ami

From Ancient Greek ἄμι (ámi), itself probably from Egyptian.

Visnaga daucoides
Visnaga daucoides#Translingual

bisnaga (Visnaga daucoides, syn. Ammi visnaga)


far

la-noun

far n (genitive farris); third declension

farris (genitive)
far (nominative singular)
farra (nominative plural)
farris (genitive singular)
farrum (genitive plural)
farrī (dative singular)
farribus (dative plural)
far (accusative singular)
farra (accusative plural)
farre (ablative singular)
farribus (ablative plural)
far (singular vocative)
farra (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: far

Galician: farelo

Italian: farro
→ English: farro

Portuguese: farelo

Sicilian: farru

→ English: far

Derived from Proto-Italic *fars (“flour, grain”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰars-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers- (“spike, prickle”); compare Welsh bara (“bread”), English barley, Serbo-Croatian brȁšno (“flour”), Albanian bar (“grass”), Ancient Greek Φηρῶν (Phērôn, “plant deity”).


uva

ūva (canonical feminine)
ūvae (genitive)
ūva (nominative singular)
ūvae (nominative plural)
ūvae (genitive singular)
ūvārum (genitive plural)
ūvae (dative singular)
ūvīs (dative plural)
ūvam (accusative singular)
ūvās (accusative plural)
ūvā (ablative singular)
ūvīs (ablative plural)
ūva (singular vocative)
ūvae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: auã

→ Asturian: uva

Corsican: uva

Dalmatian: joiva

→ English: uva

Esperanto: uvo

French: uve

Friulian: ue, → uve

Galician: uva

→ Italian: uva

→ Occitan: uva

→ Piedmontese: uva

Portuguese: uva

Romanian: auă

Romansch: iva, ieuva, uia, iua

Sardinian: úa

→ Sicilian: uva

→ Spanish: uva

Venetian: ua, ùa, ova

From Proto-Italic *oiwās, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- (“a kind of tree with berries”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄα (óa, “Sorbus domestica”), Old Armenian այգի (aygi, “grapevine”), Proto-Germanic *ī(h)waz (“yew”), Proto-Slavic *jь̀va (“willow”).


beta

la-noun

bēta f (genitive bētae); first declension

bēta (canonical feminine)
bētae (genitive)
bēta (nominative singular)
bētae (nominative plural)
bētae (genitive singular)
bētārum (genitive plural)
bētae (dative singular)
bētīs (dative plural)
bētam (accusative singular)
bētās (accusative plural)
bētā (ablative singular)
bētīs (ablative plural)
bēta (singular vocative)
bētae (plural vocative)

Catalan: bleda (partially), bleda-rave

French: bette, betterave, blette (partially)

Galician: beterraba

Portuguese: beterraba

Spanish: betarraga (Chile), beterraga (Chile), beterava (Western Argentina)

Irish: biatas

Italian: bieta (partially), bietola

Norman: betterave

Sicilian: jiti (Southern East of Sicily) (it is probably pluralia tantum but preceded by definite article "a")

→ Proto-West Germanic: *bētā (see there for further descendants)

Said by some sources to be of Celtic origin, but no obvious Celtic cognates exist. Also compared are blitum (“spinach”), meta (“conic heap of stones”) (compared to the root's spindle form), and less likely, sense 2, with the seed vessel resembling the letter.


bunion

būnion n (genitive būniī); second declension

būnion (canonical neuter)
būniī (genitive)
būnion (nominative singular)
būnia (nominative plural)
būniī (genitive singular)
būniōrum (genitive plural)
būniō (dative singular)
būniīs (dative plural)
būnion (accusative singular)
būnia (accusative plural)
būniō (ablative singular)
būniīs (ablative plural)
būnion (singular vocative)
būnia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Bunium

From the Ancient Greek βούνῐον (boúnion).

Nāpōrum duās differentiās et in medicīnā Graecī servant. Angulōsīs foliōrum caulibus, flōre anētī, quod būnion vocant, pūrgātiōnibus fēminārum et vēsīcae et ūrīnae ūtile dēcoctum, pōtum ex aquā mulsā vel sūcī drachmā; sēmen dysintericīs tostum trītumque in aquae calidae cyathīs quattuor. sed ūrīnam inhibet, sī nōn līnī sēmen ūna bibātur.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 20.11

The Greeks also preserve two distinct types of turnip in medicine. With angular leafstalks and a flower like that of dill, the one they call the “bunion” is useful boiled, drunk in mead or in a drachma of juice for women's purgings and for the bladder and for the urine; the seed, toasted and ground, in four ladlesful of warm water, (is useful) for people with dysentery. It prevents urination, however, if one (drachma) of linseed is not drunk.

a type of turnip, perhaps earthnut, Bunium ferulaceum


patata

patāta f (genitive patātae); first declension

patāta (canonical feminine)
patātae (genitive)
patāta (nominative singular)
patātae (nominative plural)
patātae (genitive singular)
patātārum (genitive plural)
patātae (dative singular)
patātīs (dative plural)
patātam (accusative singular)
patātās (accusative plural)
patātā (ablative singular)
patātīs (ablative plural)
patāta (singular vocative)
patātae (plural vocative)

[päˈt̪äːt̪ä]

[päˈt̪äːt̪ä]


vinum

vīnum n (genitive vīnī); second declension

vīnum (canonical neuter)
vīnī (genitive)
vīnum (nominative singular)
vīna (nominative plural)
vīnī (genitive singular)
vīnōrum (genitive plural)
vīnō (dative singular)
vīnīs (dative plural)
vīnum (accusative singular)
vīna (accusative plural)
vīnō (ablative singular)
vīnīs (ablative plural)
vīnum (singular vocative)
vīna (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: yin, yinu

Istro-Romanian: vir

Megleno-Romanian: vin

Romanian: vin

Dalmatian:

vain

North Italian:

Friulian: vin

Istriot: veîn, vèin

Ladin: vin

Ligurian: vin

Lombard: vin

Piedmontese: vin

Romagnol: vẽn, vèin, vòin

Romansch: vin, vegn

Venetian: vin

Italo-Romance:

desctree

Italian: vino
→ English: vino
→ Sidamo: viino

Neapolitan: vino

Sicilian: vinu

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: vin

Old French: vin (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: vi

Occitan: vin

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: vino

Old Leonese:

Asturian: vinu

Extremaduran: vinu

Leonese: vinu

Mirandese: bino

Old Galician-Portuguese: vinho, vỹo, vinno, viño
Fala: viñu
Galician: viño
Portuguese: vinho (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: vino

Ladino: vino

Spanish: vino (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: binu

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Celtic: *wīnom (see there for further descendants)

→ Etruscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌌 (vinum)

→ Proto-Germanic: *wīną (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *vino (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *wīnom, from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom.


ros

la-noun

rōs m (genitive rōris); third declension

rōs (canonical masculine)
rōris (genitive)
rōs (nominative singular)
rōrēs (nominative plural)
rōris (genitive singular)
rōrum (genitive plural)
rōrī (dative singular)
rōribus (dative plural)
rōrem (accusative singular)
rōrēs (accusative plural)
rōre (ablative singular)
rōribus (ablative plural)
rōs (singular vocative)
rōrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aroauã

Romanian: rouă

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ros

→ Sardinian: arròsu

Occitan: ròs, arròs

Vulgar Latin:

⇒ *rōsāta (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: rore ⇒ rory

→ Middle French: rore

⇒ French: rorique

Esperanto: roso

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roseh₂ (“dew”), itself possibly a derivative of *h₁ers- (“to flow”). Cognate with Sanskrit रसा (rásā, “moisture, humidity”), Ancient Greek ἐξεράω (exeráō, “pour out”), Lithuanian rasà (“dew”), Serbo-Croatian rosa／роса (“dew”).

cog

690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6

Cytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to furzes and rosemary.

Citisum genus arboris quasi catanum erba odoribera uergilius et uix humiles apibus casias rorem que

Salvia rosmarinus
Salvia rosmarinus#Translingual

Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosmarinus officinalis#Translingual

rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)


baca

la-noun

bāca f (genitive bācae); first declension

bāca (canonical feminine)
bācae (genitive)
bāca (nominative singular)
bācae (nominative plural)
bācae (genitive singular)
bācārum (genitive plural)
bācae (dative singular)
bācīs (dative plural)
bācam (accusative singular)
bācās (accusative plural)
bācā (ablative singular)
bācīs (ablative plural)
bāca (singular vocative)
bācae (plural vocative)

Italian: bacca

→ Romanian: bacă

Old French: baie

French: baie

→ Catalan: baia

→ Middle English: baye, baie

English: bay (leaf)

→ Middle Dutch: baye

Dutch: bei

→ Italian: baia

→ Spanish: baya

West Iberian

Asturian: baga

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: baga

Portuguese: baga

Spanish: baca

Unknown. Possibly:
* If from Proto-Indo-European, it may be connected to Lithuanian bapkas (“berry, laurel”), which renders a sound-symbolic root *bab- (“to be round; small fruit”), evolving into *bab-ca and finally bā̆(c)ca (with compensatory lengthening or gemination). This etymology suffers from phonological problems as well as the paucity of cognates, but for the alternation compare the pairs cippus : cīpus and littera : lītera.
* Somehow related to Ancient Greek Βάκχος (Bákkhos, “Bacchus; twig used as a symbol of Bacchus?”), which cannot be inherited and may be Pre-Greek or Anatolian in origin.
* More likely, from a local substrate source perhaps shared with Proto-Berber *bqā (“blackberry, mulberry, shrub berry”).

cog

Et hāctenus sint speciēs ac genera pōmōrum: nātūrās artius colligī pār est. alia siliquīs distinguntur, ipsīs dulcibus sēmenque conplexīs amārum, cum in plūribus sēmina placeant, in siliquā damnentur; alia bācīs, quārum intus lignum et extrā carō, ut olīvīs, cerasīs; aliquōrum intus bācae, forīs lignum, ut iīs quae in Aegyptō dīximus gignī. quae bācīs nātūra, eadem et pōmīs.

23 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 16.219

various small fruit of trees and shrubs: a berry, stone fruit (including olives, cherries)


avena

la-noun

avēna f (genitive avēnae); first declension

avēna (canonical feminine)
avēnae (genitive)
avēna (nominative singular)
avēnae (nominative plural)
avēnae (genitive singular)
avēnārum (genitive plural)
avēnae (dative singular)
avēnīs (dative plural)
avēnam (accusative singular)
avēnās (accusative plural)
avēnā (ablative singular)
avēnīs (ablative plural)
avēna (singular vocative)
avēnae (plural vocative)

Old French: aveine

Bourguignon: aivoigne

Champenois: aoinne, avène, avouène

French: avoine

Norman: avaine

Picard: avin·ne

Walloon: avoenne

Dalmatian: vun

Friulian: vene

Italian: avena

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: avẽa
Fala: avea, vea
Galician: avea
Portuguese: aveia

Romansch: avaina, avagna

Sardinian: aena, avena, auena, ena

Sicilian: aina, avina

Spanish: avena

Venetian: véna

→ Esperanto: aveno

Probably a non-Indo-European substrate word. Cognate with Lithuanian aviža, Latvian auzas, and Proto-Slavic *ovьsъ.


vagina

la-noun

vāgīna f (genitive vāgīnae); first declension

vāgīna (canonical feminine)
vāgīnae (genitive)
vāgīna (nominative singular)
vāgīnae (nominative plural)
vāgīnae (genitive singular)
vāgīnārum (genitive plural)
vāgīnae (dative singular)
vāgīnīs (dative plural)
vāgīnam (accusative singular)
vāgīnās (accusative plural)
vāgīnā (ablative singular)
vāgīnīs (ablative plural)
vāgīna (singular vocative)
vāgīnae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: guaina

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: vèina

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: beina

Old French: guaïne

French: gaine

Occitan: gaina

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: bainha (“sheath”)
Galician: vaíña
Portuguese: bainha

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: [Term?] (“pod”)

Fala: vaina

Galician: vaxa

Portuguese: vagem, vage, bagem

Asturian: vaina

Spanish: vaina

⇒ Spanish: vainilla (see there for further descendants)

→ English: vanilla

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėɣin (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Irish: faigen

Irish: faighin

Manx: fine

Scottish Gaelic: faighean

Borrowings (anatomical sense)

→ Afrikaans: vagina

→ Albanian: vaginë, vagjinë

→ Aragonese: vachina

→ Asturian: vaxina

→ Azerbaijani: vagina

→ Belarusian: вагіна (vahina)

→ Bulgarian: вагина (vagina)

→ Catalan: vagina

→ Czech: vagína

→ Danish: vagina

→ Dutch: vagina

→ English: vagina

→ Finnish: vagina

→ French: vagin (see there for further descendants)

→ Friulian: vagine, vazine

→ Galician: vaxina

→ Georgian: ვაგინა (vagina)

→ German: Vagina

→ Japanese: ワギナ (wagina)

→ Korean: 바기나 (bagina)

→ Northern Kurdish: vajîna

→ Indonesian: vagina

→ Italian: vagina

→ Latvian: vagīna

→ Macedonian: вагина (vagina)

→ Maltese: vaġina

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vagina

→ Occitan: vagina

→ Portuguese: vagina

→ Russian: ваги́на (vagína)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вагина

Latin script: vagina

→ Sicilian: vajina, vagina

→ Slovak: vagína

→ Slovene: vagina

→ Spanish: vagina

→ Swedish: vagina

→ Turkish: vajina

→ Ukrainian: вагіна (vahina)

→ Uzbek: vagina

→ Venetian: vaxina, vazina

→ West Frisian: fagina

→ Yiddish: וואַגינע (vagine)

[u̯äːˈɡiːnä]

[väˈd͡ʒiːnä]

From Proto-Italic *wāgīnā (“sheath, scabbard”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wag- (“sheath, cover”). Tentatively cognate with Lithuanian vóžti (“to cover”).

inh

(transferred sense) the covering, sheath, holder of anything


radix

la-noun

rādīx f (genitive rādīcis); third declension

rādīx (canonical feminine)
rādīcis (genitive)
rādīx (nominative singular)
rādīcēs (nominative plural)
rādīcis (genitive singular)
rādīcum (genitive plural)
rādīcī (dative singular)
rādīcibus (dative plural)
rādīcem (accusative singular)
rādīcēs (accusative plural)
rādīce (ablative singular)
rādīcibus (ablative plural)
rādīx (singular vocative)
rādīcēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: radice (see there for further descendants)

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: réixe, réixa, ràixa, raìxa

Old Lombard: rayxe

Lombard: raìss, ariss

Piedmontese: rèis, ràis, rèux

Romagnol: radìșa

Friulian: radris

Romansch: ragisch, risch, rieisch

Venetian: raìs, raixa

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rés, réce, rage

Old French: raïz

desc

⇒ French: raifort (“horseradish”) (+fort 'strong')

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: raïu, rahiu

⇒ Catalan: raïl (hypercorrection) ⇒ rel (monophthongization) ⇒ arrel (epenthesis)

Gascon: arraditz, raditz, arraïtz

Old Occitan: raitz

Occitan: raiç

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: radiz

Asturian: raíz

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: raiz, rayz
Galician: raíz
Portuguese: raiz (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: raíz; ⇒ raigón

Ancient borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian: [Term?]

Albanian: radhiqe

→ Proto-West Germanic: *rādik (see there for further descendants)

Later borrowings:

→ English: radix

→ German: Radix

→ Welsh: rhadicl

→ Welsh: rhuddygl

From Proto-Italic *wrādīks, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds.

(figuratively) a foundation, basis, ground, origin, source, root


spica

la-noun

spīca f (genitive spīcae); first declension

spīca (canonical feminine)
spīcae (genitive)
spīca (nominative singular)
spīcae (nominative plural)
spīcae (genitive singular)
spīcārum (genitive plural)
spīcae (dative singular)
spīcīs (dative plural)
spīcam (accusative singular)
spīcās (accusative plural)
spīcā (ablative singular)
spīcīs (ablative plural)
spīca (singular vocative)
spīcae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: schic

Catalan: espiga

Dalmatian: spaica

Old French: espi

Middle French: espy, espi

French: épi

Friulian: spi

Italian: spiga

Occitan: espic

Portuguese: espiga

Romanian: spic

Romansch: spia, spigia, speia

desc

Sardinian: ipiga, ispiga, ispica, spiga, spica

Sicilian: spica

Spanish: espiga

From Proto-Italic *speikā, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp; sharp stick”).


glans

la-noun

glāns f (genitive glandis); third declension

glāns (canonical feminine)
glandis (genitive)
glāns (nominative singular)
glandēs (nominative plural)
glandis (genitive singular)
glandum (genitive plural)
glandī (dative singular)
glandibus (dative plural)
glandem (accusative singular)
glandēs (accusative plural)
glande (ablative singular)
glandibus (ablative plural)
glāns (singular vocative)
glandēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: gljindã

Romanian: ghindă

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ghianda, ajjanna (Reati)

Sicilian: ghianna

Calabrian: aghianda

Padanian:

Friulian: gland

Ladin: gian

Piedmontese: giand, agian, gianda

desc

Romansch: glogn, glonda, galonda, glanda

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: glland, agllan, allan, llan

Valdôtain: llande, llan

Old French: glant, glande

French: gland, glande

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: glan

Belsetán: lan

Ribagorçan: llan

Old Catalan: glan, aglan

Catalan: gla, aglá

Old Occitan: glan, aglan

Occitan: agland (silent ⟨d⟩)

Gascon: gland

Vivaro-Alpine: gland, alhand

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llande

Portuguese: lande

Spanish: lande (Álava), llande (regional?)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: landi

Logudorese: lande, landa

Nuorese: grande, lande, lanne

Vulgar Latin: glandinis

Neapolitan: ghialne (Andria)

Piedmontese: giandr

Sardinian: landiri (Campidanese)

Spanish: landre

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: gland

→ English: gland, glans

→ French: glande

→ Galician: glande

→ Italian: glande

→ Portuguese: glande

→ Romanian: gland

→ Russian: гла́нды (glándy)

→ Spanish: glande

From Proto-Italic *glānts, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₂- (“acorn”).

(literal) an acorn, nut; any acorn-shaped fruit; a beechnut, chestnut


prunus

la-noun

prūnus f (genitive prūnī); second declension

prūnus (canonical feminine)
prūnī (genitive)
prūnus (nominative singular)
prūnī (nominative plural)
prūnī (genitive singular)
prūnōrum (genitive plural)
prūnō (dative singular)
prūnīs (dative plural)
prūnum (accusative singular)
prūnōs (accusative plural)
prūnō (ablative singular)
prūnīs (ablative plural)
prūne (singular vocative)
prūnī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: prun

Italian: pruno, prugno

desctree

Old French: prune
French: prune
Norman: preune
Walloon: pronne
→ Middle English: prune, pruna
English: prune

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: abruño

Portuguese: abrunho

Romanian: prun

Spanish: pruno

Translingual: Prunus

→ Proto-West Germanic: *plūmā (see there for further descendants)

English: plum

Borrowed from Ancient Greek προύνη (proúnē), a loanword from a language of Asia Minor.


asparagus

la-noun

asparagus m (genitive asparagī); second declension

asparagī (genitive)
asparagus (nominative singular)
asparagī (nominative plural)
asparagī (genitive singular)
asparagōrum (genitive plural)
asparagō (dative singular)
asparagīs (dative plural)
asparagum (accusative singular)
asparagōs (accusative plural)
asparagō (ablative singular)
asparagīs (ablative plural)
asparage (singular vocative)
asparagī (plural vocative)

Albanian: shparg

Catalan: espàrrec

Dalmatian: spirač

→ English: asparagus

French: asperge

Friulian: sparc, sparg

Galician: espárrago

German: Spargel

→ Irish: asparagas

Italian: asparago

→ Polish: szparag

Occitan: esparga

Portuguese: aspargo, espargo

Romansch: spargia, aspergia

Sardinian: sparàu, isparàu, ispàrau

Sicilian: spàraciu, spàriciu

Spanish: espárrago

Venetian: spàraxo, sparexara

[äs̠ˈpäräɡʊs̠]

Also found in Medieval Latin. From Ancient Greek ἀσπάραγος (aspáragos), variant of ἀσφάραγος (aspháragos).

Deinde fossulās facitō, quō rādīcēs asparagī dēmittās.

c. 160 BCE, Marcus Porcius Cato, De agri cultura, archived from the original on 2022-04-03, chapter 161:

Then make little ditches to drop the asparagus roots into.

Cōtīdiānō sermōne quaedam frequenter et nōtābilius ūsurpāsse eum [Augustum], litterae ipsius autographae ostendunt, in quibus [...] ad exprimendam festīnātae reī vēlōcitātem, celerius quam asparagī cocuntur; [...]

121 CE, Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, “Divus Augustus”, in De Vita Caesarum, chapter 87:

That in daily conversation he [Augustus] often and famously used certain [expressions], his own handwritten letters show; among these, … to express the speed of a thing done quickly, faster than asparaguses are cooked; …

asparagus; shoot, sprout-like asparagus, samphire


cactus

cactus m (genitive cactī); second declension

cactī (genitive)
cactus (nominative singular)
cactī (nominative plural)
cactī (genitive singular)
cactōrum (genitive plural)
cactō (dative singular)
cactīs (dative plural)
cactum (accusative singular)
cactōs (accusative plural)
cactō (ablative singular)
cactīs (ablative plural)
cacte (singular vocative)
cactī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Cactus

→ English: cactus

→ Welsh: cactws

→ Czech: kaktus

→ Italian: cactus

→ Greek: κάκτος (káktos)

→ Spanish: cacto

→ Sicilian: cactus

→ Galician: cacto

→ German: Kaktus

→ Portuguese: cato, cáctus, cacto

From Ancient Greek κάκτος (káktos, “cardoon”).

der

Cynara cardunculus
Cynara cardunculus#Translingual


ovum

la-noun

ōvum n (genitive ōvī); second declension

ōvum (canonical neuter)
ōvī (genitive)
ōvum (nominative singular)
ōva (nominative plural)
ōvī (genitive singular)
ōvōrum (genitive plural)
ōvō (dative singular)
ōvīs (dative plural)
ōvum (accusative singular)
ōva (accusative plural)
ōvō (ablative singular)
ōvīs (ablative plural)
ōvum (singular vocative)
ōva (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ou

Megleno-Romanian: uou

Romanian: ou

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ou

Vulgar Latin: *ŏvum (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: ovum

→ Esperanto: ovo

→ Ido: ovo

→ Interlingua: ovo

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ovo

→ Spanish: ovo

From Proto-Italic *ōwom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾠόν (ōión).


carica

cārica f (genitive cāricae); first declension

cārica (canonical feminine)
cāricae (genitive)
cārica (nominative singular)
cāricae (nominative plural)
cāricae (genitive singular)
cāricārum (genitive plural)
cāricae (dative singular)
cāricīs (dative plural)
cāricam (accusative singular)
cāricās (accusative plural)
cāricā (ablative singular)
cāricīs (ablative plural)
cārica (singular vocative)
cāricae (plural vocative)

Ellipsis of *Cārica fīcus f (“Carian fig”), from the feminine of the adjective Cāricus (“Carian”), from Cāria + -icus (adjective-forming suffix).


quercus

la-noun

quercus f (genitive quercūs); fourth declension

quercūs (genitive)
quercus (nominative singular)
quercūs (nominative plural)
quercūs (genitive singular)
quercuum (genitive plural)
quercuī (dative singular)
quercubus (dative plural)
quercum (accusative singular)
quercūs (accusative plural)
quercū (ablative singular)
quercubus (ablative plural)
quercus (singular vocative)
quercūs (plural vocative)

Translingual: Quercus

⇒ Galician: cerquiño, cerqueiro

Italian: quercia

Portuguese: querco

Sicilian: cerza

Spanish: alcornoque

→ English: cork

From Proto-Italic *kʷerkus, assimilated from Proto-Indo-European *pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu- (“oak”). Compare Old Norse fýri (as in fýriskógr (“pine-wood”), Punjabi ਪਰਗਾਇ (pargāī, “holm oak”). See also English fir.

der

(poetic) something made from oak wood (e.g., an oaken ship, an oaken javelin, etc.)


asia

la-noun

asia f (genitive asiae); first declension

asiae (genitive)
asia (nominative singular)
asiae (nominative plural)
asiae (genitive singular)
asiārum (genitive plural)
asiae (dative singular)
asiīs (dative plural)
asiam (accusative singular)
asiās (accusative plural)
asiā (ablative singular)
asiīs (ablative plural)
asia (singular vocative)
asiae (plural vocative)

Uncertain; possibly from Ancient Ligurian or another Celtic language since Pliny ascribes the term to the Taurini, a Celto-Ligurian tribe. An emendation to *sasia has been suggested, from Proto-Celtic *sasyos (“rye”).


alium

ālium n (genitive āliī or ālī); second declension

ālium (canonical neuter)
āliī (genitive)
ālī (genitive)
ālium (nominative singular)
ālia (nominative plural)
āliī (genitive singular)
ālī (genitive singular)
āliōrum (genitive plural)
āliō (dative singular)
āliīs (dative plural)
ālium (accusative singular)
ālia (accusative plural)
āliō (ablative singular)
āliīs (ablative plural)
ālium (singular vocative)
ālia (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: alj, aljiu

Megleno-Romanian: al'

Romanian: ai

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: aggio

Piedmontese: aj

Romagnol: àj

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: aglia

Dalmatian: ail

Italian: aglio

Neapolitan: aglio

Tarantino: aglie

Sicilian: agghia

Old French:

desctree

French: ail
Haitian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Mauritian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Moore: lay (from l’ail)

Picard: al

Walloon: a

Old Occitan:

Catalan: all

Occitan: alh

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: ai

Romansch: agl

Sardinian: àllu, azu

Campidanese: allu

Venetian: ajo

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: allo

Asturian: ayu

Old Galician-Portuguese: alho
Galician: allo
Portuguese: alho (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: ajo (see there for further descendants)

Unknown according to de Vaan (2008). May be connected to āla (“wing”), on the image of the garlic bulb being divided into "wings"; for a similar derivation from garlic being "cloven" cf. the etymology of German Knoblauch (“garlic”). It has also been compared with the Greek gloss of ἄλλην (állēn) as 'vegetables' "among the Italians", which may stem from another Italic language, and if so, has no direct bearing on the etymological consideration of Latin ālium.
Based only on the form allium, Kroonen (2012) suggests that it may be a borrowing from the root of Ancient Greek ἄγλις (áglis), specifically via a byform *adlī-. See the Ancient Greek entry for more.
According to Roberts, from Proto-Indo-European *ālu- (“bitter plant”).

unk

Unknown


carota

la-noun

carōta f (genitive carōtae); first declension

carōta (canonical feminine)
carōtae (genitive)
carōta (nominative singular)
carōtae (nominative plural)
carōtae (genitive singular)
carōtārum (genitive plural)
carōtae (dative singular)
carōtīs (dative plural)
carōtam (accusative singular)
carōtās (accusative plural)
carōtā (ablative singular)
carōtīs (ablative plural)
carōta (singular vocative)
carōtae (plural vocative)

Middle French: carotte (see there for further descendants)

Italian: carota

Romanian: carotă

Romansch: carota, carotta

Sicilian: carrota

Maltese: carrota

→ Albanian: karotë

→ Polish: karota

From Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón, “carrot”), a diminutive of κᾰρώ (karṓ, “caraway”), possibly derived from κάρᾱ (kárā, “head”) or from Pre-Greek. Related to carum.


cepa

la-noun

cēpa f (genitive cēpae); first declension

cēpa (canonical feminine)
cēpae (genitive)
cēpa (nominative singular)
cēpae (nominative plural)
cēpae (genitive singular)
cēpārum (genitive plural)
cēpae (dative singular)
cēpīs (dative plural)
cēpam (accusative singular)
cēpās (accusative plural)
cēpā (ablative singular)
cēpīs (ablative plural)
cēpa (singular vocative)
cēpae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tseapã

Romanian: ceapă

→ Albanian: qepë

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ceba

Occitan: ceba

Old French: cive (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→⇒ English: cepaceous

→ Old English: ciepe

A borrowing from an unknown, possibly Anatolian source, cf. Hesychian Ancient Greek κάπια (kápia, “onions”) claimed for Ceryneia and the complex of Arabic قُبَّعَة (qubbaʕa, “bulbous hat”). Given the borrowing of Proto-Slavic *lukъ (“onion”), it is probable that the Italians at the date of their expansion also only knew ramsons, as a kind of ālium. At least it is known that spring onion was only introduced in the modern period from China, while the bulb onion is also Asiatic, such that ancient Africa knew the cultivated onion only in the north, by generic names like Egyptian ḥḏw, it having expanded beyond the Great Desert only by the Arabs under their name بَصَل (baṣal).

unk

unknown


ficus

la-noun

fīcus m or f (variously declined, genitive fīcī or fīcūs); second declension, fourth declension

fīcus (canonical feminine masculine)
fīcī (genitive)
fīcūs (genitive)
fīcus (nominative singular)
fīcī (nominative plural)
fīcūs (nominative plural)
fīcī (genitive singular)
fīcūs (genitive singular)
fīcōrum (genitive plural)
fīcuum (genitive plural)
fīcō (dative singular)
fīcuī (dative singular)
fīcīs (dative plural)
fīcibus (dative plural)
fīcum (accusative singular)
fīcōs (accusative plural)
fīcūs (accusative plural)
fīcō (ablative singular)
fīcū (ablative singular)
fīcīs (ablative plural)
fīcibus (ablative plural)
fīce (singular vocative)
fīcus (singular vocative)
fīcī (plural vocative)
fīcūs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: hic

Megleno-Romanian: ic

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: fico

Sicilian: ficu

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: fîc

Romansch: fig

Northern Italian:

Ligurian: fîgo

Piedmontese: fi

Venetian: figo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: ficu, figu

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: fie

Catalan: fic

West Iberian:

Aragonese: figo

Asturian: figu

Old Galician-Portuguese: figo

Galician: figo

Portuguese: figo

Spanish: higo (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: fik

→ Basque: piku

→ English: ficus

Vulgar Latin: *fīca

Aromanian: hicã

Megleno-Romanian: ică

Piedmontese: fighé

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: fica

Dalmatian: faica

Italian: fica

desctree

Old Occitan: figa
Occitan: figa
→ Old French: figue (see there for further descendants)

Venetian: figa

→ Hungarian: füge

Aragonese: figa

→ Old Norse: fíkja

Icelandic: fíkja

Unsorted borrowings

→ Breton: fiez, figez

→ Faroese: fika

→ Irish: fige

→ Lingala: figi

→ Lithuanian: figa

→ Manx: fig

→ Quechua: igu

→ Romanian: fig (archaic)

→ Slovene: figa

→ Tongan: fiki

→ Ukrainian: фіга (fiha)

→ West Frisian: fiich

Potentially related to Ancient Greek σῦκον (sûkon) and Old Armenian թուզ (tʻuz) via a Mediterranean substrate form *θuiko- or the like.
One possibility is a Semitic loanword. Compare Phoenician 𐤐𐤀𐤂 (pʾg, “half-ripe fig”), Hebrew פַּג (paḡ), פַּגָּה (paggâ, “unripe fig”), Classical Syriac ܦܵܓܵܐ (“unripe fig”).


laserpicium

la-noun

lāserpīcium n (genitive lāserpīciī or lāserpīcī); second declension

lāserpīcium (canonical neuter)
lāserpīciī (genitive)
lāserpīcī (genitive)
lāserpīcium (nominative singular)
lāserpīcia (nominative plural)
lāserpīciī (genitive singular)
lāserpīcī (genitive singular)
lāserpīciōrum (genitive plural)
lāserpīciō (dative singular)
lāserpīciīs (dative plural)
lāserpīcium (accusative singular)
lāserpīcia (accusative plural)
lāserpīciō (ablative singular)
lāserpīciīs (ablative plural)
lāserpīcium (singular vocative)
lāserpīcia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Laserpitium

[ɫ̪äːs̠ɛrˈpiːkiʊ̃ˑ]

resin similar to asafoetida, obtained during Antiquity from an unidentified plant called silphium, probably close to the genus of plants Laserpitium.


ceresia

ceresia f (genitive ceresiae); first declension

ceresiae (genitive)
ceresia (nominative singular)
ceresiae (nominative plural)
ceresiae (genitive singular)
ceresiārum (genitive plural)
ceresiae (dative singular)
ceresiīs (dative plural)
ceresiam (accusative singular)
ceresiās (accusative plural)
ceresiā (ablative singular)
ceresiīs (ablative plural)
ceresia (singular vocative)
ceresiae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cireashã

Megleno-Romanian: cireașcă

desctree

Romanian: cireașă
→ Bulgarian: череша (čereša)

Dalmatian:

cris

Istriot:

sareza

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: cerasa, ceregia

Corsican: chjarasgia

Italian: ciliegia, cerasa

Neapolitan: cerasa

Tarantino: ceráse

Tuscan saragia

Sicilian: cirasa
→ Maltese: ċirasa

Padanian:

Emilian: sresa, siresa

Friulian: cjariese

Ligurian: çêxa

Lombard: saresa, seresa, siresa

Piedmontese: seresa, siresa, sresa

Romagnol: sresa, srisa

Romansch: tscharescha

Venetian: sareza

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: ceriése, ceriésa, cerije, çrije, çrisa, ceriéje, ciriéje

desctree

Old French: cerise
Bourguignon: cerize
Champenois: cerège
French: cerise (see there for further descendants)
Norman: chérise (Jersey)
Picard: chrisse
Walloon: ceréjhe
→ Middle English: cheri (see there for further descendants)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: ciresa

Catalan: cirera, cidera, cilera, cira

Occitan:

Auvergnat: celeira, celira

Gascon: ceriesa, cerisa, cerilha, cerida, çrisa, çrilha, cerija, cereja, çrija, cesira, cerida

Languedocien: cerièra, cirera, cerièira, cirèira, cièira, cedièira, cilèira, celèira, celhèira, cilhèira, cerèija, cirèia

Limousin: cireisa, cireija, cireia

Provençal: cerieisa, cerieia, cerièira, cerisa

Vivaro-Alpine: cereisa, cerieisa, ceriesa, ceriera, ciriesa, ceresa, cieresa, cireisa

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese:

Asturian: cereza, zreza

Occidental: cereiza, zreiza

Leonese: zreisa, cereisa, zreiza

Mirandese: cereija

Old Spanish: ceresa

Spanish: cereza
→ Tagalog: seresa

Old Galician-Portuguese: cereyja

desc

Galician: cereixa, cireixa, zreixa, cieirasareza

Portuguese: cereja

cereija, sareija

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: carésia, cerésia, cheréssia, ceréxia

Borrowings

→ Albanian: qershi

→ Basque: gerezi

→ Proto-Celtic: *keresyā

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kėres (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kirsijā (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *čèršьňa (possibly via Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

[t͡ʃeˈrɛːs̬iä]

From the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry”), from Ancient Greek κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin.

der

200s, Quintus Gargilius Martialis De pomis seu medicina ex pomis 16 ed. Angelo Mai Operis deperditi de hortis Fragmenta ex codicibus Neapolitano et Romano cum scholiis palaeographicis et adnotationibus Rome 1846 p. 76 = Classici auctores e Vaticanicis codicibus editi. Tomus III Rome 1831 p. 422

The fresh fruit from the cherry moistens the maw and stimulates; dry it desiccates and draws back: the fresh fruit is bad for the stomach and the dry one good. In this fruit we believe to be three virtues. In some the taste is bitter, in some sour, in some sweet. The bitter ones constrict the belly, strengthen the stomach. The sour ones are said to fit stomachs abundating in phlegm: for they desiccate more and cut off the thickness of the teeth and humour of the mouth. The sweet ones are bad for the stomach. However the Praenestinian ones flow faster. Their gum, held in the mouth and swallowed, covers the arteries, constrains the oldest cough: drunk with unmixed wine it breaks the calculi.

Ceresiā viride pomum ventrem humectat et provocat; aridum siccat ac detinet: viride stomacho contrarium est, siccum utile. In hoc pomo tres inesse virtutes suspicamur. In quibusdam sapor austerus est, in aliis acidus, in aliis dulcis. Austerae ventrem constringunt, stomachum confortant. Acidae iudicantur flegmate habundantibus stomachis opportunae: nam magis siccant et crassitudinem dentium orisque humorem incidunt. Dulces stomacho contrariae. Citius autem praenestinae fluunt. Gummus earum ore detentus et gluttiendus arteriam linit, vetustissimam tussem conpescit: cum mero potatus calculos frangit.


persica

→ Albanian: pjeshkë (probably)

Aromanian: chearsicã

Italian: persica, pesca

Neapolitan: perzeca

Occitan: persega

→ Old Danish: persik

desctree

Danish: fersken
→ Faroese: ferska
→ Icelandic: ferskja
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fersken
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fersken

Old French: pesche, persche
Middle French: pesche
French: pêche
→ Malagasy: paiso
Norman: pêche
Walloon: pexhî
→ Middle English: peche
English: peach
→ Abenaki: biches (from the plural peaches)
→? Arapaho: biisib
→ Bengali: পীচ (pic) (probably)
→ Haida: píichas
→ Malay: pic (probably)
→? Maori: pītiti
→ Swahili: pichi (probably)
→ Thai: พีช (píit)
→ Irish: péitseog
→ Manx: peitshag, pershagh

Piedmontese: persi

Romanian: piersică

Sardinian: pélsica, pérsiga

Sicilian: pèrsica

→ Swedish: persika

→ Proto-Slavic: *persky, *bersky, *porsky
South Slavic:
Bulgarian: пра́скова (práskova)
Macedonian: праска (praska)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бре̏сква, dialectally бра̏сква, пра̏сква, пра̏ска, бре̏ска, бри̏ска, бри̏сква
Latin script: brȅskva, dialectally brȁskva, prȁskva, prȁska, brȅska, brȉska, brȉskva
Slovene: brẹ́skəv, dialectally brẹ̑skva
→ Aromanian: prascã
→ Hungarian: barack
West Slavic:
Czech: břeskev, replaced by confusion with broskev
Polish: brzoskiew
⇒ Polish: brzoskwinia
→ Russian: броскви́на (broskvína), брускви́на (bruskvína), брусвына (brusvyna), бросква (broskva), бросквиня (broskvinja), бросвины (brosviny)
→ Old Ukrainian: бросквинъ (broskvin)
Ukrainian: бросквина (broskvyna), броскви́ня (broskvýnja), брускви́на (bruskvýna), брускви́ня (bruskvýnja), брусвина (brusvyna), брескви́ня (breskvýnja), броскви́ння (broskvýnnja), броски́ння (broskýnnja)
Old Slovak: breskev, breskva, breskyňa, broskyňa
Pannonian Rusyn: брескиня (breskinja)
Slovak: broskyňa, formerly dialectally broskva, broskev
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: brjaschen, rjaschen, brjaskeẃ, brjasken (of which rjaschen prevails)
Upper Sorbian: brěska f, brěšk m


anethum

la-noun

anēthum n (genitive anēthī); second declension

anēthum (canonical neuter)
anēthī (genitive)
anēthum (nominative singular)
anētha (nominative plural)
anēthī (genitive singular)
anēthōrum (genitive plural)
anēthō (dative singular)
anēthīs (dative plural)
anēthum (accusative singular)
anētha (accusative plural)
anēthō (ablative singular)
anēthīs (ablative plural)
anēthum (singular vocative)
anētha (plural vocative)

→ Italian: aneto

→ Middle French: anet, annet

French: anet, aneth

desc

Middle English: anet, anete, annet, annete

English: anet

Early Scots: anet, anat, anethe, annat, annet, annot, ennet

Scots: anet

→ Old Catalan: anet

Catalan: anet

→ Old Occitan: anet

Occitan: anet

→ Portuguese: aneto

→ Spanish: aneto

*anētulum

Portuguese: endro

Old Spanish: aneldo

Spanish: eneldo

Translingual: Anethum

[äˈneːt̪ʰʊ̃ˑ]


fagus

la-noun

fāgus f (genitive fāgī); second declension

fāgus (canonical feminine)
fāgī (genitive)
fāgus (nominative singular)
fāgī (nominative plural)
fāgī (genitive singular)
fāgōrum (genitive plural)
fāgō (dative singular)
fāgīs (dative plural)
fāgum (accusative singular)
fāgōs (accusative plural)
fāgō (ablative singular)
fāgīs (ablative plural)
fāge (singular vocative)
fāgī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fag

Megleno-Romanian: fag

Romanian: fag

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: fagu

Padanian:

Emilian: fò

Friulian: fau

Ligurian: fò

Lombard: fo

Piedmontese: fò

Romansch: fau, fo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fo

Oïl:

Gallo: faeu

Old French: fau, fou

⇒ French: fouet

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: fau, favo (most dialects)

Belsetán: faus

Benasqués: fago

Sobrarbe: fago

Catalan: fau (northwestern and Ribagorçan)

Occitan: fau (most dialects)

Gascon: hau, hac

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: fagu, fau

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *fāgārius

Dalmatian: faguor

Venetian: fagaro, faghèr, faghèra

Ancient borrowings:

→ Basque: pago

→ Welsh: ffaw ⇒ ffawydd

Translingual: Fagus

From Proto-Italic *fāgos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech tree”), same source as English beech, Russian бузина́ (buziná, “elder”), Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”).

inh

Sub tegmine fagi.

Vergilius; found in both Georgicon (Book IV, line 566) and Eclogae (Book I, line 1)


fragum

la-noun

frāgum n (genitive frāgī); second declension

frāgum (canonical neuter)
frāgī (genitive)
frāgum (nominative singular)
frāga (nominative plural)
frāgī (genitive singular)
frāgōrum (genitive plural)
frāgō (dative singular)
frāgīs (dative plural)
frāgum (accusative singular)
frāga (accusative plural)
frāgō (ablative singular)
frāgīs (ablative plural)
frāgum (singular vocative)
frāga (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: frangã

Romanian: fragă

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: fraga

Piedmontese: fraja, frèja

Romansch: fraja, fraia, freja

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: frèye

Occitano-Romance:

Aragonese: fraga

Catalan: fraga

Gascon: ahraga, haraga

Occitan: fraga

⇒ Latin: fragaria

>? Franco-Provençal: frêse

desc

>? Old French: *fraiiere, *fraire, fraise, freise

Middle French: fraise, fraire

French: fraise

→ Asturian: fresa

→ Spanish: fresa

→ Hiligaynon: frésa

→ Tagalog: presa

→ Moroccan Arabic: فريز (friz)

Norman: frâse (Guernsey, Jersey), fraz (Sark)

→ Spanish: fragaria

→ Translingual: Fragaria

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *frāgula (see there for further descendants)

→ Esperanto: frago

From Proto-Italic *frāgom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreh₂ǵ-om, from either *dʰreh₂ǵ- (“berry”) (compare Albanian dredhëz, Sanskrit द्राक्षा (drā́kṣā)) or *sróh₂gs (“grape”) (compare Ancient Greek ῥώξ (rhṓx) (whence Greek ρώγα (róga)), Albanian rrush). The divergent phonetics and semantics of the comparanda suggest a foreign Wanderwort.

Fragaria vesca
Fragaria vesca#Translingual

(usually in the plural) strawberry (Fragaria vesca)


apium

la-noun

apium n (genitive apiī or apī); second declension

apiī (genitive)
apī (genitive)
apium (nominative singular)
apia (nominative plural)
apiī (genitive singular)
apī (genitive singular)
apiōrum (genitive plural)
apiō (dative singular)
apiīs (dative plural)
apium (accusative singular)
apia (accusative plural)
apiō (ablative singular)
apiīs (ablative plural)
apium (singular vocative)
apia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Apium

Catalan: api

Galician: apio

Italian: appio, apiolo

Occitan: api

Old French: ache

→ English: ach

Neapolitan: accio

Portuguese: aipo

Romanian: achiu

Sardinian: àpiu, àppiu

Sicilian: accia

Spanish: apio

→ Cebuano: apyo

→ Ladino: apyo

→ Tagalog: apyo

→ Proto-West Germanic: *api (see there for further descendants)

From apis (“bee”) because of bees' perceived inclination towards the plant.


milium

milium n (genitive miliī or milī); second declension

miliī (genitive)
milī (genitive)
milium (nominative singular)
milia (nominative plural)
miliī (genitive singular)
milī (genitive singular)
miliōrum (genitive plural)
miliō (dative singular)
miliīs (dative plural)
milium (accusative singular)
milia (accusative plural)
miliō (ablative singular)
miliīs (ablative plural)
milium (singular vocative)
milia (plural vocative)

Translingual: Milium

→ Albanian: mel

Aromanian: melj, meljiu

Asturian: millu

Catalan: mill

Corsican: migliu

Dalmatian: mail

French: millet, mil

→ English: millet

Friulian: mei

Italian: miglio

Occitan: melh, milhet

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: milho
Galician: millo
Portuguese: milho (see there for further descendants)

Romanian: mei

Sicilian: migghiu

Spanish: mijo

Venetian: méjo

Walloon: milet

From Proto-Italic *meljom, from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”), see also Ancient Greek μελίνη (melínē, “millet”) and Lithuanian málnos (“millet”).


napus

la-noun

nāpus m (genitive nāpī); second declension

nāpus (canonical masculine)
nāpī (genitive)
nāpus (nominative singular)
nāpī (nominative plural)
nāpī (genitive singular)
nāpōrum (genitive plural)
nāpō (dative singular)
nāpīs (dative plural)
nāpum (accusative singular)
nāpōs (accusative plural)
nāpō (ablative singular)
nāpīs (ablative plural)
nāpe (singular vocative)
nāpī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: napu

Romanian: nap

Italo-Romance:

Italian: napo

Padanian:

⇒ Emilian: navoun

Piedmontese: navon

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: nef ⇒ navet

French: navet

Norman: navet

⇒ Walloon: navea

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: napo, nap (Benasqués)

Catalan: nap

Old Occitan: nap ⇒ nabet

Auvergnat: navet

Gascon: nap, napo, nabet

Languedocien: nap

Limousin: naveu, ⇒ nabís

Provençal: navet

Vivaro-Alpine: nap, nabet, ⇒ naveu

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: nabo

Spanish: nabo, naba

Borrowings:

→ English: napiform

→ Old English: nǣp (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek νᾶπυ (nâpu, “mustard”).

Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa#Translingual

Brassica napus
Brassica napus#Translingual


pirum

pirum n (genitive pirī); second declension

pirī (genitive)
pirum (nominative singular)
pira (nominative plural)
pirī (genitive singular)
pirōrum (genitive plural)
pirō (dative singular)
pirīs (dative plural)
pirum (accusative singular)
pira (accusative plural)
pirō (ablative singular)
pirīs (ablative plural)
pirum (singular vocative)
pira (plural vocative)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *per (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *peru (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: piorra

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: pair

→ Scottish Gaelic: peur

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pira (reanalyzed as feminine singular)

Dalmatian: paira

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: pearã

Romanian: pară

Italian: pera

Old French: peire

French: poire

→ Middle Irish: péire

Irish: péire

Norman: paithe

Old Occitan: pera

Catalan: pera

Occitan: pera

Old Galician-Portuguese: pera

Galician: pera

Portuguese: pera

Old Spanish: pera

Spanish: pera

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: paira

Sardinian: pira

Sicilian: piru

⇒ Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (diminutive)

Padanian:

Friulian: piruç

Piedmontese: pruss

A loanword from an unknown Mediterranean substrate source, original form something like (a)pisom reflected also in Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́πῐον (ápion, “pear”) and ᾰ̓́πῐος (ápios, “pear tree”). Also compare Aramaic 𐡐𐡀𐡓𐡀 (pera, “fruit”).


pastinaca

pastināca f (genitive pastinācae); first declension

pastināca (canonical feminine)
pastinācae (genitive)
pastināca (nominative singular)
pastinācae (nominative plural)
pastinācae (genitive singular)
pastinācārum (genitive plural)
pastinācae (dative singular)
pastinācīs (dative plural)
pastinācam (accusative singular)
pastinācās (accusative plural)
pastinācā (ablative singular)
pastinācīs (ablative plural)
pastināca (singular vocative)
pastinācae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: pastinaccia

⇒ Corsican: pastricciola

Italian: pastinaca

Neapolitan: pastenaca

Sicilian: vastunaca

Sardinian: pastinaca, frustinaca (etc.)

Old French: pasnaie

Middle French: panais

French: panais
Haitian Creole: pane

desc

Bourguignon: patenaille, potenaille, pétenaille, pait'naille

Norman: pônais, pânais, paunais, pânnais (Jersey), pânnais, pônais (Guernsey)

Walloon: panåjhe, pastenate

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">neep</i> (“turnip”)

→ Middle English: passenep, pasnepe (influenced by neep (“turnip”))

desctree

English: parsnepe, parsnep, parsnip
→ Japanese: パースニップ (pāsunippu)
→ Maori: pānipi

Scots: passeneip, paseneip, parsnip

→ Cornish: panes

→ Middle Breton: panesenn

Breton: panez

→ Welsh: pannas

Old Occitan: pastenago, pastenaga

desc

Catalan: pastanaga, pastenaga, bastanaga, bastenaga

Occitan: pastenaga, pastanaca, pastanaga, pastanagra, pastanarga

desctree

→ Middle French: pastenaille, pastenade, pastenaie
French: pastenade, patenais
→ German: Pastiney, Pastinei
→ Ottoman Turkish: پاستنای (pastinay)

→ Middle French: pastenague

French: pastenague

Venetian: pestenéga

→ Cimbrian: bostanàja

Emilian: pistinèga

desc

بِسْتِنَاجَة

بِشْتِْنَاجَة

بِشْتِنَاقَة

→ Andalusian Arabic: بِسْنَاج (bisnāj), بِسْتِنَاج (bistināj), بِسْتِنَاجَة (bistināja), بِشْتِْنَاجَة (bištināja), بِشْتِنَاقَة (bištināqa, “parsnip”)

→ Portuguese: bisnaga

desctree

→ Spanish: biznaga
→ Basque: bisnaga, biznaga
→ Catalan: bisnaga, biçnaga (obsolete)
→ Galician: bisnaga, biznaga, bizniega

→ Galician: pastinaca

→ Picard: pasternache

→ Portuguese: pastinaca

→ Walloon: pastinåke

→ Greek: παστινάκη (pastináki)

→ Translingual: Pastinaca

→ Proto-West Germanic: *pastinakā (see there for further descendants)

[päs̠t̪ɪˈnäːkä]

From pastinum (“kind of two-pronged dibble”).


menta

la-noun

menta f (genitive mentae); first declension

mentae (genitive)
menta (nominative singular)
mentae (nominative plural)
mentae (genitive singular)
mentārum (genitive plural)
mentae (dative singular)
mentīs (dative plural)
mentam (accusative singular)
mentās (accusative plural)
mentā (ablative singular)
mentīs (ablative plural)
menta (singular vocative)
mentae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: menta

→ Cimbrian: menta

→ Galician: menta

→ Greek: μέντα (ménta)

→ Hungarian: menta

→ Italian: menta

Old French:

desctree

French: menthe
Haitian Creole: mant
→ Romanian: mentă

Norman: menthe

→? Old Irish: minntus

Irish: miontas

→ Portuguese: menta

→ Proto-Slavic: *męta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *mintā (see there for further descendants)

→ Sicilian: menta

→ Spanish: menta

From Ancient Greek μῐ́νθη (mínthē), ultimately most likely a loan-word from an extinct (substrate) Mediterranean/south European language. See Armenian մանդակ (mandak) for more.

an tibi quondam femineos artus in olentes vertere mentas, […]


prunum

la-noun

prūnum n (genitive prūnī); second declension

prūnum (canonical neuter)
prūnī (genitive)
prūnum (nominative singular)
prūna (nominative plural)
prūnī (genitive singular)
prūnōrum (genitive plural)
prūnō (dative singular)
prūnīs (dative plural)
prūnum (accusative singular)
prūna (accusative plural)
prūnō (ablative singular)
prūnīs (ablative plural)
prūnum (singular vocative)
prūna (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: prunã

Megleno-Romanian: prună

Romanian: prună

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: prugna

Sicilian: pruna, prunu

desctree

Old French: prune
French: prune
Norman: preune
Walloon: pronne
→ Middle English: prune, pruna
English: prune

Old Occitan:

Catalan: pruna

Occitan: pruna

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: brugnul

Romansch: prüna

Sardinian: pruna

Venetian: brógna, brónba

West Iberian

i

Old Galician-Portuguese: (probably with influence from Proto-Celtic *agrinyos (“sloe”))

Fala: abruñu, agruñu

Galician: abruño

Portuguese: abrunho

Spanish: bruno, pruna

→ Proto-West Germanic: *plūmā (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: prúna

From Ancient Greek προῦμνον (proûmnon, “plum”).


cicuta

la-noun

cicūta f (genitive cicūtae); first declension

cicūta (canonical feminine)
cicūtae (genitive)
cicūta (nominative singular)
cicūtae (nominative plural)
cicūtae (genitive singular)
cicūtārum (genitive plural)
cicūtae (dative singular)
cicūtīs (dative plural)
cicūtam (accusative singular)
cicūtās (accusative plural)
cicūtā (ablative singular)
cicūtīs (ablative plural)
cicūta (singular vocative)
cicūtae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cucutã

Romanian: cucută

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cicuta

Sicilian: cicuta

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: sùa

Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: acecuta

Catalan: ceguda

Gascon: cecuta, ciguda, ceguda

Old French: cëue, cegue

French: ciguë, (dialectal) çue, ceüe

Occitan: ciguda

Vivaro-Alpine: cigüa

Norman: chue, cheüe

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: cegude, cigude

Portuguese: cegude, cigude

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: kukutë

desc

→ Andalusian Arabic: جقوطة (čuqūṭa, čaqūṭa)

→ Catalan: cicuta

→ Galician: cicuta

→ Greek: κικούτα (kikoúta), κιρκούτα (kirkoúta)

→ Portuguese: cicuta

→ Russian: цику́та (cikúta)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̀кута

Latin script: kùkuta

→ Spanish: cicuta

→ Translingual: Cicuta

From the same substrate source as English kex, Cornish cegas, and Welsh cegid (“hemlock”).

Conium maculatum
Conium maculatum#Translingual

Cicuta virosa
Cicuta virosa#Translingual

a plant, poison hemlock, probably either Conium maculatum or Cicuta virosa

the juice of the hemlock given to prisoners as poison


oliva

la-noun

olīva f (genitive olīvae); first declension

olīva (canonical feminine)
olīvae (genitive)
olīva (nominative singular)
olīvae (nominative plural)
olīvae (genitive singular)
olīvārum (genitive plural)
olīvae (dative singular)
olīvīs (dative plural)
olīvam (accusative singular)
olīvās (accusative plural)
olīvā (ablative singular)
olīvīs (ablative plural)
olīva (singular vocative)
olīvae (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: ulli

Aragonese: oliba, oliva

Corsican: aliva

Dalmatian: olea

→ Esperanto: olivo

Friulian: ulive

→ Galician: oliva

→ German: Olive

→ Ido: olivo

Italian: oliva

desctree

Old French: olive
→ English: olive
French: olive
Romanian: olivă

Old Occitan: oliva

Catalan: oliva

Occitan: oliva

→ Portuguese: oliva

Romansch: uliva, uleiva

Sardinian: aliva

Sicilian: aliva, uliva

Spanish: oliva

Venetian: oliva, ołiva

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *olīvus

Catalan: oliu

Italian: olivo

Sicilian: alivu

Spanish: olivo

From Etruscan *𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (*eleiva) (whence 𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀𐌍𐌀 (eleivana, “of oil”)) or from Pre-Classical Ancient Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa) (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀷 (e-ra-wa), Ancient Greek ἐλαία (elaía)), most likely from Pre-Greek (according to Beekes) or, much more questionably, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁loywom (compare Old Church Slavonic лои (loi, “tallow”), Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”)).


brassica

la-noun

brassica f (genitive brassicae); first declension

brassicae (genitive)
brassica (nominative singular)
brassicae (nominative plural)
brassicae (genitive singular)
brassicārum (genitive plural)
brassicae (dative singular)
brassicīs (dative plural)
brassicam (accusative singular)
brassicās (accusative plural)
brassicā (ablative singular)
brassicīs (ablative plural)
brassica (singular vocative)
brassicae (plural vocative)

→ English: brassica

→ Translingual: Brassica

→ Old Irish: praissech

Irish: praiseach

→ Proto-Slavic: *brosky (see there for further descendants)

→? Serbo-Croatian: raštika

→ Proto-Brythonic: *brėsɨx

Middle Welsh: bressych

Welsh: bresych

[ˈbräs̠ːɪkä]

Unknown origin. Suggested derivations include
* Contraction of praesecare (“to cut off early”), from prae- + secare, referring to its harvesting during the autumn for early winter food
* From a Latin word meaning "to cut off the head," attested in a Plautus comedy.

Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleracea#Translingual

especially cabbage, but including cauliflower and other varieties of Brassica oleracea


musa

mūsa f (genitive mūsae); first declension

mūsa (canonical feminine)
mūsae (genitive)
mūsa (nominative singular)
mūsae (nominative plural)
mūsae (genitive singular)
mūsārum (genitive plural)
mūsae (dative singular)
mūsīs (dative plural)
mūsam (accusative singular)
mūsās (accusative plural)
mūsā (ablative singular)
mūsīs (ablative plural)
mūsa (singular vocative)
mūsae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek μοῦσα (moûsa). Akin to mēns (“mind, reason”).


anguria

angūria f (genitive angūriae); first declension

angūria (canonical feminine)
angūriae (genitive)
angūria (nominative singular)
angūriae (nominative plural)
angūriae (genitive singular)
angūriārum (genitive plural)
angūriae (dative singular)
angūriīs (dative plural)
angūriam (accusative singular)
angūriās (accusative plural)
angūriā (ablative singular)
angūriīs (ablative plural)
angūria (singular vocative)
angūriae (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) watermelon (fruit and plant)


vinea

vīnea f (genitive vīneae); first declension

vīnea (canonical feminine)
vīneae (genitive)
vīnea (nominative singular)
vīneae (nominative plural)
vīneae (genitive singular)
vīneārum (genitive plural)
vīneae (dative singular)
vīneīs (dative plural)
vīneam (accusative singular)
vīneās (accusative plural)
vīneā (ablative singular)
vīneīs (ablative plural)
vīnea (singular vocative)
vīneae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: ayinji

Romanian: vie

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: vìgna, vîa

Piedmontese: vigna

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: venja

Gallurese: vigna

Italian: vigna

Sassarese: vigna

Sicilian: vigna

→ Maltese: vinja

desctree

< Vulgar Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">vinia</i>

Old French: vigne, vine, vingne, vuigne (< Vulgar Latin vinia)
Anglo-Norman: vinne, viegne, veigne
→ Middle English: vine
English: vine
Scots: vine
Bourguignon: veigne
Middle French: vigne
French: vigne
Norman: vîngne

Old Occitan:

Catalan: vinya

Occitan: vinha

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: vigne

Sardinian: bingia, bintza, binza, vinza

Venetian: végna

West Iberian

Old Leonese: uinna

Asturian: viña

Extremaduran: viña

Mirandese: binha

Old Galician-Portuguese: vinna

Galician: viña

Portuguese: vinha

Old Spanish: viña, uinea

Spanish: viña

→ Old Irish: fíne

From the feminine of the rare adjective vīneus (“of wine”), from vīnum (“wine”).


unio

la-noun

ūniō f or m (genitive ūniōnis); third declension

ūniō (canonical feminine masculine)
ūniōnis (genitive)
ūniō (nominative singular)
ūniōnēs (nominative plural)
ūniōnis (genitive singular)
ūniōnum (genitive plural)
ūniōnī (dative singular)
ūniōnibus (dative plural)
ūniōnem (accusative singular)
ūniōnēs (accusative plural)
ūniōne (ablative singular)
ūniōnibus (ablative plural)
ūniō (singular vocative)
ūniōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: unión

→ Catalan: unió

→ Old French: union

→ Middle English: unyoun

English: union

Middle French: union

→ Dutch: unie

French: union

→ German: Union

→ Galician: unión

→ Italian: unione

→ Occitan: union

→ Polish: unia

→ Piedmontese: union

→ Portuguese: união

→ Romanian: uniune

→ Russian: уния (unija)

→ Sicilian: uniuni

→ Spanish: unión

→ Venetian: union

→ Translingual: Unio

Virga mater est Domini, simplex, pura, sincera, nullo extrinsecus germine cohaerente, et ad similitudinem Dei unione fecunda. Virgae flos Christus est, dicens: "Ego flos campi, et lilium convallium".

The stalk is the mother of God, simple, pure, sincere, adjoined by no other sprout from outside, in a manner similar to the fertile unity of God. The flower of the stalk is Christ, saying, "I am the flower of the field, and the lily of the valleys."


lactuca

lactūca f (genitive lactūcae); first declension

lactūca (canonical feminine)
lactūcae (genitive)
lactūca (nominative singular)
lactūcae (nominative plural)
lactūcae (genitive singular)
lactūcārum (genitive plural)
lactūcae (dative singular)
lactūcīs (dative plural)
lactūcam (accusative singular)
lactūcās (accusative plural)
lactūcā (ablative singular)
lactūcīs (ablative plural)
lactūca (singular vocative)
lactūcae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: lãptucã

Romanian: lăptucă (with lapatica from lapathum and lappa)

Dalmatian:

→ Proto-Slavic: *loťika (see there for further descendants)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: lattuga

Sicilian: lattuca

Padanian:

Emilian: laciuga

Friulian: latuie

Ligurian: leitûga

Lombard: laciuga

Piedmontese: laitùa

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: lètua, lèitua, lètuva, lèituva

desctree

Old French: laitue
French: laitue
Norman: laitue (Jersey)
→ Middle Dutch: latuwe
Dutch: latuw
→ Middle English: letuse, letus, letys, letuce, letuze, letes, letows, letyse
English: lettuce
Scots: lettuce, lattice
→ Welsh: letys

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: lletuga, lletruga, lletua

Septentrional: lleituga

Occitan:

Auvergnat: laituja

Gascon: lèituga

Languedocien: laituga, lachuga

Limousin: laituja

Provençal: lachuga

Vivaro-Alpine: lachua

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llechuga; lleituga (Occidental)

Galician: leituga

Leonese: lleituga

Portuguese: leituga

Spanish: lechuga

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: lattuca, làtua, làtia, latuca

Borrowings:

→ Proto-West Germanic: *lahtukā (see there for further descendants)

[ɫ̪äkˈt̪uːkä]

From lac (“milk”) + -ūcus (suffix common to several plant names), in reference to the milky white substance (latex) exuded by cut lettuce stems.

affix

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual

lettuce (Lactuca sativa), wolf's milk (Lactuca maritima), and other Lactuca species


cornus

la-noun

cornus f (genitive cornī); second declension

cornus f (genitive cornūs); fourth declension

cornī (genitive)
cornūs (genitive)
cornus (nominative singular)
cornī (nominative plural)
cornī (genitive singular)
cornōrum (genitive plural)
cornō (dative singular)
cornīs (dative plural)
cornum (accusative singular)
cornōs (accusative plural)
cornō (ablative singular)
cornīs (ablative plural)
corne (singular vocative)
cornī (plural vocative)
cornus (nominative singular)
cornūs (nominative plural)
cornūs (genitive singular)
cornuum (genitive plural)
cornuī (dative singular)
cornibus (dative plural)
cornum (accusative singular)
cornūs (accusative plural)
cornū (ablative singular)
cornibus (ablative plural)
cornus (singular vocative)
cornūs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: cornu, coarnã

Occitan: còrma

Romanian: corn, coarnă

Spanish: corno

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornāria

Galician: corneira

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniceus

Spanish: cornizo

→ Portuguese: corniso

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornicula

Old French:

Middle French: corneille

→ Middle English: corneille

English: cornel

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniculus

*corniclus

Spanish: cornejo

Venetian: crognoło

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *corniculārius

Catalan: corneller

French: cornouiller

Friulian: cuargnolâr

Occitan: cormièr

Venetian: cornołaro, cornołer

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cornulla

Old French: cornolle

French: cornouille

Unknown. Akin to Ancient Greek κράνος (krános), κράνον (kránon, “cornel”), which perhaps indicates that both are borrowed from a Mediterranean substrate language.

plurima Threiciis nutritur vallibus Hebri

c. 1 CE – 8 CE, Grattius, Carmen venaticum 128–129

Translation by Steven J. Green
Very many a cornel tree is nourished in the Thracian valleys of Hebrus, and there are shady myrtle trees along the shores of Venus

cornus et umbrosae Veneris per litora myrtus

vinum fit et e siliqua Syriaca et e piris malorumque omnibus generibus — sed e Punicis rhoiten vocant — et e cornis, mespilis, sorbis, moris siccis, nucleis pinis. hi musto madidi exprimuntur, superiora per se mitia.
Translation by Rackham, Jones, & Eichholz

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 14.XIX.103

Wine is also made from the Syrian carob, and from pears and all kinds of apples (one from pomegranates is called rhoites) as also from cornels, medlars, service berries, dried mulberries and fir-cones; the last are soaked in must before being pressed, but the juice of the preceding fruits is sweet of itself.

XXIX
100 Acinorum quoque magna est differentia, primum inter uvas ipsas callo, teneritate, crassitudine, interiore ligno aliis parvo et aliis etiam gemino, qui minime feraces musti. plurimum vero differunt hederae sabucique acini, et figura etiam Punici, angulosi quippe soli. nec cutis ulla singulis praeter communem quae est candida. totisque sucus et caro est, iis praecipue quibus parvolum inest ligni.
101 magna et bacis differentia: aliae namque sunt olivis, lauris et alio modo loto, cornis, alio myrtis, lentisco. aquifolio enim spinae sine suco, medioque etiamnum genere inter bacas acinosasque cerasis. pompu iis primo candidum et fere omnibus bacis; mox aliis virescit, ut olivis, lauris, rubet vero moris, cerasis, cornis. dein nigrescit moris, cerasis, olivis.
XXX
102 Cerasi ante victoriam Mithridaticam L. Luculli non fuere in Italia, ad urbis annum DCLXXX. is primum invexit e Ponto, annisque CXX trans oceanum in Britanniam usque pervenere; eadem [ut diximus] in Aegypto nulla cura potuere gigni. cerasorum Aproniana maxime rubent, nigerrima sunt Lutatia, Caeciliana vero et rotunda.
103 Iunianis gratus sapor, sed paene tantum sub arbore sua, adeo teneris, ut gestatum non tolerent. principatus duracinis quae Pliniana Campania appellat, in Belgica vero Lusitanis, in ripis etiam Rheni. tertius iis colos e nigro ac rubenti viridique, similis maturescentibus semper.
104 minus quinquennium est quod prodiere quae vocant laurea, non ingratae amaritudinis, insitae in lauru. sunt et Macedonica, parvae arboris raroque tria cubita excedentis, et minore etiamnum frutice chamaecerasi. inter prima hoc e pomis colono gratiam annuam refert. septentrione frigidisque gaudet, siccatur etiam sole conditurque ut oliva cadis.
XXXI
105 quae cura et cornis atque etiam lentisco adhibetur. ne quid non hominis ventri natum esse videatur, miscentur sapores et alio alius placere cogitur; miscentur vero et terrae caelique tractus: in alio cibi genere India advocatur, in alio Aegyptus, Creta, Cyrene singulaeque terrae. nec cessat in veneficiis vita, dum modo omnia devoret. planius hoc fiet in herbarum natura.
XXXII
106 Interim quae sunt communia et pomis omnibusque sucis saporum genera XIII reperiuntur: dulcis, suavis, pinguis, amarus, austerus, acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus. praeter haec tria sunt genera mirabili maxime natura: unum in quo plures pariter sentiuntur sapores, ut vinis; namque in iis et austerus et acutus et dulcis et suavis, omnes alieni.
107 alterum est genus in quo sit et alienus quidem, sed et suus quidam ac peculiaris, ut in lacte; si quidem inest ei quod tamen iure dici dulce et pingue et suave non possit, optinente lenitate, quae ipsa succedit in saporis vicem.
108 nullus hic aquis nec sucus, ut tamen eo ipso fiat aliquis ac suum genus faciat. sentiri quidem aquae saporem ullum sucumve vitum est. magnum his omnibus in odore momentum et magna cognatio; qui et ipse nullus est aquis aut, si sentitur omnino, vitium est. mirum tria naturae praecipua elementa sine sapore esse, sine odore, sine suco: aquas, aëra, ignes.
XXXIII
109 Ergo sucorum vinosi piro, moro, myrto, minime, quod miremur, uvis; pingues olivae, lauro, nuci iuglandi, amygdalis; dulces uvis, ficis, palmis; aquosus prunis. magna differentia et in colore suci: sanguineus moris, cerasis, cornis, uvis nigris; idem albis candidus, lacteus in capite ficis, in corpore non item, spumeus malis, nullus Persicis, cum praesertim duracina suco abundent. sed quis eius ullum dixerit colorem?
110 sua et in odore miracula: malis acutus, Persicis dilutus, dulcibus nullus. nam et vinum tale sine odore, tenue odoratius multoque celerius talia ad usum veniunt quam pinguia. quae odorata, non eadem in gustu tenera, quia non sunt pariter odor et sapor. quam ob rem citreis odor acerrimus, sapor asperrimus, quadamtenus et cotoneis, nullusque odor ficis.
Translation by Rackham, Jones, & Eichholz

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 15.XXIX–XXXIII

XXIX. There is also a great difference among the acinus classto begin with, between grapes themselves, which vary in respect of firmness, thinness or thickness of skin and the stone inside, which in some is specially small and in others actually double, the latter producing extremely little juice. Again, the berries of the ivy and the elder are very widely different, and the pomegranate differs greatly in shape also, being the only fruit that has corners; and there is no membrane for each separate grain, but only one wrapping for them all in common, which is white in colour. And these fruits consist entirely of juice and flesh, particularly the ones which contain only a small amount of woody substance.
There is also a great variety among the berries of the baca kind, those of the olive and the laurel being different, and that of the lotus differing in structure from that of the cornel and that of the myrtle from that of the lentisk; indeed the berries of the holly and the may contain no juice; and moreover the cherry forms a class intermediate between the baca kind of berries and the acinus kind: its fruit is at first white, as is that of almost all the bacae. At a later stage with some the berry turns green, e.g. the olive and the laurel; but in the case of the mulberry, the cherry and the cornel it changes to red, and then with the mulberry, cherry and olive it turns black.
XXX. Before the victory of Lucius Lucullus in the war against Mithridates, that is down to 74 BC., there were no cherry-trees in Italy. Lucullus first imported them from Pontus, and in 120 years they have crossed the ocean and got as far as Britain; but all the same no attention has succeeded in getting them to grow in Egypt. Of cherries the Apronian are the reddest, and the Lutatian the blackest, while the Caecilian kind are perfectly round. The Junian cherry has an agreeable flavour but practically only if eaten under the tree on which it grows, as it is so delicate that it does not stand carriage. The highest rank, however, belongs to the bigaroon cherry called by the Campanians the Plinian cherry, but in Belgium to the Lusitanian, and so also on the banks of the Rhine. This cherry has a third kind of colour, a blend of black, bright red and green, which looks as if the fruit were always not quite ripe. It is less than five years ago that what is called the laurel-cherry was introduced, which has a not disagreeable bitter flavour, and is produced by grafting a cherry on a bay-tree. There are also Macedonian cherries, grown on a tree of small size and rarely exceeding four and half feet in height, and ground-cherries, with a still smaller bush. The cherry is one of the earliest fruits to repay its yearly gratitude to the farmer. It likes a north aspect and cold conditions; moreover it can be dried in the sun and stored in casks like olives.
XXXI. The same amount of care is also bestowed on the cornel, and even on the lentisk. So that nothing may not appear to have come into existence for the sake of man's appetite, flavours are blended and different ones are forced to gratify different persons; indeed even the regions of the earth and of the sky are blended: in one kind of food the aid of India is invoked, in another that of Egypt, Crete, Cyrene and every land in turn. Nor does our regimen stick at poisons, if only it may devour everything. This will become clearer when we come to the nature of herbaceous plants.
XXXII. In the meantime we find that there are ten kinds of flavours that belong in common to the fruits and to all their juices; sweet, luscious, unctuous, bitter, rough, acrid, sham, harsh, acid and salt. Beside these there are three other flavours of a particularly remarkable nature: (1) one in which several tastes are discerned simultaneously, as in winesfor they contain both a rough and a sham and a sweet and a luscious taste, all of them different from each other; (2) another kind is that which contains both the flavour of something else and one that is its own and peculiar to itself, for instance milkinasmuch as milk contains a something which nevertheless cannot rightly be called sweet or unctuous or luscious, being possessed by a smoothness which of itself takes the place of a flavour; (3) water has no flavour at all and no flavouring constituent, yet still this very fact gives it some taste and makes it form a class of its own: at all events for water to have any perceptible taste or flavour is a defect. In all these flavours smell is of great importance and a great factor of affinity; in the case of water even smell is entirely absent, or if perceptible at all is a defect. It is a remarkable fact that the three chief natural elements, water, air and fire, have neither taste, smell, nor any flavour whatever.
XXXIII. Among juices, then, those with a vinous and flavour are the juices of the pear, the mulberry and the myrtle-berry, and surprising as it may seem, the juice of the grape least of all. The juice of the olive, laurel, walnut and almond is unctuous, that of grapes, figs and dates is sweet, and that of plums watery. There is also a great difference in the colour of juice: that of the mulberry, the cherry, the cornel and the black grape is blood-red; the juice of white grapes is of a light colour; fig juice is milky white in the part near the stalk but not in the body of the fruit; apple juice is the colour of foam; peach juice has no colour at all, in spite of the. fact that the hard peach has a large quantity of juice, but no one would say that this has any colour.
Smell also contains its own marvels. Apples have a pungent scent, peaches a weak one, and sweet fruits none at all; for even sweet wine has no smell, although thin wine has more aroma, and wines of that class become fit for use much sooner than those with more body. Fruits with a scent are not likewise agreeable to the palate, as scent and flavour do not go togetherso that citrons have a very penetrating smell and a very rough taste, and in some degree that is the case with quinces also; and figs have no smell.


aesculus

aesculus f (genitive aesculī); second declension

aesculī (genitive)
aesculus (nominative singular)
aesculī (nominative plural)
aesculī (genitive singular)
aesculōrum (genitive plural)
aesculō (dative singular)
aesculīs (dative plural)
aesculum (accusative singular)
aesculōs (accusative plural)
aesculō (ablative singular)
aesculīs (ablative plural)
aescule (singular vocative)
aesculī (plural vocative)

Italian: eschio

Portuguese: ésculo

[ˈäe̯s̠kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

Etymology unclear. By surface analysis, seemingly a diminutive form ending in -ulus (diminutive suffix).
Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”), or from a Mediterranean substrate, though the presence of a Germanic cognate is surprising. Compare English oak, Lithuanian ąžuolas (“oak”), Albanian enjë (“juniper, yew”), Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps, “Turkey oak”).

cog

the tallest species of oak, the winter oak or Italian oak (with edible acorns), sacred to Jupiter


spelta

la-noun

spelta f (genitive speltae); first declension

speltae (genitive)
spelta (nominative singular)
speltae (nominative plural)
speltae (genitive singular)
speltārum (genitive plural)
speltae (dative singular)
speltīs (dative plural)
speltam (accusative singular)
speltās (accusative plural)
speltā (ablative singular)
speltīs (ablative plural)
spelta (singular vocative)
speltae (plural vocative)

Catalan: espelta

Old French: espiautre
French: épeautre

Galician: espelta

Italian: spelta

Portuguese: espelta

Spanish: espelta

[ˈs̠pɛɫ̪t̪ä]

Borrowed from Frankish *spelta, from Proto-Germanic *spiltaz.

Triticum spelta
Triticum spelta#Translingual


malum cotonium

mālum cotōnium n (genitive mālī cotōniī); second declension

mālum cotōnium (canonical neuter)
mālī cotōniī (genitive)
mālum cotōnium (nominative singular)
māla cotōnia (nominative plural)
mālī cotōniī (genitive singular)
mālōrum cotōniōrum (genitive plural)
mālō cotōniō (dative singular)
mālīs cotōniīs (dative plural)
mālum cotōnium (accusative singular)
māla cotōnia (accusative plural)
mālō cotōniō (ablative singular)
mālīs cotōniīs (ablative plural)
mālum cotōnium (singular vocative)
māla cotōnia (plural vocative)

Italian: melocotogno

desctree

Spanish: melocotón (“peach”)
→? Catalan: melicotó
→ English: melocoton
→ Portuguese: melocotão

→ Albanian: mollaftua

[ˈmäːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ kɔˈt̪oːniʊ̃ˑ]

Calque of Ancient Greek μηλοκυδώνιον (mēlokudṓnion, literally “apple of Cydonia”), named after a town in Crete.

calque

μηλοκυδώνιον


castanea

la-noun

castanea f (genitive castaneae); first declension

castaneae (genitive)
castanea (nominative singular)
castaneae (nominative plural)
castaneae (genitive singular)
castaneārum (genitive plural)
castaneae (dative singular)
castaneīs (dative plural)
castaneam (accusative singular)
castaneās (accusative plural)
castaneā (ablative singular)
castaneīs (ablative plural)
castanea (singular vocative)
castaneae (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cãstãnji

Megleno-Romanian: căstǫn'ă

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: castagna

Italian: castagna (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: castagna

Sicilian: castagna

Padanian:

Friulian: cjastine

Venetian: castegna

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: castanya

Franco-Provençal: châtagne

Old French: chastaigne (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: castanha

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: castaña

Old Galician-Portuguese: castanna

Galician: castaña

Portuguese: castanha

desctree

Old Spanish: castanna
Spanish: castaña (see there for further descendants)

→ Albanian: gështenjë

→ Basque: gaztaina

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: kistin

Cornish: kesten

Welsh: castan ⇒ castanwydd

→ Czech: kaštan

→ Estonian: kasta

→ Old Irish: castán

Irish: castán

Manx: castan

Scottish Gaelic: castan

→ Latgalian: kaštans

→ Latvian: kastanis

→ Lithuanian: kaštonas

→ Macedonian: костен (kosten)

→ Polish: kasztan

→ Ukrainian: каштан (kaštan)

→ Russian: каштан (kaštan)

→ Slovak: gaštan

→ Slovene: kostanj

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kastannjā (see there for further descendants)

From Ancient Greek καστάνεια (kastáneia), from κᾰ́στᾰνᾰ (kástana).


carduus

la-noun

carduus m (genitive carduī); second declension

carduī (genitive)
carduus (nominative singular)
carduī (nominative plural)
carduī (genitive singular)
carduōrum (genitive plural)
carduō (dative singular)
carduīs (dative plural)
carduum (accusative singular)
carduōs (accusative plural)
carduō (ablative singular)
carduīs (ablative plural)
cardue (singular vocative)
carduī (plural vocative)

Italian: cardo

q

from Medieval Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">cardō</i>

Old French: (from Medieval Latin cardō)

French: chardon

Old Occitan: cardon (from Medieval Latin cardō)

→ Italian: cardone

→ Middle French: cardon

French: cardon

→ English: cardoon

→ Sicilian: carduni

Old Occitan: carda f (possibly, or from *caritō, from carō (“to comb”))

Catalan: card

→ Old French: carde

desctree

French: carde
→ English: chard
→ Romanian: carda

→ English: card (“comb”)

→ Dutch: kaarden

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: cardo

Portuguese: cardo

Old Spanish:

Spanish: cardo

Piedmontese: card

Sicilian: cardu

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kardā f (see there for further descendants)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kars- (“to scratch, scrape, rub, card”). See also Sanskrit कषति (kaṣati, “scratches, rubs”), Middle Low German harsch (“hairy”), Russian короста (korosta, “scab”), Old Church Slavonic краста (krasta), Lithuanian karsiu (“to comb”).


frumentum

la-noun

frūmentum n (genitive frūmentī); second declension

frūmentum (canonical neuter)
frūmentī (genitive)
frūmentum (nominative singular)
frūmenta (nominative plural)
frūmentī (genitive singular)
frūmentōrum (genitive plural)
frūmentō (dative singular)
frūmentīs (dative plural)
frūmentum (accusative singular)
frūmenta (accusative plural)
frūmentō (ablative singular)
frūmentīs (ablative plural)
frūmentum (singular vocative)
frūmenta (plural vocative)

Catalan: forment

Friulian: forment

Dalmatian: furmiant

Italian: frumento

Lombard: forment, ⇒ formenton

Franco-Provençal: froment

desctree

Old French: froment, ferment, formant, forment, fronment, furment
Middle French: froment, forment, fourment
French: froment
→? Middle English: furment, firment, frument

⇒ Old French: fourmenté

Middle French: fromenté

→ Hungarian: furmint

→ Middle English: furmente

English: frumenty

Piedmontese: forment, ⇒ formenton

Romansch: frument

Sicilian: frummentu

Venetian: formento, ⇒ formenton

[fruːˈmɛn̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *frūgməntom, equivalent to fruor (“I use, enjoy”) + -mentum (instrumental suffix); ultimately, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-mn̥-to-m.

affix

Mūnīre urbem, frūmentum convehere, tela arma parāre.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 29.4

To strengthen the defences of the city, to accumulate stores of grain, to prepare a supply of weapons and armour.


abiga

la-noun

abiga f (genitive abigae); first declension

abigae (genitive)
abiga (nominative singular)
abigae (nominative plural)
abigae (genitive singular)
abigārum (genitive plural)
abigae (dative singular)
abigīs (dative plural)
abigam (accusative singular)
abigās (accusative plural)
abigā (ablative singular)
abigīs (ablative plural)
abiga (singular vocative)
abigae (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Ajuga

From abigō (“force birth, cause an abortion”).

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 24.29

Ajuga chamaepitys
Ajuga chamaepitys#Translingual

a flowering plant known as yellow bugle or Ajuga chamaepitys used in medicine to induce an abortion.


zizyphum

zīzyphum n (genitive zīzyphī); second declension

zīzyphum (canonical neuter)
zīzyphī (genitive)
zīzyphum (nominative singular)
zīzypha (nominative plural)
zīzyphī (genitive singular)
zīzyphōrum (genitive plural)
zīzyphō (dative singular)
zīzyphīs (dative plural)
zīzyphum (accusative singular)
zīzypha (accusative plural)
zīzyphō (ablative singular)
zīzyphīs (ablative plural)
zīzyphum (singular vocative)
zīzypha (plural vocative)

See zīzyphus

[ˈd̪͡z̪iːz̪d̪͡z̪ʏpʰʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ζίζυφον n (zízuphon). Latin zīzyphus denotes the tree.


ampelos

ampelos f (genitive ampelī); second declension

ampelī (genitive)
ampelos (nominative singular)
ampelī (nominative plural)
ampelī (genitive singular)
ampelōrum (genitive plural)
ampelō (dative singular)
ampelīs (dative plural)
ampelon (accusative singular)
ampelōs (accusative plural)
ampelō (ablative singular)
ampelīs (ablative plural)
ampele (singular vocative)
ampelī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Ampelopsis, Ampelocissus, Ampelocalamus, Ampelodesmos, Ampelophaga, Ampelosicyos

[ˈämpɛɫ̪ɔs̠]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄμπελος (ámpelos, “vine”).

Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera#Translingual


amygdalum

amygdalum n (genitive amygdalī); second declension

amygdalī (genitive)
amygdalum (nominative singular)
amygdala (nominative plural)
amygdalī (genitive singular)
amygdalōrum (genitive plural)
amygdalō (dative singular)
amygdalīs (dative plural)
amygdalum (accusative singular)
amygdala (accusative plural)
amygdalō (ablative singular)
amygdalīs (ablative plural)
amygdalum (singular vocative)
amygdala (plural vocative)

→ Afrikaans: amandel

Asturian: almendra

→ Basque: almendra

desc

→ Belarusian: мінда́ль (mindálʹ), мігда́л (mihdál)

→ Breton: alamandez

Catalan: ametlla

Corsican: amandula

→ Czech: amygdala, mandle

→ Danish: amygdala, mandel

→ Dutch: amygdala, amandel

→ Old English: āmigdal

→ Esperanto: migdalo

→ Estonian: mandel

→ Faroese: mandel

→ Finnish: manteli

Old French: almande, amande

French: amygdale, amande

English: amygdala, almond

Friulian: mandule

→ German: Amygdala, Mandel

Galician: améndoa

→ Greenlandic: mandeli

→ Hungarian: amigdala, mandula

→ Icelandic: mandla, sætmandla

→ Indonesian: amigdala

→ Irish: almóinn

Istriot: manduleîna

Italian: amigdala, mandorla

→ Japanese: アーモンド (āmondo)

→ Korean: 아몬드 (amondeu)

→ Manx: almon

→ Norwegian: amygdala, mandel

Occitan: amètla

→ Polish: migdał

Portuguese: amígdala, amêndoa, mígala

Romanian: migdal, migdală

Romansch: mandel, mandla

→ Russian: минда́ль (mindálʹ)

Sardinian: méndhula, méndua, méndula, ménnula, míndula

→ Serbo-Croatian: amigdala, mȁndula

Sicilian: mènnula

→ Slovene: mandelj

Old Spanish: almendra

Ladino: almendra

Spanish: amígdala, almendra

Tagalog: alméndras

→ Swedish: amygdala, mandel

→ Turkish: amigdala

→ Ukrainian: мигда́ль (myhdálʹ)

→ Welsh: almon

[äˈmʏɡd̪äɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek ἀμύγδαλον (amúgdalon, “almond, almond shaped”).


armeniacum

la-noun

armeniacum n (genitive armeniacī); second declension

armeniacī (genitive)
armeniacum (nominative singular)
armeniaca (nominative plural)
armeniacī (genitive singular)
armeniacōrum (genitive plural)
armeniacō (dative singular)
armeniacīs (dative plural)
armeniacum (accusative singular)
armeniaca (accusative plural)
armeniacō (ablative singular)
armeniacīs (ablative plural)
armeniacum (singular vocative)
armeniaca (plural vocative)

Istriot:

Istriot: armileîna

Padanian:

Emilian: mugnaga, mignaga, mugnèga, miäga

⇒ Ligurian: armognìn

Lombard: mognaga, mugnaga, armignèga, ramignaga, romignaga, rebugnaga

⇒ ambrognaga

Piedmontese: armognan, ramognan

⇒ Venetian: armelin

→ Italian: armellino (dated) (see there for further descendants)

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: armèniâye

[ärmɛˈniäkʊ̃ˑ]

From Armenia, because apricot was spread throughout Roman Empire from Armenia.


armeniaca

armeniaca f (genitive armeniacae); first declension

armeniacae (genitive)
armeniaca (nominative singular)
armeniacae (nominative plural)
armeniacae (genitive singular)
armeniacārum (genitive plural)
armeniacae (dative singular)
armeniacīs (dative plural)
armeniacam (accusative singular)
armeniacās (accusative plural)
armeniacā (ablative singular)
armeniacīs (ablative plural)
armeniaca (singular vocative)
armeniacae (plural vocative)

Lombard: mugnaga, mügnaga

→ Translingual: Prunus armeniaca


zea

zēa (canonical feminine)
zēae (genitive)
zēa (nominative singular)
zēae (nominative plural)
zēae (genitive singular)
zēārum (genitive plural)
zēae (dative singular)
zēīs (dative plural)
zēam (accusative singular)
zēās (accusative plural)
zēā (ablative singular)
zēīs (ablative plural)
zēa (singular vocative)
zēae (plural vocative)

→ English: zea, ⇒ zein

→ Italian: zea

→ Translingual: Zea

A type of grain; spelt (Triticum spelta)


zingiberi

→ Translingual: Zingiber, Zingiberales

Italo-Romance:

Italian: zenzero (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: gènciru, zenzeru

Padanian:

Friulian: zenzar

Old Lombard: çençauro

Old Ligurian: zenzavro

Piedmontese: zenser

Venetian: xènxaro

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: gingebre
Catalan: gingebre

Old French: gingembre (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: gingibre (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Hungarian: gyömbér (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *gingiberō (see there for further descendants)

[d̪͡z̪ɪŋˈɡɪbɛrɪ]

From Ancient Greek ζιγγίβερις (zingíberis), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera), from a Dravidian language; compare Proto-Dravidian *cinkiwēr (“ginger”), Old Tamil 𑀇𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀺 (iñci, “ginger”) + 𑀯𑁂𑀭𑁆 (vēr, “root”) (modern Tamil இஞ்சி (iñci, “ginger”) + வேர் (vēr, “root”)).


sagapenum

sagapēnum n (genitive sagapēnī); second declension

sagapēnum (canonical neuter)
sagapēnī (genitive)
sagapēnum (nominative singular)
sagapēna (nominative plural)
sagapēnī (genitive singular)
sagapēnōrum (genitive plural)
sagapēnō (dative singular)
sagapēnīs (dative plural)
sagapēnum (accusative singular)
sagapēna (accusative plural)
sagapēnō (ablative singular)
sagapēnīs (ablative plural)
sagapēnum (singular vocative)
sagapēna (plural vocative)

[s̠äɡäˈpeːnʊ̃ˑ]

From Ancient Greek σαγάπηνον (sagápēnon), from Arabic سَكْبِينَج (sakbīnaj), from Persian سَكْبِينَهٌ.

der

Persian سَكْبِينَهٌ


vinetum

la-noun

vīnētum n (genitive vīnētī); second declension

vīnētum (canonical neuter)
vīnētī (genitive)
vīnētum (nominative singular)
vīnēta (nominative plural)
vīnētī (genitive singular)
vīnētōrum (genitive plural)
vīnētō (dative singular)
vīnētīs (dative plural)
vīnētum (accusative singular)
vīnēta (accusative plural)
vīnētō (ablative singular)
vīnētīs (ablative plural)
vīnētum (singular vocative)
vīnēta (plural vocative)

Asturian: viñéu

Galician: viñedo

Italian: vigneto

Portuguese: vinhedo

Spanish: viñedo

[u̯iːˈneːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]

vīnum (“wine, grapes, vine”) + -etum (“grove, plantation”).


vaccinium

la-noun

vaccīnium n (genitive vaccīniī or vaccīnī); second declension

vaccīnium (canonical neuter)
vaccīniī (genitive)
vaccīnī (genitive)
vaccīnium (nominative singular)
vaccīnia (nominative plural)
vaccīniī (genitive singular)
vaccīnī (genitive singular)
vaccīniōrum (genitive plural)
vaccīniō (dative singular)
vaccīniīs (dative plural)
vaccīnium (accusative singular)
vaccīnia (accusative plural)
vaccīniō (ablative singular)
vaccīniīs (ablative plural)
vaccīnium (singular vocative)
vaccīnia (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Vaccinium

→ English: vaccinium

From vaccīnus (“relating to cows”), or a corruption of Ancient Greek ὑάκινθος (huákinthos, “dark red, purple”).


palmula

la-noun

palmula f (genitive palmulae); first declension

palmulae (genitive)
palmula (nominative singular)
palmulae (nominative plural)
palmulae (genitive singular)
palmulārum (genitive plural)
palmulae (dative singular)
palmulīs (dative plural)
palmulam (accusative singular)
palmulās (accusative plural)
palmulā (ablative singular)
palmulīs (ablative plural)
palmula (singular vocative)
palmulae (plural vocative)

[ˈpäɫ̪mʊɫ̪ä]

palma (“hand, palm of the hand; palm tree”) + -ula

af

(by extension) the fruit of the palm tree; date


secale

la-noun

sēcale n (genitive sēcalis); third declension

sēcale (canonical neuter)
sēcalis (genitive)
sēcale (nominative singular)
sēcalia (nominative plural)
sēcalis (genitive singular)
sēcalium (genitive plural)
sēcalī (dative singular)
sēcalibus (dative plural)
sēcale (accusative singular)
sēcalia (accusative plural)
sēcalī (ablative singular)
sēcalibus (ablative plural)
sēcale (singular vocative)
sēcalia (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sicarã

Romanian: secară

Italo-Romance:

Italian: segale, ⇒ segala

Tuscan and Central Italian: segale, segole ⇒ segala, segola, seguala

Sicilian: sègala

Padanian:

desc

Emilian: séigar, sègher, sagle, säigle, ségul, sègal ⇒ segla, segàra, séigala, sgala

Friulian: siale

⇒ Ligurian: séia, séiga, sêga

Lombard:

Alpine: ⇒ sèila, sèa

Occidental seghel, ségal ⇒ segla, segra, selgra, ségria, sega

Oriental: séghel, ségal, sìgal

Piedmontese: sèil, sèi, sail, sèl, sè ⇒ segla, seirada

→ Vivaro-Alpine: sèil, sèi

Romagnol: segle, ségal, ségol, ségul, ségual

⇒ Venetian: siala, segala, segała

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal:

Bressan: ⇒ sèglla, sèlya, sêlya

Dauphinois: sêgla, sîdia

Forézien: sêly, sêlyi

Fribourgeois: ⇒ sàela

Genevois: ⇒ sâla

Lyonnais: sêgl ⇒ ségla, sêlya

Jurassien: ⇒ sélyo, sêglo, sèlo

Neuchâtelois: sèly

Savoyard: sèla, séila, sèlya, sêla, sala

Valaisin: ⇒ sèila, sèlya, sêgla, sila

Valdôtain: ⇒ sèila

Vaudois: sêgle ⇒ sèlya, saèla, sâla, sèla

Old French: soile

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: seille

Picard: soile

Walloon: swele, soil

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: ségal

Ribagorçan: selga, séguel

Catalan: sègol, segle, ségol, sèguel, sègal

Old Occitan: segle

Auvergnat: selhe ⇒ selha, silha

Gascon: segle

Languedocien: segal, segle, siegle, sial, siàl, segol, siol ⇒ segla

Limousin: segle, seglhe, selhe

Foishenc: séguel, séguelh

Cevenòl: ⇒ segia, selha

Provençal: segle, segue, segie ⇒ segla

Vivaro-Alpine: sèu, sege ⇒ segla, sela, selha, seja

Valadas: ⇒ sega

→? Old French: segle, seygle, soigle

Middle French: seigle

French: seigle

Borrowings

→ Byzantine Greek: σίκαλη (síkalē)

Greek: σίκαλη (síkali)

→⇒ English: triticale (in part)

→ Old English: sigle

→ Old Irish: secal

Irish: seagal

Scottish Gaelic: seagal

→ Translingual: Secale

[ˈs̠eːkäɫ̪ɛ]

Unknown. Maybe a loanword from a language spoken in the Balkans. Has been compared unconvincingly to sēcula (“sickle”) and secō (“to cut”).


triticum

la-noun

trīticum n (genitive trīticī); second declension

trīticum (canonical neuter)
trīticī (genitive)
trīticum (nominative singular)
trītica (nominative plural)
trīticī (genitive singular)
trīticōrum (genitive plural)
trīticō (dative singular)
trīticīs (dative plural)
trīticum (accusative singular)
trītica (accusative plural)
trīticō (ablative singular)
trīticīs (ablative plural)
trīticum (singular vocative)
trītica (plural vocative)

Aragonese: trigo

Italian: tritico

Old Leonese: trigo

Asturian: trigu, tríu

Mirandese: trio

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: triigo
Galician: trigo
Portuguese: trigo (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish:

Ladino: trigo

Spanish: trigo (see there for further descendants)

Sardinian: tricu, tridicu, tridigu, trigu

→ English: triticum; →⇒ triticale

→ Esperanto: tritiko

→ Translingual: Triticum

[ˈt̪riːt̪ɪkʊ̃ˑ]

From trītus, perfect passive participle of terō (“graze, grind”).


hordeum

la-noun

hordeum n (genitive hordeī); second declension

hordeī (genitive)
hordeum (nominative singular)
hordea (nominative plural)
hordeī (genitive singular)
hordeōrum (genitive plural)
hordeō (dative singular)
hordeīs (dative plural)
hordeum (accusative singular)
hordea (accusative plural)
hordeō (ablative singular)
hordeīs (ablative plural)
hordeum (singular vocative)
hordea (plural vocative)

Aromanian: ordzu

Catalan: ordi, orxata

Dalmatian: vuarz

Dutch: orgeade

English: orgeat, horchata

Franco-Provençal: horgeo, horgeat

French: orge, orgeat

Friulian: vuardi

Italian: orzo, orzata

Megleno-Romanian: uorz, uorḑ

Occitan: òrdi, ordiat

Old Galician-Portuguese: orjo

Galician: orxo

Romanian: orz

Romansch: ierdi, üerdi

desc

Sardinian: ogliu, olzu, orgiu, orju, orzu

Sicilian: oriu (from an earlier “òrjiu”)

Spanish: hordio, horchata

Translingual: Hordeum

[ˈhɔrd̪eʊ̃ˑ]

From Proto-Italic *horzdeom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰr̥sdeyom (“bristly”) after the long prickly awns of the ear of grain.
Cognate to Old High German gersta (“barley”), German Gerste (“barley”), English gorse. Related to Latin horreo (“to bristle”), hirsutus (“hairy”), and ericius (“urchin”)


colocasia

la-noun

colocāsia f (genitive colocāsiae); first declension

colocāsia (canonical feminine)
colocāsiae (genitive)
colocāsia (nominative singular)
colocāsiae (nominative plural)
colocāsiae (genitive singular)
colocāsiārum (genitive plural)
colocāsiae (dative singular)
colocāsiīs (dative plural)
colocāsiam (accusative singular)
colocāsiās (accusative plural)
colocāsiā (ablative singular)
colocāsiīs (ablative plural)
colocāsia (singular vocative)
colocāsiae (plural vocative)

[kɔɫ̪ɔˈkäːs̠iä]

From Ancient Greek κολοκασία (kolokasía), κολοκάσιον (kolokásion). Of uncertain Asiatic origin shared with Mishnaic Hebrew קולקס, קרקס (“taro”) and Arabic قُلْقَاس (qulqās, “taro”).


siligo

silīgō f (genitive silīginis); third declension

silīgō (canonical feminine)
silīginis (genitive)
silīgō (nominative singular)
silīginēs (nominative plural)
silīginis (genitive singular)
silīginum (genitive plural)
silīginī (dative singular)
silīginibus (dative plural)
silīginem (accusative singular)
silīginēs (accusative plural)
silīgine (ablative singular)
silīginibus (ablative plural)
silīgō (singular vocative)
silīginēs (plural vocative)

The origin is uncertain. Probably not Indo-European, therefore a candidate substrate term. Compare Latin siliqua.


rubus

rubus m (genitive rubī); second declension

rubī (genitive)
rubus (nominative singular)
rubī (nominative plural)
rubī (genitive singular)
rubōrum (genitive plural)
rubō (dative singular)
rubīs (dative plural)
rubum (accusative singular)
rubōs (accusative plural)
rubō (ablative singular)
rubīs (ablative plural)
rube (singular vocative)
rubī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: arug, rug

→ English: rubus

Interlingua: rubo

Italian: rovo

Romanian: rug

Spanish: rubo

Translingual: rubus

From Proto-Italic *wruðos, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰo- (“sweetbriar”) (compare dialectal Norwegian erre, orr (“bush”), Albanian hurdhe (“ivy”), Old Persian *vr̥dah (“flower, rose”), Old English word (“thornbush”)). See rose.

Apparuitque ei Dominus in flamma ignis de medio rubi et videbat quod rubus arderet et non conbureretur (Exodus 3:2, Vulgate)


pomus

pōmus f (genitive pōmī); second declension

pōmus (canonical feminine)
pōmī (genitive)
pōmus (nominative singular)
pōmī (nominative plural)
pōmī (genitive singular)
pōmōrum (genitive plural)
pōmō (dative singular)
pōmīs (dative plural)
pōmum (accusative singular)
pōmōs (accusative plural)
pōmō (ablative singular)
pōmīs (ablative plural)
pōme (singular vocative)
pōmī (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: pemë

Aromanian: pom

→ English: pome

Italian: pomo

Megleno-Romanian: pom

Portuguese: pomo

Romanian: pom

Sicilian: pumu

Spanish: pomo

Catalan: poma

French: pomme

From Proto-Italic *poomos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂po-h₁ém-os (“taken off”), from *h₂epo (“off”) (whence po-) + *h₁em- (“take”) (whence emō). Compare the same semantic development in Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós).


labrusca

la-noun

lā̆brūsca f (genitive lā̆brūscae); first declension

lā̆brūsca (canonical feminine)
lā̆brūscae (genitive)
lā̆brūsca (nominative singular)
lā̆brūscae (nominative plural)
lā̆brūscae (genitive singular)
lā̆brūscārum (genitive plural)
lā̆brūscae (dative singular)
lā̆brūscīs (dative plural)
lā̆brūscam (accusative singular)
lā̆brūscās (accusative plural)
lā̆brūscā (ablative singular)
lā̆brūscīs (ablative plural)
lā̆brūsca (singular vocative)
lā̆brūscae (plural vocative)

Romanian: lăuruscă

Dalmatian: abastrain

Italian: lambrusca, lambrusco

Tuscan: abròsco, abròstolo, abròstine, abròstano

Romanesco: ciambrusco

Northern Italian: lambrosca

Lombard: lambrüsch, lambrösch

French: lambris, lambruche, lambrusque

Franco-Provençal: lambrochi

Occitan: lambrusca, lambrusc; lambrusco (Gascon)

Catalan: llambrusca; llebruixea (Majorcan)

Old Spanish: lambrusca, lambrusco

→ Albanian: larushkë, lërushkë

→ Catalan: labrusca (learned)

→ Portuguese: labrusca (learned)

→ Spanish: labrusca (learned)

[ɫ̪äːˈbruːs̠kä]

[ɫ̪äˈbruːs̠kä]

Uncertain:
* if the first vowel was short, possibly a compound of labrum (“lip”) + ūrō (“to burn”) + -ca, in reference to its acidity - notice the substitution of the first member with lambō (“to lick”). This is supported by several ancient grammarians; other grammarians also refer it to labrum, but in the meaning “edge of the field” where it was usually found;
* if the first vowel was long, possibly from lābor (“to glide down”), but this leaves the second element unexplained.
Compare laburnum (“golden chain”) and rūscum (“butcher's broom”) for possible contamination sources.

the plant of the woodland grape (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris)


arbutum

arbutum n (genitive arbutī); second declension

arbutī (genitive)
arbutum (nominative singular)
arbuta (nominative plural)
arbutī (genitive singular)
arbutōrum (genitive plural)
arbutō (dative singular)
arbutīs (dative plural)
arbutum (accusative singular)
arbuta (accusative plural)
arbutō (ablative singular)
arbutīs (ablative plural)
arbutum (singular vocative)
arbuta (plural vocative)


acinos

acinos f (genitive acinī); second declension

acinī (genitive)
acinos (nominative singular)
acinī (nominative plural)
acinī (genitive singular)
acinōrum (genitive plural)
acinō (dative singular)
acinīs (dative plural)
acinon (accusative singular)
acinōs (accusative plural)
acinō (ablative singular)
acinīs (ablative plural)
acine (singular vocative)
acinī (plural vocative)

Spanish: alcino

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄκινος (ákinos).


sambucum

sambūcum n (genitive sambūcī); second declension

sambūcum (canonical neuter)
sambūcī (genitive)
sambūcum (nominative singular)
sambūca (nominative plural)
sambūcī (genitive singular)
sambūcōrum (genitive plural)
sambūcō (dative singular)
sambūcīs (dative plural)
sambūcum (accusative singular)
sambūca (accusative plural)
sambūcō (ablative singular)
sambūcīs (ablative plural)
sambūcum (singular vocative)
sambūca (plural vocative)

Ad frigidam podagram, quae sine tumore consistit, cataplasma: piperis nigri moliti hemina, feniculi seminis contusi hemina; coquuntur ex aqua utraque; ubi temperata sunt, adicitur axungia suilla et, dum calet, panno spisso inductum medicamentum imponitur.
Bene facit ad idem genus et: lini seminis et feni graeci seminis, farinae hordeaciae, singulorum bini sextarii cribrati in unum commiscentur; inde coquere oportet quod satis erit ex aqua et oleo, subinde caldum cataplasma etiam imponere.

c. 43 CE – 46 CE, Scribonius Largus, Compositiones medicamentorum 160

Bene facit et hibisci radix ex aqua mulsa cocta et imposita, item sambūcum cum axungia vetere tritum et impositum, adiectus et brassicae cinis cum axungia vel semen caulium. ubi autem impetus cessaverit, et in hoc et in priore genere podagrae calda aqua marina diu fovendi sunt, vel si haec non erit, aquae purae ferventi salem adicito. post epithemate uti oportet, quod ad parotidas scriptum est: tollit enim cito reliquias per sudores et in futurum confirmat nervos nec patitur facile vitiari.


morum

mōrum n (genitive mōrī); second declension

mōrum (canonical neuter)
mōrī (genitive)
mōrum (nominative singular)
mōra (nominative plural)
mōrī (genitive singular)
mōrōrum (genitive plural)
mōrō (dative singular)
mōrīs (dative plural)
mōrum (accusative singular)
mōra (accusative plural)
mōrō (ablative singular)
mōrīs (ablative plural)
mōrum (singular vocative)
mōra (plural vocative)

Catalan: móra

English: morula

French: mûre

Galician: amora

Italian: mora

Occitan: amora

Old Polish: mora

Portuguese: amora, morango (from Vulgar *mōrānicus)

Romanian: mură

qual

Sicilian: mura (mainly plural only, with collective article "a": "a muri")

Spanish: mora

Probably from Ancient Greek μόρον (móron), though the long vowel is somewhat unexpected.