stratum

la-noun

strātum n (genitive strātī); second declension

strātum (canonical neuter)
strātī (genitive)
strātum (nominative singular)
strāta (nominative plural)
strātī (genitive singular)
strātōrum (genitive plural)
strātō (dative singular)
strātīs (dative plural)
strātum (accusative singular)
strāta (accusative plural)
strātō (ablative singular)
strātīs (ablative plural)
strātum (singular vocative)
strāta (plural vocative)

Catalan: estrat

→ Dutch: stratum

→ English: stratum

→ Welsh: stratwm

French: strate

Friulian: strât

Galician: estrado

Italian: strato

Occitan: estrat

Piedmontese: strat

Portuguese: estrado

Romanian: strat

Spanish: estrado

→ French: estrade

→ English: estrade

desc

→ Welsh: gwastrawd (“groom, stablekeeper”)

[ˈs̠t̪räːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From strātus, perfect passive participle of sternō (“spread”).


murex

la-noun

mūrex m (genitive mūricis); third declension

mūrex (canonical masculine)
mūricis (genitive)
mūrex (nominative singular)
mūricēs (nominative plural)
mūricis (genitive singular)
mūricum (genitive plural)
mūricī (dative singular)
mūricibus (dative plural)
mūricem (accusative singular)
mūricēs (accusative plural)
mūrice (ablative singular)
mūricibus (ablative plural)
mūrex (singular vocative)
mūricēs (plural vocative)

English: muriciform, muricite, muricoid

Irish: maorach

Catalan: múrex

Italian: murice

Portuguese: múrice

Spanish: múrice

Translingual: Murex

Uncertain. Perhaps a derivative of mūs (“mouse”), whence mūsculus (“a saltwater mussel”). Alternatively, together with Ancient Greek μύαξ (múax, “sea mussel”) borrowed from a Mediterranean substrate language.

A sharp murex shell used as a bridle bit.


habena

habēna f (genitive habēnae); first declension

habēna (canonical feminine)
habēnae (genitive)
habēna (nominative singular)
habēnae (nominative plural)
habēnae (genitive singular)
habēnārum (genitive plural)
habēnae (dative singular)
habēnīs (dative plural)
habēnam (accusative singular)
habēnās (accusative plural)
habēnā (ablative singular)
habēnīs (ablative plural)
habēna (singular vocative)
habēnae (plural vocative)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *aβuɨn (see there for further descendants)

… Rēgemque dedit quī foedere certō

And [Jupiter] gave [the winds] a king who by chartered agreement would know how to restrain as well as to give loosened reins [to them], [the king] having been commanded [to do so].
(Jupiter commands King Aeolus who metaphorically can harness the winds much as a charioteer drives horses. See Aeolus (son of Hippotes).)

et premere et laxās scīret dare iussus habēnās.

Hīc rēgum sceptrum dominus tenet

524 CE, Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy 4.1m

Here the lord of kings holds his sceptre, and controls the reins of the world


retina

retina f (genitive retinae); first declension

retinae (genitive)
retina (nominative singular)
retinae (nominative plural)
retinae (genitive singular)
retinārum (genitive plural)
retinae (dative singular)
retinīs (dative plural)
retinam (accusative singular)
retinās (accusative plural)
retinā (ablative singular)
retinīs (ablative plural)
retina (singular vocative)
retinae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: redina (plural redine)

⇒ Italian: redine (new singular)

Tuscan: redola (Lucca)

Neapolitan: rétena

Sicilian: rètina

→ Byzantine Greek: ρέτενα (rétena)

North Italian: (sometimes blended with briglia)

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: redna

Ligurian: rédena

Lombard: rèdena, redna

Piedmontese: rëdna, rënna

Ladin: remni (pl.) ⇒ breni

Friulian: rèdine ⇒ brene

Romansch: regna

Venetan: redena ⇒ brena

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: resne, redne (archaic), reyne, raine, raigne, raisne, reine, resine, renne
French: rêne
→ English: rein

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: regna

Occitan: retna

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: redẽa

Galician: rédea

Portuguese: rédea

Old Spanish: rienda

Spanish: rienda
→? Galician: renda
→ Tagalog: renda

Generally explained as a deverbal of retineō (“hold back”). Alternatively, derived from retinācula ("reins" - far more common than the singular retināculum), reinterpreted as a feminine diminutive and back-formed into retina. Attested in the Glossarium Ansileubi, which was written between 650 and 800 CE.

Apprehensaque equi Retina, celeriter eum Beneventum ducebat

10th century, anonymous, Chronicon Salernitanum 68, (example from DuCange)

Having seized the horse's rein(s), he quickly rode it to Benevento.

rein (strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control an animal)


stapes

la-noun

stapēs m (genitive stapedis); third declension

stapēs (canonical masculine)
stapedis (genitive)
stapēs (nominative singular)
stapedēs (nominative plural)
stapedis (genitive singular)
stapedum (genitive plural)
stapedī (dative singular)
stapedibus (dative plural)
stapedem (accusative singular)
stapedēs (accusative plural)
stapede (ablative singular)
stapedibus (ablative plural)
stapēs (singular vocative)
stapedēs (plural vocative)

→ English: stapes

→ French: stapes

→ Spanish: estápede

From a Germanic source, possibly Frankish *stap or Old High German stapf, staph (“step, stirrup”), both from Proto-Germanic *stapiz (“a step, rung (of a ladder)”). More at step.
Alternatively: Late Latin; possibly from stō (“to stand”) + pēs (“foot”).

der

[…]quīdam duōs stapedēs et trēs cingulās ūnā cum sella annumerant, aliī hīs singulīs pretium lēgitimum assignant, id est, stapedibus aurātīs

(Can we date this quote?), Dē Tribus Columnīs Jūris Secundum Powissiensēs, volume 2, 16. Dē Pretiīs Rērum:

[…] some two stirrups and three belts with a chair are paid out, all assigned a single worth, that is, golden stirrups


frenum

la-noun

frēnum n (genitive frēnī); second declension

frēnum (canonical neuter)
frēnī (genitive)
frēnum (nominative singular)
frēna (nominative plural)
frēnī (nominative plural)
frēnī (genitive singular)
frēnōrum (genitive plural)
frēnō (dative singular)
frēnīs (dative plural)
frēnum (accusative singular)
frēna (accusative plural)
frēnōs (accusative plural)
frēnō (ablative singular)
frēnīs (ablative plural)
frēnum (singular vocative)
frēna (plural vocative)
frēnī (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: frãn, fãrnu, frãnu

Romanian: frână, frâu

Italian: freno

desctree

Old French: frein
Middle French: frein m
French: frein m
→ Khmer: ហ្វ្រ័ង (frang)
→ Ottoman Turkish: فرن (fren), فرهن (fren)
Turkish: fren
→ Vietnamese: phanh

Old Occitan:

Catalan: fre

Occitan: fren

Old Galician-Portuguese: frẽo

Galician: freo

Portuguese: freio

Old Spanish:

Spanish: freno
→ Bikol Central: preno
→ Cebuano: preno
→ Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec: frenu
→ Southeastern Tepehuan: piriiñ
→ Tagalog: preno

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: fren

Romansch: frain, frein, fragn

Sardinian: frenu

Sicilian: frenu

Venetan: fren

→ Albanian: fre

→ Proto-Brythonic: *fruɨn

Old Welsh: fruin

Middle Welsh: ffrwyn

Welsh: ffrwyn

→ English: frenum

→ Old Irish: srían
Middle Irish: srían
Irish: srian
Scottish Gaelic: srian
Manx: streean

From Proto-Italic *frēnom, from earlier *θrēnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰr-eh₁-nom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold”). Cognates include ferē, fermē and firmus.

(anatomy) ligament which attaches the inside of the foreskin to the glans


sella

la-noun

sella f (genitive sellae); first declension

sellae (genitive)
sella (nominative singular)
sellae (nominative plural)
sellae (genitive singular)
sellārum (genitive plural)
sellae (dative singular)
sellīs (dative plural)
sellam (accusative singular)
sellās (accusative plural)
sellā (ablative singular)
sellīs (ablative plural)
sella (singular vocative)
sellae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: shalë

Aromanian: shauã

Asturian: siella, siya

Catalan: sella

Dalmatian: siala

English: sella

French: selle

Friulian: siele

Galician: sela

→ Hebrew: אסלה (asla)

Italian: sella

Occitan: sèla

Portuguese: sela

Romanian: șa, șale

Romansch: sella, siala, seala, sela

Sardinian: sedha, sedda

Sicilian: seḍḍa

desctree

Spanish: silla
→ Cebuano: síya
→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: siya
→ Galician: silla
→ Hiligaynon: siya
→ Ladino: siya
→ Portuguese: silha
→ Southeastern Tepehuan: xiir
→ Tagalog: silya, siya
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: siya

Venetan: sela, seła

From Proto-Italic *sedlā, from Proto-Indo-European *sed-, whence sedeō (“I sit”). The same formation as Proto-Germanic *sadulaz, Proto-Slavic *sedъlo.

seat, chair (one that is moveable unlike a sedīle)

(historical) A kind of open or enclosed sedan chair


phalerae

la-noun

phalerae f pl (genitive phalerārum); first declension

phalerārum (genitive)
phalerae (nominative plural)
phalerārum (genitive plural)
phalerīs (dative plural)
phalerās (accusative plural)
phalerīs (ablative plural)
phalerae (plural vocative)

→ English: phalera

[ˈpʰäɫ̪ɛräe̯]

From Ancient Greek φάλαρα (phálara), plural of φάλαρον (phálaron).

a trapping for the forehead and breast of horses


marsupium

marsūpium n (genitive marsūpiī or marsūpī); second declension

marsūpium (canonical neuter)
marsūpiī (genitive)
marsūpī (genitive)
marsūpium (nominative singular)
marsūpia (nominative plural)
marsūpiī (genitive singular)
marsūpī (genitive singular)
marsūpiōrum (genitive plural)
marsūpiō (dative singular)
marsūpiīs (dative plural)
marsūpium (accusative singular)
marsūpia (accusative plural)
marsūpiō (ablative singular)
marsūpiīs (ablative plural)
marsūpium (singular vocative)
marsūpia (plural vocative)

→ English: marsupium (learned)

→ Italian: marsupio (learned)

→ Portuguese: marsúpio (learned)

→ Spanish: marsupio (learned)

From Ancient Greek μαρσίππιον (marsíppion), diminutive of μάρσιππος (mársippos, “pouch”).

sortem mitte nōbīscum, marsūpium ūnum sit omnium nostrum

Cast in thy lot with us, let us all have one purse. (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.; 1752 CE)


balteus

balteus m (genitive balteī); second declension

balteī (genitive)
balteus (nominative singular)
balteī (nominative plural)
balteī (genitive singular)
balteōrum (genitive plural)
balteō (dative singular)
balteīs (dative plural)
balteum (accusative singular)
balteōs (accusative plural)
balteō (ablative singular)
balteīs (ablative plural)
baltee (singular vocative)
balteī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: baltsu

Italian: balzo

Old Occitan:

Catalan: balç

Occitan: baus

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Portuguese: balção, balso

Romanian: balț

→ Proto-Germanic: *baltijaz (see there for further descendants)

English: belt

→ Italian: balteo

→ Portuguese: bálteo

→ Spanish: bálteo

[ˈbäɫ̪t̪eʊs̠]

Possibly borrowed from Etruscan 𐌁𐌀𐌋𐌕𐌄𐌀 (baltea, “belt”).

(architecture) Synonym of praecinctio (curved walkway that separates the galleries of a Roman theatre)


pectorale

pectorāle n (genitive pectorālis); third declension

pectorāle (canonical neuter)
pectorālis (genitive)
pectorāle (nominative singular)
pectorālia (nominative plural)
pectorālis (genitive singular)
pectorālium (genitive plural)
pectorālī (dative singular)
pectorālibus (dative plural)
pectorāle (accusative singular)
pectorālia (accusative plural)
pectorālī (ablative singular)
pectorālibus (ablative plural)
pectorāle (singular vocative)
pectorālia (plural vocative)

→ English: pectoral

French: peitral

Spanish: peitral

Polish: pektorał

[pɛkt̪ɔˈräːɫ̪ɛ]

From pectorālis (“of or pertaining to the breast”).

breastgirth, breastband, breaststrap, supporting the mammaries of a human female


bulga

bulga f (genitive bulgae); first declension

bulgae (genitive)
bulga (nominative singular)
bulgae (nominative plural)
bulgae (genitive singular)
bulgārum (genitive plural)
bulgae (dative singular)
bulgīs (dative plural)
bulgam (accusative singular)
bulgās (accusative plural)
bulgā (ablative singular)
bulgīs (ablative plural)
bulga (singular vocative)
bulgae (plural vocative)

→ Old French: bouge, boulge, bolge (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Gaulish bolgā, from Proto-Celtic *bolgos.


capistrum

capistrum n (genitive capistrī); second declension

capistrī (genitive)
capistrum (nominative singular)
capistra (nominative plural)
capistrī (genitive singular)
capistrōrum (genitive plural)
capistrō (dative singular)
capistrīs (dative plural)
capistrum (accusative singular)
capistra (accusative plural)
capistrō (ablative singular)
capistrīs (ablative plural)
capistrum (singular vocative)
capistra (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cãpestru

Romanian: căpăstru

Italo-Romance:

Italian: capestro

Sicilian: capistru, crapistu

North Italian:

Friulian: cjaviestri

⇒ Piedmontese: cavastra

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: chevestre

French: chevêtre

Catalan: cabestre

Occitan: cabestre

Nord-Occitan: chabestre; chabeitre (Vivaro-Alpine)

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: cabestro, cabresto

Portuguese: cabresto

Spanish: cabestro

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: kapistër

→ Old English: cæfester

→ Greek: καπίστρι (kapístri)

→ Portuguese: capistro

→ Welsh: cebystr

[käˈpɪs̠t̪rʊ̃ˑ]


stramentum

strāmentum n (genitive strāmentī); second declension

strāmentum (canonical neuter)
strāmentī (genitive)
strāmentum (nominative singular)
strāmenta (nominative plural)
strāmentī (genitive singular)
strāmentōrum (genitive plural)
strāmentō (dative singular)
strāmentīs (dative plural)
strāmentum (accusative singular)
strāmenta (accusative plural)
strāmentō (ablative singular)
strāmentīs (ablative plural)
strāmentum (singular vocative)
strāmenta (plural vocative)

[s̠t̪räːˈmɛn̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]


lorum

lōrum n (genitive lōrī); second declension

lōrum (canonical neuter)
lōrī (genitive)
lōrum (nominative singular)
lōra (nominative plural)
lōrī (genitive singular)
lōrōrum (genitive plural)
lōrō (dative singular)
lōrīs (dative plural)
lōrum (accusative singular)
lōra (accusative plural)
lōrō (ablative singular)
lōrīs (ablative plural)
lōrum (singular vocative)
lōra (plural vocative)

→ Ancient Greek: λῶρος (lôros)

Galician: loro

Portuguese: loro

Possibly from an extinct, but Indo-European substrate language; or, possibly for *vlōrum, from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to turn, wind, round”), the same root as of volvō. Compare with Ancient Greek εὔληρα (eúlēra, “reins”), Old Armenian լար (lar).


sagma

la-noun

sagma f (genitive sagmae); first declension

sagmae (genitive)
sagma (nominative singular)
sagmae (nominative plural)
sagmae (genitive singular)
sagmārum (genitive plural)
sagmae (dative singular)
sagmīs (dative plural)
sagmam (accusative singular)
sagmās (accusative plural)
sagmā (ablative singular)
sagmīs (ablative plural)
sagma (singular vocative)
sagmae (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *salma

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: salma

Sicilian: sarma

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: salma

⇒ Late Latin: sauma:

Franco-Provençal: sôma, sauma

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: sòma

Piedmontese: sòma

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: soma

Oïl

Old French: some

French: somme

Occitano-Romance

Occitan: sauma

→ Basque: zama

→ Proto-West Germanic: *saum (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek σάγμα (ságma), from σάττω (sáttō, “to stuff, press, pack”).


retinaculum

retināculum n (genitive retināculī); second declension

retināculum (canonical neuter)
retināculī (genitive)
retināculum (nominative singular)
retinācula (nominative plural)
retināculī (genitive singular)
retināculōrum (genitive plural)
retināculō (dative singular)
retināculīs (dative plural)
retināculum (accusative singular)
retinācula (accusative plural)
retināculō (ablative singular)
retināculīs (ablative plural)
retināculum (singular vocative)
retinācula (plural vocative)

Old Sardinian: [Term?]

Campidanese: ordinagus, odriàngulus

desc

Logudorese: redinagios, ordinagos, terinagos

Nuorese: retinacros, rodinacos

Sassarese: ridinaggi

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: retinacle

→ English: retinaculum

→ French: rétinacle

→ Spanish: retináculo

[rɛt̪ɪˈnäːkʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

holdfast, tether, halter, hawser, band (also on chariots or ships)


ephippium

la-noun

ephippium n (genitive ephippiī or ephippī); second declension

ephippiī (genitive)
ephippī (genitive)
ephippium (nominative singular)
ephippia (nominative plural)
ephippiī (genitive singular)
ephippī (genitive singular)
ephippiōrum (genitive plural)
ephippiō (dative singular)
ephippiīs (dative plural)
ephippium (accusative singular)
ephippia (accusative plural)
ephippiō (ablative singular)
ephippiīs (ablative plural)
ephippium (singular vocative)
ephippia (plural vocative)

[ɛˈpʰɪpːiʊ̃ˑ]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐφίππιον (ephíppion).

A saddlecloth, horsecloth, or caparison; housing.


arcionem

arciōnem (canonical masculine)
/arˈt͡ʃoni/ (nominative plural)
/arˈt͡ʃone/ (oblique singular)
/arˈt͡ʃones/ (oblique plural)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: arcione

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: arçó

Old French: arçon, archon (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: arçon

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: arçon

Galician: arzón

Portuguese: arção

Old Spanish: arzon, arçon

Spanish: arzón

From Latin arcus (“bow”) + -iōnem (diminutive ending).


oreae

la-noun

ōreae f pl (genitive ōreārum); first declension

ōreae (canonical feminine plural)
ōreārum (genitive)
ōreae (nominative plural)
ōreārum (genitive plural)
ōreīs (dative plural)
ōreās (accusative plural)
ōreīs (ablative plural)
ōreae (plural vocative)

From ōs (“mouth”) + -eus: "that which is inserted into the mouth, mouth-pieces".

(plural only) the bit and reins of a horse, bridle


postilena

postilēna f (genitive postilēnae); first declension

postilēna (canonical feminine)
postilēnae (genitive)
postilēna (nominative singular)
postilēnae (nominative plural)
postilēnae (genitive singular)
postilēnārum (genitive plural)
postilēnae (dative singular)
postilēnīs (dative plural)
postilēnam (accusative singular)
postilēnās (accusative plural)
postilēnā (ablative singular)
postilēnīs (ablative plural)
postilēna (singular vocative)
postilēnae (plural vocative)

Italian: pósola, posolina

Sicilian: pistulena

Venetan: pósena

[pɔs̠t̪ɪˈɫ̪eːnä]

Ita te aggerunda curvom aqua faciam probe

I’ll make you so thoroughly bent with carrying water that a crupper might be manufactured out of you.

crupper (contrivance to keep a saddle from sliding forward)


antilena

antilēna f (genitive antilēnae); first declension

antilēna (canonical feminine)
antilēnae (genitive)
antilēna (nominative singular)
antilēnae (nominative plural)
antilēnae (genitive singular)
antilēnārum (genitive plural)
antilēnae (dative singular)
antilēnīs (dative plural)
antilēnam (accusative singular)
antilēnās (accusative plural)
antilēnā (ablative singular)
antilēnīs (ablative plural)
antilēna (singular vocative)
antilēnae (plural vocative)

[än̪t̪ɪˈɫ̪eːnä]

[än̪t̪iˈlɛːnä]

breast-girth (contrivance to keep a saddle from sliding back)


hippopera

hippopēra f (genitive hippopērae); first declension

hippopēra (canonical feminine)
hippopērae (genitive)
hippopēra (nominative singular)
hippopērae (nominative plural)
hippopērae (genitive singular)
hippopērārum (genitive plural)
hippopērae (dative singular)
hippopērīs (dative plural)
hippopēram (accusative singular)
hippopērās (accusative plural)
hippopērā (ablative singular)
hippopērīs (ablative plural)
hippopēra (singular vocative)
hippopērae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἱπποπήρα (hippopḗra).

M. Cato Censorius, quem tam rei publicae fuit nasci quam Scipionem (alter enim cum hostibus nostris bellum, alter cum moribus gessit), cantherio vehebatur et hippoperis quidem impositis, ut secum utilia portaret.

c. 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 87.9

Cato the Elder, him being born indeed healsome for the society like Scipio (for the one fought war with our foes, the other without our mores), rode along with a gelding and merely two saddlebags on it to stow his belongings.

1680, Franciszek à Mesgnien Meninski, “خرجین”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum (in Ottoman Turkish, Turkish, Latin, German, Italian, French, and Polish), Vienna, column 1878:

خرجین churḡīn, & خرجینه churḡīne, i. q. خرج churḡ. Hippopera.

خرجین churḡīn, & خرجینه churḡīne, i. q. خرج churḡ. Saddle-bag.


bisaccium

bisaccium n (genitive bisacciī or bisaccī); second declension

bisacciī (genitive)
bisaccī (genitive)
bisaccium (nominative singular)
bisaccia (nominative plural)
bisacciī (genitive singular)
bisaccī (genitive singular)
bisacciōrum (genitive plural)
bisacciō (dative singular)
bisacciīs (dative plural)
bisaccium (accusative singular)
bisaccia (accusative plural)
bisacciō (ablative singular)
bisacciīs (ablative plural)
bisaccium (singular vocative)
bisaccia (plural vocative)

Dalmatian: bisuog

→ Czech: bisaci, bisahy

desctree

→ Polish: bisaga
→ Russian: бися́га (bisjága)
→ Ukrainian: би́са́ги (býsáhy), бе́са́ги (bésáhy)

→ Hungarian: besagi

→ Serbo-Croatian: bisag m, bìsaga f

→ Slovene: bisāga

→ Lower Sorbian: bisagi pl

French: besace, bissac

Italian: bisaccia

Piedmontese: bersac, bersacca

Provençal: bissac, bisac

Romanian: desagă f, desag m

Sicilian: visazza

Spanish: bezaza, bizaza, biaza

→ Old English: bīsæc

English: bysack

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: δισάκιον (disákion), δισάκκιον (disákkion), δισάκκι (disákki)

Greek: δισάκι (disáki), βισάκι (visáki)

→ Bulgarian: бисаги (bisagi), дисаги pl (disagi) (dialectal)

[bɪˈs̠äkːiʊ̃ˑ]

Ceterum in promulsidari asellus erat Corinthius cum bisaccio positus, qui habebat olivas in altera parte albas, in altera nigras.

c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 31.9

And in the foretray there was a Corinthian asslet with a wallet having olives in one end light and in one end dark.

double saddlebag, twofold horse-holdall, wallet