cicer

cicer n (genitive ciceris); third declension

ciceris (genitive)
cicer (nominative singular)
cicera (nominative plural)
ciceris (genitive singular)
cicerum (genitive plural)
cicerī (dative singular)
ciceribus (dative plural)
cicer (accusative singular)
cicera (accusative plural)
cicere (ablative singular)
ciceribus (ablative plural)
cicer (singular vocative)
cicera (plural vocative)

Aromanian: tseatsiri

Dalmatian: cič

Old French: ceire, çoire, cice

French: pois chiche

English: chickpea

Italian: cece, cecio

Romanian: cece

Ligurian: çéixou

Piedmontese: cèis, cise

Mozarabic: *čičar

→ Catalan: xítxero

→ Galician: chícharo

→ Spanish: chícharo

→ Portuguese: chícharo

Occitan: céser

Sardinian: cìxiri

Sicilian: cìciru

Venetan: cexarìna

Tashelhit: ikikr

→ Albanian: qiqër, qiq

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kikerā (see there for further descendants)

A Wanderwort akin to Old Armenian սիսեռն (siseṙn, “chickpea”), Ancient Macedonian κίκερροι (kíkerrhoi, “chickpea”), perhaps also Ancient Greek κριός (kriós, “a variety of chickpea”). Compare also Old Georgian ცერცჳ (cercwi, “broad bean; Vicia faba”), whence Georgian ცერცვი (cercvi).

unk

Wanderwort

cog

Juvenal, Satires, 6.373.
Ergo expectatos ac iussos crescere primum testiculos, postquam coeperunt esse bilibres, tonsoris tantum damno rapit Heliodorus. Mangonum pueros vera ac miserabilis urit debilitas, follisque pudet cicerisque relicti.

Therefore, the testicles were expected and ordered to grow. After they began to weigh two pounds, Heliodorus tore them off to the detriment of the barber. The loss was real and miserable for the boys of the slave-mongers, it shamed them to be left with only a small purse and a chickpea.


hirundo

la-noun

hirundō f (genitive hirundinis); third declension

hirundō (canonical feminine)
hirundinis (genitive)
hirundō (nominative singular)
hirundinēs (nominative plural)
hirundinis (genitive singular)
hirundinum (genitive plural)
hirundinī (dative singular)
hirundinibus (dative plural)
hirundinem (accusative singular)
hirundinēs (accusative plural)
hirundine (ablative singular)
hirundinibus (ablative plural)
hirundō (singular vocative)
hirundinēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: alãndurã, lãndurã, rãndurã

Romanian: rândunea, rândunică

Dalmatian:

rondaina

Italo-Romance:

Italian: rondine, irondine

Sicilian: rìndina, rìnnina

North-Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: rondanìnn-a, róndoa, rondana

desc

Lombard: rondena, róndola, rondanena, rondanina

Piedmontese: ràndola, ròndola, róndola, róndora, randolina, rondorina, riondora, rondanina

Romansch: randulina, hirondella, irundeala

Venetan: róndena

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: aronde, arondelle

French: aronde

Norman: héthonde

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: oreneta, oroneta, oronella

Old Occitan: irunda, ironda, irondela

Occitan: ironda, randoleta

→ French: hirondelle

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: *andorina

Asturian andarina, alandrina, andolina

Leonese andolina

Mirandese andorina

Old Galician-Portuguese: andorỹa, andorinna

Galician: anduriña, andoriña

Portuguese: andorinha

Old Spanish: golondrina

Spanish: golondrina, andorina

Sardinian:

arrùndini

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: hirundo

Possibly related to hirrio due to its sound, or related to harundo because of its forked tail. Compare Ancient Greek χελῑδών (khelīdṓn).


vulpecula

la-noun

vulpēcula f (genitive vulpēculae); first declension

vulpēcula (canonical feminine)
vulpēculae (genitive)
vulpēcula (nominative singular)
vulpēculae (nominative plural)
vulpēculae (genitive singular)
vulpēculārum (genitive plural)
vulpēculae (dative singular)
vulpēculīs (dative plural)
vulpēculam (accusative singular)
vulpēculās (accusative plural)
vulpēculā (ablative singular)
vulpēculīs (ablative plural)
vulpēcula (singular vocative)
vulpēculae (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: gouorpely

Old French: golpil, vorpil, volpil

French: goupil, goupille

Old Leonese:

Asturian: vulpeya

Old Galician-Portuguese: golpella

Galician: golpella

Portuguese: golpelha

Old Occitan:

Catalan: volpell, volpitz

Occitan: volpìlh

Old Spanish: vulpeja, golpeja, gulpeja

Spanish: vulpeja

[u̯ʊɫ̪ˈpeːkʊɫ̪ä]

From vulpēs (“fox”) + -cula (diminutive suffix).


balteus

la-noun

balteus m (genitive balteī); second declension

balteī (genitive)
balteus (nominative singular)
balteī (nominative plural)
balteī (genitive singular)
balteōrum (genitive plural)
balteō (dative singular)
balteīs (dative plural)
balteum (accusative singular)
balteōs (accusative plural)
balteō (ablative singular)
balteīs (ablative plural)
baltee (singular vocative)
balteī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: baltsu

Italian: balzo

Old Occitan:

Catalan: balç

Occitan: baus

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Portuguese: balção, balso

Romanian: balț

→ Proto-Germanic: *baltijaz (see there for further descendants)

English: belt

→ Italian: balteo

→ Portuguese: bálteo

→ Spanish: bálteo

[ˈbäɫ̪t̪eʊs̠]

Charisius says Varro considered it of Etruscan origin (compare Etruscan 𐌁𐌀𐌋𐌕𐌄𐌀 (baltea, “belt”)). Ernout and Meillet accept its Etruscan origin and interpret -eus as a characteristic ending of Etruscan loanwords, whereas Bonfante Warren is skeptical of this etymology, noting that the voiced consonant /b/ is foreign to Etruscan.

(architecture) Synonym of praecinctio (curved walkway that separates the galleries of a Roman theatre)


salpa

salpa f (genitive salpae); first declension

salpae (genitive)
salpa (nominative singular)
salpae (nominative plural)
salpae (genitive singular)
salpārum (genitive plural)
salpae (dative singular)
salpīs (dative plural)
salpam (accusative singular)
salpās (accusative plural)
salpā (ablative singular)
salpīs (ablative plural)
salpa (singular vocative)
salpae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σάλπη (sálpē).


betulla

betulla f (genitive betullae); first declension

betullae (genitive)
betulla (nominative singular)
betullae (nominative plural)
betullae (genitive singular)
betullārum (genitive plural)
betullae (dative singular)
betullīs (dative plural)
betullam (accusative singular)
betullās (accusative plural)
betullā (ablative singular)
betullīs (ablative plural)
betulla (singular vocative)
betullae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: betulă

Italo-Romance:

Italian: betulla

Padanian:

Lombard: bedola, bedoia, bèula

Alpine: bedora, bedra

Ossolano: bèula

Piedmontese: biola, bola, bèula

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: biôla, bêla

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: abetocha

Gascon: bedora

Vivaro-Alpine: bèula (Valadas)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *betullus

Padanian:

Emilian: bedul

Lombard: bedoi, bedogn

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: beoule, boul, bououle

Champenois: boulin

Franc-Comtois: boulât

⇒ French: bouleau

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: abetoch

Catalan: bedoll

Gascon: bedoth, betoth

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *betūlus

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: bido ⇒ bidueiro

Portuguese: vido ⇒ vidoeiro

Spanish: abedul

Borrowings:

→ Portuguese: bétula

→ Translingual: Betula

[bɛˈt̪ʊlːʲä]

From Gaulish *bitu, from Proto-Celtic *betwiyos, *betuyā, *betu, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷetu-yo-s, *gʷetw-iyo-s, from *gʷet-.
Compare Welsh bedwen. See also Latin bitūmen (“tar”), which was instead borrowed through another Italic language.


coccinella

coccinella f (genitive coccinellae); first declension

coccinellae (genitive)
coccinella (nominative singular)
coccinellae (nominative plural)
coccinellae (genitive singular)
coccinellārum (genitive plural)
coccinellae (dative singular)
coccinellīs (dative plural)
coccinellam (accusative singular)
coccinellās (accusative plural)
coccinellā (ablative singular)
coccinellīs (ablative plural)
coccinella (singular vocative)
coccinellae (plural vocative)

→ French: coccinelle

→ Hebrew: קוֹקְסִינֶל (koksinél)

→ Italian: coccinella

Coined by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae (1758), from coccinus (scarlet) + -ella (diminutive suffix).


vitellus

la-noun

vitellus m (genitive vitellī); second declension

vitellī (genitive)
vitellus (nominative singular)
vitellī (nominative plural)
vitellī (genitive singular)
vitellōrum (genitive plural)
vitellō (dative singular)
vitellīs (dative plural)
vitellum (accusative singular)
vitellōs (accusative plural)
vitellō (ablative singular)
vitellīs (ablative plural)
vitelle (singular vocative)
vitellī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: yitsãl

Istro-Romanian: viţe, viţelu

Megleno-Romanian: vițǫl, vițal

Romanian: vițel

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: vitellu

Italian: vitello

→ Piedmontese: vitel

Neapolitan: vitiello, vetiello

desc

Sicilian: viteddu, vitieddu, vuteddu, vutiddu

Padanian:

Emilian: vdèl, vedèl, vidèl

Friulian: vidiel

Lombard: vedèl

Ossolano: vèl

Piedmontese: vèil, vèl ⇒ veilat

Romansch: vadè, vadel

Venetan: vedeło, vedel

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: vél, viô, viau, veûzh

Valdôtain: véil, vil

Old French: veel

French: veau

→ English: veal

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: vetiello

Belsetán: vetiecho

Vió: vetiello

Oriental: vediello

Ribagorçan: vediell, vedell

Catalan: vedell, videll

Occitan:

Auvergnat: vedèu

Gascon: vedèth, vetèth

Languedocien: vedèl, vodèl; vedèlh (meridional)

Limousin: vdèl, vdèu, vedéil, vedèl

Provençal: vedèu, vodèu

Vivaro-Alpine: vèu, vèl, vedèu, vedèl, vió

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: biteddu, bitedhu, bitellu, vitellu

Borrowings:

→ Portuguese: vitelo

→ Spanish: vitelo

[u̯ɪˈt̪ɛlːʲʊs̠]


tilia

la-noun

tilia f (genitive tiliae); first declension

tiliae (genitive)
tilia (nominative singular)
tiliae (nominative plural)
tiliae (genitive singular)
tiliārum (genitive plural)
tiliae (dative singular)
tiliīs (dative plural)
tiliam (accusative singular)
tiliās (accusative plural)
tiliā (ablative singular)
tiliīs (ablative plural)
tilia (singular vocative)
tiliae (plural vocative)

desc

Aromanian: tilj, tiljiu, tilju, telju, teljiu m

Catalan: tell m

⇒ Corsican: tigliolu m

Friulian: tei m

⇒ Galician: tilleira f

Italian: tiglio m

→ Venetan: tìlio m

Lombard: tej m

Occitan: telha f, telh m

Old French: til m

⇒ tilluel m

French: tilleul m

→ English: teil

French: tille, teille f

→ Spanish: tilo m, tila f

Piedmontese: tij m

Romanian: tei m

Sardinian: tíja f, tílliu m

Sicilian: tigghiu, tigliu m

Spanish: teja f

→ Translingual: Tilia (learned)

→ English: tilia (learned)

→ Spanish: tilia f (learned)

→ Portuguese: tília f (learned)

Probably a borrowing from a Mediterranean substrate, found also in Ancient Greek πτελέα (pteléa, “elm”) and Old Armenian թեղի (tʻełi).


procellaria

la-noun

procellāria f (genitive procellāriae); first declension

procellāria (canonical feminine)
procellāriae (genitive)
procellāria (nominative singular)
procellāriae (nominative plural)
procellāriae (genitive singular)
procellāriārum (genitive plural)
procellāriae (dative singular)
procellāriīs (dative plural)
procellāriam (accusative singular)
procellāriās (accusative plural)
procellāriā (ablative singular)
procellāriīs (ablative plural)
procellāria (singular vocative)
procellāriae (plural vocative)

Translingual: Procellaria

From procella (“storm”) + -aria (“-ary: forming adjectives”).


orchis

la-noun

orchis f (genitive orchis); third declension

orchis (genitive)
orchis (nominative singular)
orchēs (nominative plural)
orchis (genitive singular)
orchium (genitive plural)
orchī (dative singular)
orchibus (dative plural)
orchem (accusative singular)
orchēs (accusative plural)
orchīs (accusative plural)
orche (ablative singular)
orchibus (ablative plural)
orchis (singular vocative)
orchēs (plural vocative)

→ English: orchis

→ Translingual: Orchis

⇒ New Latin: Orchideae, Orchidaceae

→ Albanian: orkide

→ Catalan: orquídia

→ Czech: orchidea, orchidej

→ English: orchid

→ Finnish: orkidea

desctree

→ French: orchidée
→ German: Orchidee
→ Dutch: orchidee
→ Estonian: orhidee
→ Malagasy: orkide
→ Norwegian: orkidé
→ Romanian: orhidee
→ Swedish: orkidé
→ Turkish: orkide

→ Galician: orquídea

→ Greek: ορχιδέα (orchidéa)

→ Hungarian: orchidea

→ Italian: orchidea

→ Lithuanian: orchidėja

→ Macedonian: орхидеја (orhideja)

→ Polish: orchidea

→ Portuguese: orquídea

→ Russian: орхиде́я (orxidéja)

→ Serbo-Croatian: орхидеја (orhideja)

→ Slovene: orhideja

→ Spanish: orquídea

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὄρχις (órkhis, “testicle, ovary, orchid”).


crocodilus

la-noun

crocodīlus m (genitive crocodīlī); second declension

crocodīlus (canonical masculine)
crocodīlī (genitive)
crocodīlus (nominative singular)
crocodīlī (nominative plural)
crocodīlī (genitive singular)
crocodīlōrum (genitive plural)
crocodīlō (dative singular)
crocodīlīs (dative plural)
crocodīlum (accusative singular)
crocodīlōs (accusative plural)
crocodīlō (ablative singular)
crocodīlīs (ablative plural)
crocodīle (singular vocative)
crocodīlī (plural vocative)

Medieval Latin: cocodrillus

Asturian: cocodrilu

Catalan: cocodril

desctree

Italian: coccodrillo
→ Maltese: kukkudrill

Old French: cocodril
Norman: crocodile
→ Middle English: cocodrill, cokadrill, cokedril
English: crocodile
→ Maori: kokorotaera, karakotaera
→ Niuean: kirokotaili
→ Tokelauan: kolokotaila
→ Tongan: kalokataile
→ Welsh: crocodeil
Scots: cocadrille, cokadraill

desc

Sicilian: cuncutrigghiu, cuncutriddu, cucutrigghiu

Spanish: cocodrilo

Borrowings

→ Albanian: krokodil

→ Basque: krokodilo

→ Breton: krokodil

→ Bulgarian: крокодил (krokodil)

→ Cornish: krokodil

→ Czech: krokodýl

→ Danish: krokodille

→ Estonian: krokodill

→ Faroese: krokodilla

→ Finnish: krokotiili

desctree

→ French: crocodile
Antillean Creole: krokodil
Mauritian Creole: krokodil
Seychellois Creole: krokodil
→ Romanian: crocodil
→ Persian: کروکودیل (krokodil)

→ Galician: crocodilo

→ German: Krokodil
→ Hungarian: krokodil (or directly from Latin)
→ Middle Russian: крокоди́лъ (krokodíl)
Russian: крокоди́л (krokodíl), крокоди́лъ (krokodíl) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Bezhta: каракадил (karakadil)
→ English: krokodil
→ French: krokodil
→ Ingrian: krokodila
→ Kildin Sami: крокадил (krokadil)
→ Old Ruthenian: крокоди́лъ (krokodíl), крокоды́лъ (krokodýl), крокоды́ль (krokodýlʹ)
Belarusian: кракадзі́л (krakadzíl)
Carpathian Rusyn: крокоді́л (krokodíl)
Ukrainian: крокоди́л (krokodýl)

→ Irish: crogall

→ Icelandic: krókódíll

→ Kyrgyz: крокодил (krokodil)

→ Latvian: krokodils

→ Lithuanian: krokodilas

→ Luxembourgish: Krokodil

→ Macedonian: крокодил (krokodil)

→ Middle Dutch: crocodil

Dutch: krokodil
Afrikaans: krokodil

→ Norwegian: krokodille

→ Occitan: crocodil

→ Polish: krokodyl

→ Portuguese: crocodilo

→ Scottish Gaelic: crogall

→ Serbo-Croatian: krokodil

→ Slovak: krokodíl

→ Swedish: krokodil

→ Slovene: krokodil

→ Tajik: крокодил (krokodil)

→ Turkmen: krokodil

→ West Frisian: krokodil

→ Yiddish: קראָקאָדיל (krokodil)

[krɔkɔˈd̪iːɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek κροκόδειλος (krokódeilos).


cornuta

la-noun

cornūta f (genitive cornūtae); first declension

cornūta (canonical feminine)
cornūtae (genitive)
cornūta (nominative singular)
cornūtae (nominative plural)
cornūtae (genitive singular)
cornūtārum (genitive plural)
cornūtae (dative singular)
cornūtīs (dative plural)
cornūtam (accusative singular)
cornūtās (accusative plural)
cornūtā (ablative singular)
cornūtīs (ablative plural)
cornūta (singular vocative)
cornūtae (plural vocative)

144 Ut a belvis ordiamur, arbores, physeteres, ballaenae, pistrices, Tritones, Nereides, elephanti, homines qui marini vocantur, rotae, orcae, arietes, musculi et alii piscium forma arietes, delphini celebresque Homero vituli, luxuriae vero testudines et medicis fibri — quorum generis lutras nusquam mari accepimus mergi, tantum marina dicentes —,
145 iam caniculae, drinones, cornutae, gladii, serrae, communesque terrae, mari, amni hippopotami, crocodili, et amni tantum ac mari thynni, thynnides, siluri, coracini, percae. Peculiares autem maris acipenser, aurata, asellus, acharne, aphye, alopex, anguilla, araneus, boca, batia, bacchus, batrachus, belonae, quos aculeatos vocamus,
146 balanus, corvus, citharus, rhomborum generis pessimus, chalcis, cobio, callarias, asellorum generis, ni minor esset, coliae sive Parianus sive Sexitanus a patria Baetica, lacertorum minimi, ab iis nostrates, cybium — ita vocatur concisa pelamys, quae post XL dies a Ponto in Maeotim revertitur —, cordyla — et haec pelamys pusilla; cum in Pontum a Maeotide exit, hoc nomen habet —, cantharus, callionymus sive uranoscopos, cinaedi, soli piscium lutei, cnide, quam nos urticam vocamus,
147 cancrorum genera, chemae striatae, chemae leves, chemae peloridum generis, varietate distantes et rotunditate, chemae glycymarides, quae sunt maiores quam pelorides, coluthia sive coryphia, concharum genera, inter quae et margaritiferae, cochloe, quorum generis pentadactyli, item helices (ab aliis actinophoroe dicuntur), quibus radii; . . . . cantant — extra haec sunt rotundae in oleario usu cocleae —,
148 cucumis, cynops, cammarus, cynosdexia, draco — quidam aliud volunt esse dracunculum; est autem gerriculae amplae similis, aculeos in branchiis habet ad caudam spectantes; sic ut scorpio laedit, dum manu tollitur — erythinus, echenais, echinus, elephanti locustarum generis nigri, pedibus quaternis bisulcis — praeterea bracchia iis II binis articulis singulisque forcipibus denticulatis —, fabri sive zaei, glauciscus, flanis, gonger, gerres, galeos, garos,
149 hippos, hippuros, hirundo, halipleumon, hippocampos, hepar, ictinus, iulis, lacertorum genera, lolligo volitans, locustae, lucerna, lelepris, lamirus, lepus, leones, quorum bracchia cancris similia sunt — reliqua pars locustae —, mullus, merula inter saxatiles laudata, mugil, melanurus, mena, maeotes, murena, mys, mitulus, myiscus, murix, oculata, ophidion, ostreae, oti, orcynus — hic est pelamydum generis maximus neque ipse redit in Maeotim, similis tritomi, vetustate melior —,
150 orbis, orthagoriscus, phager, phycis saxatilium quaedam, pelamys — earum generis maxima apolectum vocatur, durius tritomo —, porcus, phthir, passer, pastinaca, polyporum genera, pectines — maximi et in his nigerrimi aestate laudatissimi, hi autem Mytilenis, Tyndaride, Salonis, Altini, Chia in insula, Alexandriae in Aegypto —, pectunculi, purpurae, pegrides, pina, pinoteres, rhine, quem squatum vomu,
151 rhombus, scarus, principalis hodie, solea, sargus, squilla, sarda — ita vocatur pelamys longa ex oceano veniens —, scomber, salpa, sorus, scorpaena, scorpio, salax, sciaena, sciadeus, scolopendra, smyrus, sepia, strombus, solen sive aulos sive donax sive onyx sive dactylus, spondyli, smarides, stellae, spongeae, turdus, inter saxatiles nobilis, thynnis, thranis, quem alii xiphian vocant, thrissa, torpedo, tethea, tritomum pelamydum generis magni, ex quo terna cybia fiunt, veneria, uva, xiphias.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 32.145

To begin with large beasts, there are 'sea-trees,' blower-whales, other whales, saw-fish, Tritons, Nereids, walruses (?) so-called 'men of the sea,' 'wheels,' grampuses, 'sea-rams,' whalebone whales, and others having the shape of fishes, dolphins, and seals well known to Homer, tortoises on the other hand well known to luxury, beavers to medical people (of the class of beavers we have never found record, speaking as we are of marine animals, that otters anywhere frequent the sea); also sharks, 'drinones,' horned rays (?), sword-fish, saw-fish; hippopotamuses and crocodiles common to land, sea, and river; and, common to river and sea only, tunnies, other tunnies, 'shun,' `coracini,' and perches.
Belonging to the sea only are sturgeon, gilt-head, 'asellus,' 'acharne,' small fry, thresher-shark, eel, weever-fish, bogue, skate, grey mullet, angler-fish, garfish?fish which we call thorny, sea-acorn, 'sea-crow,' 'cithari' the worst esteemed of the turbot kind, shad (?), goby, 'callarias' of the 'aselli' kind were it not smaller, Spanish mackerel also known as the Parian and as Sexitan from its native land Baetica, the smallest of the mackerels, cybium (this is the name given, when it has been sliced, to the young tunny which returns from the Black Sea into Lake Maeotis after forty days), 'cordyla' (this too is a very small young tunny; it has this name when it goes out from Lake Maeotis into the Black Sea), black bream, the 'callionymus' or 'uranoscopus,' 'cinaedi'-wrassethe only fishes which are yellow, sea-anemone, which we call nettle, species of crab, furrowed clams, smooth clams, clams of the kind 'peloris,' differing in variety of roundness of their shells, 'glycymarides'-clams, which are larger than 'pelorides,' 'coluthia" or 'coryphia,' species of bivalves amongst which are also the pearl-bearers, 'cochloe' (to the class of these belong the 'five-fingered,' also 'helices' called by others 'actinophorae'), whose rays give a singing sound (outside these there are round shells used in dealing with oil), sea-cucumber, 'cynops,' shrimps, 'dog's right-hand,' weever-fish; (certain people want the 'little weever' to be regarded as a different animal; in fact it is like a large 'gerricula,' and has on its gills prickles which look towards the tail; and when it is lifted in the hand, it inflicts a wound like a scorpion), 'erythrinus,' sucking-fish, sea-urchin, black 'elephants' of the lobster kind, having four forked legs (they also have two arms, each with double joints and a single pair of pincers having a toothed edge), 'fabri' or 'zaei,' 'glauciseus,' catfish, conger eel, 'girres,' dogfish, 'garos,' runner-crab(?) 'horsetail,' flying-fish, jellyfish, seahorse, 'hepar,' flying gurnard(?), rainbow-wrasse(?) species of mackerel, fluttering squid, crawfishes, 'lantern-fish,' 'lelepris,' 'lamirns,' sea-hare, 'lion'-lobsters, whose arms are like crabs' and the rest is like the crawfish, red mullet, a wrasse highly praised amongst rock-fish, grey mullet, 'black-tail,' 'mena,' 'maeotes,' murry, 'mys'-mussel, mussel, bearded mussel(?), purple-mollusc, 'eyed' fish, eel(?), species of bivalves, sea-ear, large tunny (this is the largest of the pelamys kind and it never comes back to Lake Macotis; it is like the 'tritomum' and is best in its old age), globe-fish, 'orthagoriscus' 'phager,' 'phycis' one of the rock-fish, 'pelamys'-tunny, of which kind the largest is called 'choice piece,' tougher than the 'tritomus,' 'pig'-fish, sea-louse, plaice (?), stingray, species of octopus, scallops (the very large ones, and, among these, those which are very black in summer time, being the most highly esteemed; moreover, these are found at Mytilene, Tyndaris, Salonae, Altinum, the island of Chios, and Alexandria in Egypt), small scallops, purple-molluscs, 'pegrides'(?), pinna, hermit crab (or pinas-guard crab), angel-fish which we call 'squatus,' turbot, parrot-wrasse, which is of first rank today, sole, sargue, prawn (or shrimp), 'sarda' (this is the name given to an elongated pelamy-tunny which comes from the Ocean), mackerel, saupe, 'sorus,' two kinds of sculpin, two kinds of maigre, scolopendra-worm, 'smyrus,' cuttlefish, spiral molluscs, razor-shells variously called 'solen,' 'aulos', 'donax,' 'onyx,' and 'dactylus'; thorny oysters, picarels, starflshes, sponges, 'turdus'-wrasse famous amongst rock-fish, tunny, thranis which others call swordfish, 'thrissa,' electric ray, sea-squirt, 'tritomum' ('three-cut') belong to a large kind of tunny, from each of which three 'cybia' can be cut, 'veneria,' cuttle-egg (?) swordfish.

Ius in cornutam: piper, ligusticum, origanum, cepam, uvam passam enucleatam, vinum, mel, acetum, liquamen, oleum, et coques.

Sauce for sea robin: pepper, lovage, oregano, onion, raisins without pip, wine, honey, vinegar, liquamen, oil, and cook them.


cabo

cabō m (genitive cabōnis); third declension

cabō (canonical masculine)
cabōnis (genitive)
cabō (nominative singular)
cabōnēs (nominative plural)
cabōnis (genitive singular)
cabōnum (genitive plural)
cabōnī (dative singular)
cabōnibus (dative plural)
cabōnem (accusative singular)
cabōnēs (accusative plural)
cabōne (ablative singular)
cabōnibus (ablative plural)
cabō (singular vocative)
cabōnēs (plural vocative)

Found in Late Latin; from a source akin to Khotanese [script needed] (kabä, “horse”), Persian کول (kaval, “slow, clumsy horse”) (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kaba, *kabala (“horse”)) and Old Church Slavonic кобꙑла (kobyla, “mare”), which could ultimately be of Proto-Indo-European origin.


equa

la-noun

equa f (genitive equae, masculine equus); first declension

equae (genitive)
equus (masculine)
equa (nominative singular)
equae (nominative plural)
equae (genitive singular)
equārum (genitive plural)
equae (dative singular)
equīs (dative plural)
equābus (dative plural)
equam (accusative singular)
equās (accusative plural)
equā (ablative singular)
equīs (ablative plural)
equābus (ablative plural)
equa (singular vocative)
equae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: eapã, iapã

Istro-Romanian: iopĕ

Megleno-Romanian: iapă

Romanian: iapă

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: iefna

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: égva

Old French: ewe, ive, iewe

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: egua, euga

Occitan: èga

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: yegua, egua

Old Galician-Portuguese: egua, egoa

Galician: egua

Portuguese: égua

Old Spanish: yegua

Spanish: yegua

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ebba (Logudorese), ègua (Campidanese)

From equus (“horse”) + -a (feminine suffix).


musa

mūsa f (genitive mūsae); first declension

mūsa (canonical feminine)
mūsae (genitive)
mūsa (nominative singular)
mūsae (nominative plural)
mūsae (genitive singular)
mūsārum (genitive plural)
mūsae (dative singular)
mūsīs (dative plural)
mūsam (accusative singular)
mūsās (accusative plural)
mūsā (ablative singular)
mūsīs (ablative plural)
mūsa (singular vocative)
mūsae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek μοῦσα (moûsa). Akin to mēns (“mind, reason”).


faenum

faenum n (genitive faenī); second declension

faenī (genitive)
faenum (nominative singular)
faena (nominative plural)
faenī (genitive singular)
faenōrum (genitive plural)
faenō (dative singular)
faenīs (dative plural)
faenum (accusative singular)
faena (accusative plural)
faenō (ablative singular)
faenīs (ablative plural)
faenum (singular vocative)
faena (plural vocative)

Dalmatian: fin

Istriot: fen

Italian: fieno

Sardinian: fenu, enu

Sicilian: frenu

Venetan: fjen, fien, fen

→ Interlingua: feno

From Proto-Italic *fēnom, from earlier *θēnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)-no- (“yield”), from *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”), with semantic shift "to suckle" > "to bring forth" > "produce, yield" > "hay". See also Latin fecundus (“fertile”).

Similis ratiō avēnae est, quae autumnō sata partim caeditur in faenum vel pābulum dum adhūc viret, partim sēminī custōdītur.

4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Re Rustica 2.10.32

The same method is for oats, which, sown in autumn, are partially cut in hay or fodder while still green, and partially kept for seed.

Iūmentīs herba nōn alia grātior, sīve viridis sīve in fēnō siccāta et, cum dētur, adspersa aquā.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 24.118.178

No other herb is more welcome to beasts of burden, either green or dried into hay, and besprinkled with water.


lentiscus

lentīscus f (genitive lentīscī); second declension

lentīscus (canonical feminine)
lentīscī (genitive)
lentīscus (nominative singular)
lentīscī (nominative plural)
lentīscī (genitive singular)
lentīscōrum (genitive plural)
lentīscō (dative singular)
lentīscīs (dative plural)
lentīscum (accusative singular)
lentīscōs (accusative plural)
lentīscō (ablative singular)
lentīscīs (ablative plural)
lentīsce (singular vocative)
lentīscī (plural vocative)

Catalan: llentisc

Spanish: lentisco

Italian: lentisco

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *lentīsculus

Catalan: llentiscle

Italian: lentischio

[ɫ̪ɛn̪ˈt̪iːs̠kʊs̠]

Perhaps from lentus (“flexible, pliant”) + -iscus

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual


legumen

legūmen n (genitive legūminis); third declension

legūmen (canonical neuter)
legūminis (genitive)
legūmen (nominative singular)
legūmina (nominative plural)
legūminis (genitive singular)
legūminum (genitive plural)
legūminī (dative singular)
legūminibus (dative plural)
legūmen (accusative singular)
legūmina (accusative plural)
legūmine (ablative singular)
legūminibus (ablative plural)
legūmen (singular vocative)
legūmina (plural vocative)

Catalan: llegum

→ English: legumen (learned)

→ French: légume

→ English: legume

→ Esperanto: legomo

Friulian: liùm

Galician: legume

Italian: legume

Occitan: legum

Old French: legun, leun

Portuguese: legume

Romanian: legumă

Sicilian: lijumi

Spanish: legumbre

Venetan: legùmo

[ɫ̪ɛˈɡuːmɛn]

Uncertain. Possibly connected to legere (“to gather”) because they can be scooped up in the hand. The second element appears to be the common noun-forming suffix -men, but the connecting -ū- is unexplained. Alternatively, a loanword from some other language, but no cognates have been identified.


telis

tēlis f (genitive tēlis); third declension

tēlis (canonical feminine)
tēlis (genitive)
tēlis (nominative singular)
tēlēs (nominative plural)
tēlis (genitive singular)
tēlium (genitive plural)
tēlī (dative singular)
tēlibus (dative plural)
tēlem (accusative singular)
tēlēs (accusative plural)
tēlīs (accusative plural)
tēle (ablative singular)
tēlibus (ablative plural)
tēlis (singular vocative)
tēlēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τῆλις (têlis).

[ˈt̪eːlʲɪs̠]


ranunculus

rānunculus m (genitive rānunculī); second declension

rānunculus (canonical masculine)
rānunculī (genitive)
rānunculus (nominative singular)
rānunculī (nominative plural)
rānunculī (genitive singular)
rānunculōrum (genitive plural)
rānunculō (dative singular)
rānunculīs (dative plural)
rānunculum (accusative singular)
rānunculōs (accusative plural)
rānunculō (ablative singular)
rānunculīs (ablative plural)
rānuncule (singular vocative)
rānunculī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: ranuncle (learned)

→ Dutch: ranonkel (learned)

→ English: ranunculus (learned)

→ French: renoncule (learned)

→ Galician: ranúnculo (learned)

→ Italian: ranuncolo (learned)

→ Portuguese: ranúnculo (learned)

Sicilian: ranunchiu, larunchiu

desc

Spanish: renacuajo, → ranúnculo (learned)

→ Translingual: Ranunculus (learned)

[räːˈnʊŋkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From rāna (“frog”) + -unculus (diminutive suffix). An irregularly formed diminutive in several ways: the ending -unculus was rarely used as a suffix, more often appearing when the diminutive suffix -culus is added to a stem ending in /n/, and the gender of a Latin diminutive usually is the same as that of the base word, but in this case changes from feminine to masculine. See also rānula, another diminutive from rāna.


costum

la-noun

costum n (genitive costī); second declension

costī (genitive)
costum (nominative singular)
costa (nominative plural)
costī (genitive singular)
costōrum (genitive plural)
costō (dative singular)
costīs (dative plural)
costum (accusative singular)
costa (accusative plural)
costō (ablative singular)
costīs (ablative plural)
costum (singular vocative)
costa (plural vocative)

Italian: costo


cerva

cerva f (genitive cervae); first declension

cervae (genitive)
cerva (nominative singular)
cervae (nominative plural)
cervae (genitive singular)
cervārum (genitive plural)
cervae (dative singular)
cervīs (dative plural)
cervābus (dative plural)
cervam (accusative singular)
cervās (accusative plural)
cervā (ablative singular)
cervīs (ablative plural)
cervābus (ablative plural)
cerva (singular vocative)
cervae (plural vocative)

Italian: cerva

Romanian: cerbă, cearbă

Sardinian: cherva, cerva

Spanish: cierva

→ Andalusian Arabic: chírba

Feminine of cervus; cervus + -a (feminine suffix).


alces

alcēs f (genitive alcis); third declension

alcēs (canonical feminine)
alcis (genitive)
alcēs (nominative singular)
alcēs (nominative plural)
alcis (genitive singular)
alcium (genitive plural)
alcī (dative singular)
alcibus (dative plural)
alcem (accusative singular)
alcēs (accusative plural)
alcīs (accusative plural)
alce (ablative singular)
alcibus (ablative plural)
alcēs (singular vocative)
alcēs (plural vocative)

Galician: alce

Italian: alce

Portuguese: alce

Spanish: alce

→ English: alce

[ˈäl̠ʲt͡ʃes]

Probably from Proto-Germanic *algiz, *elhaz (“elk”), related to Ancient Greek ἄλκη (álkē), also a loan from Germanic.


trifolium

trifolium n (genitive trifoliī or trifolī); second declension

trifoliī (genitive)
trifolī (genitive)
trifolium (nominative singular)
trifolia (nominative plural)
trifoliī (genitive singular)
trifolī (genitive singular)
trifoliōrum (genitive plural)
trifoliō (dative singular)
trifoliīs (dative plural)
trifolium (accusative singular)
trifolia (accusative plural)
trifoliō (ablative singular)
trifoliīs (ablative plural)
trifolium (singular vocative)
trifolia (plural vocative)

Albanian: tërfil, tërfojë

Aragonese: teflas, treflas

desc

Aromanian: trifoljiu, trifolj, trifiljiu, tãrfoyi.

Asturian: trébole

Catalan: trèvol

→ Spanish: trébol

English: trefoil

Esperanto: trifolio

French: trèfle

Friulian: cerfoi

Galician: trevo

Translingual: Trifolium

Ido: trifolio

Italian: trifoglio

Old French: trefeuil

Occitan: trefuèlh

Piedmontese: trafeuj, trefeuj

Portuguese: trevo

Romanian: trifoi

Sardinian: tirifozi, tirvozu, travullu, trevúgliu, trivudhu

Sicilian: trifogghiu

→ Spanish: trifolio

Venetan: trifògio, strafòjo, strafoi

[t̪rɪˈfɔlʲiʊ̃ˑ]

From tria (“three”) + folium (“a leaf”), a calque of Ancient Greek τρίφυλλον (tríphullon).


porca

la-noun

porca f (genitive porcae); first declension

porcae (genitive)
porca (nominative singular)
porcae (nominative plural)
porcae (genitive singular)
porcārum (genitive plural)
porcae (dative singular)
porcīs (dative plural)
porcam (accusative singular)
porcās (accusative plural)
porcā (ablative singular)
porcīs (ablative plural)
porca (singular vocative)
porcae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: poarcã

Catalan: porca

Galician: porca

Italian: porca

Megleno-Romanian: poarcă

Mirandese: puorca

Neapolitan: puorca

Occitan: pòrca

Portuguese: porca

Romanian: poarcă

Sicilian: porca

Spanish: puerca


porca

Galician: porca

Italian: porca

Romanian: porcoi

Old Spanish: puerca

Spanish: aporcar

Portuguese: alporquia

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥ḱeh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig”). Compare English furrow. Doublet of riga.

(agriculture) the ridge between two furrows; a balk; a lynchet


squilla

squilla f (genitive squillae); first declension

squillae (genitive)
squilla (nominative singular)
squillae (nominative plural)
squillae (genitive singular)
squillārum (genitive plural)
squillae (dative singular)
squillīs (dative plural)
squillam (accusative singular)
squillās (accusative plural)
squillā (ablative singular)
squillīs (ablative plural)
squilla (singular vocative)
squillae (plural vocative)

→ French: squille

Galician: esquía, esquila

Translingual: Squilla

[ˈs̠kʷɪlːʲä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σκίλλα (skílla, “squill, Urginea maritima”).

bor

A shrill little dinner bell used by medieval monks.


tinca

la-noun

tinca f (genitive tincae); first declension

tincae (genitive)
tinca (nominative singular)
tincae (nominative plural)
tincae (genitive singular)
tincārum (genitive plural)
tincae (dative singular)
tincīs (dative plural)
tincam (accusative singular)
tincās (accusative plural)
tincā (ablative singular)
tincīs (ablative plural)
tinca (singular vocative)
tincae (plural vocative)

Catalan: tenca

desctree

Old French: tenche, tanche, tenke
→ English: tench
French: tanche

Italian: tinca

Mirandese: tenca

Old French: tenche

Portuguese: tenca

Spanish: tenca

Probably of Gaulish or other Celtic origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂- (“to dissolve, melt”). The fish was thought to be poisonous, and for the Celtic root compare Old Irish tám (“plague, death”).


vultur

la-noun

vultur m (genitive vulturis); third declension

vulturis (genitive)
vultur (nominative singular)
vulturēs (nominative plural)
vulturis (genitive singular)
vulturum (genitive plural)
vulturī (dative singular)
vulturibus (dative plural)
vulturem (accusative singular)
vulturēs (accusative plural)
vulture (ablative singular)
vulturibus (ablative plural)
vultur (singular vocative)
vulturēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: vultur, vãltur

Asturian: utre, butre, utra

Catalan: voltor

English: vulture

French: vautour

Italian: avvoltoio, vùlture

Galician: voitre, butre

Ladin: valtoi

Occitan: voltre, voltor, voutor

Portuguese: abutre

Romanian: vultur

Sicilian: vuturu, avuturu

Spanish: buitre

Venetan: voltor

[ˈu̯ʊɫ̪t̪ʊr]

Probably from the same source as vellere (“to tear, pluck”)


scrofa

scrōfa f (genitive scrōfae); first declension

scrōfa (canonical feminine)
scrōfae (genitive)
scrōfa (nominative singular)
scrōfae (nominative plural)
scrōfae (genitive singular)
scrōfārum (genitive plural)
scrōfae (dative singular)
scrōfīs (dative plural)
scrōfam (accusative singular)
scrōfās (accusative plural)
scrōfā (ablative singular)
scrōfīs (ablative plural)
scrōfa (singular vocative)
scrōfae (plural vocative)

Friulian: scrove

Venetan: scroa

French: écrou

Romanian: scroafă

Italian: scrofa

Occitan: escrova

Galician: escrófula

Portuguese: escrófula

Sicilian: scrofa

A non-Roman dialect form, originally "digger, rooter," from Proto-Indo-European *skrobʰ-h₂-, from *skrebʰ- (“to scrape”).

sow (female pig, especially one used for breeding)


cyna

cyna f (genitive cynae); first declension

cynae (genitive)
cyna (nominative singular)
cynae (nominative plural)
cynae (genitive singular)
cynārum (genitive plural)
cynae (dative singular)
cynīs (dative plural)
cynam (accusative singular)
cynās (accusative plural)
cynā (ablative singular)
cynīs (ablative plural)
cyna (singular vocative)
cynae (plural vocative)

A tree of Arabia which produces cotton, Bombax ceiba


coronilla

coronilla f (genitive coronillae); first declension

English: coronilla

French: coronille

Translingual: Coronilla

From Spanish coronilla. Coined by Tournefort.


truo

truō m (genitive truōnis); third declension

truō (canonical masculine)
truōnis (genitive)
truō (nominative singular)
truōnēs (nominative plural)
truōnis (genitive singular)
truōnum (genitive plural)
truōnī (dative singular)
truōnibus (dative plural)
truōnem (accusative singular)
truōnēs (accusative plural)
truōne (ablative singular)
truōnibus (ablative plural)
truō (singular vocative)
truōnēs (plural vocative)


branchia

branchia f (genitive branchiae); first declension

branchiae (genitive)
branchia (nominative singular)
branchiae (nominative plural)
branchiae (genitive singular)
branchiārum (genitive plural)
branchiae (dative singular)
branchiīs (dative plural)
branchiam (accusative singular)
branchiās (accusative plural)
branchiā (ablative singular)
branchiīs (ablative plural)
branchia (singular vocative)
branchiae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: brànquia

→ English: branchia

→ Spanish: branchia

→ French: branchie

Italian: branchia

Sicilian: vranchia

From Ancient Greek βράγχια (bránkhia, “gills”).

bor

(usually in the plural) branchia (gill of a fish)


parra

la-noun

parra f (genitive parrae); first declension

parrae (genitive)
parra (nominative singular)
parrae (nominative plural)
parrae (genitive singular)
parrārum (genitive plural)
parrae (dative singular)
parrīs (dative plural)
parram (accusative singular)
parrās (accusative plural)
parrā (ablative singular)
parrīs (ablative plural)
parra (singular vocative)
parrae (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *parezā, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *spḗr (“sparrow, bird”). Cognate with English sparrow.

inh

A bird of ill omen; perhaps the barn owl


solanum

la-noun

sōlānum n (genitive sōlānī); second declension

sōlānum (canonical neuter)
sōlānī (genitive)
sōlānum (nominative singular)
sōlāna (nominative plural)
sōlānī (genitive singular)
sōlānōrum (genitive plural)
sōlānō (dative singular)
sōlānīs (dative plural)
sōlānum (accusative singular)
sōlāna (accusative plural)
sōlānō (ablative singular)
sōlānīs (ablative plural)
sōlānum (singular vocative)
sōlāna (plural vocative)

[s̠oːˈɫ̪äːnʊ̃ˑ]

First used by Pliny. Possible etymologies include:
* sōl (“sun”) + -ānus
* sōlor (“to comfort, soothe”) + -nus.


lacca

lacca f (genitive laccae); first declension

laccae (genitive)
lacca (nominative singular)
laccae (nominative plural)
laccae (genitive singular)
laccārum (genitive plural)
laccae (dative singular)
laccīs (dative plural)
laccam (accusative singular)
laccās (accusative plural)
laccā (ablative singular)
laccīs (ablative plural)
lacca (singular vocative)
laccae (plural vocative)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *Hlak-, *lēk- (“leg; the main muscle of the arm or leg”). Compare English leg and Latin lacertus (“upper arm”).


avia

avia f (genitive aviae); first declension

aviae (genitive)
avia (nominative singular)
aviae (nominative plural)
aviae (genitive singular)
aviārum (genitive plural)
aviae (dative singular)
aviīs (dative plural)
aviam (accusative singular)
aviās (accusative plural)
aviā (ablative singular)
aviīs (ablative plural)
avia (singular vocative)
aviae (plural vocative)


anguria

angūria f (genitive angūriae); first declension

angūria (canonical feminine)
angūriae (genitive)
angūria (nominative singular)
angūriae (nominative plural)
angūriae (genitive singular)
angūriārum (genitive plural)
angūriae (dative singular)
angūriīs (dative plural)
angūriam (accusative singular)
angūriās (accusative plural)
angūriā (ablative singular)
angūriīs (ablative plural)
angūria (singular vocative)
angūriae (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) watermelon (fruit and plant)


lotos

lōtos f or m (genitive lōtī); second declension

lōtos (canonical feminine masculine)
lōtī (genitive)
lōtos (nominative singular)
lōtī (nominative plural)
lōtī (genitive singular)
lōtōrum (genitive plural)
lōtō (dative singular)
lōtīs (dative plural)
lōton (accusative singular)
lōtōs (accusative plural)
lōtō (ablative singular)
lōtīs (ablative plural)
lōte (singular vocative)
lōtī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪oːt̪ɔs̠]

The Egyptian lotus flower, Nymphaea caerulea


asininus

la-adj

asinīnus (feminine asinīna, neuter asinīnum); first/second-declension adjective

asinīnus (canonical)
asinīna (feminine)
asinīnum (neuter)
asinīnus (masculine nominative singular)
asinīna (feminine nominative singular)
asinīnum (neuter nominative singular)
asinīnī (masculine nominative singular)
asinīnae (feminine nominative plural)
asinīna (neuter nominative plural)
asinīnī (genitive masculine singular)
asinīnae (feminine genitive singular)
asinīnī (genitive neuter singular)
asinīnōrum (genitive masculine singular)
asinīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
asinīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
asinīnō (dative masculine singular)
asinīnae (dative feminine singular)
asinīnō (dative neuter singular)
asinīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
asinīnum (accusative masculine singular)
asinīnam (accusative feminine singular)
asinīnum (accusative neuter singular)
asinīnōs (accusative masculine singular)
asinīnās (accusative feminine plural)
asinīna (accusative neuter plural)
asinīnō (ablative masculine singular)
asinīnā (ablative feminine singular)
asinīnō (ablative neuter singular)
asinīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
asinīne (masculine singular vocative)
asinīna (feminine singular vocative)
asinīnum (neuter singular vocative)
asinīnī (masculine singular vocative)
asinīnae (feminine plural vocative)
asinīna (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: asiní

English: asinine

French: asinin

Galician: asinino

Italian: asinino

Portuguese: asinino

Spanish: asinino

[äs̠ɪˈniːnʊs̠]


asininus

la-noun

asinīnus m (genitive asinīnī); second declension

asinīnus (canonical masculine)
asinīnī (genitive)
asinīnus (nominative singular)
asinīnī (nominative plural)
asinīnī (genitive singular)
asinīnōrum (genitive plural)
asinīnō (dative singular)
asinīnīs (dative plural)
asinīnum (accusative singular)
asinīnōs (accusative plural)
asinīnō (ablative singular)
asinīnīs (ablative plural)
asinīne (singular vocative)
asinīnī (plural vocative)

[äs̠ɪˈniːnʊs̠]


polion

polion n (genitive poliī); second declension

poliī (genitive)
polion (nominative singular)
polia (nominative plural)
poliī (genitive singular)
poliōrum (genitive plural)
poliō (dative singular)
poliīs (dative plural)
polion (accusative singular)
polia (accusative plural)
poliō (ablative singular)
poliīs (ablative plural)
polion (singular vocative)
polia (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πόλιον (pólion), from πολιός (poliós, “grey”, “white”).

(Late Latin, botany) A strong-smelling plant, perhaps Teucrium polium.


phasianus

phāsiānus m (genitive phāsiānī); second declension

phāsiānus (canonical masculine)
phāsiānī (genitive)
phāsiānus (nominative singular)
phāsiānī (nominative plural)
phāsiānī (genitive singular)
phāsiānōrum (genitive plural)
phāsiānō (dative singular)
phāsiānīs (dative plural)
phāsiānum (accusative singular)
phāsiānōs (accusative plural)
phāsiānō (ablative singular)
phāsiānīs (ablative plural)
phāsiāne (singular vocative)
phāsiānī (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

desctree

Italian: fagiano
→ Hungarian: fácán
→ Maltese: faġan

Sicilian: fagianu

Padanian:

Ligurian: faxàn

Piedmontese: fasan

Romagnol: fașân

Venetan: fajàn, faxàn

→ Friulian: fasan

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: faisan, faisant, faisen, feisan, feisant, fesan, feisaun, fesaun, fesaunt (Anglo-Norman)
Middle French: faisan
French: faisan
→ Romanian: fazan
Norman: faîsan (Jersey)
→ Middle English: fesaunt, fesant, fesaun, fesawant, feysan, feysaunt, ffesand, ffesaunt, ffeysaunt, phesant
English: pheasant
→ Welsh: ffesant
→ Cornish: fesont
Scots: pheasant
→ Old Leonese:
Asturian: faisán
→ Middle Dutch: faisant, fasaen
Dutch: fazant, faisant, fasant (obsolete)
Afrikaans: fisant
→ Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: faisán
Portuguese: faisão
→ Old Spanish: faysan
→ Spanish: faisán
→ Tagalog: paysan

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: faisà

Old Occitan: faisan

Occitan: faisan

Borrowings:

→ Esperanto: fazano

⇒ Old High German: fasihuon

Middle High German: fasān, fasant, vasant

→ Old Czech: bažant
Czech: bažant
→ Old Polish: bażant, bażąt
Polish: bażant, bazant, bażan (Middle Polish)
→ Kashubian: bażant

German: Fasan
→ Estonian: faasan
→ Russian: фаза́н (fazán)
→ Serbo-Croatian: fazan
→ Swedish: fasan

Translingual: Phasianus

[pʰäːs̠iˈäːnʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek φασιανός (phasianós).


erinaceus

la-noun

ērīnāceus m (genitive ērīnāceī); second declension

ērīnāceus (canonical masculine)
ērīnāceī (genitive)
ērīnāceus (nominative singular)
ērīnāceī (nominative plural)
ērīnāceī (genitive singular)
ērīnāceōrum (genitive plural)
ērīnāceō (dative singular)
ērīnāceīs (dative plural)
ērīnāceum (accusative singular)
ērīnāceōs (accusative plural)
ērīnāceō (ablative singular)
ērīnāceīs (ablative plural)
ērīnācee (singular vocative)
ērīnāceī (plural vocative)

English: erinaceous

Esperanto: erinaco

Possibly ēris (“hedgehog”) + -āceus, but according to De Vaan the least problematic nominative form is ēr.


omasum

omāsum n (genitive omāsī); second declension

omāsum (canonical neuter)
omāsī (genitive)
omāsum (nominative singular)
omāsa (nominative plural)
omāsī (genitive singular)
omāsōrum (genitive plural)
omāsō (dative singular)
omāsīs (dative plural)
omāsum (accusative singular)
omāsa (accusative plural)
omāsō (ablative singular)
omāsīs (ablative plural)
omāsum (singular vocative)
omāsa (plural vocative)

English: omasum

Italian: omaso

[ɔˈmäːs̠ʊ̃ˑ]

Attested in the 1st century CE. Transmitted in Val. Max. 8, 1. damn. 8 a gloss τῇ τῶν Γάλλων γλώττῃ (têi tôn Gállōn glṓttēi), from Gaulish. This leaves considered a borrowing from the Punic descendant of Proto-Semitic *ḥamṯ- (“abdomen”), since the voiceless pharyngeal fricative there would have been weakened by that time and southern Gaul was teeming with Punic colonies.

Colonies in antiquity
Valerius Maximus
voiceless pharyngeal fricative


vinea

vīnea f (genitive vīneae); first declension

vīnea (canonical feminine)
vīneae (genitive)
vīnea (nominative singular)
vīneae (nominative plural)
vīneae (genitive singular)
vīneārum (genitive plural)
vīneae (dative singular)
vīneīs (dative plural)
vīneam (accusative singular)
vīneās (accusative plural)
vīneā (ablative singular)
vīneīs (ablative plural)
vīnea (singular vocative)
vīneae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: ayinji, ayinje, yinji, yinje

Romanian: vie

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: vìgna, vîa

Piedmontese: vigna

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: venja

Gallurese: vigna

Italian: vigna

Sassarese: vigna

Sicilian: vigna

→ Maltese: vinja

desctree

< Vulgar Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">vinia</i>

Old French: vigne, vine, vingne, vuigne (< Vulgar Latin vinia)
Anglo-Norman: vinne, viegne, veigne
→ Middle English: vine
English: vine
Scots: vine
Bourguignon: veigne
Middle French: vigne
French: vigne
Norman: vîngne

Old Occitan:

Catalan: vinya

Occitan: vinha

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: vigne

Sardinian: bingia, bintza, binza, vinza

Venetan: végna

West Iberian

Old Leonese: uinna

Asturian: viña

Extremaduran: viña

Mirandese: binha

Old Galician-Portuguese: vinna

Galician: viña

Portuguese: vinha

Old Spanish: viña, uinea

Spanish: viña

→ Old Irish: fíne

From the feminine of the rare adjective vīneus (“of wine”), from vīnum (“wine”).


lasar

la-noun

lāsar n (genitive lāsaris); third declension

lāsar (canonical neuter)
lāsaris (genitive)
lāsar (nominative singular)
lāsara (nominative plural)
lāsaris (genitive singular)
lāsarum (genitive plural)
lāsarī (dative singular)
lāsaribus (dative plural)
lāsar (accusative singular)
lāsara (accusative plural)
lāsare (ablative singular)
lāsaribus (ablative plural)
lāsar (singular vocative)
lāsara (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek λάσαρ (lásar), alternative form of λάσαρον (lásaron).

Lasaris radix.


unio

ūniō f or m (genitive ūniōnis); third declension

ūniō (canonical feminine masculine)
ūniōnis (genitive)
ūniō (nominative singular)
ūniōnēs (nominative plural)
ūniōnis (genitive singular)
ūniōnum (genitive plural)
ūniōnī (dative singular)
ūniōnibus (dative plural)
ūniōnem (accusative singular)
ūniōnēs (accusative plural)
ūniōne (ablative singular)
ūniōnibus (ablative plural)
ūniō (singular vocative)
ūniōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: xunión

→ Catalan: unió

→ Old French: union

→ Middle English: unyoun

English: union

Middle French: union

→ Dutch: unie

French: union

→ German: Union

→ Galician: unión

→ Italian: unione

→ Occitan: union

→ Polish: unia

→ Piedmontese: union

→ Portuguese: união

→ Romanian: uniune

→ Russian: уния (unija)

→ Sicilian: uniuni

→ Spanish: unión

→ Venetan: union

→ Translingual: Unio

Virga mater est Domini, simplex, pura, sincera, nullo extrinsecus germine cohaerente, et ad similitudinem Dei unione fecunda. Virgae flos Christus est, dicens: "Ego flos campi, et lilium convallium".

The stalk is the mother of God, simple, pure, sincere, adjoined by no other sprout from outside, in a manner similar to the fertile unity of God. The flower of the stalk is Christ, saying, "I am the flower of the field, and the lily of the valleys."


libellula

lībellula f (genitive lībellulae); first declension

lībellula (canonical feminine)
lībellulae (genitive)
lībellula (nominative singular)
lībellulae (nominative plural)
lībellulae (genitive singular)
lībellulārum (genitive plural)
lībellulae (dative singular)
lībellulīs (dative plural)
lībellulam (accusative singular)
lībellulās (accusative plural)
lībellulā (ablative singular)
lībellulīs (ablative plural)
lībellula (singular vocative)
lībellulae (plural vocative)

Catalan: libèl·lula

French: libellule

→ Galician: libélula (learned)

→ German: Libelle

Italian: libellula

→ Portuguese: libélula (learned)

Romanian: libelulă

Spanish: libélula

Coined by Carl von Linné, after lībella (“carpenter's level”).


buda

buda f (genitive budae); first declension

budae (genitive)
buda (nominative singular)
budae (nominative plural)
budae (genitive singular)
budārum (genitive plural)
budae (dative singular)
budīs (dative plural)
budam (accusative singular)
budās (accusative plural)
budā (ablative singular)
budīs (ablative plural)
buda (singular vocative)
budae (plural vocative)

buda

Corsican: bioda, boda

Italian: biodo

Old Occitan: boa

Catalan: bova, boga

Occitan: boua

Spanish: buda

Sardinian: buda, uda

desc

Portuguese: taboa, tabôa, tabua, tabúa (obsolete)

Sicilian: buda, vuda, guda

budētum

Occitan: boso, bouso, boueso, bouo

Old Galician-Portuguese: boedo

Galician: boedo

Spanish: bohedo

Sardinian: budedda

Tarantino: vudazza

A Berber borrowing, originally spread in African Latin and then gradually replacing the native ulva, compare Kabyle tabuda (“Typha angustifolia”) etc., also Arabic بُرْدِيّ (burdiyy), بُوط (būṭ, “cattail”) from which some forms have later been reborrowed into Romance, listed there. There is an interpolation in the Dioscurides locus about θαψία (thapsía) after φέρουλα σιλβέστρις saying that the Africans call it βοιδίν (boidín) (Ἅφροι βοιδίν, left out in Dioscórides interactivo), which mirrors a Berber collective morpheme -īn (as explained by Bertoldi 1947 p. 195 seq.).

lang

φέρουλα σιλβέστρις

φέρουλα σιλβέστρις

Ἅφροι βοιδίν

Ἅφροι βοιδίν


nans

la-noun

nāns f (genitive nantis); third declension

nāns (canonical feminine)
nantis (genitive)
nāns (nominative singular)
nantēs (nominative plural)
nantis (genitive singular)
nantium (genitive plural)
nantī (dative singular)
nantibus (dative plural)
nantem (accusative singular)
nantēs (accusative plural)
nantīs (accusative plural)
nante (ablative singular)
nantibus (ablative plural)
nāns (singular vocative)
nantēs (plural vocative)

Present active participle of nō (“swim”).

greges nantium

(in the plural, scil. avēs) swimming fowl; geese, ducks


filix

filix f (genitive filicis); third declension

filicis (genitive)
filix (nominative singular)
filicēs (nominative plural)
filicis (genitive singular)
filicum (genitive plural)
filicī (dative singular)
filicibus (dative plural)
filicem (accusative singular)
filicēs (accusative plural)
filice (ablative singular)
filicibus (ablative plural)
filix (singular vocative)
filicēs (plural vocative)

Balkan-Romance:

Aromanian: fearicã

Romanian: ferigă

Italo-Romance:

Italian: felce

Neapolitan: felece

Sicilian: fìlici

North-Italian:

Emilian: felza, filas

Ligurian: frexa

desc

Lombard: feles, felse, fias, firas, felec

Piedmontese: frais, frèis, flèis, files, fèilas, fèiles, fèils

Romagnol: felza

Romansch: felisch

Venetan: féłese, féles, félse

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: felce, felz, fuelce, felche

Franco-Provençal: fioge

Gascon: heuç

Occitan:

Languedocien: feuse

Provençal: feuse, feuve

Vivaro-Alpine: feuse, feuve

Walloon: fetchire

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: felgo, felga

Portuguese: felga

Sardinian: filiche, filighe, filixi, fibixi, fixibi

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *filicaria

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: feleguera, felequera, folguera, falaguera, falguera

Catalan: falguera, falaguera (Valencia), folguera (Tavascan), foguera (Empordà)

Franco-Provençal: fiogiére

French: fougère

Gascon: heuguèra, hoguèra, hauguèra

Occitan:

Auvergnat: fougeira, folgeira

Languedocien: falguièra, fauguièra

Limousin: faugiera

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: felgueyra

Galician: folgueira, felgueira, filgueira

Portuguese: felgueira

⇒ Late Latin: filicicula

Catalan: falzilla

Borrowings:

Interlingua: filice

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“henbane”) + -ix, a suffix akin to -ex found in other plant names (compare cārex (“sedge”), rumex (“sorrel”)). De Vaan posits that -ix is early, not a result of vowel assimilation at the Latin stage. Cognate to Welsh bele, Russian белена́ (belená), Czech blín, Middle Dutch bilse, Old English belene, German Bilsenkraut all meaning "henbane".


acheta

la-noun

ācheta m (genitive āchetae); first declension

ācheta (canonical masculine)
āchetae (genitive)
ācheta (nominative singular)
āchetae (nominative plural)
āchetae (genitive singular)
āchetārum (genitive plural)
āchetae (dative singular)
āchetīs (dative plural)
āchetam (accusative singular)
āchetās (accusative plural)
āchetā (ablative singular)
āchetīs (ablative plural)
ācheta (singular vocative)
āchetae (plural vocative)


carpinus

carpinus m (genitive carpinī); second declension

carpinī (genitive)
carpinus (nominative singular)
carpinī (nominative plural)
carpinī (genitive singular)
carpinōrum (genitive plural)
carpinō (dative singular)
carpinīs (dative plural)
carpinum (accusative singular)
carpinōs (accusative plural)
carpinō (ablative singular)
carpinīs (ablative plural)
carpine (singular vocative)
carpinī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: carpen

Aromanian: carpin

Megleno-Romanian: carpin

Istriot:

carpano

Italo-Romance:

Italian: carpino, carpine

Sicilian: càrpinu, Càrpinu

Padanian:

Piedmontese: chërpo

Romansch: charpin

Venetan: càrpano, càrpane

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: charpena

Old French: charme

Bourguignon: chairme

⇒ Bourguignon: charmetiau

desc

Champenois: charme (Troyen), tarme (Rémois)

Franc-Comtois: tchairme

French: charme

Lorrain: charme

Poitevin-Saintongeais: charpre, cherpre

Walloon: tchåne

Old Northern French: carme

Norman: querme, carme

Picard Old French: carme

Picard: carme

⇒ Spanish: carme

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: carpin

→? Catalan: carpí

Occitan:

Gascon: carpe, carpo, carpa, caupre

Borrowings:

→ Portuguese: carpino

→ Translingual: Carpinus

Unknown. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kar- (“hard”), but the unusual extension and suffix are difficult to explain. See also carina and cerrus.

Hornbeam; European hornbeam; a variety of deciduous tree.


anhinga

la-noun

anhinga f (genitive anhingae); first declension

anhingae (genitive)
anhinga (nominative singular)
anhingae (nominative plural)
anhingae (genitive singular)
anhingārum (genitive plural)
anhingae (dative singular)
anhingīs (dative plural)
anhingam (accusative singular)
anhingās (accusative plural)
anhingā (ablative singular)
anhingīs (ablative plural)
anhinga (singular vocative)
anhingae (plural vocative)

From Old Tupi ajíŋa, áyinga, or ayingá, possibly via Portuguese anhingá.

(zoology, New Latin) anhinga or snakebird, a member of the genus Anhinga.


rubeta

rubēta n pl (genitive rubētōrum); second declension

rubēta (canonical neuter plural)
rubētōrum (genitive)
rubēta (nominative plural)
rubētōrum (genitive plural)
rubētīs (dative plural)
rubēta (accusative plural)
rubētīs (ablative plural)
rubēta (plural vocative)

Sicilian: ruvetta

From rubus (“bramble”) + -ētum (“grove”).


lactuca

lactūca f (genitive lactūcae); first declension

lactūca (canonical feminine)
lactūcae (genitive)
lactūca (nominative singular)
lactūcae (nominative plural)
lactūcae (genitive singular)
lactūcārum (genitive plural)
lactūcae (dative singular)
lactūcīs (dative plural)
lactūcam (accusative singular)
lactūcās (accusative plural)
lactūcā (ablative singular)
lactūcīs (ablative plural)
lactūca (singular vocative)
lactūcae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: lãptucã

Romanian: lăptucă (with lapatica from lapathum and lappa)

Dalmatian:

→ Proto-Slavic: *loťika (see there for further descendants)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: lattuga

Sicilian: lattuca

Padanian:

Emilian: laciuga

Friulian: latuie

Ligurian: leitûga

Lombard: laciuga

Piedmontese: laitùa

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: lètua, lèitua, lètuva, lèituva

desctree

Old French: laitue
French: laitue
Norman: laitue (Jersey)
→ Middle Dutch: latuwe
Dutch: latuw, lattouwe
→ Middle English: letuse, letus, letys, letuce, letuze, letes, letows, letyse
English: lettuce
Scots: lettuce, lattice
→ Welsh: letys

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: lletuga, lletruga, lletua

Septentrional: lleituga

Occitan:

Auvergnat: laituja

Gascon: lèituga

Languedocien: laituga, lachuga

Limousin: laituja

Provençal: lachuga

Vivaro-Alpine: lachua

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llechuga; lleituga (Occidental)

Galician: leituga

Leonese: lleituga

Portuguese: leituga

Spanish: lechuga

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: lattuca, làtua, làtia, latuca

Borrowings:

→ Proto-West Germanic: *lahtukā (see there for further descendants)

[ɫ̪äkˈt̪uːkä]

From lac (“milk”) + -ūcus (suffix common to several plant names), in reference to the milky white substance (latex) exuded by cut lettuce stems.

affix

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual

lettuce (Lactuca sativa), wolf's milk (Lactuca maritima), and other Lactuca species


icterus

la-noun

icterus m (genitive icterī); second declension

icterī (genitive)
icterus (nominative singular)
icterī (nominative plural)
icterī (genitive singular)
icterōrum (genitive plural)
icterō (dative singular)
icterīs (dative plural)
icterum (accusative singular)
icterōs (accusative plural)
icterō (ablative singular)
icterīs (ablative plural)
ictere (singular vocative)
icterī (plural vocative)

English: icterus

German: Ikterus

Translingual: Icterus

[ˈɪkt̪ɛrʊs̠]

From the Ancient Greek ἴκτερος (íkteros, “jaundice”, “a bird of a yellowish-green colour, perhaps the golden oriole”), of uncertain ultimate origin; possibly related to ἴκτις (íktis, “weasel”), ἴκτινος (íktinos), or of Pre-Greek origin.

der

a yellow bird, otherwise unknown, the sight of which was said to cure jaundice; perhaps loriot, golden oriole


cornus

la-noun

cornus f (genitive cornī); second declension

cornus f (genitive cornūs); fourth declension

cornī (genitive)
cornūs (genitive)
cornus (nominative singular)
cornī (nominative plural)
cornī (genitive singular)
cornōrum (genitive plural)
cornō (dative singular)
cornīs (dative plural)
cornum (accusative singular)
cornōs (accusative plural)
cornō (ablative singular)
cornīs (ablative plural)
corne (singular vocative)
cornī (plural vocative)
cornus (nominative singular)
cornūs (nominative plural)
cornūs (genitive singular)
cornuum (genitive plural)
cornuī (dative singular)
cornibus (dative plural)
cornum (accusative singular)
cornūs (accusative plural)
cornū (ablative singular)
cornibus (ablative plural)
cornus (singular vocative)
cornūs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: cornu, coarnã

Occitan: còrma

Romanian: corn, coarnă

Spanish: corno

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornāria

Galician: corneira

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniceus

Spanish: cornizo

→ Portuguese: corniso

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornicula

Old French:

Middle French: corneille

→ Middle English: corneille

English: cornel

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniculus

*corniclus

Spanish: cornejo

Venetan: crognoło

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniculārius

Catalan: corneller

French: cornouiller

Friulian: cuargnolâr

Occitan: cormièr

Venetan: cornołaro, cornołer

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornulla

Old French: cornolle

French: cornouille

Unknown. Akin to Ancient Greek κράνος (krános), κράνον (kránon, “cornel”), which perhaps indicates that both are borrowed from a Mediterranean substrate language.

plurima Threiciis nutritur vallibus Hebri

c. 1 CE – 8 CE, Grattius, Carmen venaticum 128–129

Translation by Steven J. Green
Very many a cornel tree is nourished in the Thracian valleys of Hebrus, and there are shady myrtle trees along the shores of Venus

cornus et umbrosae Veneris per litora myrtus

vinum fit et e siliqua Syriaca et e piris malorumque omnibus generibus — sed e Punicis rhoiten vocant — et e cornis, mespilis, sorbis, moris siccis, nucleis pinis. hi musto madidi exprimuntur, superiora per se mitia.
Translation by Rackham, Jones, & Eichholz

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 14.XIX.103

Wine is also made from the Syrian carob, and from pears and all kinds of apples (one from pomegranates is called rhoites) as also from cornels, medlars, service berries, dried mulberries and fir-cones; the last are soaked in must before being pressed, but the juice of the preceding fruits is sweet of itself.

XXIX
100 Acinorum quoque magna est differentia, primum inter uvas ipsas callo, teneritate, crassitudine, interiore ligno aliis parvo et aliis etiam gemino, qui minime feraces musti. plurimum vero differunt hederae sabucique acini, et figura etiam Punici, angulosi quippe soli. nec cutis ulla singulis praeter communem quae est candida. totisque sucus et caro est, iis praecipue quibus parvolum inest ligni.
101 magna et bacis differentia: aliae namque sunt olivis, lauris et alio modo loto, cornis, alio myrtis, lentisco. aquifolio enim spinae sine suco, medioque etiamnum genere inter bacas acinosasque cerasis. pompu iis primo candidum et fere omnibus bacis; mox aliis virescit, ut olivis, lauris, rubet vero moris, cerasis, cornis. dein nigrescit moris, cerasis, olivis.
XXX
102 Cerasi ante victoriam Mithridaticam L. Luculli non fuere in Italia, ad urbis annum DCLXXX. is primum invexit e Ponto, annisque CXX trans oceanum in Britanniam usque pervenere; eadem [ut diximus] in Aegypto nulla cura potuere gigni. cerasorum Aproniana maxime rubent, nigerrima sunt Lutatia, Caeciliana vero et rotunda.
103 Iunianis gratus sapor, sed paene tantum sub arbore sua, adeo teneris, ut gestatum non tolerent. principatus duracinis quae Pliniana Campania appellat, in Belgica vero Lusitanis, in ripis etiam Rheni. tertius iis colos e nigro ac rubenti viridique, similis maturescentibus semper.
104 minus quinquennium est quod prodiere quae vocant laurea, non ingratae amaritudinis, insitae in lauru. sunt et Macedonica, parvae arboris raroque tria cubita excedentis, et minore etiamnum frutice chamaecerasi. inter prima hoc e pomis colono gratiam annuam refert. septentrione frigidisque gaudet, siccatur etiam sole conditurque ut oliva cadis.
XXXI
105 quae cura et cornis atque etiam lentisco adhibetur. ne quid non hominis ventri natum esse videatur, miscentur sapores et alio alius placere cogitur; miscentur vero et terrae caelique tractus: in alio cibi genere India advocatur, in alio Aegyptus, Creta, Cyrene singulaeque terrae. nec cessat in veneficiis vita, dum modo omnia devoret. planius hoc fiet in herbarum natura.
XXXII
106 Interim quae sunt communia et pomis omnibusque sucis saporum genera XIII reperiuntur: dulcis, suavis, pinguis, amarus, austerus, acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus. praeter haec tria sunt genera mirabili maxime natura: unum in quo plures pariter sentiuntur sapores, ut vinis; namque in iis et austerus et acutus et dulcis et suavis, omnes alieni.
107 alterum est genus in quo sit et alienus quidem, sed et suus quidam ac peculiaris, ut in lacte; si quidem inest ei quod tamen iure dici dulce et pingue et suave non possit, optinente lenitate, quae ipsa succedit in saporis vicem.
108 nullus hic aquis nec sucus, ut tamen eo ipso fiat aliquis ac suum genus faciat. sentiri quidem aquae saporem ullum sucumve vitum est. magnum his omnibus in odore momentum et magna cognatio; qui et ipse nullus est aquis aut, si sentitur omnino, vitium est. mirum tria naturae praecipua elementa sine sapore esse, sine odore, sine suco: aquas, aëra, ignes.
XXXIII
109 Ergo sucorum vinosi piro, moro, myrto, minime, quod miremur, uvis; pingues olivae, lauro, nuci iuglandi, amygdalis; dulces uvis, ficis, palmis; aquosus prunis. magna differentia et in colore suci: sanguineus moris, cerasis, cornis, uvis nigris; idem albis candidus, lacteus in capite ficis, in corpore non item, spumeus malis, nullus Persicis, cum praesertim duracina suco abundent. sed quis eius ullum dixerit colorem?
110 sua et in odore miracula: malis acutus, Persicis dilutus, dulcibus nullus. nam et vinum tale sine odore, tenue odoratius multoque celerius talia ad usum veniunt quam pinguia. quae odorata, non eadem in gustu tenera, quia non sunt pariter odor et sapor. quam ob rem citreis odor acerrimus, sapor asperrimus, quadamtenus et cotoneis, nullusque odor ficis.
Translation by Rackham, Jones, & Eichholz

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 15.XXIX–XXXIII

XXIX. There is also a great difference among the acinus classto begin with, between grapes themselves, which vary in respect of firmness, thinness or thickness of skin and the stone inside, which in some is specially small and in others actually double, the latter producing extremely little juice. Again, the berries of the ivy and the elder are very widely different, and the pomegranate differs greatly in shape also, being the only fruit that has corners; and there is no membrane for each separate grain, but only one wrapping for them all in common, which is white in colour. And these fruits consist entirely of juice and flesh, particularly the ones which contain only a small amount of woody substance.
There is also a great variety among the berries of the baca kind, those of the olive and the laurel being different, and that of the lotus differing in structure from that of the cornel and that of the myrtle from that of the lentisk; indeed the berries of the holly and the may contain no juice; and moreover the cherry forms a class intermediate between the baca kind of berries and the acinus kind: its fruit is at first white, as is that of almost all the bacae. At a later stage with some the berry turns green, e.g. the olive and the laurel; but in the case of the mulberry, the cherry and the cornel it changes to red, and then with the mulberry, cherry and olive it turns black.
XXX. Before the victory of Lucius Lucullus in the war against Mithridates, that is down to 74 BC., there were no cherry-trees in Italy. Lucullus first imported them from Pontus, and in 120 years they have crossed the ocean and got as far as Britain; but all the same no attention has succeeded in getting them to grow in Egypt. Of cherries the Apronian are the reddest, and the Lutatian the blackest, while the Caecilian kind are perfectly round. The Junian cherry has an agreeable flavour but practically only if eaten under the tree on which it grows, as it is so delicate that it does not stand carriage. The highest rank, however, belongs to the bigaroon cherry called by the Campanians the Plinian cherry, but in Belgium to the Lusitanian, and so also on the banks of the Rhine. This cherry has a third kind of colour, a blend of black, bright red and green, which looks as if the fruit were always not quite ripe. It is less than five years ago that what is called the laurel-cherry was introduced, which has a not disagreeable bitter flavour, and is produced by grafting a cherry on a bay-tree. There are also Macedonian cherries, grown on a tree of small size and rarely exceeding four and half feet in height, and ground-cherries, with a still smaller bush. The cherry is one of the earliest fruits to repay its yearly gratitude to the farmer. It likes a north aspect and cold conditions; moreover it can be dried in the sun and stored in casks like olives.
XXXI. The same amount of care is also bestowed on the cornel, and even on the lentisk. So that nothing may not appear to have come into existence for the sake of man's appetite, flavours are blended and different ones are forced to gratify different persons; indeed even the regions of the earth and of the sky are blended: in one kind of food the aid of India is invoked, in another that of Egypt, Crete, Cyrene and every land in turn. Nor does our regimen stick at poisons, if only it may devour everything. This will become clearer when we come to the nature of herbaceous plants.
XXXII. In the meantime we find that there are ten kinds of flavours that belong in common to the fruits and to all their juices; sweet, luscious, unctuous, bitter, rough, acrid, sham, harsh, acid and salt. Beside these there are three other flavours of a particularly remarkable nature: (1) one in which several tastes are discerned simultaneously, as in winesfor they contain both a rough and a sham and a sweet and a luscious taste, all of them different from each other; (2) another kind is that which contains both the flavour of something else and one that is its own and peculiar to itself, for instance milkinasmuch as milk contains a something which nevertheless cannot rightly be called sweet or unctuous or luscious, being possessed by a smoothness which of itself takes the place of a flavour; (3) water has no flavour at all and no flavouring constituent, yet still this very fact gives it some taste and makes it form a class of its own: at all events for water to have any perceptible taste or flavour is a defect. In all these flavours smell is of great importance and a great factor of affinity; in the case of water even smell is entirely absent, or if perceptible at all is a defect. It is a remarkable fact that the three chief natural elements, water, air and fire, have neither taste, smell, nor any flavour whatever.
XXXIII. Among juices, then, those with a vinous and flavour are the juices of the pear, the mulberry and the myrtle-berry, and surprising as it may seem, the juice of the grape least of all. The juice of the olive, laurel, walnut and almond is unctuous, that of grapes, figs and dates is sweet, and that of plums watery. There is also a great difference in the colour of juice: that of the mulberry, the cherry, the cornel and the black grape is blood-red; the juice of white grapes is of a light colour; fig juice is milky white in the part near the stalk but not in the body of the fruit; apple juice is the colour of foam; peach juice has no colour at all, in spite of the. fact that the hard peach has a large quantity of juice, but no one would say that this has any colour.
Smell also contains its own marvels. Apples have a pungent scent, peaches a weak one, and sweet fruits none at all; for even sweet wine has no smell, although thin wine has more aroma, and wines of that class become fit for use much sooner than those with more body. Fruits with a scent are not likewise agreeable to the palate, as scent and flavour do not go togetherso that citrons have a very penetrating smell and a very rough taste, and in some degree that is the case with quinces also; and figs have no smell.


rauca

rauca f (genitive raucae); first declension

raucae (genitive)
rauca (nominative singular)
raucae (nominative plural)
raucae (genitive singular)
raucārum (genitive plural)
raucae (dative singular)
raucīs (dative plural)
raucam (accusative singular)
raucās (accusative plural)
raucā (ablative singular)
raucīs (ablative plural)
rauca (singular vocative)
raucae (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-. Cognate with Latin runcō (“I weed”).


uber

ūber n (genitive ūberis); third declension

ūber (canonical neuter)
ūberis (genitive)
ūber (nominative singular)
ūbera (nominative plural)
ūberis (genitive singular)
ūberum (genitive plural)
ūberī (dative singular)
ūberibus (dative plural)
ūber (accusative singular)
ūbera (accusative plural)
ūbere (ablative singular)
ūberibus (ablative plural)
ūber (singular vocative)
ūbera (plural vocative)

Aromanian: udzir, udzãri

Franco-Provençal: uvro

Friulian: luvri

Galician: ubre

Italian: uvero, ubero

Portuguese: ubre, úbere

Romanian: uger

Romagnol: uver

Romansch: iver, eiver, üver

Sicilian: ùbbiru

Spanish: ubre

From Proto-Italic *ouðer, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥ (“udder”) (r/n-stem, with r made common to all cases). Cognates include Vedic Sanskrit ऊधर् (ū́dhar), Ancient Greek οὖθαρ (oûthar), Old English ūder, and modern English udder.

huic fuit haedōrum māter fōrmōsa duōrum,
inter Dictaeōs cōnspiciendā gregēs,
cornibus āeriīs atque in sua terga recurvīs,
ūbere, quod nūtrīx posset habēre Iovis,

She had [a goat], a beautiful mother of two kids, a remarkable sight among the flocks of Dicte, with horns rising upwards and curving over her back, [and] with an udder, such as the wet-nurse of Jupiter would have; she was giving milk to the god.
(See Amalthea (mythology).)

(anatomy) a teat, pap, dug, udder, a lactating breast


perca

perca f (genitive percae); first declension

percae (genitive)
perca (nominative singular)
percae (nominative plural)
percae (genitive singular)
percārum (genitive plural)
percae (dative singular)
percīs (dative plural)
percam (accusative singular)
percās (accusative plural)
percā (ablative singular)
percīs (ablative plural)
perca (singular vocative)
percae (plural vocative)

Catalan: perca

Old French: perche

→ Middle English: perche

English: perch

French: perche

Portuguese: perca

Spanish: perca

Translingual: Perca

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *percula

Italian: perchia

From Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”), from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“spotted, speckled”).

der

[…] similiter percae salsae e capite cinis melle addito […]

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 32.40

Heads of salted perch, reduced to ashes, and applied with honey, are equally useful for the purpose.


gryllus

la-noun

gryllus m (genitive gryllī); second declension

gryllī (genitive)
gryllus (nominative singular)
gryllī (nominative plural)
gryllī (genitive singular)
gryllōrum (genitive plural)
gryllō (dative singular)
gryllīs (dative plural)
gryllum (accusative singular)
gryllōs (accusative plural)
gryllō (ablative singular)
gryllīs (ablative plural)
grylle (singular vocative)
gryllī (plural vocative)

Asturian: grillu ⇒ grilleru

Catalan: grell, grill ⇒ grilló

Dalmatian: gril

→ English: gryllus

Esperanto: grilo

→ French: grylle

⇒ French: grelet (patois, western)

Galician: grilo

Gallurese: griddu

>? Ido: grilio

Italian: grillo ⇒ grilletto, grillino

→ Maltese: grillu

Ladin: gri

Lombard: grin

Neapolitan: grillo, arillo, griḍḍi (Taranto)

Occitan: greu, griu, grith, gril

Portuguese: grilo, grelo

Sardinian: grillu, brillu

⇒ Sassarese: grìgliuru

desc

Sicilian: agriḍḍu, arillu, ariddru, irridru, griddu

Spanish: grillo

→ Portuguese: grilho

→ Translingual: Gryllus

Vulgar Latin: *gryllius

⇒ Franco-Provençal: grelyèt

⇒ French: grillet (eastern patois, Normandy), grillon

Friulian: gri ⇒ grïòn

Italian: grigliu (Lazio)

Occitan: grelh, grilh ⇒ grilhet

⇒ Romanian: greier, grier, greiere, griore

Romansch: gregl, grigl ⇒ griglign, grigliun

Venetan: griło, grijo, grigio, grei

[ˈɡrʏlːʲʊs̠]

Either borrowed from Ancient Greek γρύλλος (grúllos, “performer in an Egyptian dance, comic figure, caricature”), or onomatopoeic in origin.


aesculus

la-noun

aesculus f (genitive aesculī); second declension

aesculī (genitive)
aesculus (nominative singular)
aesculī (nominative plural)
aesculī (genitive singular)
aesculōrum (genitive plural)
aesculō (dative singular)
aesculīs (dative plural)
aesculum (accusative singular)
aesculōs (accusative plural)
aesculō (ablative singular)
aesculīs (ablative plural)
aescule (singular vocative)
aesculī (plural vocative)

Italian: eschio

Portuguese: ésculo

[ˈäe̯s̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

Etymology unclear. By surface analysis, seemingly a diminutive form ending in -ulus (diminutive suffix).
Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”), or from a Mediterranean substrate, though the presence of a Germanic cognate is surprising. Compare English oak, Lithuanian ąžuolas (“oak”), Albanian enjë (“juniper, yew”), Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps, “Turkey oak”).

cog

the tallest species of oak, the winter oak or Italian oak (with edible acorns), sacred to Jupiter


lappa

la-noun

lappa f (genitive lappae); first declension

lappae (genitive)
lappa (nominative singular)
lappae (nominative plural)
lappae (genitive singular)
lappārum (genitive plural)
lappae (dative singular)
lappīs (dative plural)
lappam (accusative singular)
lappās (accusative plural)
lappā (ablative singular)
lappīs (ablative plural)
lappa (singular vocative)
lappae (plural vocative)

Unknown, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang loosely”) – to which labium and lambō –, Proto-Slavic *lopěnъ (“burdock”) is also suggestive.


spongia

la-noun

spongia f (genitive spongiae); first declension

spongiae (genitive)
spongia (nominative singular)
spongiae (nominative plural)
spongiae (genitive singular)
spongiārum (genitive plural)
spongiae (dative singular)
spongiīs (dative plural)
spongiam (accusative singular)
spongiās (accusative plural)
spongiā (ablative singular)
spongiīs (ablative plural)
spongia (singular vocative)
spongiae (plural vocative)

Vulgar Latin: *sponga

Old French: espoinge, espoigne

desctree

Middle French: esponge
French: éponge
Norman: êponge

→ Middle Dutch: sponge

Dutch: spons
Afrikaans: spons
Negerhollands: spons, sponsje
→ Caribbean Javanese: sepons
→ Papiamentu: spòns, spons
→ Sranan Tongo: sponsu

→ Albanian: sfungjer

Aromanian: spingiu

Asturian: esponxa

Catalan: esponja

Friulian: sponze, sponge

→ Hungarian: spongya (archaic)

Italian: spugna

→ Old English: spunge

→ English: sponge (see there for further descendants)

Old Galician-Portuguese: espunlha

Galician: espulla

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: esponsa, sponssa, sponia, sponja (semi-learned)
Fala: esponja
Galician: esponxa
Portuguese: esponja (see there for further descendants)

Romanian: spânz

→ Romanian: spongie

desc

Sardinian: spòngia, ispòngia, ispunzòla, ispanzola

→ Serbo-Croatian: spužva

Sicilian: sfincia, sponza

Spanish: esponja

Venetan: sponxa, sponga

Translingual: Spongia

→⇒ Translingual: Sclerospongiae

Portuguese: espúndia

Spanish: espundia

[ˈspɔn̠ʲd͡ʒiä]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σπογγιά (spongiá), from σπόγγος (spóngos). Doublet of fungus.

(by extension) pumice, or other things resembling a sponge.


onopyxos

la-noun

onopyxos m (genitive onopyxī); second declension

onopyxī (genitive)
onopyxos (nominative singular)
onopyxī (nominative plural)
onopyxī (genitive singular)
onopyxōrum (genitive plural)
onopyxō (dative singular)
onopyxīs (dative plural)
onopyxon (accusative singular)
onopyxōs (accusative plural)
onopyxō (ablative singular)
onopyxīs (ablative plural)
onopyxe (singular vocative)
onopyxī (plural vocative)

[ɔnɔˈpʏks̠ɔs̠]


minyas

minyas m (genitive minyadis); third declension

minyadis (genitive)
minyas (nominative singular)
minyadēs (nominative plural)
minyadis (genitive singular)
minyadum (genitive plural)
minyadī (dative singular)
minyadibus (dative plural)
minyadem (accusative singular)
minyadēs (accusative plural)
minyade (ablative singular)
minyadibus (ablative plural)
minyas (singular vocative)
minyadēs (plural vocative)


hippophobas

hippophobas f (genitive hippophobadis); third declension

hippophobadis (genitive)
hippophobas (nominative singular)
hippophobadēs (nominative plural)
hippophobadis (genitive singular)
hippophobadum (genitive plural)
hippophobadī (dative singular)
hippophobadibus (dative plural)
hippophobadem (accusative singular)
hippophobadēs (accusative plural)
hippophobade (ablative singular)
hippophobadibus (ablative plural)
hippophobas (singular vocative)
hippophobadēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἱπποφοβάς (hippophobás).


murena

murēna f (genitive murēnae); first declension

murēna (canonical feminine)
murēnae (genitive)
murēna (nominative singular)
murēnae (nominative plural)
murēnae (genitive singular)
murēnārum (genitive plural)
murēnae (dative singular)
murēnīs (dative plural)
murēnam (accusative singular)
murēnās (accusative plural)
murēnā (ablative singular)
murēnīs (ablative plural)
murēna (singular vocative)
murēnae (plural vocative)

English: moray

French: murène

Italian: murena

Polish: murena

Portuguese: moreia

Romanian: murenă

Russian: мурена (murena)

Spanish: morena


trutta

trutta f (genitive truttae); first declension

truttae (genitive)
trutta (nominative singular)
truttae (nominative plural)
truttae (genitive singular)
truttārum (genitive plural)
truttae (dative singular)
truttīs (dative plural)
truttam (accusative singular)
truttās (accusative plural)
truttā (ablative singular)
truttīs (ablative plural)
trutta (singular vocative)
truttae (plural vocative)

Translingual: Salmo trutta; Trutta


turtur

turtur m (genitive turturis); third declension

turturis (genitive)
turtur (nominative singular)
turturēs (nominative plural)
turturis (genitive singular)
turturum (genitive plural)
turturī (dative singular)
turturibus (dative plural)
turturem (accusative singular)
turturēs (accusative plural)
turture (ablative singular)
turturibus (ablative plural)
turtur (singular vocative)
turturēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: turturã

Catalan: tórtora

French: tourte, tourtre

Italian: tortora

Megleno-Romanian: turtură

Piedmontese: tórtora

Portuguese: turturino

Romanian: turtură

Old Spanish: tórtora

Spanish: tórtola

Sicilian: tùrtura

→ Albanian: turtull

→ Proto-West Germanic: *turtur (see there for further descendants)

→ Welsh: turtur


unguis

unguis m (genitive unguis); third declension

unguis (genitive)
unguis (nominative singular)
unguēs (nominative plural)
unguis (genitive singular)
unguium (genitive plural)
unguī (dative singular)
unguibus (dative plural)
unguem (accusative singular)
unguēs (accusative plural)
unguīs (accusative plural)
ungue (ablative singular)
unguī (ablative singular)
unguibus (ablative plural)
unguis (singular vocative)
unguēs (plural vocative)

>? Sicilian: ugnu

→ English: unguis

→ French: unguis

From Proto-Italic *ungus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃negʰ- (“nail”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux), Old Irish inga, Sanskrit नख (nakhá, “claw, nail”), Old Armenian եղունգն (ełungn), Old Church Slavonic ногъть (nogŭtĭ), Lithuanian nagas, Persian ناخن (nâxon), Albanian nyell, and Old English næġl (English nail).

Iamque satur nigrīs longum rapit unguibus hydrum

And now, having eaten his fill [of figs], [the raven] snatches up a long water-snake in his black talons.


persicum

persicum n (genitive persicī); second declension

persicī (genitive)
persicum (nominative singular)
persica (nominative plural)
persicī (genitive singular)
persicōrum (genitive plural)
persicō (dative singular)
persicīs (dative plural)
persicum (accusative singular)
persica (accusative plural)
persicō (ablative singular)
persicīs (ablative plural)
persicum (singular vocative)
persica (plural vocative)

Istriot:

pirsigheîn (diminutive form)

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: piérzeco

Sicilian: pèrsicu

Padanian:

Emilian: pèrsec, pèrseg, pèrsac

Friulian: piersul

Ligurian: pèrsego, pêrsio

Lombard: pèrsec, pèrsic, pèrseghe

Piedmontese: persi, pessi

Romansch: persic

Venetan: persego

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: presiego, prisiego

Ansotano: presigo

Belsetán: precieco, presico

Chistabín: prixego

Ribagorçan: pressic

Catalan: préssec, prèssic

Occitan: persèc

Gascon: persec, pershec, pessec, preshic, persic, pershic

Limousin: prossec

Provençal: persègue

Vivaro-Alpine: persegue

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: presco

Asturian: piescu

Old Leonese:

Leonese: peixagu

Mirandese: piérxigo

desc

Galician: pexego, pésago, pésego, pesego, pésigo, péxago, péxego, poxego, préxego, préxigo, príxigo

desctree

Portuguese: pêssego, pessego (pre-reform)
Kabuverdianu: pésigu
Macanese: péscu

Old Spanish: priesco, presco

Spanish: piesco, prisco

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: pjeshkë

→ Latvian: persiks

→ Lithuanian: persikas

→ Proto-West Germanic: *persik (see there for further descendants)

→ Kabyle: afresɣu

[ˈpɛrs̠ɪkʊ̃ˑ]

Ellipsis of persicum pōmum (“Persian fruit”), from Persae (“Persians”). Compare Ancient Greek Περσική (Persikḗ, “Persia”).


persicus

la-noun

persicus f (genitive persicī); second declension

persicī (genitive)
persicus (nominative singular)
persicī (nominative plural)
persicī (genitive singular)
persicōrum (genitive plural)
persicō (dative singular)
persicīs (dative plural)
persicum (accusative singular)
persicōs (accusative plural)
persicō (ablative singular)
persicīs (ablative plural)
persice (singular vocative)
persicī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: chearsic, hearhic

French: persicot, persique

Italian: persico, pesco

Romanian: piersic

desc

Sardinian: péssiche, pénsiu, péssiu, préssiu

Sicilian: pèrsicu


dasypus

la-noun

dasypūs m (genitive dasypodis); third declension

dasypūs (canonical masculine)
dasypodis (genitive)
dasypūs (nominative singular)
dasypodēs (nominative plural)
dasypodis (genitive singular)
dasypodum (genitive plural)
dasypodī (dative singular)
dasypodibus (dative plural)
dasypodem (accusative singular)
dasypodēs (accusative plural)
dasypode (ablative singular)
dasypodibus (ablative plural)
dasypūs (singular vocative)
dasypodēs (plural vocative)

[ˈd̪äs̠ʏpuːs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δασύπους (dasúpous, “rough-foot”).


vulturius

la-noun

vulturius m (genitive vulturiī or vulturī); second declension

vulturiī (genitive)
vulturī (genitive)
vulturius (nominative singular)
vulturiī (nominative plural)
vulturiī (genitive singular)
vulturī (genitive singular)
vulturiōrum (genitive plural)
vulturiō (dative singular)
vulturiīs (dative plural)
vulturium (accusative singular)
vulturiōs (accusative plural)
vulturiō (ablative singular)
vulturiīs (ablative plural)
vulturie (singular vocative)
vulturiī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: vultur

Romanian: vultur

Italo-Romance:

Italian: avvoltoio

→ Venetan: avoltogio

Sicilian: vuturu, avuturu

Padanian:

Ladin: valtoi

Piedmontese: votor

Venetan: voltor

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: vôtor

Old French: voltur, voutour

French: vautour

Southern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Aragonese: vüeitre, voitre, vuitre, vutre, güeitre

Catalan: voltor

Occidental and Septentrional: volter

Occitan: voltor, voutor

Gascon: votre, vutre, voltre, votèir, voter, voïtre

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: utra, utre, utru, uitre, utria, butre

Galician: voitre, vutre, voitor, abutre, voutre, bruite, brute, bruita

⇒ voitirón, viturón, voitiró, voiturón

Old Spanish: boitre

Spanish: buitre

Portuguese: abutre

[u̯ʊɫ̪ˈt̪ʊriʊs̠]

From Old Latin voltur, most likely related to vello.


buxus

la-noun

buxus f (genitive buxī); second declension

buxī (genitive)
buxus (nominative singular)
buxī (nominative plural)
buxī (genitive singular)
buxōrum (genitive plural)
buxō (dative singular)
buxīs (dative plural)
buxum (accusative singular)
buxōs (accusative plural)
buxō (ablative singular)
buxīs (ablative plural)
buxe (singular vocative)
buxī (plural vocative)

Catalan: boix

Franco-Provençal: boués

French: buis

Friulian: bos

Galician: buxo

Italian: bosso, bossolo

Occitan: bois

Portuguese: buxo

Romanian: bucsău, buștean

Sicilian: busu, busa

Spanish: boj, bujo

Venetan: buso, bos

Walloon: bos, bouxhe

→ Proto-West Germanic: *buhs (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Buxus

Uncertain. Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box tree”) is cognate, but probably not the origin, as the tree grew in Italy and is not native to Greece or Asia Minor. Both the Latin and Greek may be from an Italian substrate language.


tragopan

tragopān f (genitive tragopānis); third declension

tragopān (canonical feminine)
tragopānis (genitive)
tragopān (nominative singular)
tragopānēs (nominative plural)
tragopānis (genitive singular)
tragopānum (genitive plural)
tragopānī (dative singular)
tragopānibus (dative plural)
tragopānem (accusative singular)
tragopānēs (accusative plural)
tragopāne (ablative singular)
tragopānibus (ablative plural)
tragopān (singular vocative)
tragopānēs (plural vocative)

[ˈt̪räɡɔpäːn]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τραγόπαν (tragópan).


salamandra

salamandra f (genitive salamandrae); first declension

salamandrae (genitive)
salamandra (nominative singular)
salamandrae (nominative plural)
salamandrae (genitive singular)
salamandrārum (genitive plural)
salamandrae (dative singular)
salamandrīs (dative plural)
salamandram (accusative singular)
salamandrās (accusative plural)
salamandrā (ablative singular)
salamandrīs (ablative plural)
salamandra (singular vocative)
salamandrae (plural vocative)

[s̠äɫ̪äˈmän̪d̪rä]


dryopteris

dryopteris f (genitive dryopteridis); third declension

dryopteridis (genitive)
dryopteris (nominative singular)
dryopteridēs (nominative plural)
dryopteridis (genitive singular)
dryopteridum (genitive plural)
dryopteridī (dative singular)
dryopteridibus (dative plural)
dryopteridem (accusative singular)
dryopteridēs (accusative plural)
dryopteride (ablative singular)
dryopteridibus (ablative plural)
dryopteris (singular vocative)
dryopteridēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Dryopteris

From Ancient Greek δρυοπτερίς (druopterís).


vitulus

vitulus m (genitive vitulī); second declension

vitulī (genitive)
vitulus (nominative singular)
vitulī (nominative plural)
vitulī (genitive singular)
vitulōrum (genitive plural)
vitulō (dative singular)
vitulīs (dative plural)
vitulum (accusative singular)
vitulōs (accusative plural)
vitulō (ablative singular)
vitulīs (ablative plural)
vitule (singular vocative)
vitulī (plural vocative)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *vitlus, *viclus

Italian: vecchio

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *vituleus

Aromanian: vitulj, vituljiu

Romanian: vătui

Borrowings:

→ Portuguese: vítulo

→ Sicilian: Vìtulu

→ Italian: Vitolo

→ Spanish: vítulo

[ˈu̯ɪt̪ʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Proto-Italic *wetelos, from Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”), same source as Ancient Greek ἔταλον (étalon), Albanian viç, English wether, Scots weddir, woddir, wadder (“wether”), Dutch weder, weer (“wether”), German Widder (“wether, ram”), Swedish vädur (“wether, ram”), Icelandic veður (“wether, ram”). See also Ancient Greek Ῑ̓ταλός (Ītalós).


spelta

spelta f (genitive speltae); first declension

speltae (genitive)
spelta (nominative singular)
speltae (nominative plural)
speltae (genitive singular)
speltārum (genitive plural)
speltae (dative singular)
speltīs (dative plural)
speltam (accusative singular)
speltās (accusative plural)
speltā (ablative singular)
speltīs (ablative plural)
spelta (singular vocative)
speltae (plural vocative)

Catalan: espelta

Old French: espiautre
French: épeautre

Galician: espelta

Italian: spelta

Portuguese: espelta

Spanish: espelta

[ˈs̠pɛɫ̪t̪ä]

Borrowed from Frankish *spelta, from Proto-Germanic *spiltaz.

Triticum spelta
Triticum spelta#Translingual


locusta

lō̆custa f (genitive lō̆custae); first declension

lō̆custa (canonical feminine)
lō̆custae (genitive)
lō̆custa (nominative singular)
lō̆custae (nominative plural)
lō̆custae (genitive singular)
lō̆custārum (genitive plural)
lō̆custae (dative singular)
lō̆custīs (dative plural)
lō̆custam (accusative singular)
lō̆custās (accusative plural)
lō̆custā (ablative singular)
lō̆custīs (ablative plural)
lō̆custa (singular vocative)
lō̆custae (plural vocative)

Late Latin: lacusta (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings

→ Italian: locusta

→ Old French: locuste

French: locuste

desctree

→ Middle English: locuste, locust, locusta
English: locust

→ Portuguese: locusta

→ Romanian: locustă

→? Old English: loppestre, lopustre, lopystre
Middle English: loppestere
English: lobster
Scots: lapster, labster
Yola: labstaar

[ɫ̪oːˈkʊs̠t̪ä]

[ɫ̪ɔˈkʊs̠t̪ä]

The origin is uncertain, length of the first vowel varies. According to De Vaan, the only word similar in form and meaning is lacerta (“lizard; mackerel”) and “they could be cognate words in the language from which Latin borrowed these forms”. Pokorny connects lō̆custa and lacerta with Ancient Greek λάξ (láx) λάγδην (lágdēn, “with the foot”, adverb), λάκτις (láktis, “pestle”), λικερτίζειν (likertízein, “to jump, to dance”) and Old Norse leggr (“lower leg, bone”), Lombardic lagi (“thigh”), deriving all from Proto-Indo-European *lek- (“joint, member; to bend, to wind”), explaining lō̆custa as “equipped with joints”. This is considered unconvincing by De Vaan.

cog

2015, Tuomo Pekkanen, Ingentes greges locustarum in Russia meridionali. https://areena.yle.fi/1-2864830, Nuntii Latini 7.8.2015

A giant swarm of locusts has invaded the Stavropolsky district in southern Russia.

Ingentēs gregēs lō̆custārum regiōnem Stavropolis in Russiā merīdiōnālī invāsērunt.


ptyas

la-noun

ptyas f (genitive ptyadis); third declension

ptyadis (genitive)
ptyas (nominative singular)
ptyadēs (nominative plural)
ptyadis (genitive singular)
ptyadum (genitive plural)
ptyadī (dative singular)
ptyadibus (dative plural)
ptyadem (accusative singular)
ptyadēs (accusative plural)
ptyade (ablative singular)
ptyadibus (ablative plural)
ptyas (singular vocative)
ptyadēs (plural vocative)

a kind of serpent, said to spit venom into the eyes of men.


pithecium

pithēcium n (genitive pithēciī or pithēcī); second declension

pithēcium (canonical neuter)
pithēciī (genitive)
pithēcī (genitive)
pithēcium (nominative singular)
pithēcia (nominative plural)
pithēciī (genitive singular)
pithēcī (genitive singular)
pithēciōrum (genitive plural)
pithēciō (dative singular)
pithēciīs (dative plural)
pithēcium (accusative singular)
pithēcia (accusative plural)
pithēciō (ablative singular)
pithēciīs (ablative plural)
pithēcium (singular vocative)
pithēcia (plural vocative)

[pɪˈt̪ʰeːkiʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek πιθήκιον (pithḗkion).

a kind of flower, possibly monkey-flower (Mimulus) or snapdragon (Antirrhinum)


malum cotonium

mālum cotōnium n (genitive mālī cotōniī); second declension

mālum cotōnium (canonical neuter)
mālī cotōniī (genitive)
mālum cotōnium (nominative singular)
māla cotōnia (nominative plural)
mālī cotōniī (genitive singular)
mālōrum cotōniōrum (genitive plural)
mālō cotōniō (dative singular)
mālīs cotōniīs (dative plural)
mālum cotōnium (accusative singular)
māla cotōnia (accusative plural)
mālō cotōniō (ablative singular)
mālīs cotōniīs (ablative plural)
mālum cotōnium (singular vocative)
māla cotōnia (plural vocative)

Italian: melocotogno

desctree

Spanish: melocotón (“peach”)
→? Catalan: melicotó, melocotó, melacotó
→ English: melocoton
→ Portuguese: melocotão

→ Albanian: mollaftua

[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ kɔˈt̪oːniʊ̃ˑ]

Calque of Ancient Greek μηλοκυδώνιον (mēlokudṓnion, literally “apple of Cydonia”), named after a town in Crete.

calque

μηλοκυδώνιον


agnella

la-noun

agnella f (genitive agnellae); first declension

agnellae (genitive)
agnella (nominative singular)
agnellae (nominative plural)
agnellae (genitive singular)
agnellārum (genitive plural)
agnellae (dative singular)
agnellīs (dative plural)
agnellam (accusative singular)
agnellās (accusative plural)
agnellā (ablative singular)
agnellīs (ablative plural)
agnella (singular vocative)
agnellae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: njauã, njeauã, njalã

Catalan: anyella

French: agnelle

Italian: agnella

Occitan: anhèla

Romanian: mia, mială


mariscos

mariscos m (genitive mariscī); second declension

mariscī (genitive)
mariscos (nominative singular)
mariscī (nominative plural)
mariscī (genitive singular)
mariscōrum (genitive plural)
mariscō (dative singular)
mariscīs (dative plural)
mariscon (accusative singular)
mariscōs (accusative plural)
mariscō (ablative singular)
mariscīs (ablative plural)
marisce (singular vocative)
mariscī (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μαρίσκος (marískos, “bog rush”), which is probably a Pre-Greek word.


culex

la-noun

culex m (genitive culicis); third declension

culicis (genitive)
culex (nominative singular)
culicēs (nominative plural)
culicis (genitive singular)
culicum (genitive plural)
culicī (dative singular)
culicibus (dative plural)
culicem (accusative singular)
culicēs (accusative plural)
culice (ablative singular)
culicibus (ablative plural)
culex (singular vocative)
culicēs (plural vocative)

Esperanto: kulo

Italian: culice

Catalan: cúlex

French: cousin

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱuH-ló-, see also Old Armenian սլաք (slakʻ, “roasting spit”), Irish cuil (“mosquito”), and Welsh cylion (“gnats”).

Indus elephantus haud curat culicem.

An Indian elephant does not worry about a gnat.