bufo

būfō m (genitive būfōnis); third declension

būfō (canonical masculine)
būfōnis (genitive)
būfō (nominative singular)
būfōnēs (nominative plural)
būfōnis (genitive singular)
būfōnum (genitive plural)
būfōnī (dative singular)
būfōnibus (dative plural)
būfōnem (accusative singular)
būfōnēs (accusative plural)
būfōne (ablative singular)
būfōnibus (ablative plural)
būfō (singular vocative)
būfōnēs (plural vocative)

English: bufo

Italian: buffone

Sicilian: buffa

Spanish: bufón

Translingual: Bufo

→ Middle Irish: bufa

Irish: buaf

Manx: beayf

Probably loaned from a different Italic language such as Oscan, where the word could have referred to any creeping small animal such as a hamster. The connection with Proto-Slavic *žaba (“toad”) is uncertain, as the initial vowel cannot reflect a common Indo-European origin.


burdo

la-noun

burdō m or f (genitive burdōnis); third declension

burdō (canonical feminine masculine)
burdōnis (genitive)
burdō (nominative singular)
burdōnēs (nominative plural)
burdōnis (genitive singular)
burdōnum (genitive plural)
burdōnī (dative singular)
burdōnibus (dative plural)
burdōnem (accusative singular)
burdōnēs (accusative plural)
burdōne (ablative singular)
burdōnibus (ablative plural)
burdō (singular vocative)
burdōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Ancient Greek: βουρδών (bourdṓn)

→ Classical Syriac: ܒܰܪܕܽܘܢܳܐ (barḏūnā)

→ Arabic: بِرْذَوْن (birḏawn)

desc

→ Persian: برذون (berzown), بردون (berdown)

Not natively Latin since an initial v would be expected; probably of Celtic origin, from Gaulish *burdus (“mule”), according to Whatmough, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥dus, *gʷrd-o- (“slow, heavy, tired”).

mule; hinny (offspring of a jackass and a mare or of a stallion and a jenny)


cactus

la-noun

cactus m (genitive cactī); second declension

cactī (genitive)
cactus (nominative singular)
cactī (nominative plural)
cactī (genitive singular)
cactōrum (genitive plural)
cactō (dative singular)
cactīs (dative plural)
cactum (accusative singular)
cactōs (accusative plural)
cactō (ablative singular)
cactīs (ablative plural)
cacte (singular vocative)
cactī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Cactus

→ English: cactus

→ Welsh: cactws

→ Czech: kaktus

→ Italian: cactus

→ Greek: κάκτος (káktos)

→ Spanish: cacto

→ Sicilian: cactus

→ Galician: cacto

→ German: Kaktus

→ Portuguese: cato, cáctus, cacto

From Ancient Greek κάκτος (káktos, “cardoon”).

der

Cynara cardunculus
Cynara cardunculus#Translingual


ovum

la-noun

ōvum n (genitive ōvī); second declension

ōvum (canonical neuter)
ōvī (genitive)
ōvum (nominative singular)
ōva (nominative plural)
ōvī (genitive singular)
ōvōrum (genitive plural)
ōvō (dative singular)
ōvīs (dative plural)
ōvum (accusative singular)
ōva (accusative plural)
ōvō (ablative singular)
ōvīs (ablative plural)
ōvum (singular vocative)
ōva (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ou

Megleno-Romanian: uou

Romanian: ou

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ou, ovu

Vulgar Latin: *ŏvum (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: ovum

→ Esperanto: ovo

→ Ido: ovo

→ Interlingua: ovo

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ovo

→ Spanish: ovo

From Proto-Italic *ōwom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾠόν (ōión).


anatinus

la-adj

anatīnus (feminine anatīna, neuter anatīnum); first/second-declension adjective

anatīnus (canonical)
anatīna (feminine)
anatīnum (neuter)
anatīnus (masculine nominative singular)
anatīna (feminine nominative singular)
anatīnum (neuter nominative singular)
anatīnī (masculine nominative singular)
anatīnae (feminine nominative plural)
anatīna (neuter nominative plural)
anatīnī (genitive masculine singular)
anatīnae (feminine genitive singular)
anatīnī (genitive neuter singular)
anatīnōrum (genitive masculine singular)
anatīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
anatīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
anatīnō (dative masculine singular)
anatīnae (dative feminine singular)
anatīnō (dative neuter singular)
anatīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
anatīnum (accusative masculine singular)
anatīnam (accusative feminine singular)
anatīnum (accusative neuter singular)
anatīnōs (accusative masculine singular)
anatīnās (accusative feminine plural)
anatīna (accusative neuter plural)
anatīnō (ablative masculine singular)
anatīnā (ablative feminine singular)
anatīnō (ablative neuter singular)
anatīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
anatīne (masculine singular vocative)
anatīna (feminine singular vocative)
anatīnum (neuter singular vocative)
anatīnī (masculine singular vocative)
anatīnae (feminine plural vocative)
anatīna (neuter plural vocative)

English: anatine

[änäˈt̪iːnʊs̠]


feles

la-noun

fēlēs f (genitive fēlis); third declension

fēlēs (canonical feminine)
fēlis (genitive)
fēlēs (nominative singular)
fēlēs (nominative plural)
fēlis (genitive singular)
fēlium (genitive plural)
fēlī (dative singular)
fēlibus (dative plural)
fēlem (accusative singular)
fēlēs (accusative plural)
fēlīs (accusative plural)
fēle (ablative singular)
fēlibus (ablative plural)
fēlēs (singular vocative)
fēlēs (plural vocative)

[ˈfeːɫ̪eːs̠]

Unknown; maybe cognate with Welsh bele (“marten”).
Other sources say that it is related to Latin fulica, fulix, with the etymological meaning of "animal with a shiny coat", but this theory is doubtful. The connection with Latin fēlix (“happy”) and Latin fēllō (“to suck”), with the (hypothetical) etymological meaning of “animal that sucks the blood [of its prey]”, was also proposed. This word could be cognate with Latin mēlēs (“badger”), under the assumption of a very unusual alternation of /f/ (or earlier */β/) and /m/, which might be an indication of substrate origin.

Quorum inbutae mentes pravitatis erroribus quamvis carnificinam prius subierint quam ibim aut aspidem aut faelem aut canem aut corcodillum violenti quorum etiamsi inprudentes quippiam fecerint, poenam nullam recusent.

c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 5.27

Their minds being tainted by pernicious opinions, they are ready to bear any torture rather than hurt an ibis, a snake, a cat, a dog, or a crocodile; and should any one inadvertently have hurt any of these animals, he will submit to any punishment.

Ut feles quoties fugitat, male pedere sueta est.

1528, Desiderius Erasmus, Adagiorum opus, page 773:

Whenever the cat runs away, she is accustomed to fart badly.

1556, Conrad Gessner, Aeliani de natura animalium, Liber VI, Cap. XXVII, p. 336

Just as out of the cats, the male is most libidinous, so too is the female of kittens most affectionate; and on that account she runs away from sexual intercourse with the male because he emits the hottest semen like fire, and so burns up the genital organ of the female.

Quemadmodum ex felibus mas est libidinosissimus, sic amantissima catulorum femina; quae veneream idcirco maris consuetudinem refugit, quod is calidissimum ignisque simile semen emittat, genitale ut feminae conburat.

Capitale fuisse apud Aegyptios felem sponte, vel casu occidisse, Diodorus perpulchram demonstrat historiam, suos oculos ac fidem in testimonium adducens, ne putetur esse fabula.

1607, Antoine Mizauld, Opusculorum pars secunda, page 72v:

Diodorus describes, bringing his eyes as well as his faith into the telling lest it be thought a fable, a very beautiful account that among the Egyptians it was punishable by death to deliberately or by accident kill a cat.


aurata

aurāta f (genitive aurātae); first declension

aurāta (canonical feminine)
aurātae (genitive)
aurāta (nominative singular)
aurātae (nominative plural)
aurātae (genitive singular)
aurātārum (genitive plural)
aurātae (dative singular)
aurātīs (dative plural)
aurātam (accusative singular)
aurātās (accusative plural)
aurātā (ablative singular)
aurātīs (ablative plural)
aurāta (singular vocative)
aurātae (plural vocative)

Catalan: orada

Dalmatian: ourata

Italian: orata (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: aurada

Portuguese: dorada

Spanish: dorada

→ French: dorade

[äu̯ˈräːt̪ä]

[äu̯ˈräːt̪ä]

From aurātus (“gilded, golden”), perfect passive participle of aurō (“gild, overlay with gold”), from aurum (“gold”).


porcinus

la-adj

porcīnus (feminine porcīna, neuter porcīnum); first/second-declension adjective

porcīnus (canonical)
porcīna (feminine)
porcīnum (neuter)
porcīnus (masculine nominative singular)
porcīna (feminine nominative singular)
porcīnum (neuter nominative singular)
porcīnī (masculine nominative singular)
porcīnae (feminine nominative plural)
porcīna (neuter nominative plural)
porcīnī (genitive masculine singular)
porcīnae (feminine genitive singular)
porcīnī (genitive neuter singular)
porcīnōrum (genitive masculine singular)
porcīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
porcīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
porcīnō (dative masculine singular)
porcīnae (dative feminine singular)
porcīnō (dative neuter singular)
porcīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
porcīnum (accusative masculine singular)
porcīnam (accusative feminine singular)
porcīnum (accusative neuter singular)
porcīnōs (accusative masculine singular)
porcīnās (accusative feminine plural)
porcīna (accusative neuter plural)
porcīnō (ablative masculine singular)
porcīnā (ablative feminine singular)
porcīnō (ablative neuter singular)
porcīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
porcīne (masculine singular vocative)
porcīna (feminine singular vocative)
porcīnum (neuter singular vocative)
porcīnī (masculine singular vocative)
porcīnae (feminine plural vocative)
porcīna (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: porcí

English: porcine

French: porcin

Italian: porcino

Portuguese: porcino

Romanian: porcin

Spanish: porcino


polyzoarium

la-noun

polyzoārium n (genitive polyzoāriī or polyzoārī); second declension

polyzoārium (canonical neuter)
polyzoāriī (genitive)
polyzoārī (genitive)
polyzoārium (nominative singular)
polyzoāria (nominative plural)
polyzoāriī (genitive singular)
polyzoārī (genitive singular)
polyzoāriōrum (genitive plural)
polyzoāriō (dative singular)
polyzoāriīs (dative plural)
polyzoārium (accusative singular)
polyzoāria (accusative plural)
polyzoāriō (ablative singular)
polyzoāriīs (ablative plural)
polyzoārium (singular vocative)
polyzoāria (plural vocative)

[pɔlʲʏz̪d̪͡z̪oˈäːriʊ̃ˑ]


aspis

aspis f (genitive aspidis); third declension

aspidis (genitive)
aspis (nominative singular)
aspidēs (nominative plural)
aspidis (genitive singular)
aspidum (genitive plural)
aspidī (dative singular)
aspidibus (dative plural)
aspidem (accusative singular)
aspidēs (accusative plural)
aspide (ablative singular)
aspidibus (ablative plural)
aspis (singular vocative)
aspidēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: àspid

→ English: aspis

→ Galician: áspide

→ Italian: aspide

→ Portuguese: áspide

→ Spanish: áspid

From Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “round shield or asp”).


caballa

la-noun

caballa f (genitive caballae); first declension

caballae (genitive)
caballa (nominative singular)
caballae (nominative plural)
caballae (genitive singular)
caballārum (genitive plural)
caballae (dative singular)
caballīs (dative plural)
caballam (accusative singular)
caballās (accusative plural)
caballā (ablative singular)
caballīs (ablative plural)
caballa (singular vocative)
caballae (plural vocative)

Italian: cavalla

Occitan: cavala

Piedmontese: cavala

Portuguese: cavala (“mackerel”)

Spanish: caballa (“mackerel”)

From caballus (“riding horse, packhorse”) + -a (feminine noun suffix).

af

Latin Anthology I..p628


gallina

la-noun

gallīna f (genitive gallīnae); first declension

gallīna (canonical feminine)
gallīnae (genitive)
gallīna (nominative singular)
gallīnae (nominative plural)
gallīnae (genitive singular)
gallīnārum (genitive plural)
gallīnae (dative singular)
gallīnīs (dative plural)
gallīnam (accusative singular)
gallīnās (accusative plural)
gallīnā (ablative singular)
gallīnīs (ablative plural)
gallīna (singular vocative)
gallīnae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: gãljinã

Istro-Romanian: gălirĕ

Megleno-Romanian: găľină

Romanian: găină

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: gallina, ghjaddina, ghjallina

Dalmatian: galaina

Italian: gallina

Sicilian: gaddina, jaddina

Venetan: gaƚina

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: gjaline

Ladin: gialina

Romansch: giaglina (Rumantsch Grischun), gagliegna, gaglina

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: gallina

Lombard: gaina

Old French: geline

French: géline

Franc-Comtois: dgelène

Norman: gelène

Picard: glinne

Amiénois: glangne

Old Occitan: galina, galinha

Occitan: galina

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: gallina

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: galinha
Galician: galiña
Portuguese: galinha (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: gallina

[ɡälˈlʲiːnä]


reseda

la-noun

resēda f (genitive resēdae); first declension

resēda (canonical feminine)
resēdae (genitive)
resēda (nominative singular)
resēdae (nominative plural)
resēdae (genitive singular)
resēdārum (genitive plural)
resēdae (dative singular)
resēdīs (dative plural)
resēdam (accusative singular)
resēdās (accusative plural)
resēdā (ablative singular)
resēdīs (ablative plural)
resēda (singular vocative)
resēdae (plural vocative)

According to Pliny, from resēdō (“I soothe”).


anguis

anguis m or f (genitive anguis); third declension

anguis (genitive)
anguis (nominative singular)
anguēs (nominative plural)
anguis (genitive singular)
anguium (genitive plural)
anguī (dative singular)
anguibus (dative plural)
anguem (accusative singular)
anguēs (accusative plural)
anguīs (accusative plural)
angue (ablative singular)
anguī (ablative singular)
anguibus (ablative plural)
anguis (singular vocative)
anguēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éngʷʰis (“snake”). Cognates include Old Prussian angis, Old Armenian աւձ (awj), Old High German unc, unko (“snake”), and Old East Slavic ѫжь (ǫžĭ).


carica

cārica f (genitive cāricae); first declension

cārica (canonical feminine)
cāricae (genitive)
cārica (nominative singular)
cāricae (nominative plural)
cāricae (genitive singular)
cāricārum (genitive plural)
cāricae (dative singular)
cāricīs (dative plural)
cāricam (accusative singular)
cāricās (accusative plural)
cāricā (ablative singular)
cāricīs (ablative plural)
cārica (singular vocative)
cāricae (plural vocative)

Ellipsis of *Cārica fīcus f (“Carian fig”), from the feminine of the adjective Cāricus (“Carian”), from Cāria + -icus (adjective-forming suffix).


ruta

la-noun

rūta f (genitive rūtae); first declension

rūta (canonical feminine)
rūtae (genitive)
rūta (nominative singular)
rūtae (nominative plural)
rūtae (genitive singular)
rūtārum (genitive plural)
rūtae (dative singular)
rūtīs (dative plural)
rūtam (accusative singular)
rūtās (accusative plural)
rūtā (ablative singular)
rūtīs (ablative plural)
rūta (singular vocative)
rūtae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ), from a Peloponnesian language.


castor

castor m (genitive castoris); third declension

castoris (genitive)
castor (nominative singular)
castorēs (nominative plural)
castoris (genitive singular)
castorum (genitive plural)
castorī (dative singular)
castoribus (dative plural)
castorem (accusative singular)
castorēs (accusative plural)
castore (ablative singular)
castoribus (ablative plural)
castor (singular vocative)
castorēs (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: castor

→ Old French: castor

Middle French: castor

French: castor

→ English: castor

→ Friulian: castôr

→ Galician: castor

→ Italian: castoro

→ Portuguese: castor

→ Romanian: castor

→ Spanish: castor

From Ancient Greek κάστωρ (kástōr), from Doric Greek κάστον (káston, “wood”). See also Sanskrit कस्तूरी (kastūrī, “musk”).


stapes

stapēs m (genitive stapedis); third declension

stapēs (canonical masculine)
stapedis (genitive)
stapēs (nominative singular)
stapedēs (nominative plural)
stapedis (genitive singular)
stapedum (genitive plural)
stapedī (dative singular)
stapedibus (dative plural)
stapedem (accusative singular)
stapedēs (accusative plural)
stapede (ablative singular)
stapedibus (ablative plural)
stapēs (singular vocative)
stapedēs (plural vocative)

→ English: stapes

→ French: stapes

→ Spanish: estápede

From a Germanic source, possibly Frankish *stap or Old High German stapf, staph (“step, stirrup”), both from Proto-Germanic *stapiz (“a step, rung (of a ladder)”). More at step.
Alternatively: Late Latin; possibly from stō (“to stand”) + pēs (“foot”).

der

[…]quīdam duōs stapedēs et trēs cingulās ūnā cum sella annumerant, aliī hīs singulīs pretium lēgitimum assignant, id est, stapedibus aurātīs

(Can we date this quote?), Dē Tribus Columnīs Jūris Secundum Powissiensēs, volume 2, 16. Dē Pretiīs Rērum:

[…] some two stirrups and three belts with a chair are paid out, all assigned a single worth, that is, golden stirrups


ciconia

la-noun

cicōnia f (genitive cicōniae); first declension

cicōnia (canonical feminine)
cicōniae (genitive)
cicōnia (nominative singular)
cicōniae (nominative plural)
cicōniae (genitive singular)
cicōniārum (genitive plural)
cicōniae (dative singular)
cicōniīs (dative plural)
cicōniam (accusative singular)
cicōniās (accusative plural)
cicōniā (ablative singular)
cicōniīs (ablative plural)
cicōnia (singular vocative)
cicōniae (plural vocative)

Asturian: cigüeña

Catalan: cigonya

Old French: ceoigne, çoigne

French: ceogne, çogne (dialectal, Brie)

Galician: cegoña

Italian: cicogna

Mirandese: ciguonha

Occitan: cigonha

→ French: cigogne

Portuguese: cegonha

Romansch: cicogna

Sardinian:

Campidanese: cicònnia, cicogna, tzicònnia

Gallurese: cicona, cicogna

Logudorese: cicònia, cicogna, tzicònnia

Nuorese: tzicogna, ciconna, tziconna

Sassarese: cicogna

Spanish: cigüeña

Translingual: Ciconia

From Proto-Italic *kikōniā, from Proto-Indo-European *kekoh₂n- (“stork”), a reduplicated derivative of Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”), whence also Latin canō (“to sing”).
Cognate to Proto-Germanic *hanô (“rooster, cock”), Proto-Germanic *hanjō (“hen”) (whence English hen), Proto-Slavic *kaňa (“accipitrid”) (whence Russian каню́к (kanjúk, “buzzard”), Bulgarian ка́ня (kánja, “kite”), Bulgarian каню́ша (kanjúša, “stork”) (dialectal)).

a derisive gesture made with the fingers


buteo

būteō m (genitive būteōnis); third declension

būteō (canonical masculine)
būteōnis (genitive)
būteō (nominative singular)
būteōnēs (nominative plural)
būteōnis (genitive singular)
būteōnum (genitive plural)
būteōnī (dative singular)
būteōnibus (dative plural)
būteōnem (accusative singular)
būteōnēs (accusative plural)
būteōne (ablative singular)
būteōnibus (ablative plural)
būteō (singular vocative)
būteōnēs (plural vocative)

Old French: buison, buson, busart

→ Dutch: buizerd

→ English: buzzard

French: buse, busard

→ Galician: buxardo

→ German: Bussard

→ Spanish: busardo, buharro, guarro

→ Tagalog: buharo

Probably imitative of a buzzard or hawk's cry.

onomatopoeic

imitative


quercus

la-noun

quercus f (genitive quercūs); fourth declension

quercūs (genitive)
quercus (nominative singular)
quercūs (nominative plural)
quercūs (genitive singular)
quercuum (genitive plural)
quercōrum (genitive plural)
quercuī (dative singular)
quercubus (dative plural)
quercum (accusative singular)
quercūs (accusative plural)
quercū (ablative singular)
quercubus (ablative plural)
quercus (singular vocative)
quercūs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Quercus

⇒ Galician: cerquiño, cerqueiro

Italian: quercia

Portuguese: querco

Sicilian: cerza

Spanish: alcornoque

→ English: cork

From Proto-Italic *kʷerkus, assimilated from Proto-Indo-European *pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu- (“oak”). Compare Old Norse fýri (as in fýriskógr (“pine-wood”), Punjabi ਪਰਗਾਇ (pargāī, “holm oak”). See also English fir.

der

(poetic) something made from oak wood (e.g., an oaken ship, an oaken javelin, etc.)


anguilla

la-noun

anguīlla f (genitive anguīllae); first declension

anguīlla (canonical feminine)
anguīllae (genitive)
anguīlla (nominative singular)
anguīllae (nominative plural)
anguīllae (genitive singular)
anguīllārum (genitive plural)
anguīllae (dative singular)
anguīllīs (dative plural)
anguīllam (accusative singular)
anguīllās (accusative plural)
anguīllā (ablative singular)
anguīllīs (ablative plural)
anguīlla (singular vocative)
anguīllae (plural vocative)

Catalan: anguila

Dalmatian: anǧola

Basque: aingira

French: anguille

Friulian: anzile

Galician: anguía

Italian: anguilla

Old Galician-Portuguese: anguia

Piedmontese: anguila

Portuguese: enguia

Romanian: anghilă

Sardinian: ambidda, anguidda

Serbo-Croatian: јѐгуља / jègulja

Sicilian: anciḍḍa

Spanish: anguila

Translingual: Anguilla

[äŋˈɡʷiːlːʲä]

[äŋˈɡʷiːlːʲäː]

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂engʷʰ- (“water-worm, eel”). Cognate with Old Prussian angurgis and Albanian ngjalë, Ancient Greek ἔγχελυς (énkhelus, “eel”), Old High German angar (“mealworm, larva, grub”) (Modern German Engerling), Proto-Slavic *ǫgořь, Lithuanian ungurỹs.
Influenced by anguis (“snake”), in the same way Ancient Greek ἔγχελῠς (énkhelŭs, “eel”) was influenced by ἔχις (ékhis, “snake”), but unfortunately no Proto-Indo-European form can be reconstructed due to similar changes in other daughter languages, commonly attributed to a taboo. Compare Finnish borrowing ankerias.


bison

la-noun

bisōn m (genitive bisōntis); third declension

bisōn (canonical masculine)
bisōntis (genitive)
bisōn (nominative singular)
bisōntēs (nominative plural)
bisōntis (genitive singular)
bisōntum (genitive plural)
bisōntī (dative singular)
bisōntibus (dative plural)
bisōntem (accusative singular)
bisōntēs (accusative plural)
bisōnte (ablative singular)
bisōntibus (ablative plural)
bisōn (singular vocative)
bisōntēs (plural vocative)

1st century; together with Ancient Greek βίσων (bísōn) (2nd century; cf. modern Greek βίσονας (vísonas)) borrowed from Proto-Germanic *wisundaz (“bison, wisent”).

bor

Bison bonasus
Bison bonasus#Translingual


scorpio

la-noun

scorpiō m (genitive scorpiōnis); third declension

scorpiō (canonical masculine)
scorpiōnis (genitive)
scorpiō (nominative singular)
scorpiōnēs (nominative plural)
scorpiōnis (genitive singular)
scorpiōnum (genitive plural)
scorpiōnī (dative singular)
scorpiōnibus (dative plural)
scorpiōnem (accusative singular)
scorpiōnēs (accusative plural)
scorpiōne (ablative singular)
scorpiōnibus (ablative plural)
scorpiō (singular vocative)
scorpiōnēs (plural vocative)

→? Albanian: shkrap

Catalan: escorpí

Old French: scorpion

French: scorpion

→ Middle Dutch: scorpioen

Dutch: schorpioen

→ English: scorpion

→ Welsh: sgorpion

→ German: Skorpion

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌾𐍉 (skaurpjō)

→ Middle Irish: scoirp

Irish: scairp

Italian: scorpione

>? Italian: sgorbio

→ Middle Low German: schorpie

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skorpion

Portuguese: escorpião

Romanian: scorpion

Romansch: scorpiun

→ Russian: скорпио́н m (skorpión)

Sicilian: scurpiuni

Spanish: escorpión

a kind of prickly sea fish, possibly the scorpionfish or sculpin


lamia

lamia f (genitive lamiae); first declension

lamiae (genitive)
lamia (nominative singular)
lamiae (nominative plural)
lamiae (genitive singular)
lamiārum (genitive plural)
lamiae (dative singular)
lamiīs (dative plural)
lamiam (accusative singular)
lamiās (accusative plural)
lamiā (ablative singular)
lamiīs (ablative plural)
lamia (singular vocative)
lamiae (plural vocative)

desc

→ Translingual: lamia (used in names of fish)

→ English: lamia (learned)

→ Galician: lamia (learned)

→ Italian: lamia (learned)

From Ancient Greek λάμια (lámia), Λάμια (Lámia).


equus

la-noun

equus m (genitive equī, feminine equa); second declension

equī (genitive)
equa (feminine)
equus (nominative singular)
equī (nominative plural)
equī (genitive singular)
equōrum (genitive plural)
equō (dative singular)
equīs (dative plural)
equum (accusative singular)
equōs (accusative plural)
equō (ablative singular)
equīs (ablative plural)
eque (singular vocative)
equī (plural vocative)

→ Esperanto: ekvo, ekvedo, ekveno

→ Translingual: Equus

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
For Proto-Italic *ekwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Sanskrit अश्व (áśva), Persian اسب (asb), Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”), Tocharian B yakwe, Gaulish epos. Respelt with QVV for the earlier QVO/CV in post-Augustan times on the analogy of oblique cases.

Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus aequor, | et iam tempus equum fumantia solvere colla.

Vergil, Georgicon II, 541-542 (edited and translated by H. Rushton Fairclough, Virgil with an English translation I, 1916)

But in our course we have traversed a mighty plain, and now it is time to unyoke the necks of our smoking steeds.


tigris

tigris m (genitive tigris or tigridis); third declension

tigris (genitive)
tigridis (genitive)
tigris (nominative singular)
tigrēs (nominative plural)
tigridēs (nominative plural)
tigris (genitive singular)
tigridis (genitive singular)
tigrium (genitive plural)
tigridum (genitive plural)
tigrī (dative singular)
tigridī (dative singular)
tigribus (dative plural)
tigridibus (dative plural)
tigrim (accusative singular)
tigrin (accusative singular)
tigrem (accusative singular)
tigridem (accusative singular)
tigrēs (accusative plural)
tigrīs (accusative plural)
tigridēs (accusative plural)
tigrī (ablative singular)
tigride (ablative singular)
tigribus (ablative plural)
tigridibus (ablative plural)
tigris (singular vocative)
tigrēs (plural vocative)
tigridēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: tigru

Catalan: tigre

French: tigre

Italian: tigre

Portuguese: tigre

Romanian: tigru

Sicilian: trighi

Spanish: tigre

→ Esperanto: tigro

→ Hungarian: tigris

→ Interlingua: tigre

→ Proto-West Germanic: *tīgr (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek τίγρις (tígris, “tiger”), probably of Iranian origin.


asia

asia f (genitive asiae); first declension

asiae (genitive)
asia (nominative singular)
asiae (nominative plural)
asiae (genitive singular)
asiārum (genitive plural)
asiae (dative singular)
asiīs (dative plural)
asiam (accusative singular)
asiās (accusative plural)
asiā (ablative singular)
asiīs (ablative plural)
asia (singular vocative)
asiae (plural vocative)

Uncertain; possibly from Ancient Ligurian or another Celtic language since Pliny ascribes the term to the Taurini, a Celto-Ligurian tribe. An emendation to *sasia has been suggested, from Proto-Celtic *sasyos (“rye”).


alium

ālium n (genitive āliī or ālī); second declension

ālium (canonical neuter)
āliī (genitive)
ālī (genitive)
ālium (nominative singular)
ālia (nominative plural)
āliī (genitive singular)
ālī (genitive singular)
āliōrum (genitive plural)
āliō (dative singular)
āliīs (dative plural)
ālium (accusative singular)
ālia (accusative plural)
āliō (ablative singular)
āliīs (ablative plural)
ālium (singular vocative)
ālia (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: alj, aljiu

Megleno-Romanian: al'

Romanian: ai

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: aggio

Piedmontese: aj

Romagnol: àj

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: aglia

Dalmatian: ail, alj, agl, aill

Italian: aglio

Neapolitan: aglio

Tarantino: aglie

Sicilian: agghia

Old French:

desctree

French: ail
Haitian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Mauritian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Moore: lay (from l’ail)

Picard: al

Walloon: a

Old Occitan:

Catalan: all

Occitan: alh

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: ai

Romansch: agl

Sardinian: àllu, azu

Campidanese: allu

Venetan: ajo

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: allo

Asturian: ayu

Old Galician-Portuguese: alho
Galician: allo
Portuguese: alho (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: ajo (see there for further descendants)

Unknown according to de Vaan (2008). May be connected to āla (“wing”), on the image of the garlic bulb being divided into "wings"; for a similar derivation from garlic being "cloven" cf. the etymology of German Knoblauch (“garlic”). It has also been compared with the Greek gloss of ἄλλην (állēn) as 'vegetables' "among the Italians", which may stem from another Italic language, and if so, has no direct bearing on the etymological consideration of Latin ālium.
Based only on the form allium, Kroonen (2012) suggests that it may be a borrowing from the root of Ancient Greek ἄγλις (áglis), specifically via a byform *adlī-. See the Ancient Greek entry for more. This assumption of Proto-Italic *alljom agrees with Ancient Greek ἀλλᾶς (allâs, “sausage”) (plural ἀλλᾶντες (allântes)), which could reflect earlier *αλλᾱϝεντ- (*allāwent-, “sausage seasoned with garlic”), a derivation from the Italic stem *all- with Proto-Hellenic *-wénts (though this suffix is regularly reflected in Greek as -(ϝ)εις (-(w)eis)).
According to Roberts, from Proto-Indo-European *ālu- (“bitter plant”).

unk

Unknown


scomber

la-noun

scomber m (genitive scombrī); second declension

scombrī (genitive)
scomber (nominative singular)
scombrī (nominative plural)
scombrī (genitive singular)
scombrōrum (genitive plural)
scombrō (dative singular)
scombrīs (dative plural)
scombrum (accusative singular)
scombrōs (accusative plural)
scombrō (ablative singular)
scombrīs (ablative plural)
scomber (singular vocative)
scombrī (plural vocative)

→ English: scomber

→ Italian: sgombro

→ Spanish: escombro

→ Translingual: Scomber

From Ancient Greek σκόμβρος (skómbros), possibly ultimately of Pre-Greek origin.


rangifer

rangifer m (genitive rangiferī); second declension

rangiferī (genitive)
rangifer (nominative singular)
rangiferī (nominative plural)
rangiferī (genitive singular)
rangiferōrum (genitive plural)
rangiferō (dative singular)
rangiferīs (dative plural)
rangiferum (accusative singular)
rangiferōs (accusative plural)
rangiferō (ablative singular)
rangiferīs (ablative plural)
rangifer (singular vocative)
rangiferī (plural vocative)

Probably from Old French rangier (“reindeer”), from Old Norse hreindýri (“reindeer”), with the suffix remodeled to -ifer.

Lappones hieme cum ſuis rangiferis tranſmigrantes ex nive condenſata sibi tuguria inſtruunt, ac ſupernè ramis arborum & nive ſuper inſtrata contegunt, adverſus frigus duriſſimum ſatis muniti, quando nec alia eorum eſt veſtis, quam Rangiferorum pellis nudæ cuti aptata.

1681, R. P. Iacobus Masenius, Speculum imaginum veritatis occultae:

The Lapps, migrating in winter with their reindeer, build up huts for themselves out of packed snow and covered with branches of trees on top and strewn snow, are sufficiently armed against the harshest cold, even when no other is their clothing than the pelt of their reindeer put on their naked skin.


fistula

fistula f (genitive fistulae); first declension

fistulae (genitive)
fistula (nominative singular)
fistulae (nominative plural)
fistulae (genitive singular)
fistulārum (genitive plural)
fistulae (dative singular)
fistulīs (dative plural)
fistulam (accusative singular)
fistulās (accusative plural)
fistulā (ablative singular)
fistulīs (ablative plural)
fistula (singular vocative)
fistulae (plural vocative)

English: fistula

French: felle, fêle, fistule

Galician: fístula

Italian: fistola, fischiare

Old French: festre

→ English: fester

Portuguese: fístula

Romanian: fistulă

Russian: фистула (fistula)

Sicilian: friscari

Spanish: fístula, fistra

[ˈfɪs̠t̪ʊɫ̪ä]

Probably from the same root *fest- as found in festūca (“stalk, straw”) and fistūca (“pile driver, ram”), maybe connected to ferula (“fennel; staff”) by earlier *fes- (“hollow stalk”), all words of unknown origin. This makes any relationship to findō (“cleave, divide, split”) unlikely.


cochlea

cochlea f (genitive cochleae); first declension

cochleae (genitive)
cochlea (nominative singular)
cochleae (nominative plural)
cochleae (genitive singular)
cochleārum (genitive plural)
cochleae (dative singular)
cochleīs (dative plural)
cochleam (accusative singular)
cochleās (accusative plural)
cochleā (ablative singular)
cochleīs (ablative plural)
cochlea (singular vocative)
cochleae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: còclea

→ English: cochlea

→ Italian: coclea

→ Portuguese: cóclea

→ Spanish: cóclea

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κοχλῐ́ᾱς (kokhlĭ́ās, “snail with a spiral shell”).

bor

Archimedes' screw, water screw, screw pump (machine for drawing water by raising it)


incisor

la-noun

incīsor m (genitive incīsōris); third declension

incīsor (canonical masculine)
incīsōris (genitive)
incīsor (nominative singular)
incīsōrēs (nominative plural)
incīsōris (genitive singular)
incīsōrum (genitive plural)
incīsōrī (dative singular)
incīsōribus (dative plural)
incīsōrem (accusative singular)
incīsōrēs (accusative plural)
incīsōre (ablative singular)
incīsōribus (ablative plural)
incīsor (singular vocative)
incīsōrēs (plural vocative)

→ English: incisor

[ɪŋˈkiːs̠ɔr]

From incīdō (“to cut into, cut through”) + -tor (“-er, -or”, agent noun suffix).


otus

la-noun

ōtus m (genitive ōtī); second declension

ōtus (canonical masculine)
ōtī (genitive)
ōtus (nominative singular)
ōtī (nominative plural)
ōtī (genitive singular)
ōtōrum (genitive plural)
ōtō (dative singular)
ōtīs (dative plural)
ōtum (accusative singular)
ōtōs (accusative plural)
ōtō (ablative singular)
ōtīs (ablative plural)
ōte (singular vocative)
ōtī (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ὦτος (ôtos) or ὠτός (ōtós).

A kind of owl, meaning eared or horned owl.


arboretum

arborētum n (genitive arborētī); second declension

arborētum (canonical neuter)
arborētī (genitive)
arborētum (nominative singular)
arborēta (nominative plural)
arborētī (genitive singular)
arborētōrum (genitive plural)
arborētō (dative singular)
arborētīs (dative plural)
arborētum (accusative singular)
arborēta (accusative plural)
arborētō (ablative singular)
arborētīs (ablative plural)
arborētum (singular vocative)
arborēta (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: arburet, arburetu

Romanian: arboret

Italo-Romance:

desc

Italian: albereta, alboreto, alboreta (archaic), albereto

Western Romance:

Catalan: arboreda, arbreda

Galician: Alboreda

Portuguese: arvoredo

Spanish: arboledo, arboleda

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: arborètum

→ German: Arboretum

→ English: arboretum, arboret

→ Italian: arboreto

→ Polish: arboretum

→ Portuguese: arboreto

→ Spanish: arboreto

[ärbɔˈreːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From arbor (“tree”) + -ētum (“grove or plantation”), with suffix extended via rebracketing. Cf. the primary arbustum (for *arbos-tum).

suffix

(colloquial) arboretum, plantation of trees.


carota

la-noun

carōta f (genitive carōtae); first declension

carōta (canonical feminine)
carōtae (genitive)
carōta (nominative singular)
carōtae (nominative plural)
carōtae (genitive singular)
carōtārum (genitive plural)
carōtae (dative singular)
carōtīs (dative plural)
carōtam (accusative singular)
carōtās (accusative plural)
carōtā (ablative singular)
carōtīs (ablative plural)
carōta (singular vocative)
carōtae (plural vocative)

Middle French: carotte (see there for further descendants)

Italian: carota

Romanian: carotă

Romansch: carota, carotta

Sicilian: carrota

Maltese: carrota

→ Albanian: karotë

→ Polish: karota

From Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón, “carrot”), a diminutive of κᾰρώ (kărṓ, “caraway”), possibly derived from κάρᾱ (kárā, “head”) or from Pre-Greek. Related to carum.


Triton

la-noun

Trītōn m (genitive Trītōnis); third declension

Trītōn (canonical masculine)
Trītōnis (genitive)
Trītōn (nominative singular)
Trītōnes (nominative plural)
Trītōnēs (nominative plural)
Trītōnis (genitive singular)
Trītōnos (genitive singular)
Trītōnum (genitive plural)
Trītōnī (dative singular)
Trītōnibus (dative plural)
Trītōna (accusative singular)
Trītōnem (accusative singular)
Trītōnas (accusative plural)
Trītōnēs (accusative plural)
Trītōne (ablative singular)
Trītōnibus (ablative plural)
Trītōn (singular vocative)
Trītōnes (plural vocative)
Trītōnēs (plural vocative)


zoster

zōstēr m (genitive zōstēris); third declension

zōstēr (canonical masculine)
zōstēris (genitive)
zōstēr (nominative singular)
zōstērēs (nominative plural)
zōstēris (genitive singular)
zōstērum (genitive plural)
zōstērī (dative singular)
zōstēribus (dative plural)
zōstērem (accusative singular)
zōstērēs (accusative plural)
zōstēre (ablative singular)
zōstēribus (ablative plural)
zōstēr (singular vocative)
zōstērēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ζωστήρ (zōstḗr, “girdle”), from ζώννυμι (zṓnnumi, “to gird”).


musculus

mūsculus m (genitive mūsculī); second declension

mūsculus (canonical masculine)
mūsculī (genitive)
mūsculus (nominative singular)
mūsculī (nominative plural)
mūsculī (genitive singular)
mūsculōrum (genitive plural)
mūsculō (dative singular)
mūsculīs (dative plural)
mūsculum (accusative singular)
mūsculōs (accusative plural)
mūsculō (ablative singular)
mūsculīs (ablative plural)
mūscule (singular vocative)
mūsculī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: musclo, muscllo

Aromanian: mushclju

Asturian: muslu

Catalan: muscle, musclo

Corsican: musculu

Italian: muscolo

Occitan: muscle

desctree

Old French: moule, moucle, moulle, mouscle
French: moule
→ Middle Dutch: mosscele
Dutch: mossel

Romanian: mușchi

Spanish: muslo

→ Asturian: músculu

→ Albanian: muskul, mushk

→ Catalan: múscul

→ Danish: muskel

→ English: musculus (learned)

→ Middle French: muscle
French: muscle
→ Middle English: muscle
English: muscle

→ Friulian: muscul

→ Galician: músculo

→ German: Muskel

→ Proto-West Germanic: *muskulā (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: músculo

→ Romansch: muscul, muscal, muscla

→ Russian: мускул (muskul)

→ Sardinian: musculu

→ Spanish: músculo

→ Swedish: muskel

[ˈmuːs̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From mūs (“a mouse”) + -culus (diminutive suffix), literally “little mouse”. The “muscle” sense is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “mouse; muscle”).

semantic loan

(transferred sense)
(military) a shed, mantelet, shielding


cepa

la-noun

cēpa f (genitive cēpae); first declension

cēpa (canonical feminine)
cēpae (genitive)
cēpa (nominative singular)
cēpae (nominative plural)
cēpae (genitive singular)
cēpārum (genitive plural)
cēpae (dative singular)
cēpīs (dative plural)
cēpam (accusative singular)
cēpās (accusative plural)
cēpā (ablative singular)
cēpīs (ablative plural)
cēpa (singular vocative)
cēpae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tseapã

Romanian: ceapă

→ Albanian: qepë

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ceba

Occitan: ceba

Old French: cive (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→⇒ English: cepaceous

→ Old English: ciepe

A borrowing from an unknown, possibly Anatolian source, cf. Hesychian Ancient Greek κάπια (kápia, “onions”) claimed for Ceryneia and the complex of Arabic قُبَّعَة (qubbaʕa, “bulbous hat”). Given the borrowing of Proto-Slavic *lukъ (“onion”), it is probable that the Italians at the date of their expansion also only knew ramsons, as a kind of ālium. At least it is known that spring onion was only introduced in the modern period from China, while the bulb onion is also Asiatic, such that ancient Africa knew the cultivated onion only in the north, by generic names like Egyptian ḥḏw, it having expanded beyond the Great Desert only by the Arabs under their name بَصَل (baṣal).

unk

unknown


testudo

la-noun

testūdō f (genitive testūdinis); third declension

testūdō (canonical feminine)
testūdinis (genitive)
testūdō (nominative singular)
testūdinēs (nominative plural)
testūdinis (genitive singular)
testūdinum (genitive plural)
testūdinī (dative singular)
testūdinibus (dative plural)
testūdinem (accusative singular)
testūdinēs (accusative plural)
testūdine (ablative singular)
testūdinibus (ablative plural)
testūdō (singular vocative)
testūdinēs (plural vocative)

Italian: testuggine

Neapolitan: stuscene

→ English: testudo

→ Esperanto: testudo

→ French: testudo

→ Spanish: testudo

[t̪ɛs̠ˈt̪uːd̪oː]

From testa (“fragment of earthenware; shell or covering”).


scabies

scabiēs f (genitive scabiēī); fifth declension

scabiēs (canonical feminine)
scabiēī (genitive)
scabiēs (nominative singular)
scabiēs (nominative plural)
scabiēī (genitive singular)
scabiērum (genitive plural)
scabiēī (dative singular)
scabiēbus (dative plural)
scabiem (accusative singular)
scabiēs (accusative plural)
scabiē (ablative singular)
scabiēbus (ablative plural)
scabiēs (singular vocative)
scabiēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: zgaibã

English: scabies

Italian: scabbia

Romanian: scabie, zgaibă

(figuratively) itching, longing, pruriency


salmo

salmō m (genitive salmōnis); third declension

salmō (canonical masculine)
salmōnis (genitive)
salmō (nominative singular)
salmōnēs (nominative plural)
salmōnis (genitive singular)
salmōnum (genitive plural)
salmōnī (dative singular)
salmōnibus (dative plural)
salmōnem (accusative singular)
salmōnēs (accusative plural)
salmōne (ablative singular)
salmōnibus (ablative plural)
salmō (singular vocative)
salmōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: salmó

desctree

Old French: saumon, salmon, salmone, salmoun, salmun, saumun
French: saumon
Haitian Creole: somon
→ Romanian: somon
→ Turkish: somon
→ Middle English: samoun, salmon, samen, samon, samone, samown, samun, samwn, saumon, sawmoun, sawmun
English: salmon
→ Burmese: ဆယ်လမွန် (hcaila.mwan)
→ Hebrew: סַלְמוֹן (sálmon)
→ Hindi: सामन (sāman)
→ Japanese: サーモン (sāmon)
Scots: saumon, sawmon
Yola: zamoon

Galician: salmón

Italian: salmone

Occitan: salmon, saumon

Portuguese: salmão

Spanish: salmón

→ Arabic: سلمون (salmōn, salamōn)

→ Esperanto: salmo

→ Proto-West Germanic: *salmō (see there for further descendants)

→ Ido: salmono

→ Indonesian: salmon

→ Interlingua: salmon

→ Malay: salmon

→ Volapük: salm

Unknown, possibly from a Celtic/Gaulish word; the common derivation from saliō (“to leap”) has been dismissed as folk etymology. An equation with Proto-Slavic *sòmъ (“catfish”) by Preobraženskij has not been well-received by succeeding Slavists; neither is Finnish sampi (“sturgeon”) likely related.


amma

la-noun

amma f (genitive ammae); first declension

ammae (genitive)
amma (nominative singular)
ammae (nominative plural)
ammae (genitive singular)
ammārum (genitive plural)
ammae (dative singular)
ammīs (dative plural)
ammam (accusative singular)
ammās (accusative plural)
ammā (ablative singular)
ammīs (ablative plural)
amma (singular vocative)
ammae (plural vocative)

Catalan: ama

Galician: ama

Portuguese: ama

Spanish: ama

Pokorny suggests a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *amma-, *ama- (“mother”). Compare Latin amita (“paternal aunt”), Latin anus (“crone”) and Old High German amma (“wet nurse”).
It may also represent an infantile modification of mamma.

Haec avis [viz. strix] vulgo amma dicitur, ab amando parvulos; unde et lac praebere fertur nascentibus.

c. 600, Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, XII.vii.42:

This bird is commonly called amma [mum (?)], because it loves its young, and it is also said to offer milk to its hatchlings.

a nocturnal bird, perhaps the screech owl


amma

From Classical Syriac ܐܸܡܵܐ (ʾemmā, “mother, abbess”) via Koine Greek ἀμμᾶς (ammâs), ἀμμὰ (ammà), perhaps reinforced by Etymology 1.

der

Coordinate term: abba

Vita Ammae Talidae

amma; a spiritual mother or abbess in early monasticism, a Desert Mother


anser

la-noun

ānser m (genitive ānseris); third declension

ānser (canonical masculine)
ānseris (genitive)
ānser (nominative singular)
ānserēs (nominative plural)
ānseris (genitive singular)
ānserum (genitive plural)
ānserī (dative singular)
ānseribus (dative plural)
ānserem (accusative singular)
ānserēs (accusative plural)
ānsere (ablative singular)
ānseribus (ablative plural)
ānser (singular vocative)
ānserēs (plural vocative)

Esperanto: ansero

Vulgar Latin: ānsar

Old Galician-Portuguese: anssar, ansar

Spanish: ánsar, ánsara

→ Basque: antzara

Translingual: Anser

From presumed Proto-Italic *hāns (stem *han-s-, where the strong stem was most likely contaminated by the weak stem, resulting in *hānsez- > Latin (h)ānser-), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (or similar; the reconstruction is debated). The form is possibly influenced by unrelated anas (“duck”). Cognates include Sanskrit हंस (haṃsa), Ancient Greek χήν (khḗn), Russian гусь (gusʹ), Old Irish géiss, Old English gōs (English goose), and Albanian gatë (“heron”).

ānserēs nōn fefellēre, quibus sacrīs Jūnōnis in summā inopiā cibī tamen abstinēbātur.

59 BC–AD 17, Titus Livius, Ab urba condita 5.47.4


mergus

mergus m (genitive mergī); second declension

mergī (genitive)
mergus (nominative singular)
mergī (nominative plural)
mergī (genitive singular)
mergōrum (genitive plural)
mergō (dative singular)
mergīs (dative plural)
mergum (accusative singular)
mergōs (accusative plural)
mergō (ablative singular)
mergīs (ablative plural)
merge (singular vocative)
mergī (plural vocative)

Catalan: murgó

Galician: mergullón, somorgullo

Italian: marangone, smergo

Leonese: mergollón

Occitan: margon, margolh (Provençal)

Portuguese: mergulho, mergulhão

Sicilian: maraguni, marauni

Spanish: somorgujo

→ Translingual: Mergus

desctree

Venetan: marangon
→ Cimbrian: marangù, marangùn
→ Greek: μαραγκός (maragkós)
→ Friulian: marangon
→ Ladin: marangon, maringon
→ Lombard: marangù, marengù (Eastern)
→ Ottoman Turkish: مارانغوز, مرانغوز (marangoz), մարանկօզ (marangoz) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: marangoz
→ Albanian: marangoz
→ Armenian: մառանկոզ (maṙankoz), մարանկոզ (marankoz)
→ Greek: μαραγκός (maragkós)
→ Romanian: marangoz
→ Romansch: marangun


acer

la-noun

acer n (genitive aceris); third declension

aceris (genitive)
acer (nominative singular)
acera (nominative plural)
aceris (genitive singular)
acerum (genitive plural)
acerī (dative singular)
aceribus (dative plural)
acer (accusative singular)
acera (accusative plural)
acere (ablative singular)
aceribus (ablative plural)
acer (singular vocative)
acera (plural vocative)

Catalan: auró

Esperanto: acero

French: érable

Italian: acero

Portuguese: ácer

Romanian: arțar

Spanish: ácere, arce

Translingual: Acer

Same as Etymology 1, with reference to multi-pointed leaves.


phoca

phōca f (genitive phōcae); first declension

phōca (canonical feminine)
phōcae (genitive)
phōca (nominative singular)
phōcae (nominative plural)
phōcae (genitive singular)
phōcārum (genitive plural)
phōcae (dative singular)
phōcīs (dative plural)
phōcam (accusative singular)
phōcās (accusative plural)
phōcā (ablative singular)
phōcīs (ablative plural)
phōca (singular vocative)
phōcae (plural vocative)

→? Arabic: فُقْمَة (fuqma)

→ Catalan: foca

→? English: phoca

desctree

→ Middle French: phoque m or f
French: phoque m
→ Polish: foka f
→ Romanian: focă f
→ Turkish: fok

→? Italian: foca f

→ Hungarian: fóka

→? Portuguese: foca f

>? Spanish: foca f
→ Tagalog: poka
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: foca

→ Translingual: Phoca

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek φώκη (phṓkē)bor.?
Latin phoca
 Borrowed from Ancient Greek φώκη (phṓkē).


interna

la-noun

interna n pl (genitive internōrum); second declension

Neuter plural of internus (“inward, internal”).

[ɪn̪ˈt̪ɛrnä]


ficus

fīcus m or f (variously declined, genitive fīcī or fīcūs); second declension, fourth declension

fīcus (canonical feminine masculine)
fīcī (genitive)
fīcūs (genitive)
fīcus (nominative singular)
fīcī (nominative plural)
fīcūs (nominative plural)
fīcī (genitive singular)
fīcūs (genitive singular)
fīcōrum (genitive plural)
fīcuum (genitive plural)
fīcō (dative singular)
fīcuī (dative singular)
fīcīs (dative plural)
fīcibus (dative plural)
fīcum (accusative singular)
fīcōs (accusative plural)
fīcūs (accusative plural)
fīcō (ablative singular)
fīcū (ablative singular)
fīcīs (ablative plural)
fīcibus (ablative plural)
fīce (singular vocative)
fīcus (singular vocative)
fīcī (plural vocative)
fīcūs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: hic, hicu

Megleno-Romanian: ic

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: fico

Sicilian: ficu

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: fîc

Romansch: fig

Northern Italian:

Ligurian: fîgo

Piedmontese: fi

Venetan: figo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ficu, figu

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: fie

Catalan: fic

West Iberian:

Aragonese: figo

Asturian: figu

Old Galician-Portuguese: figo

Galician: figo

Portuguese: figo

Spanish: higo (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: fik

→ Basque: piku

→ English: ficus

Vulgar Latin: *fīca

Aromanian: hicã

Megleno-Romanian: ică

Piedmontese: fighé

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: fica

Dalmatian: faica, faika

Italian: fica

desctree

Old Occitan: figa
Occitan: figa
→ Old French: figue (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: figa

→ Hungarian: füge

Aragonese: figa

→ Old Norse: fíkja

Icelandic: fíkja

Unsorted borrowings

→ Breton: fiez, figez

→ Faroese: fika

→ Irish: fige

→ Lingala: figi

→ Lithuanian: figa

→ Manx: fig

→ Quechua: igu

→ Romanian: fig (archaic)

→ Slovene: figa

→ Tongan: fiki

→ Ukrainian: фіга (fiha)

→ West Frisian: fiich

Possibly adapted into Pre-Latin in the form *θūko- or *θīko- and likely related to Ancient Greek σῦκον (sûkon) and Old Armenian թուզ (tʻuz) through a Mediterranean substrate form *tʲuk- or the like.
One possibility is a Semitic loanword. Compare Phoenician 𐤐𐤀𐤂 (pʾg, “half-ripe fig”), Hebrew פַּג (paḡ), פַּגָּה (paggâ, “unripe fig”), Classical Syriac ܦܵܓܵܐ (“unripe fig”).


sus

la-noun

sūs m or f (irregular, genitive suis); third declension

sūs (canonical feminine masculine)
suis (genitive)
sūs (nominative singular)
suēs (nominative plural)
suis (genitive singular)
suum (genitive plural)
suī (dative singular)
suibus (dative plural)
sūbus (dative plural)
subus (dative plural)
suem (accusative singular)
suēs (accusative plural)
sue (ablative singular)
suibus (ablative plural)
sūbus (ablative plural)
subus (ablative plural)
sūs (singular vocative)
suēs (plural vocative)

Romanian: sor (possibly)

Sardinian: sughe, sue

Sassarese: sua, (dialectal) sui

From Proto-Italic *sūs, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-. Compare Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs), Pali sūkara, English swine, sow.


abies

abiēs f (genitive abietis); third declension

abiēs (canonical feminine)
abietis (genitive)
abiēs (nominative singular)
abietēs (nominative plural)
abietis (genitive singular)
abietum (genitive plural)
abietī (dative singular)
abietibus (dative plural)
abietem (accusative singular)
abietēs (accusative plural)
abiete (ablative singular)
abietibus (ablative plural)
abiēs (singular vocative)
abietēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: abéte

Neapolitan: apeto

>? Sicilian: abbitu

Padanian:

Emilian: aved

Ligurian: aveo, avé

Romagnol: abét, abēt (Ville Unite)

Venetan: albeo (infl. by albus 'white')

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: avet

Old Occitan: abet, avet

Occitan: avet

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Aragonese: abet, abete
→ Spanish: abeto, abete (obsolete) (or from Catalan)
→ Asturian: abetu
→ Galician: abeto, pinabete
→ Portuguese: abeto

Borrowings:

→⇒ English: abietic

→ Esperanto: abio

→ French: abies

→ Ido: abieto

Usually connected with the Ancient Greek hapax ἄβιν (ábin, “silver fir or similar conifer”), both reflecting a root *abi-, ultimately likely from a substrate source.

the silver fir (Abies alba), the silver-fir's wood


langa

la-noun

langa f (genitive langae); first declension

langae (genitive)
langa (nominative singular)
langae (nominative plural)
langae (genitive singular)
langārum (genitive plural)
langae (dative singular)
langīs (dative plural)
langam (accusative singular)
langās (accusative plural)
langā (ablative singular)
langīs (ablative plural)
langa (singular vocative)
langae (plural vocative)


zizania

zizā̆nia f (genitive zizā̆niae); first declension

zizā̆nia (canonical feminine)
zizā̆niae (genitive)

[d̪͡z̪ɪz̪ˈd̪͡z̪äːniä]

[d̪͡z̪ɪz̪ˈd̪͡z̪äniä]

[d̪͡z̪id̪ˈd̪͡z̪äːniä]

Originally a neuter plural form (see zizā̆nium), which could be subject to a highly productive process of reinterpretation as collective feminine singular.

Scribere proposui de contemptu mundano
iam est hora surgere de sonpno mortis uano ·
zizaniam spernere sumpto ui[r]tutum grano ·
Surge surge uigila semper esto paratus ·

1267, anonymous author, Scribere proposui:

I have set forth to write of contempt of the world.
Now is the hour to arise from the vain sleep of death,
to scorn the tares, choosing the grain of virtue:
Arise, arise, be vigilant, always be prepared.

Alternative form of zizā̆nium (“tares; vices”)


malum

malum n (genitive malī); second declension

malī (genitive)
malum (nominative singular)
mala (nominative plural)
malī (genitive singular)
malōrum (genitive plural)
malō (dative singular)
malīs (dative plural)
malum (accusative singular)
mala (accusative plural)
malō (ablative singular)
malīs (ablative plural)
malum (singular vocative)
mala (plural vocative)

French: mal

→ English: malum

Spanish: malo


malum

mālum n (genitive mālī); second declension

mālum (canonical neuter)
mālī (genitive)
mālum (nominative singular)
māla (nominative plural)
mālī (genitive singular)
mālōrum (genitive plural)
mālō (dative singular)
mālīs (dative plural)
mālum (accusative singular)
māla (accusative plural)
mālō (ablative singular)
mālīs (ablative plural)
mālum (singular vocative)
māla (plural vocative)

Aromanian: mer, meru

Friulian: mêl, miluç

Italian: mela, ⇒ maliforme

Neapolitan: mìlo, méla

Romanian: măr

Romansch: mail

Spanish: mela

Perhaps borrowed from Doric Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”). Alternatively but less likely from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂lom. The Proto-Indo-European word in fact regularly give both mālum in Latin and μῆλον in Ancient Greek, but such reconstruction is dubious due to the fact that it is only found in some Indo-European languages. It is more likely that the Greek word was borrowed from a pre-Indo-European subratum and later borrowed into Latin. See μῆλον for more details.


malus

mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension

mālus (canonical feminine)
mālī (genitive)
mālus (nominative singular)
mālī (nominative plural)
mālī (genitive singular)
mālōrum (genitive plural)
mālō (dative singular)
mālīs (dative plural)
mālum (accusative singular)
mālōs (accusative plural)
mālō (ablative singular)
mālīs (ablative plural)
māle (singular vocative)
mālī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Malus

Aromanian: mer

Italian: melo

Megleno-Romanian: mer

Romanian: măr

→ English: malus

From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).

Malus bifera.

Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.

And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.

Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.

The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.

an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae.


fructus

la-part

frūctus (feminine frūcta, neuter frūctum); first/second-declension participle

frūctus (canonical)
frūcta (feminine)
frūctum (neuter)
frūctus (masculine nominative singular)
frūcta (feminine nominative singular)
frūctum (neuter nominative singular)
frūctī (masculine nominative singular)
frūctae (feminine nominative plural)
frūcta (neuter nominative plural)
frūctī (genitive masculine singular)
frūctae (feminine genitive singular)
frūctī (genitive neuter singular)
frūctōrum (genitive masculine singular)
frūctārum (feminine genitive plural)
frūctōrum (genitive neuter plural)
frūctō (dative masculine singular)
frūctae (dative feminine singular)
frūctō (dative neuter singular)
frūctīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
frūctum (accusative masculine singular)
frūctam (accusative feminine singular)
frūctum (accusative neuter singular)
frūctōs (accusative masculine singular)
frūctās (accusative feminine plural)
frūcta (accusative neuter plural)
frūctō (ablative masculine singular)
frūctā (ablative feminine singular)
frūctō (ablative neuter singular)
frūctīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
frūcte (masculine singular vocative)
frūcta (feminine singular vocative)
frūctum (neuter singular vocative)
frūctī (masculine singular vocative)
frūctae (feminine plural vocative)
frūcta (neuter plural vocative)

From fruor (“have the benefit of, use, enjoy”) + -tus (suffix forming nouns from verbs); equivalent to Proto-Italic *frūktus and Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-tu-s.


cervus

la-noun

cervus m (genitive cervī); second declension

cervī (genitive)
cervus (nominative singular)
cervī (nominative plural)
cervī (genitive singular)
cervōrum (genitive plural)
cervō (dative singular)
cervīs (dative plural)
cervum (accusative singular)
cervōs (accusative plural)
cervō (ablative singular)
cervīs (ablative plural)
cerve (singular vocative)
cervī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tserbu

Megleno-Romanian: țerb

Romanian: cerb

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: çervo

Lombard: cèrf

Venetan: cervo

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: cèrf

Old French: cerf

French: cerf

Picard: cherfe

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: cervo

Catalan: cervo

Old Occitan:

Occitan: cèrvi

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cierf

Ladin: cerf

Romansch: tschierv

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: ciervu

Old Galician-Portuguese: cervo

Galician: cervo

Portuguese: cervo

Old Spanish:

Spanish: ciervo

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: cervu

Gallurese: celvu

Italian: cervo

Sassarese: zèivu

Sicilian: cervu

Sardinian:

Campidanese: cerbu

Logudorese: chervu

Nuorese: chervu

Borrowings:

→ Dutch: cerviduct

→ Esperanto: cervo

From Proto-Italic *kerwos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂wós, from *ḱerh₂- (“horn”) (whence English horn, hirn, Latin cornū (“horn”)) + *-wós (whence Latin -vus).
Cognate with Welsh carw (“deer”), Greek κεραός (keraós, “horned”). The first-syllable e was likely taken from the PIE root noun *ḱerh₂s (“horn”) (itself eventually lost in Latin), while the shift in meaning from 'horned' to 'deer' may be common Italo-Celtic.


palma

palma f (genitive palmae); first declension

palmae (genitive)
palma (nominative singular)
palmae (nominative plural)
palmae (genitive singular)
palmārum (genitive plural)
palmae (dative singular)
palmīs (dative plural)
palmam (accusative singular)
palmās (accusative plural)
palmā (ablative singular)
palmīs (ablative plural)
palma (singular vocative)
palmae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: palmã

Megleno-Romanian: palmă

Romanian: palmă

Gallo-Italic

Piedmontese: palma

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: palma

Dalmatian: puolma

Italian: palma

→ Maltese: palm

Sicilian: parma, pamma

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: palma, palmell

Occitan: palma, pauma

desctree

Old French: paume, palme, pasme, paulme
Middle French: paulme
French: paume
Norman: paûmé

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: palme

Sardinian: palma, parma, prama

Venetan: palma

West Iberian

Asturian: palma

Old Galician-Portuguese: palma

Galician: palma

Portuguese: palma
→ English: palma

Spanish: palma
→ English: palma

Borrowings

→ Azerbaijani: palma

→ Belarusian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Bulgarian: палма (palma)

→ Cornish: palv

→ Czech: palm

→ Estonian: palm

→ Georgian: პალმა (ṗalma)

→ Hungarian: pálma

→ Lao: ປາມ (pām)

→ Latvian: palm

→ Lithuanian: palmė

→ Macedonian: палма (palma)

→ Malayalam: പം (paṁ)

→ Old Dutch: palma

Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm
→ Caribbean Javanese: palem
→ Indonesian: palem

→ Old English: palm (“palm tree”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: palme

French: palme
→ Romanian: palm

Norman: palme

→ Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm

→ Old High German: palm m, palma f
Middle High German: palme, balme
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Palme, Pallem
German: Palme

→ Old Norse: palmi

Faroese: pálmi

Icelandic: pálmi

Danish: palme

Norwegian Bokmål: palme

Norwegian Nynorsk: palme

Old Swedish: palma

Swedish: palm
→ Finnish: palmu

→ Polish: palma

→ Russian: пальма (palʹma) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: palma, палма

→ Slovak: palma

→ Slovene: palma

→ Turkish: palmiye

→ Turkmen: palma

→ Ukrainian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Uyghur: پالما (palma)

→ Uzbek: palma

→ Welsh: palf

From Proto-Italic *palamā, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē), Old Irish lám, Old English folm, and Albanian shpall.


laserpicium

la-noun

lāserpīcium n (genitive lāserpīciī or lāserpīcī); second declension

lāserpīcium (canonical neuter)
lāserpīciī (genitive)
lāserpīcī (genitive)
lāserpīcium (nominative singular)
lāserpīcia (nominative plural)
lāserpīciī (genitive singular)
lāserpīcī (genitive singular)
lāserpīciōrum (genitive plural)
lāserpīciō (dative singular)
lāserpīciīs (dative plural)
lāserpīcium (accusative singular)
lāserpīcia (accusative plural)
lāserpīciō (ablative singular)
lāserpīciīs (ablative plural)
lāserpīcium (singular vocative)
lāserpīcia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Laserpitium

[ɫ̪äːs̠ɛrˈpiːkiʊ̃ˑ]

resin similar to asafoetida, obtained during Antiquity from an unidentified plant called silphium, probably close to the genus of plants Laserpitium.


ovis

ovis f (genitive ovis); third declension

ovis (genitive)
ovis (nominative singular)
ovēs (nominative plural)
ovis (genitive singular)
ovium (genitive plural)
ovī (dative singular)
ovibus (dative plural)
ovem (accusative singular)
ovēs (accusative plural)
ovīs (accusative plural)
ove (ablative singular)
ovī (ablative singular)
ovibus (ablative plural)
ovis (singular vocative)
ovēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: oai, oae, oie

Istro-Romanian: oie

Italian: ove

Megleno-Romanian: oaiă

Portuguese: Óis

Romanian: oaie

Translingual: Ovis

From Proto-Italic *owis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis (“sheep”) or *h₃éwis. Cognate with Sanskrit अवि (ávi), Ancient Greek ὄϊς (óïs), English ewe, Russian овца́ (ovcá).

Quis ex vobis homo qui habet centum oves, et si perdiderit unam ex illis, nonne dimittit nonaginta novem in deserto, et vadit ad illam quae perierat, donec inveniat illam?

405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Evangelium secundum Lucam.15.4-5

Who among you, if you had a hundred sheep and one of them got lost, wouldn't leave the other ninety-nine behind and go for the lost one until you found it?


tragus

tragus m (genitive tragī); second declension

tragī (genitive)
tragus (nominative singular)
tragī (nominative plural)
tragī (genitive singular)
tragōrum (genitive plural)
tragō (dative singular)
tragīs (dative plural)
tragum (accusative singular)
tragōs (accusative plural)
tragō (ablative singular)
tragīs (ablative plural)
trage (singular vocative)
tragī (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τράγος (trágos, “a he-goat”).


nautilus

la-noun

nautilus m (genitive nautilī); second declension

nautilī (genitive)
nautilus (nominative singular)
nautilī (nominative plural)
nautilī (genitive singular)
nautilōrum (genitive plural)
nautilō (dative singular)
nautilīs (dative plural)
nautilum (accusative singular)
nautilōs (accusative plural)
nautilō (ablative singular)
nautilīs (ablative plural)
nautile (singular vocative)
nautilī (plural vocative)

Catalan: nàutil

English: nautilus

French: nautile

Italian: nautilo

Portuguese: náutilo

Romanian: nautil

Spanish: nautilo

Translingual: Nautilus

[ˈnäu̯t̪ɪɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek ναυτίλος (nautílos, “nautilus, sailor”); see naval.

der

paper nautilus, argonaut (genus Argonauta)


ceresia

la-noun

ceresia f (genitive ceresiae); first declension

ceresiae (genitive)
ceresia (nominative singular)
ceresiae (nominative plural)
ceresiae (genitive singular)
ceresiārum (genitive plural)
ceresiae (dative singular)
ceresiīs (dative plural)
ceresiam (accusative singular)
ceresiās (accusative plural)
ceresiā (ablative singular)
ceresiīs (ablative plural)
ceresia (singular vocative)
ceresiae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

desc

Aromanian: cireashã, tsireashi, cireashi, tsireashã, tseriashã, chirashã, chirashe

Megleno-Romanian: cireașcă

desctree

Romanian: cireașă
→ Bulgarian: череша (čereša)

desc

Franco-Provençal: ceriése, ceriésa, cerije, çrije, çrisa, ceriéje, ciriéje

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: sresa, siresa

Ligurian: çêxa

Lombard: saresa, seresa, siresa

Piedmontese: seresa, siresa, sresa

Romagnol: sresa, srisa

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: chjarasgia

Dalmatian: cris

Istriot: sareza

Italian: ciliegia, ciriegia, ceregia, saragia

Neapolitan: cerasa

Tarantino: ceráse

Sicilian: cirasa
→ Maltese: ċirasa

Oïl

Old French: cerise (see there for further descendants)

Old Northern French: cherise (see there for further descendants)

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: cjariese, ceriese

Romansch: tscharescha, tscherescha (Sursilvan), tschariescha (Sutsilvan, Surmiran), tschirescha (Puter, Vallader)

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: cirera, cidera, cilera, cira

Occitan:

Auvergnat: celeira, celira

Gascon: ceriesa, cerisa, cerilha, cerida, çrisa, çrilha, cerija, cereja, çrija, cesira, cerida

Languedocien: cerièra, cirera, cerièira, cirèira, cièira, cedièira, cilèira, celèira, celhèira, cilhèira, cerèija, cirèia

Limousin: cireisa, cireija, cireia

Provençal: cerieisa, cerieia, cerièira, cerisa

Vivaro-Alpine: cereisa, cerieisa, ceriesa, ceriera, ciriesa, ceresa, cieresa, cireisa

Sardinian: carésia, cerésia, cheréssia, ceréxia

Venetan: sareza, sarexa

→? Istriot: sareza

West Iberian

Aragonese: ciresa

Old Leonese:

Asturian: cereza, zreza

Occidental: cereiza, zreiza

Leonese: zreisa, cereisa, zreiza

Mirandese: cereija

Old Spanish: ceresa

Spanish: cereza
→ Tagalog: seresa

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cereija, cereyja
Fala: cereixha
Galician: cereixa, cireixa, zreixa, cereija, cereja, zreija
Portuguese: cereja, cereija, sareija
→ Hunsrik: Sëreesch

Borrowings

→ Albanian: qershi

→ Basque: gerezi

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kėres (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kirsijā (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *čèršьňa (possibly via Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

[t͡ʃeˈrɛːs̬iä]

From the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry”), from Ancient Greek κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin.

der

200s, Quintus Gargilius Martialis De pomis seu medicina ex pomis 16 ed. Angelo Mai Operis deperditi de hortis Fragmenta ex codicibus Neapolitano et Romano cum scholiis palaeographicis et adnotationibus Rome 1846 p. 76 = Classici auctores e Vaticanicis codicibus editi. Tomus III Rome 1831 p. 422

The fresh fruit from the cherry moistens the maw and stimulates; dry it desiccates and draws back: the fresh fruit is bad for the stomach and the dry one good. In this fruit we believe to be three virtues. In some the taste is bitter, in some sour, in some sweet. The bitter ones constrict the belly, strengthen the stomach. The sour ones are said to fit stomachs abundating in phlegm: for they desiccate more and cut off the thickness of the teeth and humour of the mouth. The sweet ones are bad for the stomach. However the Praenestinian ones flow faster. Their gum, held in the mouth and swallowed, covers the arteries, constrains the oldest cough: drunk with unmixed wine it breaks the calculi.

Ceresiā viride pomum ventrem humectat et provocat; aridum siccat ac detinet: viride stomacho contrarium est, siccum utile. In hoc pomo tres inesse virtutes suspicamur. In quibusdam sapor austerus est, in aliis acidus, in aliis dulcis. Austerae ventrem constringunt, stomachum confortant. Acidae iudicantur flegmate habundantibus stomachis opportunae: nam magis siccant et crassitudinem dentium orisque humorem incidunt. Dulces stomacho contrariae. Citius autem praenestinae fluunt. Gummus earum ore detentus et gluttiendus arteriam linit, vetustissimam tussem conpescit: cum mero potatus calculos frangit.


persica

→ Albanian: pjeshkë (probably)

desc

Aromanian: chearsicã, chiarsicã, hearhicã, hearsicã, kearsicã

Italian: persica, pesca

Neapolitan: perzeca

Occitan: persega

→ Old Danish: persik

desctree

Danish: fersken
→ Faroese: ferska
→ Icelandic: ferskja
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fersken
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fersken

Old French: pesche, persche
Champenois: prêche, péte
Middle French: pesche
French: pêche
→ Malagasy: paiso
Norman: pêche
Walloon: pexhî
→ Middle English: peche
English: peach
→ Abenaki: biches (from the plural peaches)
→? Arapaho: biisib
→ Bengali: পীচ (pic) (probably)
→ Haida: píichas
→ Malay: pic (probably)
→? Maori: pītiti
→ Swahili: pichi (probably)
→ Thai: พีช (píit)
→ Irish: péitseog
→ Manx: peitshag, pershagh

Piedmontese: persi

Romanian: piersică

Sardinian: pélsica, pérsiga

Sicilian: pèrsicu

→ Swedish: persika

→ Proto-Slavic: *persky, *bersky, *porsky
South Slavic:
Bulgarian: пра́скова (práskova), пра́сква (práskva), пра́скъва (práskǎva), пра́скува (práskuva), пра́ска (práska), пра́сквя (práskvja), пра́ська (prásʹka), пра́скя (práskja), пра́скье (práskje), пра́сковье (práskovje), пра́скъ f (prásk) — dialectal
Macedonian: праска (praska)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бре̏сква, dialectally бра̏сква, пра̏сква, пра̏ска, бре̏ска, бри̏ска, бри̏сква
Latin script: brȅskva, dialectally brȁskva, prȁskva, prȁska, brȅska, brȉska, brȉskva
Slovene: brẹ́skəv, dialectally brẹ̑skva
→ Aromanian: prascã
→ Hungarian: barack
West Slavic:
Czech: břeskev, replaced by confusion with broskev
Polish: brzoskiew
⇒ Polish: brzoskwinia
→ Russian: броскви́на (broskvína), брускви́на (bruskvína), брусвына (brusvyna), бросква (broskva), бросквиня (broskvinja), бросвины (brosviny)
→ Old Ukrainian: бросквинъ (broskvin)
Ukrainian: бросквина (broskvyna), броскви́ня (broskvýnja), брускви́на (bruskvýna), брускви́ня (bruskvýnja), брусвина (brusvyna), брескви́ня (breskvýnja), броскви́ння (broskvýnnja), броски́ння (broskýnnja)
Old Slovak: breskev, breskva, breskyňa, broskyňa
Pannonian Rusyn: брескиня (breskinja)
Slovak: broskyňa, formerly dialectally broskva, broskev
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: brjaschen, rjaschen, brjaskeẃ, brjasken (of which rjaschen prevails)
Upper Sorbian: brěska f, brěšk m


taenia

la-noun

taenia f (genitive taeniae); first declension

taeniae (genitive)
taenia (nominative singular)
taeniae (nominative plural)
taeniae (genitive singular)
taeniārum (genitive plural)
taeniae (dative singular)
taeniīs (dative plural)
taeniam (accusative singular)
taeniās (accusative plural)
taeniā (ablative singular)
taeniīs (ablative plural)
taenia (singular vocative)
taeniae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ταινία (tainía, “ribbon, tape”).

der

taenia (band between the frieze and architrave in the Doric order)


mappa

la-noun

mappa f (genitive mappae); first declension

mappae (genitive)
mappa (nominative singular)
mappae (nominative plural)
mappae (genitive singular)
mappārum (genitive plural)
mappae (dative singular)
mappīs (dative plural)
mappam (accusative singular)
mappās (accusative plural)
mappā (ablative singular)
mappīs (ablative plural)
mappa (singular vocative)
mappae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: mapa m

→ Danish: mappe

→ English: map
→ Swedish: mappa

→ Esperanto: mapo

Galician: mapa m

desctree

→ German: Mappe
→ Czech: mapa
→ Dutch: map
→ Romanian: mapă

Italian: mappa

Mirandese: mapa

→ Old French: mapamonde

desc

> French: mappemonde, mapper (inherited)

Middle English: mapemounde

English: map

> Old French: nappe (inherited)

→ English: nape, napkin

⇒ Portuguese: guardanapo

desctree

→ Polish: mapa
→ Belarusian: ма́па (mápa)
→ Ukrainian: ма́па (mápa)
→ Yiddish: מאַפּע (mape)

Portuguese: mapa m

Sicilian: mappa, mappina

Spanish: mapa m

Venetan: mapa

Said by the Roman author Quintilian to be of Punic origin, perhaps from Phoenician 𐤌𐤀𐤐 (mʾp /mappē/), from Proto-Semitic *manpay, *manpiy- (“fine cloth, sieve”). Compare Israeli Hebrew מַפָּה (mappā́, “a map; a cloth”).


caballus

la-noun

caballus m (genitive caballī); second declension

caballī (genitive)
caballus (nominative singular)
caballī (nominative plural)
caballī (genitive singular)
caballōrum (genitive plural)
caballō (dative singular)
caballīs (dative plural)
caballum (accusative singular)
caballōs (accusative plural)
caballō (ablative singular)
caballīs (ablative plural)
caballe (singular vocative)
caballī (plural vocative)

Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange#Works
de:Brian D. Joseph

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cal

Istro-Romanian: co

Megleno-Romanian: cal

Romanian: cal

Dalmatian:

cavul

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: cavaddu, cavallu

Gallurese: cabaddu, caddu

desctree

Italian: cavallo
→ Alemannic German: Kawall
→ Greek: καβάλος (kaválos)

Sicilian: cavaḍḍu

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: cabaddu, cavaddu, covaddu, caaddu, caddu, caddu, cuaddu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: cavàl

Ligurian: cavallo

Old Lombard: cavel

Lombard: càal

Old Piedmontese: cavèu

Piedmontese: caval

Romagnol: cavàl, caval

Friulian: cjaval, čhaval (alternative orthography)

Istriot: caval

Ladin: ciaval

Romansch: chaval, cavagl, tgavagl, tgaval, chavagl

Venetan: cavało ⇒ cavałeto

→ Greek: καβάλα (kavála), καβαλέτο (kavaléto)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: chevâl

Old French: cheval (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: cavall

Gascon: cavalh, cavath

Occitan: caval

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: cavallo, cavall

Extremaduran: cavallu

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: caballu

Leonese: caballu, cabalu

Mirandese: cabalho

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cavalo
Fala: cabalu
Galician: cabalo
Portuguese: cavalo (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: cavallo

Ladino: kavayo

Spanish: caballo (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian: *kəβal

Albanian: kalë

[käˈbälːʲʊs̠]

Uncertain; often cited as borrowed from Gaulish *kaballos, from Proto-Celtic *kaballos, perhaps ultimately an Asiatic borrowing or Wanderwort, compare Ancient Greek καβάλλης (kabállēs, “nag”), Proto-Slavic *kobýla (“mare”), Persian کول (kaval, “second class horse of mixed blood”), and possibly Karakhanid kevel (at) (“well-bred fast (horse)”).
Alternatively, borrowed alongside Greek from Proto-Iranian *kabah, *kabalah, compare Khotanese [script needed] (kabä, “horse”), Persian کول (kaval), and possibly cognate with Latin cabō (“gelding”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kebʰ- (“worn-out horse, nag”).

der

(Old Latin, Classical Latin, Late Latin) nag


cantharis

la-noun

cantharis f (genitive cantharidis); third declension

cantharidis (genitive)
cantharis (nominative singular)
cantharidēs (nominative plural)
cantharidis (genitive singular)
cantharidum (genitive plural)
cantharidī (dative singular)
cantharidibus (dative plural)
cantharidem (accusative singular)
cantharidēs (accusative plural)
cantharide (ablative singular)
cantharidibus (ablative plural)
cantharis (singular vocative)
cantharidēs (plural vocative)

English: cantharis

[ˈkän̪t̪ʰärɪs̠]

From Ancient Greek κανθαρίς (kantharís, “blister-beetle”), of uncertain origin. Possibly related to the toponym Κάνθαροσ (Kántharos), a port of Piraeus, which is a Pre-Greek name. Also compare Akkadian 𒅗𒀭𒁕/𒌨𒌋 (“cup”).

der

Spanish fly, a beetle of species Lytta vesicatoria, and the poison of it.


fascinum

la-noun

fascinum n (genitive fascinī); second declension

fascinī (genitive)
fascinum (nominative singular)
fascina (nominative plural)
fascinī (genitive singular)
fascinōrum (genitive plural)
fascinō (dative singular)
fascinīs (dative plural)
fascinum (accusative singular)
fascina (accusative plural)
fascinō (ablative singular)
fascinīs (ablative plural)
fascinum (singular vocative)
fascina (plural vocative)

→ English: fascinum

Italian: fascino

⇒ Portuguese: fascínio

[ˈfäs̠kɪnʊ̃ˑ]

Unknown; compare Ancient Greek βάσκανος (báskanos, “sorcerer, slanderer”, adjective and noun), possibly from the same European substrate language.

cog

Prōfert Oenothea scorteum fascinum, quod ut oleō et minūtō pipere atque ū̆rtīcae trītō circumdedit sēmine […]

c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 138

Then Oenothea takes out a leather dildo and, having covered it in oil, pepper and ground nettle seeds […]

(by extension) a phallus-shaped amulet worn around the neck as a preventive against witchcraft


gallus

la-noun

gallus m (genitive gallī); second declension

gallī (genitive)
gallus (nominative singular)
gallī (nominative plural)
gallī (genitive singular)
gallōrum (genitive plural)
gallō (dative singular)
gallīs (dative plural)
gallum (accusative singular)
gallōs (accusative plural)
gallō (ablative singular)
gallīs (ablative plural)
galle (singular vocative)
gallī (plural vocative)

Corsican: gallu

Franco-Provençal: jal

Picard: glaine

Italian: gallo

Old French: jal

Old Leonese:

Asturian: gallu

Old Occitan:

Catalan: gall

Occitan: gal, jal

Old Galician-Portuguese: galo

Galician: galo

Portuguese: galo (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish:

Ladino:

Hebrew script: גאייו

Latin script: gayo

Spanish: gallo

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: gallo

Romagnol: gal

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: gjal

Sicilian: jaḍḍu, gaḍḍu

Translingual: Gallus

Venetan: gàło

→ Albanian: gjel

→ Old Irish: Gall (personal name)

→ Czech: Havel (personal name)

From Proto-Italic *galsos, enlargement of *gl̥s-o-, zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *gols-o-, from *gelH- (“to call”); compare Proto-Balto-Slavic *galsas (“voice”), Proto-Germanic *kalzōną (“to call”), Albanian gjuhë (“tongue; language”), and perhaps Welsh galw (“call”).

gallus in sterquilinio suo plurimum potest


gallus

gallus m (genitive gallī, feminine galla); second declension

gallī (genitive)
galla (feminine)
gallus (nominative singular)
gallī (nominative plural)
gallī (genitive singular)
gallōrum (genitive plural)
gallō (dative singular)
gallīs (dative plural)
gallum (accusative singular)
gallōs (accusative plural)
gallō (ablative singular)
gallīs (ablative plural)
galle (singular vocative)
gallī (plural vocative)

Likely derived from Proto-Celtic *galnati (“to be able”). See also Ancient Greek Γαλάτης (Galátēs), which might be from the same source.


gallus

la-adj

gallus (feminine galla, neuter gallum); first/second-declension adjective

galla (feminine)
gallum (neuter)
gallus (masculine nominative singular)
galla (feminine nominative singular)
gallum (neuter nominative singular)
gallī (masculine nominative singular)
gallae (feminine nominative plural)
galla (neuter nominative plural)
gallī (genitive masculine singular)
gallae (feminine genitive singular)
gallī (genitive neuter singular)
gallōrum (genitive masculine singular)
gallārum (feminine genitive plural)
gallōrum (genitive neuter plural)
gallō (dative masculine singular)
gallae (dative feminine singular)
gallō (dative neuter singular)
gallīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
gallum (accusative masculine singular)
gallam (accusative feminine singular)
gallum (accusative neuter singular)
gallōs (accusative masculine singular)
gallās (accusative feminine plural)
galla (accusative neuter plural)
gallō (ablative masculine singular)
gallā (ablative feminine singular)
gallō (ablative neuter singular)
gallīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
galle (masculine singular vocative)
galla (feminine singular vocative)
gallum (neuter singular vocative)
gallī (masculine singular vocative)
gallae (feminine plural vocative)
galla (neuter plural vocative)


gallus

From Ancient Greek γάλλος (gállos). Considered by some ancient and modern authorities to derive from the river Gallus, due to the notion that "its water made those who drank of it mad". A connection to the similar Sumerian priests of Inanna called gala has been suggested, but evidence is lacking.

one of the priests of Cybele in Phrygia and Rome who wore feminine clothes and typically castrated themselves


mantia

la-noun

mantīa f (genitive mantīae); first declension

mantīa (canonical feminine)
mantīae (genitive)
mantīa (nominative singular)
mantīae (nominative plural)
mantīae (genitive singular)
mantīārum (genitive plural)
mantīae (dative singular)
mantīīs (dative plural)
mantīam (accusative singular)
mantīās (accusative plural)
mantīā (ablative singular)
mantīīs (ablative plural)
mantīa (singular vocative)
mantīae (plural vocative)

[män̪ˈt̪iːä]

[män̪ˈt̪iːä]

Borrowed from Dacian mantia, through Ancient Greek μαντεία (manteía).


olma

olma f (genitive olmae); first declension

olmae (genitive)
olma (nominative singular)
olmae (nominative plural)
olmae (genitive singular)
olmārum (genitive plural)
olmae (dative singular)
olmīs (dative plural)
olmam (accusative singular)
olmās (accusative plural)
olmā (ablative singular)
olmīs (ablative plural)
olma (singular vocative)
olmae (plural vocative)


carcer

carcer m (genitive carceris); third declension

carceris (genitive)
carcer (nominative singular)
carcerēs (nominative plural)
carceris (genitive singular)
carcerum (genitive plural)
carcerī (dative singular)
carceribus (dative plural)
carcerem (accusative singular)
carcerēs (accusative plural)
carcere (ablative singular)
carceribus (ablative plural)
carcer (singular vocative)
carcerēs (plural vocative)

Old Catalan: càrcer/carçre

Catalan: càrcer

French: chartre

Italian: carcere

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: carcer, carcel
Galician: cárcere
Portuguese: cárcere

Romanian: carceră

Sicilian: càrzaru

Asturian: cárcele, cárcel, alcárcel

Old Spanish: carcel
Spanish: cárcel

→ Proto-Brythonic: *karxar

Middle Breton: carchar

Cornish: carhar

Middle Welsh: carchar

Welsh: carchar

→ German: Karzer (learned) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *karkārī (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ English: incarcerate (learned)

→ Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (karkara)

→ Old Irish: carcar (see there for further descendants)

Derived from Proto-Italic *karkros, from Proto-Indo-European *kr-kr- (“circular”), reduplication of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”) in the sense of "enclosure", and as such a doublet of cancer. Cognate with circus, curvus, crux, crīnis, crispus, English ring. It is not known how the noun shifted to the third declension.

Ad carceres a calce revocari.

To be called back from the finish line to the starting gates.


taeda

la-noun

taeda f (genitive taedae); first declension

taedae (genitive)
taeda (nominative singular)
taedae (nominative plural)
taedae (genitive singular)
taedārum (genitive plural)
taedae (dative singular)
taedīs (dative plural)
taedam (accusative singular)
taedās (accusative plural)
taedā (ablative singular)
taedīs (ablative plural)
taeda (singular vocative)
taedae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: dzadã

Catalan: teia

Corsican: deda

→ English: tede

Galician: tea

Istro-Romanian: zådĕ

Italian: teda

Megleno-Romanian: zadă

Romanian: zadă

Sicilian: deda

Spanish: teda, tea

An ancient borrowing of unknown intermediary, ultimately from Ancient Greek δᾰΐς (dăḯs).

At rēgīna, pyrā penetrālī in sēde sub aurās

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.504–505

But the queen — after the pyre had been built under open sky in the innermost [part of] the palace, piled high with resinous pinewood and split holm-oak — ….
(The pine will ignite more easily; the oak will burn longer.)

ērēcta ingentī taedīs atque īlice secta, ….


oestrus

oestrus m (genitive oestrī); second declension

oestrī (genitive)
oestrus (nominative singular)
oestrī (nominative plural)
oestrī (genitive singular)
oestrōrum (genitive plural)
oestrō (dative singular)
oestrīs (dative plural)
oestrum (accusative singular)
oestrōs (accusative plural)
oestrō (ablative singular)
oestrīs (ablative plural)
oestre (singular vocative)
oestrī (plural vocative)

desctree

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *oestricula
Aromanian: streclji
Romanian: streche

→ Catalan: estre

→ English: oestrus, estrus

→ French: œstre

→ Romanian: estru

→ Italian: estro

→ Middle French: oestrus

→ Piedmontese: estro

→ Portuguese: estro

→ Spanish: estro

→ Translingual: Oestrus


frenum

la-noun

frēnum n (genitive frēnī); second declension

frēnum (canonical neuter)
frēnī (genitive)
frēnum (nominative singular)
frēna (nominative plural)
frēnī (nominative plural)
frēnī (genitive singular)
frēnōrum (genitive plural)
frēnō (dative singular)
frēnīs (dative plural)
frēnum (accusative singular)
frēna (accusative plural)
frēnōs (accusative plural)
frēnō (ablative singular)
frēnīs (ablative plural)
frēnum (singular vocative)
frēna (plural vocative)
frēnī (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: frãn, fãrnu, frãnu

Romanian: frână, frâu

Italian: freno

desctree

Old French: frein
Middle French: frein m
French: frein m
→ Khmer: ហ្វ្រ័ង (frang)
→ Ottoman Turkish: فرن (fren), فرهن (fren)
Turkish: fren
→ Vietnamese: phanh

Old Occitan:

Catalan: fre

Occitan: fren

Old Galician-Portuguese: frẽo

Galician: freo

Portuguese: freio

Old Spanish:

Spanish: freno
→ Bikol Central: preno
→ Cebuano: preno
→ Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec: frenu
→ Southeastern Tepehuan: piriiñ
→ Tagalog: preno

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: fren

Romansch: frain, frein, fragn

Sardinian: frenu

Sicilian: frenu

Venetan: fren

→ Albanian: fre

→ Proto-Brythonic: *fruɨn

Old Welsh: fruin

Middle Welsh: ffrwyn

Welsh: ffrwyn

→ English: frenum

→ Old Irish: srían
Middle Irish: srían
Irish: srian
Scottish Gaelic: srian
Manx: streean

From Proto-Italic *frēnom, from earlier *θrēnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰr-eh₁-nom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold”). Cognates include ferē, fermē and firmus.

(anatomy) ligament which attaches the inside of the foreskin to the glans


araneus

la-noun

arāneus m (genitive arāneī); second declension

arāneus (canonical masculine)
arāneī (genitive)
arāneus (nominative singular)
arāneī (nominative plural)
arāneī (genitive singular)
arāneōrum (genitive plural)
arāneō (dative singular)
arāneīs (dative plural)
arāneum (accusative singular)
arāneōs (accusative plural)
arāneō (ablative singular)
arāneīs (ablative plural)
arānee (singular vocative)
arāneī (plural vocative)

Friulian: ragn

Italian: aragno, ragno

Lombard: ragn

Neapolitan: rancio, ranco

Piedmontese: aragn, ragn

Romansch: arogn, aragnun

Romagnol: râgn

Sardinian: arrangiu

Sicilian: ragnu

Venetan: ragno, rain

[äˈräːneʊs̠]


caprea

caprea f (genitive capreae); first declension

capreae (genitive)
caprea (nominative singular)
capreae (nominative plural)
capreae (genitive singular)
capreārum (genitive plural)
capreae (dative singular)
capreīs (dative plural)
capream (accusative singular)
capreās (accusative plural)
capreā (ablative singular)
capreīs (ablative plural)
caprea (singular vocative)
capreae (plural vocative)


anethum

anēthum n (genitive anēthī); second declension

anēthum (canonical neuter)
anēthī (genitive)
anēthum (nominative singular)
anētha (nominative plural)
anēthī (genitive singular)
anēthōrum (genitive plural)
anēthō (dative singular)
anēthīs (dative plural)
anēthum (accusative singular)
anētha (accusative plural)
anēthō (ablative singular)
anēthīs (ablative plural)
anēthum (singular vocative)
anētha (plural vocative)

→ Italian: aneto

→ Middle French: anet, annet

French: anet, aneth

desc

Middle English: anet, anete, annet, annete

English: anet

Early Scots: anet, anat, anethe, annat, annet, annot, ennet

Scots: anet

→ Old Catalan: anet

Catalan: anet

→ Old Occitan: anet

Occitan: anet

→ Portuguese: aneto

→ Spanish: aneto

*anētulum

Portuguese: endro

Old Spanish: aneldo

Spanish: eneldo

Translingual: Anethum

[äˈneːt̪ʰʊ̃ˑ]


arbutus

la-noun

arbutus f (genitive arbutī); second declension

arbutī (genitive)
arbutus (nominative singular)
arbutī (nominative plural)
arbutī (genitive singular)
arbutōrum (genitive plural)
arbutō (dative singular)
arbutīs (dative plural)
arbutum (accusative singular)
arbutōs (accusative plural)
arbutō (ablative singular)
arbutīs (ablative plural)
arbute (singular vocative)
arbutī (plural vocative)

Galician: érbedo, albedro

Occitan: arboça, arboç

→ French: arbouse, arbousier

Old Spanish: alborco

Spanish: aborto, borto

Portuguese: êrvedo

[ˈärbʊt̪ʊs̠]

Unknown. Lewis and Short (1879) suggests it is related to arbor (“tree”) (compare arbustus (“planted with trees, wooded”)), but Ernout and Meillet (1985) recognizes no etymology, and Schrijver (1991) says it lacks a reliable etymology.

Arbutus unedo
Arbutus unedo#Translingual


ardea

ardea f (genitive ardeae); first declension

ardeae (genitive)
ardea (nominative singular)
ardeae (nominative plural)
ardeae (genitive singular)
ardeārum (genitive plural)
ardeae (dative singular)
ardeīs (dative plural)
ardeam (accusative singular)
ardeās (accusative plural)
ardeā (ablative singular)
ardeīs (ablative plural)
ardea (singular vocative)
ardeae (plural vocative)

Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐρῳδιός (erōidiós, “heron”) and Serbo-Croatian róda (“stork”), either from a Proto-Indo-European root or more likely a common Mediterranean substrate source, as suggested by the irregular vowel variation and the limited distribution of cognates.


apus

la-noun

apūs m (genitive apodis); third declension

apūs (canonical masculine)
apodis (genitive)
apūs (nominative singular)
apodēs (nominative plural)
apodis (genitive singular)
apodum (genitive plural)
apodī (dative singular)
apodibus (dative plural)
apodem (accusative singular)
apodēs (accusative plural)
apode (ablative singular)
apodibus (ablative plural)
apūs (singular vocative)
apodēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἄπους (ápous, “footless”).

A martlet, swallow; a kind of bird believed to have no feet.


camelopardalis

camēlopardalis f (genitive camēlopardalis or camēlopardaleōs or camēlopardalios); third declension

camēlopardalis (canonical feminine)
camēlopardalis (genitive)
camēlopardaleōs (genitive)
camēlopardalios (genitive)
camēlopardalis (nominative singular)
camēlopardalēs (nominative plural)
camēlopardaleis (nominative plural)
camēlopardalis (genitive singular)
camēlopardaleōs (genitive singular)
camēlopardalios (genitive singular)
camēlopardalium (genitive plural)
camēlopardalī (dative singular)
camēlopardalibus (dative plural)
camēlopardalim (accusative singular)
camēlopardalin (accusative singular)
camēlopardalem (accusative singular)
camēlopardalēs (accusative plural)
camēlopardalīs (accusative plural)
camēlopardalī (ablative singular)
camēlopardale (ablative singular)
camēlopardalibus (ablative plural)
camēlopardalis (singular vocative)
camēlopardali (singular vocative)
camēlopardalēs (plural vocative)
camēlopardaleis (plural vocative)

Italian: camelopardo

French: chameaupard

→ Dutch: kameelpaard

→ Afrikaans: kameelperd

→ English: camelopard

→ Swedish: kamelopard

[kämeːɫ̪ɔˈpärd̪älʲɪs̠]

Romanized form of the Ancient Greek καμηλοπάρδαλις (kamēlopárdalis, “giraffe”), from κάμηλος (kámēlos, “camel”) (camelus) + πάρδαλις (párdalis, “leopard”), due to its having a long neck like a camel and spots like a leopard.

der

καμηλοπάρδαλις


pardus

la-noun

pardus m (genitive pardī); second declension

pardī (genitive)
pardus (nominative singular)
pardī (nominative plural)
pardī (genitive singular)
pardōrum (genitive plural)
pardō (dative singular)
pardīs (dative plural)
pardum (accusative singular)
pardōs (accusative plural)
pardō (ablative singular)
pardīs (ablative plural)
parde (singular vocative)
pardī (plural vocative)

Asturian: pardu

Galician: pardo

Italian: pardo

Portuguese: pardo

Spanish: pardo

→ Middle English: parde

English: pard

→ Hungarian: párduc

From Ancient Greek πάρδος (párdos, “pard, male leopard”), probably ultimately an Indo-Iranian borrowing related to Persian پلنگ (“panther”) and Sanskrit पृदाकु (pṛdāku, “panther”).

bor

(zoology) other mottled or spotted animals


glis

la-noun

glīs m (genitive glīris); third declension

glīs (canonical masculine)
glīris (genitive)
glīs (nominative singular)
glīrēs (nominative plural)
glīris (genitive singular)
glīrium (genitive plural)
glīrī (dative singular)
glīribus (dative plural)
glīrem (accusative singular)
glīrēs (accusative plural)
glīrīs (accusative plural)
glīre (ablative singular)
glīribus (ablative plural)
glīs (singular vocative)
glīrēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance

Corsican: ghjira

Italian: ghiro

Padanian:

Friulian: glîr

Ladin: ghiro

Lombard: glera

Venetan:

→ Cimbrian: glèerle

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: gllir

French: loir
→ English: loir

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llira, ⇒ llirón

Galician: lirio, ⇒ leirón

desc

⇒ Leonese: tsirón, leirón, lleirón, llirón, llorigón

⇒ Mirandese: lheiron

⇒ Portuguese: leirão

Old Spanish: lir

⇒ Spanish: lirón
→ Catalan: liró

From Proto-Indo-European *gl̥h₁éys (“weasel, mouse”), related to Sanskrit गिरि (girí, “mouse”), Ancient Greek γαλέη (galéē, “weasel”).


chamaeleon

la-noun

chamaeleōn m (genitive chamaeleōnis or chamaeleōntis); third declension

chamaeleōn (canonical masculine)
chamaeleōnis (genitive)
chamaeleōntis (genitive)
chamaeleōn (nominative singular)
chamaeleōnēs (nominative plural)
chamaeleōntēs (nominative plural)
chamaeleōnis (genitive singular)
chamaeleōntis (genitive singular)
chamaeleōnum (genitive plural)
chamaeleōntum (genitive plural)
chamaeleōnī (dative singular)
chamaeleōntī (dative singular)
chamaeleōnibus (dative plural)
chamaeleōntibus (dative plural)
chamaeleōnem (accusative singular)
chamaeleōntem (accusative singular)
chamaeleōnēs (accusative plural)
chamaeleōntēs (accusative plural)
chamaeleōne (ablative singular)
chamaeleōnte (ablative singular)
chamaeleōnibus (ablative plural)
chamaeleōntibus (ablative plural)
chamaeleōn (singular vocative)
chamaeleōnēs (plural vocative)
chamaeleōntēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: camaleó

Old French: cameleon

→ Middle English: camelion

English: chameleon

French: caméléon

→ German: Chamäleon

[kʰäˈmäe̯ɫ̪eoːn]

From Ancient Greek χαμαιλέων (khamailéōn), from χαμαί (khamaí, “on the earth, on the ground”) + λέων (léōn, “lion”); ultimately a calque from Akkadian 𒌨𒈤𒊭𒆠 (nēšu ša qaqqari, “chameleon, reptile”, literally “lion of the ground", "predator that crawls upon the ground”).


pavo

la-noun

pāvō m (genitive pāvōnis); third declension

pāvō (canonical masculine)
pāvōnis (genitive)
pāvō (nominative singular)
pāvōnēs (nominative plural)
pāvōnis (genitive singular)
pāvōnum (genitive plural)
pāvōnī (dative singular)
pāvōnibus (dative plural)
pāvōnem (accusative singular)
pāvōnēs (accusative plural)
pāvōne (ablative singular)
pāvōnibus (ablative plural)
pāvō (singular vocative)
pāvōnēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pãun

Romanian: păun

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: paòne

desctree

Italian: pavone, paone
→ Bulgarian: пау́н (paún)
→ Macedonian: паун (paun)
→ Sardinian: pavoni, povoni (Campidanese)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: паун
Latin script: paun

desc

Sicilian: pavuni, paguni, pauni, pavu, pagu, pau

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: paone, poni (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: pavun

Lombard: pavon, paon

Piedmontese: pavon, paon

Friulian: pavon

Ladin: pavon

Romansch: pavun, pivun (Sursilvan), pavùn, pivùn (Sutsilvan), pivung (Surmiran)

Venetan: pavon, pavoni, paon, paoni

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pavu

Leonese: pavu

Old Galician-Portuguese: pavo, pavon

Galician: pavo, pavón

Portuguese: pavão

Spanish: pavo, pavón

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pavon

Old French: paon, paoun, poun, pavon, pavoun, paue, peue

French: paon

Norman: paon

Picard: paôn, pan

Walloon: pawon

→ Breton: paun

→ Welsh: paun

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: paó

Occitan: pavon

Borrowings:

→ Latvian: pāvs

→ Lithuanian: povas

→ Proto-Germanic: *pāwô (see there for further descendants)

Likely borrowed from Ancient Greek ταώς (taṓs, “peacock”), or possibly imitative (compare paupulō (“to call like a peacock”)).

onomatopoeic

imitative

et praeter pennās nihil in pāvōne placēbat

and, besides the feathers, nothing in the peacock was pleasing
(In other words, an ancient time before the bird was considered a delicacy.)

peacock, peafowl; a bird associated with Argus and sacred to Hera or Juno; eaten as a delicacy.


herpes

la-noun

herpēs m (genitive herpētis); third declension

herpēs (canonical masculine)
herpētis (genitive)
herpēs (nominative singular)
herpētēs (nominative plural)
herpētis (genitive singular)
herpētum (genitive plural)
herpētī (dative singular)
herpētibus (dative plural)
herpētem (accusative singular)
herpētēs (accusative plural)
herpēte (ablative singular)
herpētibus (ablative plural)
herpēs (singular vocative)
herpētēs (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἕρπης (hérpēs).

an unknown sort of animal, perhaps a kind of mongoose


lotus

lōtus m (genitive lōtī); second declension

lōtus (canonical masculine)
lōtī (genitive)
lōtus (nominative singular)
lōtī (nominative plural)
lōtī (genitive singular)
lōtōrum (genitive plural)
lōtō (dative singular)
lōtīs (dative plural)
lōtum (accusative singular)
lōtōs (accusative plural)
lōtō (ablative singular)
lōtīs (ablative plural)
lōte (singular vocative)
lōtī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Lotus

Italian: loto

Variant form of lōtos, from Ancient Greek λωτός (lōtós).

[ˈɫ̪oːt̪ʊs̠]

Diospyros lotus
Diospyros lotus#Translingual


lacertus

lacertus m (genitive lacertī); second declension

lacertī (genitive)
lacertus (nominative singular)
lacertī (nominative plural)
lacertī (genitive singular)
lacertōrum (genitive plural)
lacertō (dative singular)
lacertīs (dative plural)
lacertum (accusative singular)
lacertōs (accusative plural)
lacertō (ablative singular)
lacertīs (ablative plural)
lacerte (singular vocative)
lacertī (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Possibly from lacerta (“lizard”), as musculus derived from a supposed resemblance to little mice; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *Hlak-, *lēk- (“leg, q.v.”)

[ɫ̪äˈkɛrt̪ʊs̠]


serpens

serpēns f or m (genitive serpentis); third declension

serpēns (canonical feminine masculine)
serpentis (genitive)
serpēns (nominative singular)
serpentēs (nominative plural)
serpentis (genitive singular)
serpentium (genitive plural)
serpentum (genitive plural)
serpentī (dative singular)
serpentibus (dative plural)
serpentem (accusative singular)
serpentēs (accusative plural)
serpente (ablative singular)
serpentibus (ablative plural)
serpēns (singular vocative)
serpentēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: sharpi, sharpe

Catalan: serp, serpent

Dalmatian: serpiant

→ Esperanto: serpento

Friulian: sarpint

Galician: serpe, serpente

Interlingua: serpente

Italian: serpe, serpente

Megleno-Romanian: șarpi

Occitan: sèrp

desctree

Old French: serpent
Middle French: serpent
French: serpent
Walloon: sierpint
→ Middle English: serpent
English: serpent
→ Dutch: serpent

Portuguese: serpente

Romanian: șarpe, șerpânță

desc

Romansch: serp, siarp, serpent, serpaint

Sicilian: serpi, sirpenti

→ Maltese: serp

Spanish: sierpe, serpiente

→ Welsh: sarff

[ˈs̠ɛrpẽːs̠]

From Proto-Italic *serpents. Present active participle of serpō (“crawl, creep”). Cognate with Sanskrit सर्प (sarpá, “snake, serpent”), Ancient Greek ἑρπετόν (herpetón, “serpent, creeping animal”), Albanian gjarpër (“snake”) (Proto-Albanian *serpena).


columba

la-noun

columba f (genitive columbae); first declension

columbae (genitive)
columbus (masculine)
columba (nominative singular)
columbae (nominative plural)
columbae (genitive singular)
columbārum (genitive plural)
columbae (dative singular)
columbīs (dative plural)
columbam (accusative singular)
columbās (accusative plural)
columbā (ablative singular)
columbīs (ablative plural)
columba (singular vocative)
columbae (plural vocative)

Catalan: coloma

Galician: comba

Italian: colomba

Occitan: colomba

Romanian: columbă

Romansch: columba

Sicilian: culumma

→ English: Columba

→ French: Colombe

desctree

→ Old Irish: columb, colum
Middle Irish: colum
Irish: colm
Manx: colum
Scottish Gaelic: calum

→ Spanish: Columba

→ Translingual: Columba

→ Welsh: colomen

From Ancient Greek κόλυμβος (kólumbos, “a diver”), from κολυμβάω (kolumbáō, “dive, plunge headlong, swim”). (Aristophanes [Birds, 304] and others use the word κολυμβίς (kolumbís, “diver, sea-bird”).)