha (“freckle”), pigasat (“pied, spotted, variegated”)

Old French: pie (see there for further descendants)

Sardinian: piga (Logudorian)

West Iberian

q

⇒ Spanish: picaza (crossed with Germanic *agattjā (“magpie”))

Vulgar Latin: *pēca (dialectal or from Sabellic)

Asturian: pega

Galician: pega

Portuguese: pega

Spanish: pega

→ Basque: mika, pika

→ Breton: pig

→ Catalan: pica

→ English: pica

→ Irish: píoca

→ Romanian: pica

From Proto-Italic *peikā, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“woodpecker; magpie”), whence also Latin pīcus (“woodpecker”).
Romance forms in -e- might reflect a different etymon, such as the Umbrian peico (acc.sg.), where the product of /ei/'s monophthongisation coincided with the latin /ē/. Cognate to Sanskrit पिक (piká, “cuckoo”), German Specht (“woodpecker”), Swedish spett (“crowbar, skewer; kind of woodpecker”).


caper

la-noun

caper m (genitive caprī, feminine capra); second declension

caprī (genitive)
capra (feminine)
caper (nominative singular)
caprī (nominative plural)
caprī (genitive singular)
caprōrum (genitive plural)
caprō (dative singular)
caprīs (dative plural)
caprum (accusative singular)
caprōs (accusative plural)
caprō (ablative singular)
caprīs (ablative plural)
caper (singular vocative)
caprī (plural vocative)

Italian: capro

French: chevron

→ English: chevron

Romanian: capră

Portuguese: cabro

Spanish: cabro, cabrón

→ Scottish Gaelic: cabar

From Proto-Italic *kapros, from Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“buck, he-goat”).


glans

la-noun

glāns f (genitive glandis); third declension

glāns (canonical feminine)
glandis (genitive)
glāns (nominative singular)
glandēs (nominative plural)
glandis (genitive singular)
glandum (genitive plural)
glandī (dative singular)
glandibus (dative plural)
glandem (accusative singular)
glandēs (accusative plural)
glande (ablative singular)
glandibus (ablative plural)
glāns (singular vocative)
glandēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: gljindã

Romanian: ghindă

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ghianda, ajjanna (Reati)

Sicilian: ghianna

Calabrian: aghianda

Padanian:

Friulian: gland, glant

Ladin: gian

Piedmontese: giand, agian, gianda

desc

Romansch: glogn, glonda, galonda, glanda

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: glland, agllan, allan, llan

Valdôtain: llande, llan

Old French: glant, glande

French: gland, glande

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: glan

Belsetán: lan

Ribagorçan: llan

Old Catalan: glan, aglan

Catalan: gla, aglá

Old Occitan: glan, aglan

Occitan: agland (silent ⟨d⟩)

Gascon: gland

Vivaro-Alpine: gland, alhand

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llande

Portuguese: lande

Spanish: lande (Álava), llande (regional?)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: landi

Logudorese: lande, landa

Nuorese: grande, lande, lanne

Vulgar Latin: glandinis

Neapolitan: ghialne (Andria)

Piedmontese: giandr

Sardinian: landiri (Campidanese)

Spanish: landre

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: gland

→ English: gland, glans

→ French: glande

→ Galician: glande

→ Italian: glande

→ Portuguese: glande

→ Romanian: gland

→ Russian: гла́нды (glándy)

→ Spanish: glande

From Proto-Italic *glānts, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₂- (“acorn”).

(literal) an acorn, nut; any acorn-shaped fruit; a beechnut, chestnut


padi

la-noun

padī m pl (genitive padōrum); second declension

padī (canonical masculine plural)
padōrum (genitive)
padī (nominative plural)
padōrum (genitive plural)
padīs (dative plural)
padōs (accusative plural)
padīs (ablative plural)
padī (plural vocative)


amygdala

amygdala f (genitive amygdalae); first declension

amygdalae (genitive)
amygdala (nominative singular)
amygdalae (nominative plural)
amygdalae (genitive singular)
amygdalārum (genitive plural)
amygdalae (dative singular)
amygdalīs (dative plural)
amygdalam (accusative singular)
amygdalās (accusative plural)
amygdalā (ablative singular)
amygdalīs (ablative plural)
amygdala (singular vocative)
amygdalae (plural vocative)

Sicilian: mènnula

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mandalā (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē, “almond”). The sense "tonsil" is likely a calque of Arabic لَوْز (lawz).

bor

[äˈmʏɡd̪äɫ̪ä]

[äˈmiɡd̪älä]


ranula

la-noun

rānula f (genitive rānulae); first declension

rānula (canonical feminine)
rānulae (genitive)
rānula (nominative singular)
rānulae (nominative plural)
rānulae (genitive singular)
rānulārum (genitive plural)
rānulae (dative singular)
rānulīs (dative plural)
rānulam (accusative singular)
rānulās (accusative plural)
rānulā (ablative singular)
rānulīs (ablative plural)
rānula (singular vocative)
rānulae (plural vocative)

→ English: ranula

From rāna (“a frog”) + -ula (diminutive suffix).

af

(literally, Classical Latin) A little frog, a tadpole.

diminutive of rāna:
A little frog, a tadpole.


addax

la-noun

addax m (genitive addacis); third declension

addacis (genitive)
addax (nominative singular)
addacēs (nominative plural)
addacis (genitive singular)
addacum (genitive plural)
addacī (dative singular)
addacibus (dative plural)
addacem (accusative singular)
addacēs (accusative plural)
addace (ablative singular)
addacibus (ablative plural)
addax (singular vocative)
addacēs (plural vocative)


aconitum

aconītum n (genitive aconītī); second declension

aconītum (canonical neuter)
aconītī (genitive)
aconītum (nominative singular)
aconīta (nominative plural)
aconītī (genitive singular)
aconītōrum (genitive plural)
aconītō (dative singular)
aconītīs (dative plural)
aconītum (accusative singular)
aconīta (accusative plural)
aconītō (ablative singular)
aconītīs (ablative plural)
aconītum (singular vocative)
aconīta (plural vocative)

English: aconite, aconitum

Esperanto: akonito

Ido: akonito

Italian: aconito

Portuguese: acônito

Russian: акони́т m (akonít)

Translingual: aconita, Aconitum

[äkɔˈniːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ἀκόνιτον (akóniton, “wolf's bane”).

der

Any of the poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum; wolfsbane, monkshood, aconite.

A poison made from the poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum.


prunus

la-noun

prūnus f (genitive prūnī); second declension

prūnus (canonical feminine)
prūnī (genitive)
prūnus (nominative singular)
prūnī (nominative plural)
prūnī (genitive singular)
prūnōrum (genitive plural)
prūnō (dative singular)
prūnīs (dative plural)
prūnum (accusative singular)
prūnōs (accusative plural)
prūnō (ablative singular)
prūnīs (ablative plural)
prūne (singular vocative)
prūnī (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: prun, prunu, purnu

Romanian: prun

Italian: pruno, prugno

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: abruño, agruño, abrunho

Portuguese: abrunho

Spanish: pruno

→ English: prunus

→ Translingual: Prunus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek προύνη (proúnē), a loanword from a language of Asia Minor.


capra

capra f (genitive caprae, masculine caper); first declension

caprae (genitive)
caper (masculine)
capra (nominative singular)
caprae (nominative plural)
caprae (genitive singular)
caprārum (genitive plural)
caprae (dative singular)
caprīs (dative plural)
capram (accusative singular)
caprās (accusative plural)
caprā (ablative singular)
caprīs (ablative plural)
capra (singular vocative)
caprae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: caprã

Istro-Romanian: cåprĕ

Megleno-Romanian: capră

Romanian: capră

Italo-Romance:

Italian: capra

Neapolitan: crapa

Sicilian: crapa

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: craba

Northern Italian:

Istriot: càvara

Venetan: cavra, càora, càvara

Gallo-Italian:

Lombard: crava

Piedmontese: crava

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cjavre

Ladin: cëura

Romansch: chaura, caura, tgora, chevra

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: chiévra

Oïl:

Old French: chievre, kievre

Middle French: chevre

French: chèvre

→ English: chèvre; ⇒ chevon

Norman: quièvre

Picard: kiève, tchiève (Amiens)

Walloon: tchive

Oc:

Catalan: cabra

Old Occitan: cabra

Occitan: cabra, chabra, craba

→ Franco-Provençal: cabra

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: craba, crapa

Asturian: cabra

Old Portuguese:

Galician: cabra

Portuguese: cabra

Spanish: cabra

→ Translingual: Capra

→ Etruscan: 𐌊𐌀𐌐𐌓𐌀 (kapra)

From caper (“billy goat, he-goat”), from Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“buck, he-goat”); see also Old Norse hafr (“he-goat”), Old English hæfer, Welsh gafr, Old Irish gabor.

stat quoque capra simul … īnfantī lac dēdit illa Iovī.

Also together [with him] stands a she-goat … that gave her milk to the infant Jove.
(Ovid refers to mythology about the baby Jupiter/Iuppiter or Zeus having been suckled by a goat, or the goddess Amalthea; see Amalthea (mythology).)


git

Nigella sativa
Nigella sativa#Translingual

A plant (Nigella sativa), variously named black cumin, Roman coriander, or melanthion.


cattus

cattus m (genitive cattī); second declension

cattī (genitive)
cattus (nominative singular)
cattī (nominative plural)
cattī (genitive singular)
cattōrum (genitive plural)
cattō (dative singular)
cattīs (dative plural)
cattum (accusative singular)
cattōs (accusative plural)
cattō (ablative singular)
cattīs (ablative plural)
catte (singular vocative)
cattī (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

cuot

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: ghjattu, gattu, ghiattu

Italian: gatto

Sicilian: gattu, jattu

Padanian:

Friulian: gjat

Istriot: gato

Ladin: giat

Piedmontese: ciat

Romagnol: gat

Romansch: giat, gat

Venetan: gato

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: chat

desctree

Old French: chat, cat, kat (Picardy, Anglo-Norman)
Bourguignon: chait
Champenois: chait (Troyen), tait (Rémois)
Franc-Comtois: tchait
Middle French: chat
French: chat
Lorrain: tchat
Norman: cat
Picard: cat
Poitevin-Saintongeais: chat
Walloon: tchet

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: gat

Occitan: cat, chat, gat

Ibero-Romance:

Ladino: gato

Old Galician-Portuguese: gato

Galician: gato

Portuguese: gato
Annobonese: gatu
Kabuverdianu: gátu
→ Kimbundu: ngatu
→? Gulf Arabic: قطو (gaṭu)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: gatu

Extremaduran: gatu

Leonese: gatu

Mirandese: gato

Spanish: gato

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: gattu, battu, cattu

Borrowings:

→ Koine Greek: κάττος (káttos), masculine of κάττα (kátta)

Mediaeval Greek κάττος (káttos) / κάτος (kátos) / γάτος (gátos)

Modern Greek: γάτος (gátos)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كدی (kedi)
Turkish: kedi

→ Basque: katu

→ Maltese: qattus

→ Proto-Celtic: *kattos (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Germanic: *kattuz (uncertain) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kotъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Catus (obsolete)

Unknown; possibly a Wanderwort, compare Proto-Uralic *käďwä (“female (of a fur animal)”), or perhaps borrowed from a Nilo-Saharan or Afroasiatic language, compare Nubian kadī (“cat”), Arabic قِطّ (qiṭṭ, “cat, tomcat”), Classical Syriac ܩܛܘ (qaṭṭu, “cat”).

cog

Nulli visa ad ipsum retulit numen: nam arcus semper videtur: quem non Irim, sed viam Iridis dixit. alii celeritatis esse volunt 'nulli visa'. notandum sane etiam de Iride arcum genere masculino dicere Vergilium: Catullus et alii genere feminino ponunt, referentes ad originem, sicut 'haec cattus' et 'haec gallus' legimus.

c. 4th-5th century, Servius, In Vergilii Aeneidem commentarii 5.610.1

Affirmant quod quanto sceleratior es, tanto citius Deus gratiam infundit: si autem adornes te, ut cattus bonis operibus, ut te Deus acceptet, nihil efficias.

1558, Martin Luther, Theologiae Martini Lutheri Trimembris Epitome, De Tertio Statu Hominis:

They assert that the more a miscreant you are, the sooner God showers grace upon you: if, however, you should adorn yourself, like a cat, with good works, so that God accepts you, you shall bring about nothing.

[...] illa accepit bovem & cattum, et utrumque duxit ad forum. Cumque quiddam venisset qui bovem emere veller. Illa respondit. Nullus habebit bovem, nisi etiam emat & cattum. Cumque ille dixisset non velle emere cattum, abiit. Et statim venit alius & interrogat quanti pretii utrumque foret. Illa dixit se velle vendere cattum pro una marcha argentari, sed bovem pro denario, & sic convenerunt.

1656, Guillaume Pepin, Conciones Mysticae et Morales in Septem Psalmos Poenitentiales, page 38:

… she took the ox and the cat, and led both to the market. Anytime someone came who wanted to buy the ox, she responded: None shall have an ox, unless besides he also buys a cat. Any time someone said he did not want to buy a cat, he left. And immediately another came and asked what price for each. She said she wanted to sell a cat for one silver mark, but an ox for a denarius, and so they came to an agreement.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


martes

la-noun

martēs f (genitive martis); third declension

martēs (canonical feminine)
martis (genitive)
martēs (nominative singular)
martēs (nominative plural)
martis (genitive singular)
martium (genitive plural)
martī (dative singular)
martibus (dative plural)
martem (accusative singular)
martēs (accusative plural)
martīs (accusative plural)
marte (ablative singular)
martibus (ablative plural)
martēs (singular vocative)
martēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Martes

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *marþuz (“marten”). More at marten.


torpedo

torpēdō f (genitive torpēdinis); third declension

torpēdō (canonical feminine)
torpēdinis (genitive)
torpēdō (nominative singular)
torpēdinēs (nominative plural)
torpēdinis (genitive singular)
torpēdinum (genitive plural)
torpēdinī (dative singular)
torpēdinibus (dative plural)
torpēdinem (accusative singular)
torpēdinēs (accusative plural)
torpēdine (ablative singular)
torpēdinibus (ablative plural)
torpēdō (singular vocative)
torpēdinēs (plural vocative)

English: torpedo

Italian: torpedo, torpedine

Portuguese: torpedo

Spanish: torpedo


habena

habēna f (genitive habēnae); first declension

habēna (canonical feminine)
habēnae (genitive)
habēna (nominative singular)
habēnae (nominative plural)
habēnae (genitive singular)
habēnārum (genitive plural)
habēnae (dative singular)
habēnīs (dative plural)
habēnam (accusative singular)
habēnās (accusative plural)
habēnā (ablative singular)
habēnīs (ablative plural)
habēna (singular vocative)
habēnae (plural vocative)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *aβuɨn (see there for further descendants)

… Rēgemque dedit quī foedere certō

And [Jupiter] gave [the winds] a king who by chartered agreement would know how to restrain as well as to give loosened reins [to them], [the king] having been commanded [to do so].
(Jupiter commands King Aeolus who metaphorically can harness the winds much as a charioteer drives horses. See Aeolus (son of Hippotes).)

et premere et laxās scīret dare iussus habēnās.

Hīc rēgum sceptrum dominus tenet

524 CE, Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy 4.1m

Here the lord of kings holds his sceptre, and controls the reins of the world


clematis

clēmatis f (genitive clēmatidis); third declension

clēmatis (canonical feminine)
clēmatidis (genitive)
clēmatis (nominative singular)
clēmatidēs (nominative plural)
clēmatidis (genitive singular)
clēmatidum (genitive plural)
clēmatidī (dative singular)
clēmatidibus (dative plural)
clēmatidem (accusative singular)
clēmatidēs (accusative plural)
clēmatide (ablative singular)
clēmatidibus (ablative plural)
clēmatis (singular vocative)
clēmatidēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Clematis


helix

helix f (genitive helicis); third declension

helicis (genitive)
helix (nominative singular)
helicēs (nominative plural)
helicis (genitive singular)
helicum (genitive plural)
helicī (dative singular)
helicibus (dative plural)
helicem (accusative singular)
helicēs (accusative plural)
helice (ablative singular)
helicibus (ablative plural)
helix (singular vocative)
helicēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: hèlix

→ Dutch: helix

→ English: helix

→ French: hélice

→ Galician: hélice

→ Italian: elica

→ Polish: helisa

→ Portuguese: hélice

→ Romanian: elice

→ Spanish: hélice

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἕλιξ (hélix).

a whorl, a small ornament on the capital of Corinthian columns


crocus

crocus m (genitive crocī); second declension

crocī (genitive)
crocus (nominative singular)
crocī (nominative plural)
crocī (genitive singular)
crocōrum (genitive plural)
crocō (dative singular)
crocīs (dative plural)
crocum (accusative singular)
crocōs (accusative plural)
crocō (ablative singular)
crocīs (ablative plural)
croce (singular vocative)
crocī (plural vocative)

Old Occitan: gròc, gruèc

desctree

Catalan: groc
→? English: grog
→ Gallurese: grogu
→ Sardinian: grogu
→ Sassarese: grogu

Occitan: cròc

Galician: croque

Italian: croco

→ Catalan: crocus

→ Czech: krokus

→ Dutch: krokus

→ English: crocus

→ Finnish: krookus

→ French: crocus

→ German: Krokus

→ Icelandic: krókus

→ Norwegian: krokus

→ Polish: krokus

→ Portuguese: croco

→ Russian: кро́кус (krókus)

→ Slovene: krokus

→ Spanish: croco

→ Swedish: krokus

→ Translingual: Crocus

From Ancient Greek κρόκος (krókos, “crocus”).


narcissus

la-noun

narcissus m (genitive narcissī); second declension

narcissī (genitive)
narcissus (nominative singular)
narcissī (nominative plural)
narcissī (genitive singular)
narcissōrum (genitive plural)
narcissō (dative singular)
narcissīs (dative plural)
narcissum (accusative singular)
narcissōs (accusative plural)
narcissō (ablative singular)
narcissīs (ablative plural)
narcisse (singular vocative)
narcissī (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek νάρκισσος (nárkissos).


cassia

cassia f (genitive cassiae); first declension

cassiae (genitive)
cassia (nominative singular)
cassiae (nominative plural)
cassiae (genitive singular)
cassiārum (genitive plural)
cassiae (dative singular)
cassiīs (dative plural)
cassiam (accusative singular)
cassiās (accusative plural)
cassiā (ablative singular)
cassiīs (ablative plural)
cassia (singular vocative)
cassiae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek κασσία, κασία. κάσια (kassía, kasía. kásia), from Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā), from Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā), from קְצַע (qṣaʿ, “to cut off”).

bor

κασσία, κασία. κάσια

der

Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā)

Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā)

Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamomum cassia#Translingual

690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6 (Cassia fistula)

Cytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to goldenrain tree and rosemary.

Citisum genus arboris quasi catanum erba odoribera uergilius et uix humiles apibus casias rorem que

Cassia fistula
Cassia fistula#Translingual


salvia

la-noun

salvia f (genitive salviae); first declension

salviae (genitive)
salvia (nominative singular)
salviae (nominative plural)
salviae (genitive singular)
salviārum (genitive plural)
salviae (dative singular)
salviīs (dative plural)
salviam (accusative singular)
salviās (accusative plural)
salviā (ablative singular)
salviīs (ablative plural)
salvia (singular vocative)
salviae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: sàlvia

Galician: xarxa, sarxa

Italian: salvia

desctree

Old French: sauge
Middle French: sauge
→ Middle English: sauge
English: sage
Scots: sage
French: sauge
Norman: sauge

Piedmontese: sarvia, sàvia

Portuguese: salva

→ Portuguese: sálvia

Romanian: salbă (possibly)

→ Romanian: salvie

Romansch: salvgia

Spanish: salvia

desc

→ Arabic: شَالَبِيَّة (šālabiyya), سَالَبِيَّة (sālabiyya)

→ English: salvia

→ Proto-West Germanic: *salbejā (see there for further descendants)

[ˈs̠äɫ̪u̯iä]


retina

la-noun

retina f (genitive retinae); first declension

retinae (genitive)
retina (nominative singular)
retinae (nominative plural)
retinae (genitive singular)
retinārum (genitive plural)
retinae (dative singular)
retinīs (dative plural)
retinam (accusative singular)
retinās (accusative plural)
retinā (ablative singular)
retinīs (ablative plural)
retina (singular vocative)
retinae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: redina (plural redine)

⇒ Italian: redine (new singular)

Tuscan: redola (Lucca)

Neapolitan: rétena

Sicilian: rètina

→ Byzantine Greek: ρέτενα (rétena)

North Italian: (sometimes blended with briglia)

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: redna

Ligurian: rédena

Lombard: rèdena, redna

Piedmontese: rëdna, rënna

Ladin: remni (pl.) ⇒ breni

Friulian: rèdine ⇒ brene

Romansch: regna

Venetan: redena ⇒ brena

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: resne, redne (archaic), reyne, raine, raigne, raisne, reine, resine, renne
French: rêne
→ English: rein

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: regna

Occitan: retna

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: redẽa

Galician: rédea

Portuguese: rédea

Old Spanish: rienda

Spanish: rienda
→? Galician: renda
→ Tagalog: renda

Generally explained as a deverbal of retineō (“hold back”). Alternatively, derived from retinācula ("reins" - far more common than the singular retināculum), reinterpreted as a feminine diminutive and back-formed into retina. Attested in the Glossarium Ansileubi, which was written between 650 and 800 CE.

Apprehensaque equi Retina, celeriter eum Beneventum ducebat

10th century, anonymous, Chronicon Salernitanum 68, (example from DuCange)

Having seized the horse's rein(s), he quickly rode it to Benevento.

rein (strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control an animal)


asparagus

la-noun

asparagus m (genitive asparagī); second declension

asparagī (genitive)
asparagus (nominative singular)
asparagī (nominative plural)
asparagī (genitive singular)
asparagōrum (genitive plural)
asparagō (dative singular)
asparagīs (dative plural)
asparagum (accusative singular)
asparagōs (accusative plural)
asparagō (ablative singular)
asparagīs (ablative plural)
asparage (singular vocative)
asparagī (plural vocative)

Albanian: shparg

Catalan: espàrrec

Dalmatian: spirač

→ English: asparagus

French: asperge

Friulian: sparc, sparg

Galician: espárrago

German: Spargel

→ Irish: asparagas

Italian: asparago

→ Polish: szparag

Occitan: esparga

Portuguese: aspargo, espargo

Romansch: spargia, aspergia

Sardinian: sparàu, isparàu, ispàrau

Sicilian: spàraciu, spàriciu

Spanish: espárrago

Venetan: spàraxo, sparexara

[äs̠ˈpäräɡʊs̠]

Also found in Medieval Latin. From Ancient Greek ἀσπάραγος (aspáragos), variant of ἀσφάραγος (aspháragos).

Deinde fossulās facitō, quō rādīcēs asparagī dēmittās.

c. 160 BCE, Marcus Porcius Cato, De agri cultura, archived from the original on 2022-04-03, chapter 161:

Then make little ditches to drop the asparagus roots into.

Cōtīdiānō sermōne quaedam frequenter et nōtābilius ūsurpāsse eum [Augustum], litterae ipsius autographae ostendunt, in quibus [...] ad exprimendam festīnātae reī vēlōcitātem, celerius quam asparagī cocuntur; [...]

121 CE, Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, “Divus Augustus”, in De Vita Caesarum, chapter 87:

That in daily conversation he [Augustus] often and famously used certain [expressions], his own handwritten letters show; among these, … to express the speed of a thing done quickly, faster than asparaguses are cooked; …

asparagus; shoot, sprout-like asparagus, samphire


orca

orca f (genitive orcae); first declension

orcae (genitive)
orca (nominative singular)
orcae (nominative plural)
orcae (genitive singular)
orcārum (genitive plural)
orcae (dative singular)
orcīs (dative plural)
orcam (accusative singular)
orcās (accusative plural)
orcā (ablative singular)
orcīs (ablative plural)
orca (singular vocative)
orcae (plural vocative)

Catalan: orca

Galician: orca

Italian: orca

Middle French: orque f

French: orque f

→ English: orc

Portuguese: orca

Romanian: orca

Spanish: orca

→ Dutch: orka

→ English: orca

→ Cebuano: orca

→ German: Orca

desctree

→ Polish: orka, órka (Central Greater Poland)
→ Kashubian: órka

→ Proto-West Germanic: *ork (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: орца

Latin script: orka

→ Translingual: orca

Either borrowed from Ancient Greek ὕρχη (húrkhē, “earthen fish-salting vessel”), or else both borrowed separately from a substrate Mediterranean language. The sense of whale is likely influenced by ὄρυξ (órux, “pickaxe; oryx; narwhal”).


burdo

la-noun

burdō m or f (genitive burdōnis); third declension

burdō (canonical feminine masculine)
burdōnis (genitive)
burdō (nominative singular)
burdōnēs (nominative plural)
burdōnis (genitive singular)
burdōnum (genitive plural)
burdōnī (dative singular)
burdōnibus (dative plural)
burdōnem (accusative singular)
burdōnēs (accusative plural)
burdōne (ablative singular)
burdōnibus (ablative plural)
burdō (singular vocative)
burdōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Ancient Greek: βουρδών (bourdṓn)

→ Classical Syriac: ܒܰܪܕܽܘܢܳܐ (barḏūnā)

→ Arabic: بِرْذَوْن (birḏawn)

desc

→ Persian: برذون (berzown), بردون (berdown)

Not natively Latin since an initial v would be expected; probably of Celtic origin, from Gaulish *burdus (“mule”), according to Whatmough, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥dus, *gʷrd-o- (“slow, heavy, tired”).

mule; hinny (offspring of a jackass and a mare or of a stallion and a jenny)


bufo

la-noun

būfō m (genitive būfōnis); third declension

būfō (canonical masculine)
būfōnis (genitive)
būfō (nominative singular)
būfōnēs (nominative plural)
būfōnis (genitive singular)
būfōnum (genitive plural)
būfōnī (dative singular)
būfōnibus (dative plural)
būfōnem (accusative singular)
būfōnēs (accusative plural)
būfōne (ablative singular)
būfōnibus (ablative plural)
būfō (singular vocative)
būfōnēs (plural vocative)

English: bufo

Italian: buffone

Sicilian: buffa

Spanish: bufón

Translingual: Bufo

→ Middle Irish: bufa

Irish: buaf

Manx: beayf

Probably loaned from a different Italic language such as Oscan, where the word could have referred to any creeping small animal such as a hamster. The connection with Proto-Slavic *žaba (“toad”) is uncertain, as the initial vowel cannot reflect a common Indo-European origin.


bubo

būbō m (genitive būbōnis); third declension

būbō (canonical masculine)
būbōnis (genitive)
būbō (nominative singular)
būbōnēs (nominative plural)
būbōnis (genitive singular)
būbōnum (genitive plural)
būbōnī (dative singular)
būbōnibus (dative plural)
būbōnem (accusative singular)
būbōnēs (accusative plural)
būbōne (ablative singular)
būbōnibus (ablative plural)
būbō (singular vocative)
būbōnēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Bubo

Onomatopoeic, compare Ancient Greek βύας (búas), Bulgarian буч (buč), Old Armenian բու (bu), Persian بوف (buf), Arabic بُوم (būm), Classical Syriac ܒܐܘܐ (baʾwāʾ) and Caucasian languages such as Old Georgian ბუვი (buvi), Chechen бухӏа (buha), and Aghul бу́гьу (búhu), all meaning owls.

owl, especially the Eurasian eagle owl, Bubo bubo