lens

la-noun

lēns f (genitive lendis); third declension

lēns (canonical feminine)
lendis (genitive)
lēns (nominative singular)
lendēs (nominative plural)
lendis (genitive singular)
lendum (genitive plural)
lendī (dative singular)
lendibus (dative plural)
lendem (accusative singular)
lendēs (accusative plural)
lende (ablative singular)
lendibus (ablative plural)
lēns (singular vocative)
lendēs (plural vocative)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: len

Old French: lent

Picard: len

Walloon: lin

Late Latin: lendis (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. According to de Vaan, perhaps a deformed form of what is found as Proto-Slavic *gňìda (“nit”), Proto-Germanic *hnits (“nit”), Ancient Greek κονίς (konís) (gen. κονίδος (konídos)), Armenian անիծ (anic, “nit”); he proposes Proto-Indo-European *dḱ(o)nid- > *dkni-n-d- > *dklind- > Proto-Italic *(d)lind-. However, like the Indo-European cognates, it may be of substrate origin.


acacia

acācia f (genitive acāciae); first declension

acācia (canonical feminine)
acāciae (genitive)
acācia (nominative singular)
acāciae (nominative plural)
acāciae (genitive singular)
acāciārum (genitive plural)
acāciae (dative singular)
acāciīs (dative plural)
acāciam (accusative singular)
acāciās (accusative plural)
acāciā (ablative singular)
acāciīs (ablative plural)
acācia (singular vocative)
acāciae (plural vocative)

Italian: gaggia

Ligurian: gasîa

Piedmontese: gasìa, gaseja

Venetan: gazia

→ Greek: γαζία (gazía)

→ Dutch: acacia

→ English: acacia

→ French: acacia
→ Moore: kasɩya

→ Italian: acacia

→ Portuguese: acácia

→ Romanian: acacia

→ Spanish: acacia

[äˈkäːt͡ʃiä]

From Ancient Greek ἀκακία (akakía), from ἀκή (akḗ, “point”).

Vachellia nilotica
Vachellia nilotica#Translingual

the gum arabic tree (Vachellia nilotica, syn. Acacia nilotica).


citrus

citrus f (genitive citrī); second declension

citrī (genitive)
citrus (nominative singular)
citrī (nominative plural)
citrī (genitive singular)
citrōrum (genitive plural)
citrō (dative singular)
citrīs (dative plural)
citrum (accusative singular)
citrōs (accusative plural)
citrō (ablative singular)
citrīs (ablative plural)
citre (singular vocative)
citrī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Citrus

French: citron

→ English: citrine, citron, citrus

Italian: cedro

Lombard: zeder

Piedmontese: sitron

Probably via Etruscan from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros).


arbor

arbor f (genitive arboris); third declension

arboris (genitive)
arbor (nominative singular)
arborēs (nominative plural)
arboris (genitive singular)
arborum (genitive plural)
arborī (dative singular)
arboribus (dative plural)
arborem (accusative singular)
arborēs (accusative plural)
arbore (ablative singular)
arboribus (ablative plural)
arbor (singular vocative)
arborēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: arburi, arbure, arbur, oarbãri

Istro-Romanian: årbure

Megleno-Romanian: arbur

Romanian: arbure (older), arbore (newer, Latinized)

Dalmatian:

juarbol, yuarbul, yuarbol, jarbul, yarbul, jarbur, garbr, arbl, iuarbol, iuarbul, iarbul, iarbur

Italo-Romance:

Italian: albero

Italian: arbore, àrbore (archaic)

Corsican: alberu

Gallurese: alburi

Sassarese: àiburu

Neapolitan: arbero, àrbero (Napoli)

Tarantino: arvule, àrvule

Romanesco: arbero (àrbero) (Rome)

Sicilian: àrbiru, àrburu, àrvuru

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: arbore, arbure, albore, albure

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: àrbul, âlber (Bologna), élber (Modena), àlbar (Mirandola)

Ligurian: erboro, èrbo

Lombard: erbor, àlbor

Piedmontese: erbo

Friulian: arbul

Ladin: alber

Istriot: arbaro, arbo

Romansch: arver, alber

desctree

Venetan: àlbaro, albaro, àlber
→ Cimbrian: albar

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: ârbro

Old French: arbre (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: arbre

Gascon: arbe

Old Occitan: arbre (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: arbol, (Ribagorça) abre

Old Leonese: arbol, arbor (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: arvor, arvol, arvore (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: arbor, arbol (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Balkan Slavic:

Macedonian: јарбол (jarbol)

Serbo-Croatian: ја̑рбол, jȃrbol

Slovene: jambor

→ Hungarian: árbóc (or via North Italian)

By rhotacism from Old Latin arbōs, from Proto-Italic *arðōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“high; to grow”), meaning "high upright plant". Cognate with arduus (“high”).

der

Interea genitor Tiberini ad fluminis undam / uulnera siccabat lymphis corpusque leuabat / arboris acclinis trunco

Meantime, his father at Tiber's flowing stream bathed his wounds in the clear water and his body leant against the trunk of a tree.

felix arbor

arbores serere

(specifically with the genitive of the species) arbor alni

arbores ficorum


laurus

la-noun

laurus f (genitive laurī); second declension

laurī (genitive)
laurus (nominative singular)
laurī (nominative plural)
laurī (genitive singular)
laurōrum (genitive plural)
laurō (dative singular)
laurīs (dative plural)
laurum (accusative singular)
laurōs (accusative plural)
laurūs (accusative plural)
laurō (ablative singular)
laurīs (ablative plural)
laure (singular vocative)
laurī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: laur

Romanian: laur

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: lauru, lauro, làvoro

Corsican: addoru

Italian: alloro

Neapolitan: lauro, làvoro

Sicilian: aḍḍauru, lauru

Padanian:

Lombard: laur

Piedmontese: làuro, laur

⇒ Venetan: lavranèr, vialoro, doraro

Northern Gallo-Romance:

>? Franco-Provençal: lôro (Valdôtain)

Old French: lor

Old Lorrain: loir

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: lor

Catalan: llor, llort

Old Occitan: laur

Occitan: laur (Rouergue)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: lloru

Old Galician-Portuguese: louro

Galician: louro

Portuguese: louro, loiro

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: laru, lau, lavru

→ Albanian: lar

→ Asturian: lauro (learned)

→ Esperanto: laŭro

→ Italian: lauro (learned)

→ Polish: laur (learned)

→ Portuguese: lauro (learned)

→ Old Irish:

Manx: laurys

Scottish Gaelic: labhrais

→? Proto-Brythonic: *llọrɨβ̃

Welsh: llawryf

→ Proto-West Germanic: *laur (see there for further descendants)

→ Sicilian: lauru (learned)

→ Spanish: lauro (learned)

→ Latvian: laurs

→ Lithuanian: laurų

→ Samogitian: lauros

→ West Slavic:

Czech: vavřín

Polish: wawrzyn

Slovak: vavrín

Lower Sorbian: ławrjeńc

Upper Sorbian: ławrjenc

→ Hungarian: babér

→ Samogitian: babka, bakos

→ East and South Slavic:

Belarusian: лаўр (laŭr)

desc

Bulgarian: лавър (lavǎr), лавров (lavrov)

Bosnian: lovor

Croatian: lovor

Macedonian: лавор (lavor)

Russian: лавр (lavr) (see there for further descendants)

Serbo-Croatian: lovor, lovorika

Pannonian Rusyn: ловор (lovor)

Slovene: lovor

Ukrainian: лавр (lavr)

[ˈɫ̪äu̯rʊs̠]

From Old Latin dacrus. Related to Ancient Greek δάφνη (dáphnē, “laurel”), whence also the given name Δάφνη (Dáphnē), which Beekes derives from *dakʷ-(n-). Possibly related to Latin lacrima, dacrima and Ancient Greek δάκρυ (dákru), themselves from *dáḱru- and this from *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru-, referring to the shape of flowers, although this is uncertain.


ros

la-noun

rōs m (genitive rōris); third declension

rōs (canonical masculine)
rōris (genitive)
rōs (nominative singular)
rōrēs (nominative plural)
rōris (genitive singular)
rōrum (genitive plural)
rōrī (dative singular)
rōribus (dative plural)
rōrem (accusative singular)
rōrēs (accusative plural)
rōre (ablative singular)
rōribus (ablative plural)
rōs (singular vocative)
rōrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aroauã

Romanian: rouă

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ros

→ Sardinian: arròsu

Occitan: ròs, arròs

Vulgar Latin:

⇒ *rōsāta (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: rore ⇒ rory

→ Middle French: rore

⇒ French: rorique

Esperanto: roso

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roseh₂ (“dew”), itself possibly a derivative of *h₁ers- (“to flow”). Cognate with Sanskrit रसा (rásā, “moisture, humidity”), Ancient Greek ἐξεράω (exeráō, “pour out”), Lithuanian rasà (“dew”), Serbo-Croatian rosa /роса (“dew”).

cog

690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6

Cytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to furzes and rosemary.

Citisum genus arboris quasi catanum erba odoribera uergilius et uix humiles apibus casias rorem que

Salvia rosmarinus
Salvia rosmarinus#Translingual

Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosmarinus officinalis#Translingual

rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)


faba

la-noun

faba f (genitive fabae); first declension

fabae (genitive)
faba (nominative singular)
fabae (nominative plural)
fabae (genitive singular)
fabārum (genitive plural)
fabae (dative singular)
fabīs (dative plural)
fabam (accusative singular)
fabās (accusative plural)
fabā (ablative singular)
fabīs (ablative plural)
faba (singular vocative)
fabae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: fauã, favã

Asturian: faba

Catalan: fava

Dalmatian: fua

Esperanto: fabo

Franc-Comtois: fave

French: fève

Friulian: fave

Galician: faba

Italian: fava

→ English: fava

→ Kabyle: ibawen

→ Moroccan Amazigh: ⵉⴱⴰⵡⵏ (ibawn)

Occitan: fava

Portuguese: fava

Romansch: fava, feva

Sardinian: faa, faba, fae, fava

Sicilian: fava, fafa

Spanish: haba

→ Mezquital Otomi: aba

Translingual: Faba

Venetan: fava

→ Welsh: ffa

From Proto-Italic *fabā (“bean”). Akin to Proto-Slavic *bobъ, Ancient Greek φακός (phakós) and Proto-Germanic *baunō, ultimately likely from a European substrate.

Pinguia cūr illīs gustentur lārda Kalendīs,

Why is it that bacon fats are to be eaten on the Kalends,
and [these] having been mixed with hot bean[s] [and] far, you ask?

mixtaque cum calidō sit faba farre, rogās?


aegis

aegis f (genitive aegidos or aegidis); third declension

aegidos (genitive)
aegidis (genitive)
aegis (nominative singular)
aegides (nominative plural)
aegidēs (nominative plural)
aegidos (genitive singular)
aegidis (genitive singular)
aegidum (genitive plural)
aegidī (dative singular)
aegidibus (dative plural)
aegida (accusative singular)
aegidem (accusative singular)
aegidas (accusative plural)
aegidēs (accusative plural)
aegide (ablative singular)
aegidibus (ablative plural)
aegis (singular vocative)
aegi (singular vocative)
aegides (plural vocative)
aegidēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: ègida

English: aegis

French: égide

German: → Ägis, → Ägide
→ Ukrainian: егі́да (ehída)

Italian: egida

→ Polish: egida

Portuguese: égide

Romanian: egidă

Russian: эги́да (egída)

Sicilian: èggida

Spanish: égida

the aegis, or shield. See Aegis; αἰγίς.
of Zeus or Jupiter


azalea

azalea f (genitive azaleae); first declension

azaleae (genitive)
azalea (nominative singular)
azaleae (nominative plural)
azaleae (genitive singular)
azaleārum (genitive plural)
azaleae (dative singular)
azaleīs (dative plural)
azaleam (accusative singular)
azaleās (accusative plural)
azaleā (ablative singular)
azaleīs (ablative plural)
azalea (singular vocative)
azaleae (plural vocative)

→ English: azalea

→ German: Azalee

[äd̪ˈd̪͡z̪äːleä]

From Ancient Greek ἀζαλέος (azaléos, “dry”).


lupinus

la-adj

lupīnus (feminine lupīna, neuter lupīnum); first/second-declension adjective

lupīnus (canonical)
lupīna (feminine)
lupīnum (neuter)
lupīnus (masculine nominative singular)
lupīna (feminine nominative singular)
lupīnum (neuter nominative singular)
lupīnī (masculine nominative singular)
lupīnae (feminine nominative plural)
lupīna (neuter nominative plural)
lupīnī (genitive masculine singular)
lupīnae (feminine genitive singular)
lupīnī (genitive neuter singular)
lupīnōrum (genitive masculine singular)
lupīnārum (feminine genitive plural)
lupīnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
lupīnō (dative masculine singular)
lupīnae (dative feminine singular)
lupīnō (dative neuter singular)
lupīnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
lupīnum (accusative masculine singular)
lupīnam (accusative feminine singular)
lupīnum (accusative neuter singular)
lupīnōs (accusative masculine singular)
lupīnās (accusative feminine plural)
lupīna (accusative neuter plural)
lupīnō (ablative masculine singular)
lupīnā (ablative feminine singular)
lupīnō (ablative neuter singular)
lupīnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
lupīne (masculine singular vocative)
lupīna (feminine singular vocative)
lupīnum (neuter singular vocative)
lupīnī (masculine singular vocative)
lupīnae (feminine plural vocative)
lupīna (neuter plural vocative)

[ɫ̪ʊˈpiːnʊs̠]


ornus

la-noun

ornus f (genitive ornī); second declension

ornī (genitive)
ornus (nominative singular)
ornī (nominative plural)
ornī (genitive singular)
ornōrum (genitive plural)
ornō (dative singular)
ornīs (dative plural)
ornum (accusative singular)
ornōs (accusative plural)
ornō (ablative singular)
ornīs (ablative plural)
orne (singular vocative)
ornī (plural vocative)

Dalmatian: uarno

→ French: orne (learned)

Italian: orno, orniello

Romanian: urm

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃s-. See also English ash.


elate

la-adv

ēlātē (comparative ēlātus or ēlātius, no superlative)

ēlātē (canonical)
ēlātus (comparative)
ēlātius (comparative)

[eːˈɫ̪äːt̪eː]

From ēlātus (“exalted, lofty”), perfect passive participle of efferō (“bring forth or out; raise; exalt”), from ē (“out of”), short form of ex, + ferō (“carry, bear”).

Introit adulescens et praefatur arrogantius et elatius, quam aetati eius decebat, ac deinde iubet exponi controversias.

c. 177, Gellius: Noctes Atticae, Book 9, Chapter 15, Verse 4:

The young fellow entered the room, made some preliminary remarks in a more arrogant and presumptuous style than became his years, and then asked that subjects for debate be given him.


padi

la-noun

padī m pl (genitive padōrum); second declension

padī (canonical masculine plural)
padōrum (genitive)
padī (nominative plural)
padōrum (genitive plural)
padīs (dative plural)
padōs (accusative plural)
padīs (ablative plural)
padī (plural vocative)


amygdala

amygdala f (genitive amygdalae); first declension

amygdalae (genitive)
amygdala (nominative singular)
amygdalae (nominative plural)
amygdalae (genitive singular)
amygdalārum (genitive plural)
amygdalae (dative singular)
amygdalīs (dative plural)
amygdalam (accusative singular)
amygdalās (accusative plural)
amygdalā (ablative singular)
amygdalīs (ablative plural)
amygdala (singular vocative)
amygdalae (plural vocative)

Sicilian: mènnula

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mandalā (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē, “almond”). The sense "tonsil" is likely a calque of Arabic لَوْز (lawz).

bor

[äˈmʏɡd̪äɫ̪ä]

[äˈmiɡd̪älä]


prunus

la-noun

prūnus f (genitive prūnī); second declension

prūnus (canonical feminine)
prūnī (genitive)
prūnus (nominative singular)
prūnī (nominative plural)
prūnī (genitive singular)
prūnōrum (genitive plural)
prūnō (dative singular)
prūnīs (dative plural)
prūnum (accusative singular)
prūnōs (accusative plural)
prūnō (ablative singular)
prūnīs (ablative plural)
prūne (singular vocative)
prūnī (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: prun, prunu, purnu

Romanian: prun

Italian: pruno, prugno

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: abruño, agruño, abrunho

Portuguese: abrunho

Spanish: pruno

→ English: prunus

→ Translingual: Prunus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek προύνη (proúnē), a loanword from a language of Asia Minor.


cassia

cassia f (genitive cassiae); first declension

cassiae (genitive)
cassia (nominative singular)
cassiae (nominative plural)
cassiae (genitive singular)
cassiārum (genitive plural)
cassiae (dative singular)
cassiīs (dative plural)
cassiam (accusative singular)
cassiās (accusative plural)
cassiā (ablative singular)
cassiīs (ablative plural)
cassia (singular vocative)
cassiae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek κασσία, κασία. κάσια (kassía, kasía. kásia), from Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā), from Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā), from קְצַע (qṣaʿ, “to cut off”).

bor

κασσία, κασία. κάσια

der

Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā)

Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā)

Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamomum cassia#Translingual

690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6 (Cassia fistula)

Cytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to goldenrain tree and rosemary.

Cassia fistula
Cassia fistula#Translingual


quercus

la-noun

quercus f (genitive quercūs); fourth declension

quercūs (genitive)
quercus (nominative singular)
quercūs (nominative plural)
quercūs (genitive singular)
quercuum (genitive plural)
quercōrum (genitive plural)
quercuī (dative singular)
quercubus (dative plural)
quercum (accusative singular)
quercūs (accusative plural)
quercū (ablative singular)
quercubus (ablative plural)
quercus (singular vocative)
quercūs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Quercus

⇒ Galician: cerquiño, cerqueiro

Italian: quercia

Portuguese: querco

Sicilian: cerza

Spanish: alcornoque

→ English: cork

From Proto-Italic *kʷerkus, assimilated from Proto-Indo-European *pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu- (“oak”). Compare Old Norse fýri (as in fýriskógr (“pine-wood”), Punjabi ਪਰਗਾਇ (pargāī, “holm oak”). See also English fir.

der

(poetic) something made from oak wood (e.g., an oaken ship, an oaken javelin, etc.)


fistula

la-noun

fistula f (genitive fistulae); first declension

fistulae (genitive)
fistula (nominative singular)
fistulae (nominative plural)
fistulae (genitive singular)
fistulārum (genitive plural)
fistulae (dative singular)
fistulīs (dative plural)
fistulam (accusative singular)
fistulās (accusative plural)
fistulā (ablative singular)
fistulīs (ablative plural)
fistula (singular vocative)
fistulae (plural vocative)

English: fistula

French: felle, fêle, fistule

Galician: fístula

Italian: fistola, fischiare

Old French: festre

→ English: fester

Portuguese: fístula

Romanian: fistulă

Russian: фистула (fistula)

Sicilian: friscari

Spanish: fístula, fistra

[ˈfɪs̠t̪ʊɫ̪ä]

Probably from the same root *fest- as found in festūca (“stalk, straw”) and fistūca (“pile driver, ram”), maybe connected to ferula (“fennel; staff”) by earlier *fes- (“hollow stalk”), all words of unknown origin. This makes any relationship to findō (“cleave, divide, split”) unlikely.


arboretum

arborētum n (genitive arborētī); second declension

arborētum (canonical neuter)
arborētī (genitive)
arborētum (nominative singular)
arborēta (nominative plural)
arborētī (genitive singular)
arborētōrum (genitive plural)
arborētō (dative singular)
arborētīs (dative plural)
arborētum (accusative singular)
arborēta (accusative plural)
arborētō (ablative singular)
arborētīs (ablative plural)
arborētum (singular vocative)
arborēta (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: arburet, arburetu

Romanian: arboret

Italo-Romance:

desc

Italian: albereta, alboreto, alboreta (archaic), albereto

Western Romance:

Catalan: arboreda, arbreda

Galician: Alboreda

Portuguese: arvoredo

Spanish: arboledo, arboleda

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: arborètum

→ German: Arboretum

→ English: arboretum, arboret

→ Italian: arboreto

→ Polish: arboretum

→ Portuguese: arboreto

→ Spanish: arboreto

[ärbɔˈreːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From arbor (“tree”) + -ētum (“grove or plantation”), with suffix extended via rebracketing. Cf. the primary arbustum (for *arbos-tum).

suffix

(colloquial) arboretum, plantation of trees.


acer

la-noun

acer n (genitive aceris); third declension

aceris (genitive)
acer (nominative singular)
acera (nominative plural)
aceris (genitive singular)
acerum (genitive plural)
acerī (dative singular)
aceribus (dative plural)
acer (accusative singular)
acera (accusative plural)
acere (ablative singular)
aceribus (ablative plural)
acer (singular vocative)
acera (plural vocative)

Catalan: auró

Esperanto: acero

French: érable

Italian: acero

Portuguese: ácer

Romanian: arțar

Spanish: ácere, arce

Translingual: Acer

Same as Etymology 1, with reference to multi-pointed leaves.


ficus

fīcus m or f (variously declined, genitive fīcī or fīcūs); second declension, fourth declension

fīcus (canonical feminine masculine)
fīcī (genitive)
fīcūs (genitive)
fīcus (nominative singular)
fīcī (nominative plural)
fīcūs (nominative plural)
fīcī (genitive singular)
fīcūs (genitive singular)
fīcōrum (genitive plural)
fīcuum (genitive plural)
fīcō (dative singular)
fīcuī (dative singular)
fīcīs (dative plural)
fīcibus (dative plural)
fīcum (accusative singular)
fīcōs (accusative plural)
fīcūs (accusative plural)
fīcō (ablative singular)
fīcū (ablative singular)
fīcīs (ablative plural)
fīcibus (ablative plural)
fīce (singular vocative)
fīcus (singular vocative)
fīcī (plural vocative)
fīcūs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: hic, hicu

Megleno-Romanian: ic

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: fico

Sicilian: ficu

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: fîc

Romansch: fig

Northern Italian:

Ligurian: fîgo

Piedmontese: fi

Venetan: figo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ficu, figu

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: fie

Catalan: fic

West Iberian:

Aragonese: figo

Asturian: figu

Old Galician-Portuguese: figo

Galician: figo

Portuguese: figo

Spanish: higo (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: fik

→ Basque: piku

→ English: ficus

Vulgar Latin: *fīca

Aromanian: hicã

Megleno-Romanian: ică

Piedmontese: fighé

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: fica

Dalmatian: faica, faika

Italian: fica

desctree

Old Occitan: figa
Occitan: figa
→ Old French: figue (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: figa

→ Hungarian: füge

Aragonese: figa

→ Old Norse: fíkja

Icelandic: fíkja

Unsorted borrowings

→ Breton: fiez, figez

→ Faroese: fika

→ Irish: fige

→ Lingala: figi

→ Lithuanian: figa

→ Manx: fig

→ Quechua: igu

→ Romanian: fig (archaic)

→ Slovene: figa

→ Tongan: fiki

→ Ukrainian: фіга (fiha)

→ West Frisian: fiich

Possibly adapted into Pre-Latin in the form *θūko- or *θīko- and likely related to Ancient Greek σῦκον (sûkon) and Old Armenian թուզ (tʻuz) through a Mediterranean substrate form *tʲuk- or the like.
One possibility is a Semitic loanword. Compare Phoenician 𐤐𐤀𐤂 (pʾg, “half-ripe fig”), Hebrew פַּג (paḡ), פַּגָּה (paggâ, “unripe fig”), Classical Syriac ܦܵܓܵܐ (“unripe fig”).


abies

la-noun

abiēs f (genitive abietis); third declension

abiēs (canonical feminine)
abietis (genitive)
abiēs (nominative singular)
abietēs (nominative plural)
abietis (genitive singular)
abietum (genitive plural)
abietī (dative singular)
abietibus (dative plural)
abietem (accusative singular)
abietēs (accusative plural)
abiete (ablative singular)
abietibus (ablative plural)
abiēs (singular vocative)
abietēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: abéte

Neapolitan: apeto

>? Sicilian: abbitu

Padanian:

Emilian: aved

Ligurian: aveo, avé

Romagnol: abét, abēt (Ville Unite)

Venetan: albeo (infl. by albus 'white')

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: avet

Old Occitan: abet, avet

Occitan: avet

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Aragonese: abet, abete
→ Spanish: abeto, abete (obsolete) (or from Catalan)
→ Asturian: abetu
→ Galician: abeto, pinabete
→ Portuguese: abeto

Borrowings:

→⇒ English: abietic

→ Esperanto: abio

→ French: abies

→ Ido: abieto

Usually connected with the Ancient Greek hapax ἄβιν (ábin, “silver fir or similar conifer”), both reflecting a root *abi-, ultimately likely from a substrate source.

the silver fir (Abies alba), the silver-fir's wood


malum

la-noun

malum n (genitive malī); second declension

malī (genitive)
malum (nominative singular)
mala (nominative plural)
malī (genitive singular)
malōrum (genitive plural)
malō (dative singular)
malīs (dative plural)
malum (accusative singular)
mala (accusative plural)
malō (ablative singular)
malīs (ablative plural)
malum (singular vocative)
mala (plural vocative)

French: mal

→ English: malum

Spanish: malo


malus

mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension

mālus (canonical feminine)
mālī (genitive)
mālus (nominative singular)
mālī (nominative plural)
mālī (genitive singular)
mālōrum (genitive plural)
mālō (dative singular)
mālīs (dative plural)
mālum (accusative singular)
mālōs (accusative plural)
mālō (ablative singular)
mālīs (ablative plural)
māle (singular vocative)
mālī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Malus

Aromanian: mer

Italian: melo

Megleno-Romanian: mer

Romanian: măr

→ English: malus

From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).

Malus bifera.

Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.

And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.

Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.

The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.

an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae.


palma

palma f (genitive palmae); first declension

palmae (genitive)
palma (nominative singular)
palmae (nominative plural)
palmae (genitive singular)
palmārum (genitive plural)
palmae (dative singular)
palmīs (dative plural)
palmam (accusative singular)
palmās (accusative plural)
palmā (ablative singular)
palmīs (ablative plural)
palma (singular vocative)
palmae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: palmã

Megleno-Romanian: palmă

Romanian: palmă

Gallo-Italic

Piedmontese: palma

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: palma

Dalmatian: puolma

Italian: palma

→ Maltese: palm

Sicilian: parma, pamma

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: palma, palmell

Occitan: palma, pauma

desctree

Old French: paume, palme, pasme, paulme
Middle French: paulme
French: paume
Norman: paûmé

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: palme

Sardinian: palma, parma, prama

Venetan: palma

West Iberian

Asturian: palma

Old Galician-Portuguese: palma

Galician: palma

Portuguese: palma
→ English: palma

Spanish: palma
→ English: palma

Borrowings

→ Azerbaijani: palma

→ Belarusian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Bulgarian: палма (palma)

→ Cornish: palv

→ Czech: palm

→ Estonian: palm

→ Georgian: პალმა (ṗalma)

→ Hungarian: pálma

→ Lao: ປາມ (pām)

→ Latvian: palm

→ Lithuanian: palmė

→ Macedonian: палма (palma)

→ Malayalam: പം (paṁ)

→ Old Dutch: palma

Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm
→ Caribbean Javanese: palem
→ Indonesian: palem

→ Old English: palm (“palm tree”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: palme

French: palme
→ Romanian: palm

Norman: palme

→ Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm

→ Old High German: palm m, palma f
Middle High German: palme, balme
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Palme, Pallem
German: Palme

→ Old Norse: palmi

Faroese: pálmi

Icelandic: pálmi

Danish: palme

Norwegian Bokmål: palme

Norwegian Nynorsk: palme

Old Swedish: palma

Swedish: palm
→ Finnish: palmu

→ Polish: palma

→ Russian: пальма (palʹma) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: palma, палма

→ Slovak: palma

→ Slovene: palma

→ Turkish: palmiye

→ Turkmen: palma

→ Ukrainian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Uyghur: پالما (palma)

→ Uzbek: palma

→ Welsh: palf

From Proto-Italic *palamā, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē), Old Irish lám, Old English folm, and Albanian shpall.


ceresia

la-noun

ceresia f (genitive ceresiae); first declension

ceresiae (genitive)
ceresia (nominative singular)
ceresiae (nominative plural)
ceresiae (genitive singular)
ceresiārum (genitive plural)
ceresiae (dative singular)
ceresiīs (dative plural)
ceresiam (accusative singular)
ceresiās (accusative plural)
ceresiā (ablative singular)
ceresiīs (ablative plural)
ceresia (singular vocative)
ceresiae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

desc

Aromanian: cireashã, tsireashi, cireashi, tsireashã, tseriashã, chirashã, chirashe

Megleno-Romanian: cireașcă

desctree

Romanian: cireașă
→ Bulgarian: череша (čereša)

desc

Franco-Provençal: ceriése, ceriésa, cerije, çrije, çrisa, ceriéje, ciriéje

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: sresa, siresa

Ligurian: çêxa

Lombard: saresa, seresa, siresa

Piedmontese: seresa, siresa, sresa

Romagnol: sresa, srisa

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: chjarasgia

Dalmatian: cris

Istriot: sareza

Italian: ciliegia, ciriegia, ceregia, saragia

Neapolitan: cerasa

Tarantino: ceráse

Sicilian: cirasa
→ Maltese: ċirasa

Oïl

Old French: cerise (see there for further descendants)

Old Northern French: cherise (see there for further descendants)

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: cjariese, ceriese

Romansch: tscharescha, tscherescha (Sursilvan), tschariescha (Sutsilvan, Surmiran), tschirescha (Puter, Vallader)

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: cirera, cidera, cilera, cira

Occitan:

Auvergnat: celeira, celira

Gascon: ceriesa, cerisa, cerilha, cerida, çrisa, çrilha, cerija, cereja, çrija, cesira, cerida

Languedocien: cerièra, cirera, cerièira, cirèira, cièira, cedièira, cilèira, celèira, celhèira, cilhèira, cerèija, cirèia

Limousin: cireisa, cireija, cireia

Provençal: cerieisa, cerieia, cerièira, cerisa

Vivaro-Alpine: cereisa, cerieisa, ceriesa, ceriera, ciriesa, ceresa, cieresa, cireisa

Sardinian: carésia, cerésia, cheréssia, ceréxia

Venetan: sareza, sarexa

→? Istriot: sareza

West Iberian

Aragonese: ciresa

Old Leonese:

Asturian: cereza, zreza

Occidental: cereiza, zreiza

Leonese: zreisa, cereisa, zreiza

Mirandese: cereija

Old Spanish: ceresa

Spanish: cereza
→ Tagalog: seresa

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cereija, cereyja
Fala: cereixha
Galician: cereixa, cireixa, zreixa, cereija, cereja, zreija
Portuguese: cereja, cereija, sareija
→ Hunsrik: Sëreesch

Borrowings

→ Albanian: qershi

→ Basque: gerezi

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kėres (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kirsijā (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *čèršьňa (possibly via Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

[t͡ʃeˈrɛːs̬iä]

From the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry”), from Ancient Greek κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin.

der

200s, Quintus Gargilius Martialis De pomis seu medicina ex pomis 16 ed. Angelo Mai Operis deperditi de hortis Fragmenta ex codicibus Neapolitano et Romano cum scholiis palaeographicis et adnotationibus Rome 1846 p. 76 = Classici auctores e Vaticanicis codicibus editi. Tomus III Rome 1831 p. 422

The fresh fruit from the cherry moistens the maw and stimulates; dry it desiccates and draws back: the fresh fruit is bad for the stomach and the dry one good. In this fruit we believe to be three virtues. In some the taste is bitter, in some sour, in some sweet. The bitter ones constrict the belly, strengthen the stomach. The sour ones are said to fit stomachs abundating in phlegm: for they desiccate more and cut off the thickness of the teeth and humour of the mouth. The sweet ones are bad for the stomach. However the Praenestinian ones flow faster. Their gum, held in the mouth and swallowed, covers the arteries, constrains the oldest cough: drunk with unmixed wine it breaks the calculi.

Ceresiā viride pomum ventrem humectat et provocat; aridum siccat ac detinet: viride stomacho contrarium est, siccum utile. In hoc pomo tres inesse virtutes suspicamur. In quibusdam sapor austerus est, in aliis acidus, in aliis dulcis. Austerae ventrem constringunt, stomachum confortant. Acidae iudicantur flegmate habundantibus stomachis opportunae: nam magis siccant et crassitudinem dentium orisque humorem incidunt. Dulces stomacho contrariae. Citius autem praenestinae fluunt. Gummus earum ore detentus et gluttiendus arteriam linit, vetustissimam tussem conpescit: cum mero potatus calculos frangit.


persica

→ Albanian: pjeshkë (probably)

desc

Aromanian: chearsicã, chiarsicã, hearhicã, hearsicã, kearsicã

Italian: persica, pesca

Neapolitan: perzeca

Occitan: persega

→ Old Danish: persik

desctree

Danish: fersken
→ Faroese: ferska
→ Icelandic: ferskja
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fersken
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fersken

Old French: pesche, persche
Champenois: prêche, péte
Middle French: pesche
French: pêche
→ Malagasy: paiso
Norman: pêche
Walloon: pexhî
→ Middle English: peche
English: peach
→ Abenaki: biches (from the plural peaches)
→? Arapaho: biisib
→ Bengali: পীচ (pic) (probably)
→ Haida: píichas
→ Malay: pic (probably)
→? Maori: pītiti
→ Swahili: pichi (probably)
→ Thai: พีช (píit)
→ Irish: péitseog
→ Manx: peitshag, pershagh

Piedmontese: persi

Romanian: piersică

Sardinian: pélsica, pérsiga

Sicilian: pèrsicu

→ Swedish: persika

→ Proto-Slavic: *persky, *bersky, *porsky
South Slavic:
Bulgarian: пра́скова (práskova), пра́сква (práskva), пра́скъва (práskǎva), пра́скува (práskuva), пра́ска (práska), пра́сквя (práskvja), пра́ська (prásʹka), пра́скя (práskja), пра́скье (práskje), пра́сковье (práskovje), пра́скъ f (prásk) — dialectal
Macedonian: праска (praska)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бре̏сква, dialectally бра̏сква, пра̏сква, пра̏ска, бре̏ска, бри̏ска, бри̏сква
Latin script: brȅskva, dialectally brȁskva, prȁskva, prȁska, brȅska, brȉska, brȉskva
Slovene: brẹ́skəv, dialectally brẹ̑skva
→ Aromanian: prascã
→ Hungarian: barack
West Slavic:
Czech: břeskev, replaced by confusion with broskev
Polish: brzoskiew
⇒ Polish: brzoskwinia
→ Russian: броскви́на (broskvína), брускви́на (bruskvína), брусвына (brusvyna), бросква (broskva), бросквиня (broskvinja), бросвины (brosviny)
→ Old Ukrainian: бросквинъ (broskvin)
Ukrainian: бросквина (broskvyna), броскви́ня (broskvýnja), брускви́на (bruskvýna), брускви́ня (bruskvýnja), брусвина (brusvyna), брескви́ня (breskvýnja), броскви́ння (broskvýnnja), броски́ння (broskýnnja)
Old Slovak: breskev, breskva, breskyňa, broskyňa
Pannonian Rusyn: брескиня (breskinja)
Slovak: broskyňa, formerly dialectally broskva, broskev
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: brjaschen, rjaschen, brjaskeẃ, brjasken (of which rjaschen prevails)
Upper Sorbian: brěska f, brěšk m


taeda

la-noun

taeda f (genitive taedae); first declension

taedae (genitive)
taeda (nominative singular)
taedae (nominative plural)
taedae (genitive singular)
taedārum (genitive plural)
taedae (dative singular)
taedīs (dative plural)
taedam (accusative singular)
taedās (accusative plural)
taedā (ablative singular)
taedīs (ablative plural)
taeda (singular vocative)
taedae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: dzadã

Catalan: teia

Corsican: deda

→ English: tede

Galician: tea

Istro-Romanian: zådĕ

Italian: teda

Megleno-Romanian: zadă

Romanian: zadă

Sicilian: deda

Spanish: teda, tea

An ancient borrowing of unknown intermediary, ultimately from Ancient Greek δᾰΐς (dăḯs).

At rēgīna, pyrā penetrālī in sēde sub aurās

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.504–505

But the queen — after the pyre had been built under open sky in the innermost [part of] the palace, piled high with resinous pinewood and split holm-oak — ….
(The pine will ignite more easily; the oak will burn longer.)

ērēcta ingentī taedīs atque īlice secta, ….


arbutus

arbutus f (genitive arbutī); second declension

arbutī (genitive)
arbutus (nominative singular)
arbutī (nominative plural)
arbutī (genitive singular)
arbutōrum (genitive plural)
arbutō (dative singular)
arbutīs (dative plural)
arbutum (accusative singular)
arbutōs (accusative plural)
arbutō (ablative singular)
arbutīs (ablative plural)
arbute (singular vocative)
arbutī (plural vocative)

Galician: érbedo, albedro

Occitan: arboça, arboç

→ French: arbouse, arbousier

Old Spanish: alborco

Spanish: aborto, borto

Portuguese: êrvedo

[ˈärbʊt̪ʊs̠]

Unknown. Lewis and Short (1879) suggests it is related to arbor (“tree”) (compare arbustus (“planted with trees, wooded”)), but Ernout and Meillet (1985) recognizes no etymology, and Schrijver (1991) says it lacks a reliable etymology.

Arbutus unedo
Arbutus unedo#Translingual


fagus

fāgus f (genitive fāgī); second declension

fāgus (canonical feminine)
fāgī (genitive)
fāgus (nominative singular)
fāgī (nominative plural)
fāgī (genitive singular)
fāgōrum (genitive plural)
fāgō (dative singular)
fāgīs (dative plural)
fāgum (accusative singular)
fāgōs (accusative plural)
fāgūs (accusative plural)
fāgō (ablative singular)
fāgīs (ablative plural)
fāge (singular vocative)
fāgī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fag

Megleno-Romanian: fag

Romanian: fag

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: fagu

Padanian:

Emilian: fò

Friulian: fau

Ligurian: fò

Lombard: fo

Piedmontese: fò

Romansch: fau, fo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fo

Oïl:

desctree

Old French: fau, fou, fou, fau
Franc-Comtois: fô
Gallo: faeu
Norman: fau (Jersey)
⇒ French: fouet

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: fau, favo (most dialects)

Belsetán: faus

Benasqués: fago

Sobrarbe: fago

Catalan: fau (northwestern and Ribagorçan)

Occitan: fau (most dialects)

Gascon: hau, hac

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: fagu, fau

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *fāgārius

Dalmatian: faguor

Venetan: fagaro, faghèr, faghèra

Ancient borrowings:

→ Basque: pago

→ Welsh: ffaw ⇒ ffawydd

Translingual: Fagus

From Proto-Italic *fāgos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech tree”), same source as English beech, Russian бузина́ (buziná, “elder”), Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”).

inh

Sub tegmine fagi.

Vergilius; found in both Georgicon (Book IV, line 566) and Eclogae (Book I, line 1)


olea

la-noun

olea f (genitive oleae); first declension

oleae (genitive)
olea (nominative singular)
oleae (nominative plural)
oleae (genitive singular)
oleārum (genitive plural)
oleae (dative singular)
oleīs (dative plural)
oleam (accusative singular)
oleās (accusative plural)
oleā (ablative singular)
oleīs (ablative plural)
olea (singular vocative)
oleae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἐλαία (elaía, “olive berry, olive tree”), of Pre-Greek origin, compare oleum (“olive oil”).

der

‘flōrēbant oleae; ventī nocuēre protervī’

“The olive trees were blooming; wanton winds damaged them.”
(The poetic voice is that of Flora (mythology).)


ulmus

la-noun

ulmus f (genitive ulmī); second declension

ulmī (genitive)
ulmus (nominative singular)
ulmī (nominative plural)
ulmī (genitive singular)
ulmōrum (genitive plural)
ulmō (dative singular)
ulmīs (dative plural)
ulmum (accusative singular)
ulmōs (accusative plural)
ulmō (ablative singular)
ulmīs (ablative plural)
ulme (singular vocative)
ulmī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: ulmu

Catalan: om

Esperanto: ulmo

French: orme

Franc-Comtois: oûerme

Galician: olmo, umeiro

Italian: olmo

Occitan: olm, olme

Old French: olme, orme

Portuguese: olmo

Romanian: ulm

Romansch: ulm, uolm

Sardinian: úlimu, úlumu, úlumu, urmu

Sicilian: urmu

Spanish: olmo

Translingual: Ulmus

Venetan: olmo

From Proto-Italic *olmos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”) (compare Old Irish lem, English elm).


pinus

la-noun

pīnus f (variously declined, genitive pīnūs or pīnī); fourth declension, second declension

pīnus (canonical feminine)
pīnūs (genitive)
pīnī (genitive)
pīnus (nominative singular)
pīnūs (nominative plural)
pīnī (nominative plural)
pīnūs (genitive singular)
pīnī (genitive singular)
pīnuum (genitive plural)
pīnōrum (genitive plural)
pīnuī (dative singular)
pīnō (dative singular)
pīnibus (dative plural)
pīnīs (dative plural)
pīnum (accusative singular)
pīnūs (accusative plural)
pīnōs (accusative plural)
pīnū (ablative singular)
pīnō (ablative singular)
pīnibus (ablative plural)
pīnīs (ablative plural)
pīnus (singular vocative)
pīne (singular vocative)
pīnūs (plural vocative)
pīnī (plural vocative)

Aragonese: pino

Aromanian: chin

Asturian: pinu

Corsican: pinu

French: pin

Friulian: pin

Italian: pino

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: pinho, piño, pino (archaic)
Fala: pinu
Galician: piño
Portuguese: pinho

Old Occitan: pin

Catalan: pi

Occitan: pin

Romanian: pin

Romansch: pin, pegn

Sardinian: opinu

Sicilian: pignu

Spanish: pino

Translingual: Pinus

Venetan: pin

→ Basque: pinu

→ Proto-West Germanic: *pīnā (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: péine, pín

→ Welsh: pin

From Proto-Italic *pīnos, of disputed origin, with multiple theories proposed:
* From the same origin as Ancient Greek πῐ́νᾰξ (pĭ́năx, “wooden board, plank”).
* From the same origin as Ancient Greek πίτῠς (pítŭs, “pine tree”) and Albanian pishë (“id”), which is generally reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *pī́ts.
* Related to pix (“pitch, tar”), itself generally considered of the same origin as the second etymology above.
See also Sanskrit पितु (pitu, “sap, juice, resin”).


pisum

la-noun

pisum n (genitive pisī); second declension

pisī (genitive)
pisum (nominative singular)
pisa (nominative plural)
pisī (genitive singular)
pisōrum (genitive plural)
pisō (dative singular)
pisīs (dative plural)
pisum (accusative singular)
pisa (accusative plural)
pisō (ablative singular)
pisīs (ablative plural)
pisum (singular vocative)
pisa (plural vocative)

Padanian:

Ligurian: poîscio, poèixo, pôxo

Piedmontese: pòis

Venetan: bixo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: pês

Old French: pois

French: pois

Norman: pais (Jersey), peis (Guernsey)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: pese

⇒ Latin: pisum sapidum (“tasty pea”)

Mozarabic: biššáuṭ

→ Aragonese: bisalto, bisalte

q

→ Spanish: guisante (influenced by guisar and Aragonese guixa)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pisellum

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pisello

Neapolitan: pesiello, pesillo

Sicilian: piseddu, puseddu

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pèsol

→ Spanish: pésol

Occitan: pesèu

Borrowings:

→ Old English: pise

Middle English: pese

English: pease, pea

→ Irish: pis

→ Welsh: pys


pirum

la-noun

pirum n (genitive pirī); second declension

pirī (genitive)
pirum (nominative singular)
pira (nominative plural)
pirī (genitive singular)
pirōrum (genitive plural)
pirō (dative singular)
pirīs (dative plural)
pirum (accusative singular)
pira (accusative plural)
pirō (ablative singular)
pirīs (ablative plural)
pirum (singular vocative)
pira (plural vocative)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *per (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *peru (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: piorra

Rhaeto-Romance:

desc

Romansch: pair, pér (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan), peir (Surmiran)

→ Scottish Gaelic: peur

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pira (reanalyzed as feminine singular)

Dalmatian: paira

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: pearã

Romanian: pară

Italian: pera

Old French: peire

French: poire

→ Middle Irish: péire

Irish: péire

Norman: paithe, peire (continental Normandy), père (Guernsey)

Old Occitan: pera

Catalan: pera

Occitan: pera

Old Galician-Portuguese: pera

Galician: pera

Portuguese: pera

Old Spanish: pera

Spanish: pera

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: paira

Sardinian: pira

Sicilian: piru

⇒ Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (diminutive)

Padanian:

Friulian: piruç

Piedmontese: pruss

A loanword from an unknown Mediterranean substrate source, original form something like (a)pisom reflected also in Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́πῐον (ắpĭon, “pear”) and ᾰ̓́πῐος (ắpĭos, “pear tree”). Also compare Aramaic 𐡐𐡀𐡓𐡀 (pera, “fruit”).


malva

la-noun

malva f (genitive malvae); first declension

malvae (genitive)
malva (nominative singular)
malvae (nominative plural)
malvae (genitive singular)
malvārum (genitive plural)
malvae (dative singular)
malvīs (dative plural)
malvam (accusative singular)
malvās (accusative plural)
malvā (ablative singular)
malvīs (ablative plural)
malva (singular vocative)
malvae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: nalbã

Catalan: malva

Friulian: malve

Galician: malva

Italian: malva

Occitan: malva

Old French: mauve

French: mauve

→ Dutch: mauve

→ English: mauve

→ Greek: μοβ (mov)

→ Romanian: mov

Norman: mauve

Polish: malwa

Portuguese: malva

Romanian: nalbă

Sardinian: narba, mafra, marma

Sicilian: marva, màliva

Spanish: malva

Translingual: Malva

Venetan: nalba

→ Proto-West Germanic: *malwā (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: мальва (malʹva)

Unknown, but likely a substrate word related to Hebrew מַלּוּחַ (mallū́aḥ, “saltbush”) and Ancient Greek μαλάχη (malákhē, “mallow”). Compare also Middle Armenian բաղբակ (baġbak) and Georgian ბალბა (balba, “mallow”).


laburnum

la-noun

laburnum n (genitive laburnī); second declension

laburnī (genitive)
laburnum (nominative singular)
laburna (nominative plural)
laburnī (genitive singular)
laburnōrum (genitive plural)
laburnō (dative singular)
laburnīs (dative plural)
laburnum (accusative singular)
laburna (accusative plural)
laburnō (ablative singular)
laburnīs (ablative plural)
laburnum (singular vocative)
laburna (plural vocative)

[ɫ̪äˈbʊrnʊ̃ˑ]

Unknown. Some possibilities include:
* from Etruscan, due to the -rno- element as also in vīburnum, alburnus;
* from a Mediterranean substrate word of the form *lapa or *laba “rock” (Latin lapis), in reference to the terrain where the plant grows;
* if the first element is Latin (through folk etymology or otherwise), this might be labrum (“a lip”) or lābor (“to glide down”) + -urnus depending on the length of the vowel. For the former derivation compare Old English smǣre (“lip(s)”), Danish smære (“clover”), Icelandic smæra (“bermuda buttercup”).
Compare labrūsca.

plant of the genus Laburnum, golden chain


menta

menta f (genitive mentae); first declension

mentae (genitive)
menta (nominative singular)
mentae (nominative plural)
mentae (genitive singular)
mentārum (genitive plural)
mentae (dative singular)
mentīs (dative plural)
mentam (accusative singular)
mentās (accusative plural)
mentā (ablative singular)
mentīs (ablative plural)
menta (singular vocative)
mentae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: menta

→ Cimbrian: menta

→ Galician: menta

→ Greek: μέντα (ménta)

→ Hungarian: menta

→ Italian: menta

Old French:

desctree

French: menthe
Haitian Creole: mant
→ Romanian: mentă

Norman: menthe

→? Old Irish: minntus

Irish: miontas

→ Portuguese: menta

→ Proto-Slavic: *męta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mintā (see there for further descendants)

→ Sicilian: menta

→ Spanish: menta

From Ancient Greek μῐ́νθη (mĭ́nthē), ultimately most likely a loan-word from an extinct (substrate) Mediterranean/south European language. See Armenian մանդակ (mandak) for more.

an tibi quondam femineos artus in olentes vertere mentas, […]


oliva

la-noun

olīva f (genitive olīvae); first declension

olīva (canonical feminine)
olīvae (genitive)
olīva (nominative singular)
olīvae (nominative plural)
olīvae (genitive singular)
olīvārum (genitive plural)
olīvae (dative singular)
olīvīs (dative plural)
olīvam (accusative singular)
olīvās (accusative plural)
olīvā (ablative singular)
olīvīs (ablative plural)
olīva (singular vocative)
olīvae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: ulli

Aragonese: oliba, oliva

Corsican: aliva

Dalmatian: olea

→ Esperanto: olivo

Friulian: ulive

→ Ido: olivo

Italian: oliva

desctree

→ Middle High German: olīve
German: Olive
→? Hunsrik: Oliv

Old French: olive
→ English: olive
French: olive
Romanian: olivă

Old Occitan: oliva

Catalan: oliva

Occitan: oliva

Old Galician-Portuguese: oliva

Fala: oliva

Galician: oliva

Portuguese: oliva

Romansch: uliva, uleiva

Sardinian: aliva

Sicilian: aliva, uliva

Spanish: oliva

Venetan: oliva, ołiva

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *olīvus

Catalan: oliu

Italian: olivo

Sicilian: alivu

Spanish: olivo

From Etruscan *𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (*eleiva) (whence 𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀𐌍𐌀 (eleivana, “of oil”)) or from Pre-Classical Ancient Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa) (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀷 (e-ra-wa), Ancient Greek ἐλαία (elaía)), most likely from Pre-Greek (according to Beekes) or, much more questionably, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁loywom (compare Old Church Slavonic лои (loi, “tallow”), Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”)).


aegilops

la-noun

aegilōps m (genitive aegilōpos); third declension

aegilōps (canonical masculine)
aegilōpos (genitive)
aegilōps (nominative singular)
aegilōpes (nominative plural)
aegilōpos (genitive singular)
aegilōpum (genitive plural)
aegilōpī (dative singular)
aegilōpibus (dative plural)
aegilōpa (accusative singular)
aegilōpas (accusative plural)
aegilōpe (ablative singular)
aegilōpibus (ablative plural)
aegilōps (singular vocative)
aegilōpes (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Aegilops

→ English: aegilops

→ French: égilope

valonia (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis)


ilex

īlex f (genitive īlicis); third declension

īlex (canonical feminine)
īlicis (genitive)
īlex (nominative singular)
īlicēs (nominative plural)
īlicis (genitive singular)
īlicum (genitive plural)
īlicī (dative singular)
īlicibus (dative plural)
īlicem (accusative singular)
īlicēs (accusative plural)
īlice (ablative singular)
īlicibus (ablative plural)
īlex (singular vocative)
īlicēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Ilex

Albanian: ilqe

Catalan: alzina

English: Ilex

Esperanto: ilekso

French: yeuse

Galician: aciñeira

Ido: ilexo

Italian: elce

Portuguese: azinha

Sicilian: ìlici

Spanish: encina

Probably from a lost non-Indo-European substrate language.


viburnum

vīburnum n (genitive vīburnī); second declension

vīburnum (canonical neuter)
vīburnī (genitive)
vīburnum (nominative singular)
vīburna (nominative plural)
vīburnī (genitive singular)
vīburnōrum (genitive plural)
vīburnō (dative singular)
vīburnīs (dative plural)
vīburnum (accusative singular)
vīburna (accusative plural)
vīburnō (ablative singular)
vīburnīs (ablative plural)
vīburnum (singular vocative)
vīburna (plural vocative)

Catalan: viorn

French: viorne

Italian: viburno

[u̯iːˈbʊrnʊ̃ˑ]

Unknown, possibly Etruscan. Compare laburnum, alaternus, basterna, lacerna, santerna, pincerna, clarnus, all strongly suspected to be from Etruscan or a related language, although the sound sequence also occurs in words trusted to be native like sturnus, spinturnīx, cōturnīx.


vicia

vicia f (genitive viciae); first declension

viciae (genitive)
vicia (nominative singular)
viciae (nominative plural)
viciae (genitive singular)
viciārum (genitive plural)
viciae (dative singular)
viciīs (dative plural)
viciam (accusative singular)
viciās (accusative plural)
viciā (ablative singular)
viciīs (ablative plural)
vicia (singular vocative)
viciae (plural vocative)

Catalan: veça

Occitan: veça

Old French: vece, veche

French: vesce

Norman: vèche (Jersey)

→ Middle Dutch: veche, vitse

desctree

→ Middle English: fecche, facche, fecch, fetche, ficche, fiche, vech, vetche
English: vetch, fitch
Scots: fitch

Friulian: vece

Galician: veza

Italian: veccia

Romansch: vetscha

Sicilian: vizza

Spanish: veza, avezón

Translingual: Vicia

→ Proto-Albanian: *viqë, *vigjë

Albanian: vigjëz

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨg

Breton: gweg

Old Welsh: *guic

Middle Welsh: guyc, gwyc

Welsh: gwŷg

desc

→ Koine Greek: βῐκία (bĭkía), βῐκίον (bĭkíon), βῐ́κος (bĭ́kos)

→ Aramaic:

lect

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic: בִּיקְיָא (bīqyā), בִּקְיָא (biqyā)

Classical Syriac: ܒܝܩܐ (bīqā)

→ Mishnaic Hebrew, Israeli Hebrew: בִּיקְיָה (bīqyā), בִּקְיָה (biqyā),

→ Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: fiğ, fiy

→ Bulgarian: фий (fij)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *wikkjā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *wikiā, probably from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to curve, bend”) (like Latin vincīre (“to bind”)) or from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, wind, bend”) (like viēre (“to plait”)).


radiolus

la-noun

radiolus m (genitive radiolī); second declension

radiolī (genitive)
radiolus (nominative singular)
radiolī (nominative plural)
radiolī (genitive singular)
radiolōrum (genitive plural)
radiolō (dative singular)
radiolīs (dative plural)
radiolum (accusative singular)
radiolōs (accusative plural)
radiolō (ablative singular)
radiolīs (ablative plural)
radiole (singular vocative)
radiolī (plural vocative)

→ English: radiolus

[räˈd̪iɔɫ̪ʊs̠]


cicer

cicer n (genitive ciceris); third declension

ciceris (genitive)
cicer (nominative singular)
cicera (nominative plural)
ciceris (genitive singular)
cicerum (genitive plural)
cicerī (dative singular)
ciceribus (dative plural)
cicer (accusative singular)
cicera (accusative plural)
cicere (ablative singular)
ciceribus (ablative plural)
cicer (singular vocative)
cicera (plural vocative)

Aromanian: tseatsiri

Dalmatian: cič

Old French: ceire, çoire, cice

French: pois chiche

English: chickpea

Italian: cece, cecio

Romanian: cece

Ligurian: çéixou

Piedmontese: cèis, cise

Mozarabic: *čičar

→ Catalan: xítxero

→ Galician: chícharo

→ Spanish: chícharo

→ Portuguese: chícharo

Occitan: céser

Sardinian: cìxiri

Sicilian: cìciru

Venetan: cexarìna

Tashelhit: ikikr

→ Albanian: qiqër, qiq

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kikerā (see there for further descendants)

A Wanderwort akin to Old Armenian սիսեռն (siseṙn, “chickpea”), Ancient Macedonian κίκερροι (kíkerrhoi, “chickpea”), perhaps also Ancient Greek κριός (kriós, “a variety of chickpea”). Compare also Old Georgian ცერცჳ (cercwi, “broad bean; Vicia faba”), whence Georgian ცერცვი (cercvi).

unk

Wanderwort

cog

Juvenal, Satires, 6.373.
Ergo expectatos ac iussos crescere primum testiculos, postquam coeperunt esse bilibres, tonsoris tantum damno rapit Heliodorus. Mangonum pueros vera ac miserabilis urit debilitas, follisque pudet cicerisque relicti.

Therefore, the testicles were expected and ordered to grow. After they began to weigh two pounds, Heliodorus tore them off to the detriment of the barber. The loss was real and miserable for the boys of the slave-mongers, it shamed them to be left with only a small purse and a chickpea.


betulla

la-noun

betulla f (genitive betullae); first declension

betullae (genitive)
betulla (nominative singular)
betullae (nominative plural)
betullae (genitive singular)
betullārum (genitive plural)
betullae (dative singular)
betullīs (dative plural)
betullam (accusative singular)
betullās (accusative plural)
betullā (ablative singular)
betullīs (ablative plural)
betulla (singular vocative)
betullae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: betulă

Italo-Romance:

Italian: betulla

Padanian:

Lombard: bedola, bedoia, bèula

Alpine: bedora, bedra

Ossolano: bèula

Piedmontese: biola, bola, bèula

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: biôla, bêla

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: abetocha

Gascon: bedora

Vivaro-Alpine: bèula (Valadas)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *betullus

Padanian:

Emilian: bedul

Lombard: bedoi, bedogn

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: beoule, boul, bououle

Champenois: boulin

Franc-Comtois: boulât

⇒ French: bouleau

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: abetoch

Catalan: bedoll

Gascon: bedoth, betoth

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *betūlus

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: bido ⇒ bidueiro

Portuguese: vido ⇒ vidoeiro

Spanish: abedul

Borrowings:

→ Portuguese: bétula

→ Translingual: Betula

[bɛˈt̪ʊlːʲä]

From Gaulish *bitu, from Proto-Celtic *betwiyos, *betuyā, *betu, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷetu-yo-s, *gʷetw-iyo-s, from *gʷet-.
Compare Welsh bedwen. See also Latin bitūmen (“tar”), which was instead borrowed through another Italic language.


tilia

tilia f (genitive tiliae); first declension

tiliae (genitive)
tilia (nominative singular)
tiliae (nominative plural)
tiliae (genitive singular)
tiliārum (genitive plural)
tiliae (dative singular)
tiliīs (dative plural)
tiliam (accusative singular)
tiliās (accusative plural)
tiliā (ablative singular)
tiliīs (ablative plural)
tilia (singular vocative)
tiliae (plural vocative)

desc

Aromanian: tilj, tiljiu, tilju, telju, teljiu m

Catalan: tell m

⇒ Corsican: tigliolu m

Friulian: tei m

⇒ Galician: tilleira f

Italian: tiglio m

→ Venetan: tìlio m

Lombard: tej m

Occitan: telha f, telh m

Old French: til m

⇒ tilluel m

French: tilleul m

→ English: teil

French: tille, teille f

→ Spanish: tilo m, tila f

Piedmontese: tij m

Romanian: tei m

Sardinian: tíja f, tílliu m

Sicilian: tigghiu, tigliu m

Spanish: teja f

→ Translingual: Tilia (learned)

→ English: tilia (learned)

→ Spanish: tilia f (learned)

→ Portuguese: tília f (learned)

Probably a borrowing from a Mediterranean substrate, found also in Ancient Greek πτελέα (pteléa, “elm”) and Old Armenian թեղի (tʻełi).


orchis

la-noun

orchis f (genitive orchis); third declension

orchis (genitive)
orchis (nominative singular)
orchēs (nominative plural)
orchis (genitive singular)
orchium (genitive plural)
orchī (dative singular)
orchibus (dative plural)
orchem (accusative singular)
orchēs (accusative plural)
orchīs (accusative plural)
orche (ablative singular)
orchibus (ablative plural)
orchis (singular vocative)
orchēs (plural vocative)

→ English: orchis

→ Translingual: Orchis

⇒ New Latin: Orchideae, Orchidaceae

→ Albanian: orkide

→ Catalan: orquídia

→ Czech: orchidea, orchidej

→ English: orchid

→ Finnish: orkidea

desctree

→ French: orchidée
→ German: Orchidee
→ Dutch: orchidee
→ Estonian: orhidee
→ Malagasy: orkide
→ Norwegian: orkidé
→ Romanian: orhidee
→ Swedish: orkidé
→ Turkish: orkide

→ Galician: orquídea

→ Greek: ορχιδέα (orchidéa)

→ Hungarian: orchidea

→ Italian: orchidea

→ Lithuanian: orchidėja

→ Macedonian: орхидеја (orhideja)

→ Polish: orchidea

→ Portuguese: orquídea

→ Russian: орхиде́я (orxidéja)

→ Serbo-Croatian: орхидеја (orhideja)

→ Slovene: orhideja

→ Spanish: orquídea

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὄρχις (órkhis, “testicle, ovary, orchid”).


faenum

la-noun

faenum n (genitive faenī); second declension

faenī (genitive)
faenum (nominative singular)
faena (nominative plural)
faenī (genitive singular)
faenōrum (genitive plural)
faenō (dative singular)
faenīs (dative plural)
faenum (accusative singular)
faena (accusative plural)
faenō (ablative singular)
faenīs (ablative plural)
faenum (singular vocative)
faena (plural vocative)

Dalmatian: fin

Istriot: fen

Italian: fieno

Sardinian: fenu, enu

Sicilian: frenu

Venetan: fjen, fien, fen

→ Interlingua: feno

From Proto-Italic *fēnom, from earlier *θēnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)-no- (“yield”), from *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”), with semantic shift "to suckle" > "to bring forth" > "produce, yield" > "hay". See also Latin fecundus (“fertile”).

Similis ratiō avēnae est, quae autumnō sata partim caeditur in faenum vel pābulum dum adhūc viret, partim sēminī custōdītur.

4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Re Rustica 2.10.32

The same method is for oats, which, sown in autumn, are partially cut in hay or fodder while still green, and partially kept for seed.

Iūmentīs herba nōn alia grātior, sīve viridis sīve in fēnō siccāta et, cum dētur, adspersa aquā.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 24.118.178

No other herb is more welcome to beasts of burden, either green or dried into hay, and besprinkled with water.


legumen

legūmen n (genitive legūminis); third declension

legūmen (canonical neuter)
legūminis (genitive)
legūmen (nominative singular)
legūmina (nominative plural)
legūminis (genitive singular)
legūminum (genitive plural)
legūminī (dative singular)
legūminibus (dative plural)
legūmen (accusative singular)
legūmina (accusative plural)
legūmine (ablative singular)
legūminibus (ablative plural)
legūmen (singular vocative)
legūmina (plural vocative)

Catalan: llegum

→ English: legumen (learned)

→ French: légume

→ English: legume

→ Esperanto: legomo

Friulian: liùm

Galician: legume

Italian: legume

Occitan: legum

Old French: legun, leun

Portuguese: legume

Romanian: legumă

Sicilian: lijumi

Spanish: legumbre

Venetan: legùmo

[ɫ̪ɛˈɡuːmɛn]

Uncertain. Possibly connected to legere (“to gather”) because they can be scooped up in the hand. The second element appears to be the common noun-forming suffix -men, but the connecting -ū- is unexplained. Alternatively, a loanword from some other language, but no cognates have been identified.


trifolium

trifolium n (genitive trifoliī or trifolī); second declension

trifoliī (genitive)
trifolī (genitive)
trifolium (nominative singular)
trifolia (nominative plural)
trifoliī (genitive singular)
trifolī (genitive singular)
trifoliōrum (genitive plural)
trifoliō (dative singular)
trifoliīs (dative plural)
trifolium (accusative singular)
trifolia (accusative plural)
trifoliō (ablative singular)
trifoliīs (ablative plural)
trifolium (singular vocative)
trifolia (plural vocative)

Albanian: tërfil, tërfojë

Aragonese: teflas, treflas

desc

Aromanian: trifoljiu, trifolj, trifiljiu, tãrfoyi.

Asturian: trébole

Catalan: trèvol

→ Spanish: trébol

English: trefoil

Esperanto: trifolio

French: trèfle

Friulian: cerfoi

Galician: trevo

Translingual: Trifolium

Ido: trifolio

Italian: trifoglio

Old French: trefeuil

Occitan: trefuèlh

Piedmontese: trafeuj, trefeuj

Portuguese: trevo

Romanian: trifoi

Sardinian: tirifozi, tirvozu, travullu, trevúgliu, trivudhu

Sicilian: trifogghiu

→ Spanish: trifolio

Venetan: trifògio, strafòjo, strafoi

[t̪rɪˈfɔlʲiʊ̃ˑ]

From tria (“three”) + folium (“a leaf”), a calque of Ancient Greek τρίφυλλον (tríphullon).


cyna

la-noun

cyna f (genitive cynae); first declension

cynae (genitive)
cyna (nominative singular)
cynae (nominative plural)
cynae (genitive singular)
cynārum (genitive plural)
cynae (dative singular)
cynīs (dative plural)
cynam (accusative singular)
cynās (accusative plural)
cynā (ablative singular)
cynīs (ablative plural)
cyna (singular vocative)
cynae (plural vocative)

A tree of Arabia which produces cotton, Bombax ceiba


coronilla

coronilla f (genitive coronillae); first declension

English: coronilla

French: coronille

Translingual: Coronilla

From Spanish coronilla. Coined by Tournefort.


carpinus

carpinus m (genitive carpinī); second declension

carpinī (genitive)
carpinus (nominative singular)
carpinī (nominative plural)
carpinī (genitive singular)
carpinōrum (genitive plural)
carpinō (dative singular)
carpinīs (dative plural)
carpinum (accusative singular)
carpinōs (accusative plural)
carpinō (ablative singular)
carpinīs (ablative plural)
carpine (singular vocative)
carpinī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: carpen

Aromanian: carpin

Megleno-Romanian: carpin

Istriot:

carpano

Italo-Romance:

Italian: carpino, carpine

Sicilian: càrpinu, Càrpinu

Padanian:

Piedmontese: chërpo

Romansch: charpin

Venetan: càrpano, càrpane

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: charpena

Old French: charme

Bourguignon: chairme

⇒ Bourguignon: charmetiau

desc

Champenois: charme (Troyen), tarme (Rémois)

Franc-Comtois: tchairme

French: charme

Lorrain: charme

Poitevin-Saintongeais: charpre, cherpre

Walloon: tchåne

Old Northern French: carme

Norman: querme, carme

Picard Old French: carme

Picard: carme

⇒ Spanish: carme

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: carpin

→? Catalan: carpí

Occitan:

Gascon: carpe, carpo, carpa, caupre

Borrowings:

→ Portuguese: carpino

→ Translingual: Carpinus

Unknown. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kar- (“hard”), but the unusual extension and suffix are difficult to explain. See also carina and cerrus.

Hornbeam; European hornbeam; a variety of deciduous tree.


cornus

la-noun

cornus f (genitive cornī); second declension

cornus f (genitive cornūs); fourth declension

cornī (genitive)
cornūs (genitive)
cornus (nominative singular)
cornī (nominative plural)
cornī (genitive singular)
cornōrum (genitive plural)
cornō (dative singular)
cornīs (dative plural)
cornum (accusative singular)
cornōs (accusative plural)
cornō (ablative singular)
cornīs (ablative plural)
corne (singular vocative)
cornī (plural vocative)
cornus (nominative singular)
cornūs (nominative plural)
cornūs (genitive singular)
cornuum (genitive plural)
cornuī (dative singular)
cornibus (dative plural)
cornum (accusative singular)
cornūs (accusative plural)
cornū (ablative singular)
cornibus (ablative plural)
cornus (singular vocative)
cornūs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: cornu, coarnã

Occitan: còrma

Romanian: corn, coarnă

Spanish: corno

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornāria

Galician: corneira

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniceus

Spanish: cornizo

→ Portuguese: corniso

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornicula

Old French:

Middle French: corneille

→ Middle English: corneille

English: cornel

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniculus

*corniclus

Spanish: cornejo

Venetan: crognoło

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniculārius

Catalan: corneller

French: cornouiller

Friulian: cuargnolâr

Occitan: cormièr

Venetan: cornołaro, cornołer

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornulla

Old French: cornolle

French: cornouille

Unknown. Akin to Ancient Greek κράνος (krános), κράνον (kránon, “cornel”), which perhaps indicates that both are borrowed from a Mediterranean substrate language.

plurima Threiciis nutritur vallibus Hebri

c. 1 CE – 8 CE, Grattius, Carmen venaticum 128–129

Translation by Steven J. Green
Very many a cornel tree is nourished in the Thracian valleys of Hebrus, and there are shady myrtle trees along the shores of Venus

cornus et umbrosae Veneris per litora myrtus

vinum fit et e siliqua Syriaca et e piris malorumque omnibus generibus — sed e Punicis rhoiten vocant — et e cornis, mespilis, sorbis, moris siccis, nucleis pinis. hi musto madidi exprimuntur, superiora per se mitia.
Translation by Rackham, Jones, & Eichholz

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 14.XIX.103

Wine is also made from the Syrian carob, and from pears and all kinds of apples (one from pomegranates is called rhoites) as also from cornels, medlars, service berries, dried mulberries and fir-cones; the last are soaked in must before being pressed, but the juice of the preceding fruits is sweet of itself.

XXIX
100 Acinorum quoque magna est differentia, primum inter uvas ipsas callo, teneritate, crassitudine, interiore ligno aliis parvo et aliis etiam gemino, qui minime feraces musti. plurimum vero differunt hederae sabucique acini, et figura etiam Punici, angulosi quippe soli. nec cutis ulla singulis praeter communem quae est candida. totisque sucus et caro est, iis praecipue quibus parvolum inest ligni.
101 magna et bacis differentia: aliae namque sunt olivis, lauris et alio modo loto, cornis, alio myrtis, lentisco. aquifolio enim spinae sine suco, medioque etiamnum genere inter bacas acinosasque cerasis. pompu iis primo candidum et fere omnibus bacis; mox aliis virescit, ut olivis, lauris, rubet vero moris, cerasis, cornis. dein nigrescit moris, cerasis, olivis.
XXX
102 Cerasi ante victoriam Mithridaticam L. Luculli non fuere in Italia, ad urbis annum DCLXXX. is primum invexit e Ponto, annisque CXX trans oceanum in Britanniam usque pervenere; eadem [ut diximus] in Aegypto nulla cura potuere gigni. cerasorum Aproniana maxime rubent, nigerrima sunt Lutatia, Caeciliana vero et rotunda.
103 Iunianis gratus sapor, sed paene tantum sub arbore sua, adeo teneris, ut gestatum non tolerent. principatus duracinis quae Pliniana Campania appellat, in Belgica vero Lusitanis, in ripis etiam Rheni. tertius iis colos e nigro ac rubenti viridique, similis maturescentibus semper.
104 minus quinquennium est quod prodiere quae vocant laurea, non ingratae amaritudinis, insitae in lauru. sunt et Macedonica, parvae arboris raroque tria cubita excedentis, et minore etiamnum frutice chamaecerasi. inter prima hoc e pomis colono gratiam annuam refert. septentrione frigidisque gaudet, siccatur etiam sole conditurque ut oliva cadis.
XXXI
105 quae cura et cornis atque etiam lentisco adhibetur. ne quid non hominis ventri natum esse videatur, miscentur sapores et alio alius placere cogitur; miscentur vero et terrae caelique tractus: in alio cibi genere India advocatur, in alio Aegyptus, Creta, Cyrene singulaeque terrae. nec cessat in veneficiis vita, dum modo omnia devoret. planius hoc fiet in herbarum natura.
XXXII
106 Interim quae sunt communia et pomis omnibusque sucis saporum genera XIII reperiuntur: dulcis, suavis, pinguis, amarus, austerus, acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus. praeter haec tria sunt genera mirabili maxime natura: unum in quo plures pariter sentiuntur sapores, ut vinis; namque in iis et austerus et acutus et dulcis et suavis, omnes alieni.
107 alterum est genus in quo sit et alienus quidem, sed et suus quidam ac peculiaris, ut in lacte; si quidem inest ei quod tamen iure dici dulce et pingue et suave non possit, optinente lenitate, quae ipsa succedit in saporis vicem.
108 nullus hic aquis nec sucus, ut tamen eo ipso fiat aliquis ac suum genus faciat. sentiri quidem aquae saporem ullum sucumve vitum est. magnum his omnibus in odore momentum et magna cognatio; qui et ipse nullus est aquis aut, si sentitur omnino, vitium est. mirum tria naturae praecipua elementa sine sapore esse, sine odore, sine suco: aquas, aëra, ignes.
XXXIII
109 Ergo sucorum vinosi piro, moro, myrto, minime, quod miremur, uvis; pingues olivae, lauro, nuci iuglandi, amygdalis; dulces uvis, ficis, palmis; aquosus prunis. magna differentia et in colore suci: sanguineus moris, cerasis, cornis, uvis nigris; idem albis candidus, lacteus in capite ficis, in corpore non item, spumeus malis, nullus Persicis, cum praesertim duracina suco abundent. sed quis eius ullum dixerit colorem?
110 sua et in odore miracula: malis acutus, Persicis dilutus, dulcibus nullus. nam et vinum tale sine odore, tenue odoratius multoque celerius talia ad usum veniunt quam pinguia. quae odorata, non eadem in gustu tenera, quia non sunt pariter odor et sapor. quam ob rem citreis odor acerrimus, sapor asperrimus, quadamtenus et cotoneis, nullusque odor ficis.
Translation by Rackham, Jones, & Eichholz

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 15.XXIX–XXXIII

XXIX. There is also a great difference among the acinus classto begin with, between grapes themselves, which vary in respect of firmness, thinness or thickness of skin and the stone inside, which in some is specially small and in others actually double, the latter producing extremely little juice. Again, the berries of the ivy and the elder are very widely different, and the pomegranate differs greatly in shape also, being the only fruit that has corners; and there is no membrane for each separate grain, but only one wrapping for them all in common, which is white in colour. And these fruits consist entirely of juice and flesh, particularly the ones which contain only a small amount of woody substance.
There is also a great variety among the berries of the baca kind, those of the olive and the laurel being different, and that of the lotus differing in structure from that of the cornel and that of the myrtle from that of the lentisk; indeed the berries of the holly and the may contain no juice; and moreover the cherry forms a class intermediate between the baca kind of berries and the acinus kind: its fruit is at first white, as is that of almost all the bacae. At a later stage with some the berry turns green, e.g. the olive and the laurel; but in the case of the mulberry, the cherry and the cornel it changes to red, and then with the mulberry, cherry and olive it turns black.
XXX. Before the victory of Lucius Lucullus in the war against Mithridates, that is down to 74 BC., there were no cherry-trees in Italy. Lucullus first imported them from Pontus, and in 120 years they have crossed the ocean and got as far as Britain; but all the same no attention has succeeded in getting them to grow in Egypt. Of cherries the Apronian are the reddest, and the Lutatian the blackest, while the Caecilian kind are perfectly round. The Junian cherry has an agreeable flavour but practically only if eaten under the tree on which it grows, as it is so delicate that it does not stand carriage. The highest rank, however, belongs to the bigaroon cherry called by the Campanians the Plinian cherry, but in Belgium to the Lusitanian, and so also on the banks of the Rhine. This cherry has a third kind of colour, a blend of black, bright red and green, which looks as if the fruit were always not quite ripe. It is less than five years ago that what is called the laurel-cherry was introduced, which has a not disagreeable bitter flavour, and is produced by grafting a cherry on a bay-tree. There are also Macedonian cherries, grown on a tree of small size and rarely exceeding four and half feet in height, and ground-cherries, with a still smaller bush. The cherry is one of the earliest fruits to repay its yearly gratitude to the farmer. It likes a north aspect and cold conditions; moreover it can be dried in the sun and stored in casks like olives.
XXXI. The same amount of care is also bestowed on the cornel, and even on the lentisk. So that nothing may not appear to have come into existence for the sake of man's appetite, flavours are blended and different ones are forced to gratify different persons; indeed even the regions of the earth and of the sky are blended: in one kind of food the aid of India is invoked, in another that of Egypt, Crete, Cyrene and every land in turn. Nor does our regimen stick at poisons, if only it may devour everything. This will become clearer when we come to the nature of herbaceous plants.
XXXII. In the meantime we find that there are ten kinds of flavours that belong in common to the fruits and to all their juices; sweet, luscious, unctuous, bitter, rough, acrid, sham, harsh, acid and salt. Beside these there are three other flavours of a particularly remarkable nature: (1) one in which several tastes are discerned simultaneously, as in winesfor they contain both a rough and a sham and a sweet and a luscious taste, all of them different from each other; (2) another kind is that which contains both the flavour of something else and one that is its own and peculiar to itself, for instance milkinasmuch as milk contains a something which nevertheless cannot rightly be called sweet or unctuous or luscious, being possessed by a smoothness which of itself takes the place of a flavour; (3) water has no flavour at all and no flavouring constituent, yet still this very fact gives it some taste and makes it form a class of its own: at all events for water to have any perceptible taste or flavour is a defect. In all these flavours smell is of great importance and a great factor of affinity; in the case of water even smell is entirely absent, or if perceptible at all is a defect. It is a remarkable fact that the three chief natural elements, water, air and fire, have neither taste, smell, nor any flavour whatever.
XXXIII. Among juices, then, those with a vinous and flavour are the juices of the pear, the mulberry and the myrtle-berry, and surprising as it may seem, the juice of the grape least of all. The juice of the olive, laurel, walnut and almond is unctuous, that of grapes, figs and dates is sweet, and that of plums watery. There is also a great difference in the colour of juice: that of the mulberry, the cherry, the cornel and the black grape is blood-red; the juice of white grapes is of a light colour; fig juice is milky white in the part near the stalk but not in the body of the fruit; apple juice is the colour of foam; peach juice has no colour at all, in spite of the. fact that the hard peach has a large quantity of juice, but no one would say that this has any colour.
Smell also contains its own marvels. Apples have a pungent scent, peaches a weak one, and sweet fruits none at all; for even sweet wine has no smell, although thin wine has more aroma, and wines of that class become fit for use much sooner than those with more body. Fruits with a scent are not likewise agreeable to the palate, as scent and flavour do not go togetherso that citrons have a very penetrating smell and a very rough taste, and in some degree that is the case with quinces also; and figs have no smell.


aesculus

aesculus f (genitive aesculī); second declension

aesculī (genitive)
aesculus (nominative singular)
aesculī (nominative plural)
aesculī (genitive singular)
aesculōrum (genitive plural)
aesculō (dative singular)
aesculīs (dative plural)
aesculum (accusative singular)
aesculōs (accusative plural)
aesculō (ablative singular)
aesculīs (ablative plural)
aescule (singular vocative)
aesculī (plural vocative)

Italian: eschio

Portuguese: ésculo

[ˈäe̯s̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

Etymology unclear. By surface analysis, seemingly a diminutive form ending in -ulus (diminutive suffix).
Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”), or from a Mediterranean substrate, though the presence of a Germanic cognate is surprising. Compare English oak, Lithuanian ąžuolas (“oak”), Albanian enjë (“juniper, yew”), Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps, “Turkey oak”).

cog

the tallest species of oak, the winter oak or Italian oak (with edible acorns), sacred to Jupiter


persicus

la-noun

persicus f (genitive persicī); second declension

persicī (genitive)
persicus (nominative singular)
persicī (nominative plural)
persicī (genitive singular)
persicōrum (genitive plural)
persicō (dative singular)
persicīs (dative plural)
persicum (accusative singular)
persicōs (accusative plural)
persicō (ablative singular)
persicīs (ablative plural)
persice (singular vocative)
persicī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: chearsic, hearhic

French: persicot, persique

Italian: persico, pesco

Romanian: piersic

desc

Sardinian: péssiche, pénsiu, péssiu, préssiu

Sicilian: pèrsicu


buxus

la-noun

buxus f (genitive buxī); second declension

buxī (genitive)
buxus (nominative singular)
buxī (nominative plural)
buxī (genitive singular)
buxōrum (genitive plural)
buxō (dative singular)
buxīs (dative plural)
buxum (accusative singular)
buxōs (accusative plural)
buxō (ablative singular)
buxīs (ablative plural)
buxe (singular vocative)
buxī (plural vocative)

Catalan: boix

Franco-Provençal: boués

French: buis

Friulian: bos

Galician: buxo

Italian: bosso, bossolo

Occitan: bois

Portuguese: buxo

Romanian: bucsău, buștean

Sicilian: busu, busa

Spanish: boj, bujo

Venetan: buso, bos

Walloon: bos, bouxhe

→ Proto-West Germanic: *buhs (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Buxus

Uncertain. Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box tree”) is cognate, but probably not the origin, as the tree grew in Italy and is not native to Greece or Asia Minor. Both the Latin and Greek may be from an Italian substrate language.


pithecium

pithēcium n (genitive pithēciī or pithēcī); second declension

pithēcium (canonical neuter)
pithēciī (genitive)
pithēcī (genitive)
pithēcium (nominative singular)
pithēcia (nominative plural)
pithēciī (genitive singular)
pithēcī (genitive singular)
pithēciōrum (genitive plural)
pithēciō (dative singular)
pithēciīs (dative plural)
pithēcium (accusative singular)
pithēcia (accusative plural)
pithēciō (ablative singular)
pithēciīs (ablative plural)
pithēcium (singular vocative)
pithēcia (plural vocative)

[pɪˈt̪ʰeːkiʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek πιθήκιον (pithḗkion).

a kind of flower, possibly monkey-flower (Mimulus) or snapdragon (Antirrhinum)


malum cotonium

mālum cotōnium n (genitive mālī cotōniī); second declension

mālum cotōnium (canonical neuter)
mālī cotōniī (genitive)
mālum cotōnium (nominative singular)
māla cotōnia (nominative plural)
mālī cotōniī (genitive singular)
mālōrum cotōniōrum (genitive plural)
mālō cotōniō (dative singular)
mālīs cotōniīs (dative plural)
mālum cotōnium (accusative singular)
māla cotōnia (accusative plural)
mālō cotōniō (ablative singular)
mālīs cotōniīs (ablative plural)
mālum cotōnium (singular vocative)
māla cotōnia (plural vocative)

Italian: melocotogno

desctree

Spanish: melocotón (“peach”)
→? Catalan: melicotó, melocotó, melacotó
→ English: melocoton
→ Portuguese: melocotão

→ Albanian: mollaftua

[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ kɔˈt̪oːniʊ̃ˑ]

Calque of Ancient Greek μηλοκυδώνιον (mēlokudṓnion, literally “apple of Cydonia”), named after a town in Crete.

calque

μηλοκυδώνιον


castanea

la-noun

castanea f (genitive castaneae); first declension

castaneae (genitive)
castanea (nominative singular)
castaneae (nominative plural)
castaneae (genitive singular)
castaneārum (genitive plural)
castaneae (dative singular)
castaneīs (dative plural)
castaneam (accusative singular)
castaneās (accusative plural)
castaneā (ablative singular)
castaneīs (ablative plural)
castanea (singular vocative)
castaneae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cãstãnji

Megleno-Romanian: căstǫn'ă

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: castagna

Italian: castagna (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: castagna

Sicilian: castagna

Padanian:

Friulian: cjastine

Venetan: castegna

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: castanya

Franco-Provençal: châtagne

Old French: chastaigne (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: castanha

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: castaña

Old Galician-Portuguese: castanna

Galician: castaña

Portuguese: castanha

desctree

Old Spanish: castanna
Spanish: castaña (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: gështenjë

→ Basque: gaztaina

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: kistin

Cornish: kesten

Welsh: castan ⇒ castanwydd

→ Czech: kaštan

→ Estonian: kasta

→ Old Irish: castán

Irish: castán

Manx: castan

Scottish Gaelic: castan

→ Latgalian: kaštans

→ Latvian: kastanis

→ Lithuanian: kaštonas

→ Macedonian: костен (kosten)

→ Polish: kasztan

→ Ukrainian: каштан (kaštan)

→ Russian: каштан (kaštan)

→ Slovak: gaštan

→ Slovene: kostanj

→ Translingual: Castanea

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kastannjā (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek καστάνεια (kastáneia), from κᾰ́στᾰνᾰ (kắstănă).

Stant et iūniperī et castaneae hirsūtae

Here stand junipers and shaggy chestnut trees


abiga

la-noun

abiga f (genitive abigae); first declension

abigae (genitive)
abiga (nominative singular)
abigae (nominative plural)
abigae (genitive singular)
abigārum (genitive plural)
abigae (dative singular)
abigīs (dative plural)
abigam (accusative singular)
abigās (accusative plural)
abigā (ablative singular)
abigīs (ablative plural)
abiga (singular vocative)
abigae (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Ajuga

From abigō (“force birth, cause an abortion”).

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 24.29

300 CE – 400 CE, Pseudo-Apuleius, Herbarium 27

Ajuga chamaepitys
Ajuga chamaepitys#Translingual

a flowering plant known as yellow bugle or Ajuga chamaepitys used in medicine to induce an abortion.


zizyphus

zīzyphus f (genitive zīzyphī); second declension

zīzyphus (canonical feminine)
zīzyphī (genitive)
zīzyphus (nominative singular)
zīzyphī (nominative plural)
zīzyphī (genitive singular)
zīzyphōrum (genitive plural)
zīzyphō (dative singular)
zīzyphīs (dative plural)
zīzyphum (accusative singular)
zīzyphōs (accusative plural)
zīzyphō (ablative singular)
zīzyphīs (ablative plural)
zīzyphe (singular vocative)
zīzyphī (plural vocative)

desc

Medieval Latin: zizuphum, zizufum, zizupus, zuzipus

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: zeubia

Occitano-Romance:

Gascon: josiba

Languedocien: zusuba

→ French: jujube

→ English: jujube

→ German: Jujube

→ Polish: jujuba

→ Portuguese: jujuba

→ Romanian: jujuba

→ Russian: юю́ба (jujúba), жужу́ба (žužúba), жужу́б (žužúb)

⇒ Medieval Latin: *zīzula, *zīnzula

Italo-Romance:

Italian: giuggiola, giuggiolo

Sicilian: nzìnzola

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: zozla, zézula, zizla, zezla

Ligurian: zìzoa

Lombard: sìsol

Piedmontese: zìzola

Occitano-Romance:

Aragonese: chinchol, chincholo

Catalan: gínjol

→ Spanish: guinja, guinjo, guínjol, jinja, jinjo, jínjol

Occitan: chichola, chichorla, gijola, ginjorla

→ Serbo-Croatian: žižula

→ Translingual: Zizyphus

[ˈd̪͡z̪iːz̪d̪͡z̪ʏpʰʊs̠]

From Ancient Greek ζίζυφον n (zízuphon). Latin zīzyphum denotes the fruit.

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual


alnus

la-noun

alnus m or f (genitive alnī); second declension

alnī (genitive)
alnus (nominative singular)
alnī (nominative plural)
alnī (genitive singular)
alnōrum (genitive plural)
alnō (dative singular)
alnīs (dative plural)
alnum (accusative singular)
alnōs (accusative plural)
alnō (ablative singular)
alnīs (ablative plural)
alne (singular vocative)
alnī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: anin, arin

→ Esperanto: alno

French: aulne

Italian: alno

Megleno-Romanian: rin

Romanian: anin, arin

Spanish: alno

From Proto-Italic *alznos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élsnos, from *h₂élis.

(by extension) anything made of alder wood; a ship, vessel or boat.


coix

coix f (genitive coicis); third declension

coicis (genitive)
coix (nominative singular)
coicēs (nominative plural)
coicis (genitive singular)
coicum (genitive plural)
coicī (dative singular)
coicibus (dative plural)
coicem (accusative singular)
coicēs (accusative plural)
coice (ablative singular)
coicibus (ablative plural)
coix (singular vocative)
coicēs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Coix


armeniaca

armeniaca f (genitive armeniacae); first declension

armeniacae (genitive)
armeniaca (nominative singular)
armeniacae (nominative plural)
armeniacae (genitive singular)
armeniacārum (genitive plural)
armeniacae (dative singular)
armeniacīs (dative plural)
armeniacam (accusative singular)
armeniacās (accusative plural)
armeniacā (ablative singular)
armeniacīs (ablative plural)
armeniaca (singular vocative)
armeniacae (plural vocative)

Lombard: mugnaga, mügnaga

→ Translingual: Prunus armeniaca

From Armenia, because apricot was spread throughout Roman Empire from Armenia.


styrax

styrax m (genitive styracis); third declension

styracis (genitive)
styrax (nominative singular)
styracēs (nominative plural)
styracis (genitive singular)
styracum (genitive plural)
styracī (dative singular)
styracibus (dative plural)
styracem (accusative singular)
styracēs (accusative plural)
styrace (ablative singular)
styracibus (ablative plural)
styrax (singular vocative)
styracēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: estorac

Italian: storace

→ Old English: stōr

Portuguese: estoraque

Translingual: Styrax

Styrax officinalis
Styrax officinalis#Translingual

storax (the tree Styrax officinalis and the balsam from it)


salix

salix f (genitive salicis); third declension

salicis (genitive)
salix (nominative singular)
salicēs (nominative plural)
salicis (genitive singular)
salicum (genitive plural)
salicī (dative singular)
salicibus (dative plural)
salicem (accusative singular)
salicēs (accusative plural)
salice (ablative singular)
salicibus (ablative plural)
salix (singular vocative)
salicēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: saltsi, saltse

Romanian: salcie, salce

Italo-Romance:

Italian: salice, salce, salcio

Neapolitan: salace, salece

Sicilian: salacio, salici

Gallo-Italic:

desc

Emilian: sarze, sarz, sals, salz, sàles, sàlas

Ligurian: sàrxo, sràxo, sâxo, sêxo

Lombard: sales, sares

Piedmontese: sarz, sarze, sàles

Romagnol: sals, sèls

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: sôge, sôze, sôjo

desctree

Old French: sauz, salz, salze, sauce, saulce
Bourguignon: sauge
Champenois: sausse
Franc-Comtois: sâce
Norman: saux
Poitevin-Saintongeais: sàuse
Walloon: så

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: salze

Auvergnat: sause, salze

Gascon: sauç, sauce

Languedocien: sauç, sause, salze

Limousin: sales, assales, sauce

Provençal: sause, sauve

Vivaro-Alpine: sause

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: salz, salce ⇒ salcera

Asturian: salce

Galician: salgueiro

Portuguese: salgueiro

Spanish: sauce, salce

Sardinian:

sabixi, saighi, sagili, saliche

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: shelg, shelgje

→ Norwegian Bokmål: salisyl

→ English: salicylic, salicet

→ Translingual: Salix

[ˈs̠älʲɪks̠]

From Proto-Indo-European *sl̥H-ik- (“willow”). Cognate with Old Irish sail, Welsh helyg, Breton haleg, Cornish helyk (“willows”), Old English sealh, English sallow.


robur

la-noun

rōbur n (genitive rōboris); third declension

rōbur (canonical neuter)
rōboris (genitive)
rōbur (nominative singular)
rōbora (nominative plural)
rōboris (genitive singular)
rōborum (genitive plural)
rōborī (dative singular)
rōboribus (dative plural)
rōbur (accusative singular)
rōbora (accusative plural)
rōbore (ablative singular)
rōboribus (ablative plural)
rōbur (singular vocative)
rōbora (plural vocative)

Aromanian: arobul

Aragonese: robre

French: rouvre

Catalan: roure

Piedmontese: róvol, rol, rovr

Galician: robra, rebor (archaic), Reboreda

Italian: rovere

→ Portuguese: roble

Spanish: roble

Sicilian: rùvulu

Venetan: róare

From earlier rōbus (with change of nominative after the pattern of iecur), from Proto-Italic *rouβos ~ *rouβoses, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), named for its reddish hardwood and thus cognate to ruber.

Designating a specific kind and opposed to quercus, aesculus.


cedrus

cedrus f (genitive cedrī); second declension

cedrī (genitive)
cedrus (nominative singular)
cedrī (nominative plural)
cedrī (genitive singular)
cedrōrum (genitive plural)
cedrō (dative singular)
cedrīs (dative plural)
cedrum (accusative singular)
cedrōs (accusative plural)
cedrō (ablative singular)
cedrīs (ablative plural)
cedre (singular vocative)
cedrī (plural vocative)

Catalan: cedre

Galician: cidreira

Italian: cedro

Norwegian:

→ Norwegian Bokmål: seder

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: seder

Old French: cedre

French: cèdre (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: cedre (see there for further descendants)

Norman: cèdre

→ Polish: cedr

Portuguese: cedro

Romanian: cedru

→ Russian: кедр (kedr)

Spanish: cedro

→ Proto-West Germanic: *cedru (see there for further descendants)

Translingual: Cedrus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros, “applied to species of Juniperus and similar trees”). Compare with its possible mutation citrus.

bor

Juniperus oxycedrus
Juniperus oxycedrus#Translingual


iuniperus

la-noun

iūniperus f (genitive iūniperī); second declension

iūniperus (canonical feminine)
iūniperī (genitive)
iūniperus (nominative singular)
iūniperī (nominative plural)
iūniperī (genitive singular)
iūniperōrum (genitive plural)
iūniperō (dative singular)
iūniperīs (dative plural)
iūniperum (accusative singular)
iūniperōs (accusative plural)
iūniperō (ablative singular)
iūniperīs (ablative plural)
iūnipere (singular vocative)
iūniperī (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Aromanian: giuneapini, giuneapine

Romanian: jneapăn, jnepen, jneapăr

Borrowed:

→ Portuguese: junípero

→? Romanian: ienupăr

→ Spanish: junípero

→ Translingual: Juniperus, Juniperites

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ginepro

Sicilian: jinìparu

Insular Romance:

Old Sardinian: [Term?]

Gallurese: niparu

Logudorese: nibaru

Sassarese: zinibbari

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: zenvar, znever

Lombard: zenivru, zanibru, zenever

Ligurian: zeneivro (medieval), zenêvu

desc

Piedmontese: zenèiver, geneiver, znèivr, znèj, genéj, znavr, zneivar

Venetan: xenevro

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: zenevre

Ladin: jeneivar

Romansch: ganaivar, jünaivar, geneivar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ginebre

Old Franco-Provençal: genevro

Franco-Provençal: genêvro

Old French: genevre (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: genibre, genèbre, genebre

Gascon: genèbre, ginèbre

→ Middle Breton: genevreg

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: chinepro, chinipro, chinebro, chinabro, chinarro

Old Galician-Portuguese: *jĩebro, *jĩbro

Galician: cimbro

Portuguese: zimbro

Spanish: enebro

Borrowings:

→ Basque: ipuru

→? Old Norse: einir (see there for further descendants)

Often connected to iūncus (“reed”). According to Brüch, after the form combrētum, the Latin expected form would be *iūniber, *iūnibrī. The form iūniperus, following him, is a pseudo-Latinism by Sabine speakers, who, themselves in the land of junipers as ancient relations and the terms for particular species catanum and herba Sabīna witness, have borrowed the original form from Umbrian, and knowing the Umbrian correspondence of br to pr and elision of vowels loaned the plant name in the shape iūniperus, iūniperī, in spite of the language of the Latium regularly exposing the nominative singular ending -erus only from old -esos while -er for old -ros. Often connected to Old Norse einir (“juniper”), supposedly from a Proto-Germanic *(j)ainijaz of the same meaning, through a common Indo-European origin or wanderwort.


sambucus

la-noun

sambūcus f (genitive sambūcī); second declension

sambūcus (canonical feminine)
sambūcī (genitive)
sambūcus (nominative singular)
sambūcī (nominative plural)
sambūcī (genitive singular)
sambūcōrum (genitive plural)
sambūcō (dative singular)
sambūcīs (dative plural)
sambūcum (accusative singular)
sambūcōs (accusative plural)
sambūcō (ablative singular)
sambūcīs (ablative plural)
sambūce (singular vocative)
sambūcī (plural vocative)

Italian: sambuco

Lombard: sambugh

Occitan: sambuc

Sardinian: sambucu

Venetan: sanbugo, sanbuc

Borrowings:

→ English: sambuca

→ Translingual: Sambucus

Masculine form of sambūca (“ancient stringed instrument of Asiatic origin”), as the wind instrument was made from the wood of the elder tree. + -ūcus was a suffix common to several other plant names.


larix

larix f (genitive laricis); third declension

laricis (genitive)
larix (nominative singular)
laricēs (nominative plural)
laricis (genitive singular)
laricum (genitive plural)
laricī (dative singular)
laricibus (dative plural)
laricem (accusative singular)
laricēs (accusative plural)
larice (ablative singular)
laricibus (ablative plural)
larix (singular vocative)
laricēs (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: larze

Ligurian: arzo

Lombard: lares, lars, larza

Borrowings:

→ Basque: laritz

→ Catalan: làrix

→ Dutch: lariks

→ Georgian: ლარიქსი (lariksi)

→ Greek: λάρικας (lárikas)

→ Irish: learóg

→ Italian: larice

→ Portuguese: lariço

→ Romanian: larice

→ Scottish Gaelic: learag

→ Spanish: lárice

→ Translingual: Larix

→ Proto-West Germanic: *larikā (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ariš

From Ancient Greek λάριξ (lárix), possibly a loan from Gaulish, from Proto-Celtic *daru, from Proto-Indo-European *dóru.


suber

sūber n (genitive sūberis); third declension

sūber (canonical neuter)
sūberis (genitive)
sūber (nominative singular)
sūbera (nominative plural)
sūberis (genitive singular)
sūberum (genitive plural)
sūberī (dative singular)
sūberibus (dative plural)
sūber (accusative singular)
sūbera (accusative plural)
sūbere (ablative singular)
sūberibus (ablative plural)
sūber (singular vocative)
sūbera (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sughero, suvero

Neapolitan: surve, survo

Sicilian: sùviru

Padanian:

Emilian: sùver

Friulian: sûr

Venetan: sóvaro, sóaro, suro

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: zuro

desc

Catalan: suro, suiro, súrio, suire, siure

→ Spanish: zuro (or from Aragonese)

Occitan:

Languedocien: siure, seure, sieure, siuse

Provençal: suve, subre, siure

Vivaro-Alpine: suve, siure

Ibero-Romance:

⇒ Galician: sobreira

Portuguese: sobro ⇒ sobreiro

→ Leonese: sobreru (Salamanca)

→ Spanish: sobrero

Borrowings:

→ Arabic: شُبِر (šubir)

→ English: suber, ⇒ suberose

→ French: suber ⇒ subéreux

→ Romanian: suber

→ Italian: subero

Disputed. According to one hypothesis, it is from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Old High German swigen (“to be silent”) and its West Germanic cognates, possibly a reference to cork being stripped without harming the tree. However, an Indo-European etymology for the Germanic set is disputed; see *swīgā. Alternatively, it may be connected with Ancient Greek σῦφαρ (sûphar, “wrinkled skin”), from a third, perhaps substrate source, with an approximate form *sūbʰ-.


taxus

la-noun

taxus f (genitive taxī); second declension

taxī (genitive)
taxus (nominative singular)
taxī (nominative plural)
taxī (genitive singular)
taxōrum (genitive plural)
taxō (dative singular)
taxīs (dative plural)
taxum (accusative singular)
taxōs (accusative plural)
taxō (ablative singular)
taxīs (ablative plural)
taxe (singular vocative)
taxī (plural vocative)

Asturian: texu

Catalan: teix

French: taxacées

Italian: tasso

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: teixo

Portuguese: teixo

Spanish: tejo

Venetan: taso

→? Esperanto: taksuso

Ido: taxuso

→ Translingual: Taxus

A loanword of Scythian origin, from Proto-Iranian *taxša, from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to flee, run”), as the fruit was considered poisonous. Also compare modern Persian تخش (taxš, “crossbow”).

der

[ˈt̪äks̠ʊs̠]

(poetic) A javelin made of the wood of the yew tree.


taxus

la-noun

taxus m (genitive taxī); second declension

Galician: teixo

Italian: tasso

From Frankish *þahs, from Proto-Germanic *þahsuz (“badger”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *teḱ- (“construct”) after the badger's construction of its setts. However see also Gaulish taksos (Delamarre, 2003).

[ˈt̪äks̠ʊs̠]


sesamum

sēsamum n (genitive sēsamī); second declension

sēsamum (canonical neuter)
sēsamī (genitive)
sēsamum (nominative singular)
sēsama (nominative plural)
sēsamī (genitive singular)
sēsamōrum (genitive plural)
sēsamō (dative singular)
sēsamīs (dative plural)
sēsamum (accusative singular)
sēsama (accusative plural)
sēsamō (ablative singular)
sēsamīs (ablative plural)
sēsamum (singular vocative)
sēsama (plural vocative)

[ˈs̠eːs̠ämʊ̃ˑ]

sīsima

Late Latin or Medieval Latin manuscript variants


colocasia

colocāsia f (genitive colocāsiae); first declension

colocāsia (canonical feminine)
colocāsiae (genitive)
colocāsia (nominative singular)
colocāsiae (nominative plural)
colocāsiae (genitive singular)
colocāsiārum (genitive plural)
colocāsiae (dative singular)
colocāsiīs (dative plural)
colocāsiam (accusative singular)
colocāsiās (accusative plural)
colocāsiā (ablative singular)
colocāsiīs (ablative plural)
colocāsia (singular vocative)
colocāsiae (plural vocative)

[kɔɫ̪ɔˈkäːs̠iä]

From Ancient Greek κολοκασία (kolokasía), κολοκάσιον (kolokásion). Of uncertain Asiatic origin shared with Mishnaic Hebrew קולקס, קרקס (“taro”) and Arabic قُلْقَاس (qulqās, “taro”).