yamar

ייאמאר (Hebrew)
yamar (infinitive)
aver yamado (infinitive multiword-construction)
yamando (gerund)
aviendo yamado (gerund multiword-construction)
yamado (masculine participle past singular)
yamados (masculine participle past plural)
yamada (feminine participle past singular)
yamadas (feminine participle past plural)
yamo (first-person indicative present singular)
yamas (indicative present second-person singular)
yama (indicative present singular third-person)
yamamos (first-person indicative plural present)
yamáx (indicative plural present second-person)
yaman (indicative plural present third-person)
yamava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
yamavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
yamava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
yamávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
yamavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
yamavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
yamí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
yamates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
yamó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
yamimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
yamatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
yamaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
yamaré (first-person future indicative singular)
yamarás (future indicative second-person singular)
yamará (future indicative singular third-person)
yamaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
yamaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
yamarán (future indicative plural third-person)
yamaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
yamarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
yamaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
yamaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
yamaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
yamarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
yame (first-person present singular subjunctive)
yames (present second-person singular subjunctive)
yame (present singular subjunctive third-person)
yamemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
yaméx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
yamen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
yamara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
yamaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
yamara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
yamáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
yamarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
yamaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
yama (imperative second-person singular)
yamad (imperative plural second-person)
no yames (imperative negative second-person singular)
no yaméx (imperative negative plural second-person)
llamar (alternative)

From Old Spanish lamar, from Latin clāmāre (“cry out”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to shout”).

der

Mas londje, komo un kulevro vedre entrando en la agua, se via el "Kutchuk Karaburnu" ke los djidyos yamavan la Punta Tchika (o Petit cap en franses).

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 52:

Further away, like a green snake entering the water, the ‘Kutchuk Karaburnu’ was seen, which the Jews were calling the Little Tip (or petit cap in French).

Ma, kuando se akodro ke el valiante Amadis no kedo satisfecho de yamarse solo “Amadis” i adjusto el nombre de su reynado i patria para darle fama, i se yamo “Amadis de Gaula”, I el kijo azer lo mizmo, komo un buen kavayero, adjustar al suyo el nombre de la suya, i yamarse “don Kishot de la Mancha”, ke asegun el, deklarava klaramente su linaje i patria, i la onorava en tomandola por alkunya.

2013, Myriam Moscona, Jacobo Sefamí with Martín Fierro, José Hernández, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 222:

Nevertheless, when [someone] remembered that the valiant Amadis was left unsatisfied in merely being called ‘Amadis’, [he] added the name of his kingdom and homeland to make himself famous, and he called himself ‘Amadis of Gaula’, and he kept repeating himself, like a good knight, adding to his name the name of his homeland, and calling himself ‘don Koshot de la Mancha’, as according to him, it was clearly declaring his lineage and homeland, and he was esteeming it in treating it like family.

(ditransitive) to call (name or refer to as)


aharvar

אחארבאר (Hebrew)
ajarvar (alternative)
hajarvar (alternative)

From Hebrew חרב. Also possibly from Arabic ضَرْب (ḍarb, “to beat, strike”).

Se alevantaron los pipinos i aharvaron al bahchevan

The cucumbers rose up to beat up the gardener


atabafar

אטאבאפאר (Hebrew)
atabafar (infinitive)
aver atabafado (infinitive multiword-construction)
atabafando (gerund)
aviendo atabafado (gerund multiword-construction)
atabafado (masculine participle past singular)
atabafados (masculine participle past plural)
atabafada (feminine participle past singular)
atabafadas (feminine participle past plural)
atabafo (first-person indicative present singular)
atabafas (indicative present second-person singular)
atabafa (indicative present singular third-person)
atabafamos (first-person indicative plural present)
atabafáx (indicative plural present second-person)
atabafan (indicative plural present third-person)
atabafava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
atabafavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
atabafava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
atabafávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
atabafavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
atabafavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
atabafí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
atabafates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
atabafó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
atabafimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
atabafatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
atabafaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
atabafaré (first-person future indicative singular)
atabafarás (future indicative second-person singular)
atabafará (future indicative singular third-person)
atabafaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
atabafaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
atabafarán (future indicative plural third-person)
atabafaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
atabafarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
atabafaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
atabafaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
atabafaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
atabafarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
atabafe (first-person present singular subjunctive)
atabafes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
atabafe (present singular subjunctive third-person)
atabafemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
atabaféx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
atabafen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
atabafara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
atabafaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
atabafara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
atabafáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
atabafarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
atabafaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
atabafa (imperative second-person singular)
atabafad (imperative plural second-person)
no atabafes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no atabaféx (imperative negative plural second-person)


קאבזאר

kavzar (romanization)
קאב׳זאר (alternative)


kreer

From Old Spanish [Term?], from Latin crēdere.


sudhor

From Latin sūdor, sūdōrem, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swoyd-, *sweyd-.


kazal

From Old Galician-Portuguese casal, from Late Latin casāle (“country house, farm”), ultimately from Latin casa.


חאביר

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish خبر (haber) (compare Turkish haber), from Arabic خَبَر (ḵabar).


haftona

Possibly from Hebrew חבט (“to strike, hit”), with fem. suffix Hebrew ־וֹן (-on).


חאמאם

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حمام (hamam), from Arabic حَمَّام (ḥammām).

bor+

[…]תוב׳׳ו קי אסירקארסי פ׳׳ורסאדאמינטי אה איל חאמאם.

1838 May 1, La Vara, number 832, New York, page 6:

[…] [he] had to forcefully get close to the bathouse.

[…] tuvo ke aserkarse forsadamente a el hamam.


korasón

From Old Spanish coraçon, from Vulgar Latin *corāceōnem, derived from Latin cor.


afitar

Akoruto, kuando afita una trajediya, munchos bushkan a deskuvrir un lado positivo.

2019 February 27, Metin DELEVİ, “El Samuray ke salvo a miles de djudios de los nazis”, in Şalom:

Often, when a tragedy takes place, many people try to discover a positive side.


ג׳יקו

lad-adj

ג׳יקו (Latin spelling chiko, feminine chika, masculine plural chikos, feminine plural chikas)

chiko (romanization)
chika (feminine)
chikos (masculine plural)
chikas (feminine plural)


chiko

head

chiko m (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling ג׳יקו, feminine singular chika, masculine plural chikos, feminine plural chikas)

ג׳יקו (Hebrew)
chika (feminine singular)
chikos (masculine plural)
chikas (feminine plural)


chiko

lad-noun

chiko m (Hebrew spelling ג׳יקו, plural chikos, feminine chika)

ג׳יקו (Hebrew)
chikos (plural)
chika (feminine)


hach

Borrowed from Turkish haç (“cross”), ultimately from Armenian խաչ (xačʻ, “cross”).


dolmúsh

Borrowed from Turkish dolmuş (“dolmus”).


איז׳ו

From Old Spanish fijo (compare Spanish hijo), from Latin fīlius.


פ׳רינטי

From Old Spanish fruente, from Latin frōns, frontis.


קאזה

From Old Spanish casa, from Latin casa (“cottage”).


yave

yave f (Hebrew spelling ייאב׳י, plural yaves)

ייאב׳י (Hebrew)
yaves (plural)
llave (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish llaue (“key”), from Latin clāvis (“key”), from Proto-Italic *klāwis, of ultimately Proto-Indo-European origin. Cognate with English clef.

inh+

La yave tengo en la aldikera, tomala i avre la puerta.

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 182:

I have the key in the pocket; I take it out and open the door.

(countable) key (an object designed to open and close a lock)


tadre

From Old Spanish tarde, from Latin tardē. Compare Spanish tarde.


טאדרי

tadre (romanization)
טאד׳רי (alternative)


djente

ג׳ינטי (Hebrew)
djenti (alternative)
gente (alternative)
ŷente (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish yente, from Latin gens, gentis. Compare Spanish gente.

El criyo con forma djente se munchiguen i en olam podesten!

1970, Annual, volumes 5–7, The Organization, page 177:

He created people with form [so that they] may multiply and dominate the world!

I el sol es de dos modos kontrarios uno de otro, ke la parte ke esta para la tierra es de fuego, ma la otra parte ke da para el sielo es de pedrisko, ke kon esto se konserva uno kon otro, i el envierno tiene la vanda del pedrisko para la tierra i ansi aze muncho friyo, i si no fuera ke la otra vanda es de fuego, no era posivle ke pudieran la djente sonportarlo.

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 66:

And the sun is of two phases contrary to one another: the part for the earth is fire, yet the other part for the sky is hail, one with the other is kept with this, and winter has hail's side for the earth, making it very cold, and if it weren't for the other side, the fiery one, it would not be possible that people could bear it.


kavesa

קאב׳יסה (Hebrew)
cabeça (alternative)
cavesa (alternative)
caveza (alternative)
kaveza (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish cabeça, from Vulgar Latin capitia, from capitium, from Latin caput. Cognate with Spanish cabeza.

Alberto kontinuó a menear la kavesa en sinyo de dezaprovasión, sospirando: "A, komo se puede ser ansí!…"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 119:

Albert kept shaking his head as a sign of disapproval, sighing, ‘Ugh, how can it be like this…!’

(countable) head (the part of the body of an animal or human which contains the brain, mouth, and main sense organs)


קאב׳יסה

From Old Spanish cabeça, from Vulgar Latin capitia, from capitium, from Latin caput.


sharope

From Old Spanish [Term?] (compare Spanish jarabe, jarope, Portuguese xarope), from Andalusian Arabic شراب, from Arabic شَرَاب (šarāb, “a drink, beverage, wine, coffee, syrup”), from شَرِبَ (šariba, “to drink”).


inat

El Hodja se retiro en un kanton, i mientres muchas oras metio inat de no avlar.

2001, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 22, page 33:

The Hodja retired to a corner, and for many hours he obstinately refused to talk.


profesia

From Old Spanish (compare Spanish profecía), from Latin prophētīa, from Ancient Greek προφητεία (prophēteía).


aora

I aora, kuando la terrivle tempesta pasó, el žudaismo de este país se estremese en vyéndose en una situasyón orroza.

1930, David Fresco, edited by Christoph Herzog, Richard Wittmann, Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930, Taylor & Francis, published 2018, →ISBN, page 104:

And now, when the terrible storm has passed, Judaism in this country trembles, arriving at a frightening situation.


anyo

Inherited from Old Spanish anno (“year”), from Latin annus (“a year”), from Proto-Italic *atnos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-no-, probably from *h₂et- (“to go”). Cognate with Spanish año.


תלמוד

der

Hebrew תַּלְמוּד


adjilé

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish عجله (modern Turkish acele), from Arabic عَجَلَة (ʕajala) formed from the verbal noun of عَجِلَ (ʕajila, “to hurry”).

Adjilé no ay.

Apróntate presto, tenemos adjilé.


aliyá

azer su aliyá
immigrate to Israel, make aliya


akedá

From Hebrew עֲקֵדָה (ʿaqedá, literally “binding”).


agristada

From Old Spanish agresta (“verjuice”). Compare Italian agresto, Modern Spanish agraz.


alkunya

lad-noun

alkunya f (Hebrew spelling אלקונייה, plural alkunyas)

Derived from Andalusian Arabic *الكنیه (al-kúnya), from Arabic كُنْيَة (kunya, “kunya”). Compare Spanish alcurnia.

der+

En 1923, se modernizo la identidad de las personas, pero a unos ermanos de mi Papu le metieron en el nufus la alkunya Rodrik, i a la otra mitad de la famiya, la alkunya Rodriges.

2007, Hernán Rodriguez Fisse, “Alkunya Rodrik o Rodriguez”, in El Amaneser, section 27:

People’s identities were modernised in 1923, but like some of my grandfather’s brothers they put him on the Rodrik surname identity card, and as for my family’s other half, the surname Rodriges.

surname (the portion of a person's name that is generally hereditary or treated as an indicator of a person's family, which may be shared with other members of the family, or otherwise derived from their names in some fashion; distinguished from that person's given name(s))


aniyo

From Latin ānellus (“little ring”), from ānulus, diminutive of ānus (“ring”).


alimanya

Unknown, but occasionally postulated to be cognate to Spanish Alemania (“Germany”) as a pejorative.


alhad

Borrowed from Arabic اَلْأَحَد (al-ʔaḥad).

Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.

2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Sunday night we're going to light the first candle on our Hanukiyas.


achilearse

to become independent, free, emancipated, informed


afilú

From Hebrew אֲפִלּוּ (afilu). Cognate to Yiddish אַפֿילו (afile, “even though, despite”).


aniyo de kidushim

lad-noun

aniyo de kidushim m (plural aniyos de kidushim)


Yerushalayim

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


eskritura

From Old Spanish escritura, scriptura, from Latin scrīptūra (“a writing, scripture”), from scrīptum, the supine of scrībō (“I write”).


mansana

lad-noun

mansana f (Hebrew spelling מאנסאנה, plural mansanas)

Inherited from Old Spanish mazana, from Vulgar Latin *mattiāna.


relijión

relijión f (Hebrew spelling ריליג׳ייון, plural relijiones)

ריליג׳ייון (Hebrew)
relijiones (plural)
relijion (alternative)

From Latin religiō, religiōnem (“scrupulousness; pious misgivings; superstition; conscientiousness; sanctity; an object of veneration; cult-observance; reverence”), from religō (“I bind back or behind”), from re + ligō (“I tie, bind, or bandage”).


amahar

amahar (infinitive)
aver amahado (infinitive multiword-construction)
amahando (gerund)
aviendo amahado (gerund multiword-construction)
amahado (masculine participle past singular)
amahados (masculine participle past plural)
amahada (feminine participle past singular)
amahadas (feminine participle past plural)
amaho (first-person indicative present singular)
amahas (indicative present second-person singular)
amaha (indicative present singular third-person)
amahamos (first-person indicative plural present)
amaháx (indicative plural present second-person)
amahan (indicative plural present third-person)
amahava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
amahavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
amahava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
amahávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
amahavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
amahavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
amahí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
amahates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
amahó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
amahimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
amahatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
amaharon (indicative plural preterite third-person)
amaharé (first-person future indicative singular)
amaharás (future indicative second-person singular)
amahará (future indicative singular third-person)
amaharemos (first-person future indicative plural)
amaharéx (future indicative plural second-person)
amaharán (future indicative plural third-person)
amaharía (conditional first-person indicative singular)
amaharías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
amaharía (conditional indicative singular third-person)
amaharíamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
amaharíax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
amaharían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
amahe (first-person present singular subjunctive)
amahes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
amahe (present singular subjunctive third-person)
amahemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
amahéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
amahen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
amahara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
amaharas (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
amahara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
amaháramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
amaharax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
amaharan (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
amaha (imperative second-person singular)
amahad (imperative plural second-person)
no amahes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no amahéx (imperative negative plural second-person)


ampesar

ampesar (infinitive)
aver ampesado (infinitive multiword-construction)
ampesando (gerund)
aviendo ampesado (gerund multiword-construction)
ampesado (masculine participle past singular)
ampesados (masculine participle past plural)
ampesada (feminine participle past singular)
ampesadas (feminine participle past plural)
ampeso (first-person indicative present singular)
ampesas (indicative present second-person singular)
ampesa (indicative present singular third-person)
ampesamos (first-person indicative plural present)
ampesáx (indicative plural present second-person)
ampesan (indicative plural present third-person)
ampesava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ampesavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
ampesava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
ampesávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
ampesavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
ampesavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ampesí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
ampesates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
ampesó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
ampesimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
ampesatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
ampesaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
ampesaré (first-person future indicative singular)
ampesarás (future indicative second-person singular)
ampesará (future indicative singular third-person)
ampesaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
ampesaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
ampesarán (future indicative plural third-person)
ampesaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
ampesarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
ampesaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
ampesaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
ampesaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
ampesarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
ampese (first-person present singular subjunctive)
ampeses (present second-person singular subjunctive)
ampese (present singular subjunctive third-person)
ampesemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
ampeséx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
ampesen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
ampesara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
ampesaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ampesara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ampesáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
ampesarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ampesaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ampesa (imperative second-person singular)
ampesad (imperative plural second-person)
no ampeses (imperative negative second-person singular)
no ampeséx (imperative negative plural second-person)
empesar (alternative)


adovar

From Old French adober (“to knight, equip”), from Germanic origin.


akavidar

אקאב׳ידאר (Hebrew)
akavidar (infinitive)
aver akavidado (infinitive multiword-construction)
akavidando (gerund)
aviendo akavidado (gerund multiword-construction)
akavidado (masculine participle past singular)
akavidados (masculine participle past plural)
akavidada (feminine participle past singular)
akavidadas (feminine participle past plural)
akavido (first-person indicative present singular)
akavidas (indicative present second-person singular)
akavida (indicative present singular third-person)
akavidamos (first-person indicative plural present)
akavidáx (indicative plural present second-person)
akavidan (indicative plural present third-person)
akavidava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
akavidavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
akavidava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
akavidávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
akavidavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
akavidavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
akavidí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
akavidates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
akavidó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
akavidimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
akavidatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
akavidaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
akavidaré (first-person future indicative singular)
akavidarás (future indicative second-person singular)
akavidará (future indicative singular third-person)
akavidaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
akavidaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
akavidarán (future indicative plural third-person)
akavidaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
akavidarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
akavidaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
akavidaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
akavidaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
akavidarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
akavide (first-person present singular subjunctive)
akavides (present second-person singular subjunctive)
akavide (present singular subjunctive third-person)
akavidemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
akavidéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
akaviden (plural present subjunctive third-person)
akavidara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
akavidaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
akavidara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
akavidáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
akavidarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
akavidaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
akavida (imperative second-person singular)
akavidad (imperative plural second-person)
no akavides (imperative negative second-person singular)
no akavidéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Borrowed from Old Galician-Portuguese cavidar, from Vulgar Latin *cavito, from Latin caveō.

bor+

No le digas ke sta tonto - lo akavido Alegra kon amor - porke los dos stash savyos, i kon ayuda del Dio vos vere hahamim i merkaderes - i los dos tenesh razon.

1999, Eliezer Papo, “La Megila de Saray”, in Los Muestros, numbers 34–36, R. Capuia, page 43:

‘Don’t tell [somebody] that [someone else] is foolish,’ I warned Alegra lovingly, ‘for both of you are wise, and with God’s help I shall see you [become] rabbis and merchants, as both are reasonable.’

En las grutas, tambyen, se mandavan los djovines empyegados ortodoksos, ansina los djidyos selaniklis se akavidavan kontra una akuzasyon posivle de "krimen ritual".

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 144:

In the shops as well, young Orthodox employés were deployed, thus the Jews of Salonika acted cautiously against a possible accusation of ‘ritual crime’.


amostrar

amostrar (infinitive)
aver amostrado (infinitive multiword-construction)
amostrando (gerund)
aviendo amostrado (gerund multiword-construction)
amostrado (masculine participle past singular)
amostrados (masculine participle past plural)
amostrada (feminine participle past singular)
amostradas (feminine participle past plural)
amostro (first-person indicative present singular)
amostras (indicative present second-person singular)
amostra (indicative present singular third-person)
amostramos (first-person indicative plural present)
amostráx (indicative plural present second-person)
amostran (indicative plural present third-person)
amostrava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
amostravas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
amostrava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
amostrávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
amostravax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
amostravan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
amostrí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
amostrates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
amostró (indicative preterite singular third-person)
amostrimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
amostratex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
amostraron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
amostraré (first-person future indicative singular)
amostrarás (future indicative second-person singular)
amostrará (future indicative singular third-person)
amostraremos (first-person future indicative plural)
amostraréx (future indicative plural second-person)
amostrarán (future indicative plural third-person)
amostraría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
amostrarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
amostraría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
amostraríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
amostraríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
amostrarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
amostre (first-person present singular subjunctive)
amostres (present second-person singular subjunctive)
amostre (present singular subjunctive third-person)
amostremos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
amostréx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
amostren (plural present subjunctive third-person)
amostrara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
amostraras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
amostrara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
amostráramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
amostrarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
amostraran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
amostra (imperative second-person singular)
amostrad (imperative plural second-person)
no amostres (imperative negative second-person singular)
no amostréx (imperative negative plural second-person)


מזוזה

lad-noun

מזוזה f (Latin spelling mezuzá, plural מזוזות)

der

Hebrew מְזוּזָה

(Judaism and occasionally Christianity) mezuzah


Ayifto

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


manyana

From Old Spanish mannana, from Vulgar Latin *māneāna, from Latin māne.


arabá

Borrowed from Turkish araba. False friend of Turkish word meaning car. The words oto or otomobil are used instead in Ladino, which are borrowed from French.


barminán

From Hebrew בַּר מִינַן (bár minán, “may it not happen to us”, literally “outside of us”).

how terrible!, Heaven protect us!, God forbid!


barkero

From barka (“small boat”) + -ero (compare Spanish barquero, Portuguese barqueiro).


balukchí

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish بالقجی (balıkcı).

bor+

און באלוקגﬞי קונטה קי[…]

1873 February 27, El Tiempo, number 98, Constantinople, page 4:


bamyas

Borrowed from Turkish bamya, from Arabic بَامِيَا (bāmiyā) or بَامِيَة (bāmiya).

Abelmoschus esculentus
Abelmoschus esculentus#Translingual


bahcheván

bahchavan (alternative)
bahchivan (alternative)


asararse

From a- + Hebrew צָרָה (ṣará, “distress”) + -ar + -se.


ateshdjí

From Turkish ateş (“fire”) + -djí (compare Turkish ateşçi (“stoker”)).

(Judaism) person who lights the fire on Shabbat


ateshdjiya

ateshdjiyas (plural)
atedjiya (alternative)
ateshya (alternative)
ateya (alternative)


-djí

a suffix forming the names of professions


arvolé

ארב׳ולי (Hebrew)
arvol (alternative)
árvol (alternative)
arvole (alternative)
árvole (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish arbol, arbor or arvol, from Latin arborem f. Compare Portuguese árvore and Spanish árbol.

Abashó del arvolé, i kon sus últimas fuersas se fue verso esta luz.

2006, מתילדה כהן-סראנו, זיקנתך כבחרותך: סיפורים ופתגמים מהעולם היהודי-ספרדי, נור הפקות, page 73:

He climbed down from the tree, and with its last powers it went towards this light.


balabay

From Hebrew בַּעַל הַבַּיִת (bá'al habáyit, “master of the house”). Cognate with Yiddish בעל־הבית (balebos, “head of household”),

der

בַּעַל הַבַּיִת


boracho

lad-adj

boracho (Hebrew spelling בוראג׳ו, feminine boracha)

בוראג׳ו (Hebrew)
boracha (feminine)
borracho (alternative)
boracio (alternative)

Ke manera, no supites ke la otra noche Eshua vino boracho i rompyó todo?

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, Voices from Jewish Salonika, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 427:

How did you not know that the other night Eshua came drunk and broke everything?


brit milá

ברית מילה (Hebrew)


ברית מילה

Borrowed from Hebrew ברית מִילָה (literally “covenant (of) cutting”).


biskocho

From Old Spanish biscocho, from Early Medieval Latin biscoctus (literally “twice baked”).

inh

a traditional Sephardi Jewish ring-shaped sesame cookie commonly prepared for Hanukkah, Purim, and other Jewish holidays.


bilé

Borrowed from Turkish bile (“neither, even”).


byervo

From Old Spanish vierbo, from Latin verbum.


byervo

el senso de un byervo

the meaning of a word [goal, reason, motive]


halvadjí

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حلواجی (helvacı, “confectioner”), equivalent to halvá (“halva, confection”) + -djí.

bor+

Kuando boltó el halvadjí i avrió la kasha para pagar parás, no topó mas nada adientro.

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, לז׳נדאס, נור, page 207:

When the candyman turned around and opened the cash register to pay in Ottoman coins, there was no longer anything inside.


zanadjí

Borrowed from Turkish sanatçi (“craftsman, artisan”), from Turkish sanat (“art”), which derives from Arabic صَنْعَة (ṣanʕa).


bashustoné

bashustuné (alternative)
baxustoné (alternative)

"Bashustoné!" le respondió la vizina, "Kon plazer! Sólo kale ke me digas komo v'a poder rekonoser a tu kriatura."

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, קורס לספרדית-יהודית (לדינו) למתחילים, page 107:

"Bashustoné!" disho Djako. Ma Alberto eksklamô : "Me desplaze, ma no tengo mas lugar en la oja!" "A Dio! Mete un chiko saludo de parte de Davî para Moshôn! le rogô David. "Te estô diziendo ke me se eskapô la oja!" le eksplikô Alberto.


gayna

From Latin gallīna, from gallus (“rooster”).


gongosha

Inherited from Old Spanish congoxa, from Old Catalan congoxa, from Late Latin congustia (“defile”, noun).

kongosha (alternative)
kongoja (alternative)


guevo

From Old Spanish hueuo, from Vulgar Latin (*)ŏvum, from Classical Latin ōvum.


chadir

Borrowed from Turkish çadır (“tent”), from Persian چادر (čâdor).


charshí

Borrowed from Turkish çarşı (“bazaar”), from Persian چارسو (čârsu).


godro

Inherited from Old Spanish gordo with metathesis.


gostijo

portion of cooked dish sent over for neighbours to taste


grasias

Originally from Latin grātia, as used in the phrase gratias agere (“to express thanks”).


golor

From Old Spanish, from Vulgar Latin, Late Latin olor, olōrem, from Latin odor, influenced by oleō.


bezo

From Old Spanish, from Latin bāsium, from Proto-Indo-European *bu.


bezo

first-person singular present indicative of bezar


berendjena

lad-noun

berendjena f (Hebrew spelling בירינג׳ינה, plural berendjenas)

בירינג׳ינה (Hebrew)
berendjenas (plural)
berenjena (alternative)
merenjena (alternative)

Borrowed from Arabic بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏinjān), from Persian بادنجان (bâdenjân), earlier بادنگان (bâdengân), an Indo-Aryan borrowing, from Sanskrit वातिगगम (vātiga-gama, “eggplant”).

der

Aharon odia las berendjenas, i de kuando lo konosko yo, no ay manera de azérselas komer, a parte ke fritas en muncha azeyte.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 209:

Aharon hates eggplants, and there’s no way to make him eat them when I am acquainted with him, apart from them as fried patties with lots of oil.


aveyana

From Latin abellana, from Avella, a city in Italy.


asúkuar

Inherited from Old Spanish açúcar, borrowed from Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar), via Andalusian Arabic.


aedado

lad-adj

aedado (Hebrew spelling אאידאדו, feminine aedada)


arapado

arapada (feminine)
arrapado (alternative)


arapada

arapado (masculine)
arrapada (alternative)


ganedén

ke repoze su alma en ganedén

may his/her/their soul rest in the Garden of Eden (Paradise)


garón

«A!» disho el ombre. «Ansina no sirve la milizina! Tú deves aferrar la pulga kon los dos dedos, avrirle la boka, i kon la otra mano enkasharle un poko de polvo al garón».

1995, Matilda Koén-Sarano, edited by Matilda Koén-Sarano, De Saragosa a Yerushaláyim: kuentos sefaradís, Ibercaja, →ISBN, page 57:

‘Ah!’ the man said. ‘The medicine is not helping! You must catch the flea with two fingers, open its mouth, and insert a little powder to its neck with the other hand.’


bimuelo

Diminutive of Old Spanish *boño, akin to Spanish buñuelo, Catalan bunyol (both “fritter, doughnut”). The underlying noun is at hand in Catalan bony (“bulge”). Further origin uncertain. Theories include a Gothic *𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌾𐍉 (*buggjō, “lump”) or identity with Spanish moño (“bun of hair”), itself probably from Paleo-Hispanic.

7 guevos para los gatos, 8 guevos para el Tishpishti, 15 – 20 guevos para la meza de seder, no se kuantos guevos para los bimuelos i mas guevos para las frituras.

2019 April, Eliz Gatenyo, “Las kashkaras de guevos”, in Şalom:

7 eggs for the cats, 8 eggs for the Tishpishti, 15-20 eggs for the middle of the Seder, I don't know how many eggs for the bimuelos and more eggs for the fried food.

A type of fritter eaten by Sephardi Jews during Hanukkah and Pesach.


ayá

אלייה (Hebrew)
alla (alternative)
allá (alternative)
aya (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish alla (“yonder”).

inh+

Ariví al espital de Kfar Saba, i me echaron ayá sin poderme menear.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 155:

I arrived at the Kfar Saba hospital, and they laid me down there without me being able to move myself.

Tenían ayá lavabó i gaz, ama orno no tenían.

2021 July 14, Aldo Sevi, “La Tant Roza”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

They had gas and [a] sink there, yet no oven.


azeyte

From Old Spanish azeyte, from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic زَيْت (zayt).

azete (alternative)
azeite (alternative)
alzeyte (alternative)


avokato

Borrowed from Turkish avukat, from French avocat, ultimately from Latin advocātus.

avokado (alternative)
avoká (alternative)


gruya

From Latin grūs (“crane”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”).


biznona

From biz- + nona (“grandmother”) (compare Spanish bisabuela).


biznyeto

From biz- + nyeto.
Compare Spanish bisnieto.


bivda

Inherited from Old Spanish vibda, bibda, from Latin vidua, following metathesis.


aydé

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish هایده (hayde).


bodre

Ultimately from French bord (compare Spanish borde).


burako

Uncertain. From Old Galician and Portuguese buraco (13th century), perhaps from Latin forāmen (“aperture, opening”) or rather from a local derivative of Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce”) + the suffix -aco, from a pre-Latin suffix -akko-.


benadam

From Hebrew בן אדם (ben adam, literally “son of Adam”).


árabo

From Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab, “Arabs”) or عَرَبِيّ (ʕarabiyy, “Arab, Arabic”, adjective).


árabo

lad-adj

árabo (feminine áraba, masculine plural árabos, feminine plural árabas)

áraba (feminine)
árabos (masculine plural)
árabas (feminine plural)


dizir

דיזיר (Hebrew)
dizir (infinitive)
diziendo (gerund)
dicho (participle)
digo (first-person indicative present singular)
dizes (indicative present second-person singular)
dize (indicative present singular)
dizimos (indicative plural present)
dizísh (indicative plural present)
dizen (indicative plural present)
diziya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
diziyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
diziya (imperfect indicative singular)
diziyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
diziyash (imperfect indicative plural)
diziyan (imperfect indicative plural)
dishe (first-person indicative preterite singular)
dishites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
disho (indicative preterite singular)
dishimos (indicative plural preterite)
dishitesh (indicative plural preterite)
disheron (indicative plural preterite)
diré (first-person future indicative singular)
dirás (future indicative second-person singular)
dirá (future indicative singular)
diremos (future indicative plural)
dirásh (future indicative plural)
dirán (future indicative plural)
diriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
diriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
diriya (conditional indicative singular)
diriyamos (conditional indicative plural)
diriyash (conditional indicative plural)
diriyan (conditional indicative plural)
diga (first-person present singular subjunctive)
digas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
diga (present singular subjunctive)
digamos (plural present subjunctive)
digásh (plural present subjunctive)
digan (plural present subjunctive)
dishera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
disheras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
dishera (past singular subjunctive)
dishéramos (past plural subjunctive)
disherash (past plural subjunctive)
disheran (past plural subjunctive)
diga (imperative)
di (imperative second-person)
diga (imperative singular)
digamos (imperative plural)
dizi (imperative plural)
dizid (imperative plural)
digan (imperative plural)
no diga (imperative)
no digas (imperative second-person)
no diga (imperative singular)
no digamos (imperative plural)
no digásh (imperative plural)
no digan (imperative plural)


djudio

Ija de imigrantes djudios rusos ke aviyan sufriyido del aborresimyento i del antisemitizmo, se sintyo ke el aktivizmo sovre este sujeto era su dever.

2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom:

The daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants who had suffered from hatred and from antisemitism, she felt that activism on this subject was her duty.


djudio

lad-noun

djudio m (Hebrew spelling ג׳ודייו, feminine djudia)

Los djudios de Espanya eskrivian sus tekstos, en el espanyol ke avlavan entonses, kon letras ebreas, i kon reglas de transliterasion ke fueron mantenidas, kon chikos trokamientos, durante sienes de anyos.

Spain’s Jews were writing their texts, in the Spanish that they were speaking back then, with Hebrew letters, and with transliteration rules that were maintained, with few changes, for hundreds of years.


djidió

En los kuentos djidiós Djohá es el furbo ke embrolia el no‐Djidió, komo en los kuentos árabos el Djohá árabo aparese komo el ke riushe a “azersela” al Djidió¹¹.

1991, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Djoha ke dize? Kuentos populares djudeo‐espanyoles, כנה:

In Jewish accounts Djohá is the cunning one who confuses the gentile, as in the Arab accounts Djohá seems like he succeeds at ‘becoming’ the Jew.


djidió

En Espanya konvertieron a un djidió.
Viernes grande los Kristianos no komen karne.
Viernes grande este djidió tomó un buen pedaso de karne i está komiendo.

1995, Matilda Koén-Sarano, De Saragosa a Yerushaláyim: kuentos sefaradís, Ibercaja, →ISBN, page 182:

In Spain they converted the Jew. [On] Great Friday Christians eat no meat. [On] Great Friday this Jew took a good chunk of meat and is eating [it].


deshar

From Old Spanish lexar (compare Spanish dejar, alejar), from Latin laxāre.

Ay koza triste en ser Sefaradi,
i pensar en las sivdades ke deshi,
las glories del pasado ke pedri,
i la soledad en ke me kayi

2000, David Altabé, “Ay koza triste en ser Sefaradi”, in Esther Benbassa, editor, Les Sépharades en littérature, page 164:

There is something sad in being Sephardi
and thinking of the cities that I've left,
the glories of the past that I've lost
and the loneliness into which I've fallen


buyir

From Latin bullīre (compare Spanish and Catalan bullir), present active participle of bulliō (“I bubble, boil”), from bulla (“bubble”).


akompaniar

akompaniar (infinitive)
aver akompaniado (infinitive multiword-construction)
akompaniando (gerund)
aviendo akompaniado (gerund multiword-construction)
akompaniado (masculine participle past singular)
akompaniados (masculine participle past plural)
akompaniada (feminine participle past singular)
akompaniadas (feminine participle past plural)
akompanio (first-person indicative present singular)
akompanias (indicative present second-person singular)
akompania (indicative present singular third-person)
akompaniamos (first-person indicative plural present)
akompaniáx (indicative plural present second-person)
akompanian (indicative plural present third-person)
akompaniava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
akompaniavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
akompaniava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
akompaniávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
akompaniavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
akompaniavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
akompanií (first-person indicative preterite singular)
akompaniates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
akompanió (indicative preterite singular third-person)
akompaniimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
akompaniatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
akompaniaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
akompaniaré (first-person future indicative singular)
akompaniarás (future indicative second-person singular)
akompaniará (future indicative singular third-person)
akompaniaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
akompaniaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
akompaniarán (future indicative plural third-person)
akompaniaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
akompaniarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
akompaniaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
akompaniaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
akompaniaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
akompaniarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
akompanie (first-person present singular subjunctive)
akompanies (present second-person singular subjunctive)
akompanie (present singular subjunctive third-person)
akompaniemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
akompaniéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
akompanien (plural present subjunctive third-person)
akompaniara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
akompaniaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
akompaniara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
akompaniáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
akompaniarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
akompaniaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
akompania (imperative second-person singular)
akompaniad (imperative plural second-person)
no akompanies (imperative negative second-person singular)
no akompaniéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
akompanyar (alternative)

From Old Spanish (compare Spanish acompañar).


arresevir

aresivir (alternative)
resevir (alternative)


aresivir

arresevir (alternative)
resevir (alternative)


resevir

aresivir (alternative)
arresevir (alternative)


duspués

דוספואיס (Hebrew)
denpues (alternative)
despues (alternative)
después (alternative)
dispues (alternative)
dompués (alternative)
dospués (alternative)
duspues (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish depues (modified by analogy with des), from Vulgar Latin dē post.

Dos ermanos eran en Balataa; el uno se izo doktor dişçi, el otro se izo jeneralisto; duspués, s’aviya etcho doktor de bébés

2009, David M. Bunis, editor, Languages and Literatures of Sephardic and Oriental Jews, Bialik Institute, →ISBN, page 266:

They were two brothers in Balat. The first one became a dentist, the other became a GP; after that he had become a pediatrician.


dyente

Para mi, todo empeso kuando el dyentisto me dicho de arankar todas las dyentes ke teniya.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 16:

For me, it all started when the dentist told me about pulling all the teeth that I had.


shabat

aljhad · lunes · martes · mierkoles · djueves · viernes · shabat [edit]


djueves

ג׳ואיב׳יס (Hebrew)
djugeves (alternative)
djugueves (alternative)
džuevis (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish iueues, from Latin Iovis dīēs, variant of dīēs Iovis.

Djueves la noche, 14 marso, se reusho a obtener las permisyones menesterozas por ekspedir la misma noche, los ayudos para <182>Edirne, la primera ekspedisyon de ayudos embiada para esta sivdad.

2017 June 12, Amor Ayala, Los sefardíes de Bulgaria: Estudio y edición crítica de la obra «Notas istorikas» de Avraam Moshe Tadjer, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 402:

Thursday night, March 14, getting the permissions needed for hurrying up the support for Edirne succeeded, the first relief expedition sent to this city.

Thursday (the fifth day of the week in many religious traditions, and the fourth day of the week in systems using the ISO 8601 norm; it follows Wednesday and precedes Friday)


dezmayarse

desmayarse (alternative)
ezmayarse (alternative)


dezmudo

dezmuda (feminine)
desmudo (alternative)


dezmuda

dezmudo (masculine)
desmuda (alternative)


desrepozado

tired, feeling unwell, feeling uncomfortable


dodje

דוג׳י (Hebrew)
dodzi (alternative)
doze (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish doze, dodze from Latin duodecim. Compare English dozen.

Esta noche, entre las onze i las dodje, Juan de Esperandeu, fue a la kaza de Juan de la Abadía…

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 6:

Tonight, between eleven and twelve, Juan de Esperandeu was at Juan de la Abadía’s house.

A las dodje manko un kuarto, komo es mi uzo, yo ya estava el en edifisio de la Televizión kon el livro en la mano.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 284:

At four to twelve, as is my habit, I was building with the television with the book in hand.


dyez

head

dyez (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling דיהז)


bushkar

בוּשקאר (Hebrew)
bushkar (infinitive)
aver bushkado (infinitive multiword-construction)
bushkando (gerund)
aviendo bushkado (gerund multiword-construction)
bushkado (masculine participle past singular)
bushkados (masculine participle past plural)
bushkada (feminine participle past singular)
bushkadas (feminine participle past plural)
bushko (first-person indicative present singular)
bushkas (indicative present second-person singular)
bushka (indicative present singular third-person)
bushkamos (first-person indicative plural present)
bushkáx (indicative plural present second-person)
bushkan (indicative plural present third-person)
bushkava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
bushkavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
bushkava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
bushkávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
bushkavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
bushkavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
bushkí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
bushkates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
bushkó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
bushkimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
bushkatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
bushkaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
bushkaré (first-person future indicative singular)
bushkarás (future indicative second-person singular)
bushkará (future indicative singular third-person)
bushkaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
bushkaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
bushkarán (future indicative plural third-person)
bushkaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
bushkarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
bushkaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
bushkaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
bushkaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
bushkarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
bushke (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bushkes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bushke (present singular subjunctive third-person)
bushkemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
bushkéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
bushken (plural present subjunctive third-person)
bushkara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
bushkaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
bushkara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
bushkáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
bushkarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
bushkaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
bushka (imperative second-person singular)
bushkad (imperative plural second-person)
no bushkes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no bushkéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish buscar (“to look for”), of unknown origin. Cognate with Spanish buscar.

inh+

Akoruto, kuando afita una trajediya, munchos bushkan a deskuvrir un lado positivo.

2019 February 27, Metin DELEVİ, “El Samuray ke salvo a miles de djudios de los nazis”, in Şalom:

Often, when a tragedy takes place, many people seek to discover a positive side.

(transitive) to seek; to search for; to look for


djusto

djusta (feminine)
גﬞוסטו (alternative)
custo (alternative)


sentral

סינטראל (Hebrew)
santral (alternative)
central (alternative)

Mi tezia lo meti en primero delantre de una gruta — despues ke tomi la permision de su patron, ke era un konosido de muestra famiya, me parese — serka de la ekstremidad Norte-Oeste de la kaye Egnatia, una de las kayes sentralas de la sivdad.

2007, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, Las angustias del enferno: las pasadias de un djidio de Saloniki en los kampos de eksterminasion almanes Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk i Ebensee, Sentro Moshe David Gaon de Kultura Djudeo-Espanyola, Universidad Ben-Gurion del Negev, →ISBN, page 17:

I put my desk first in front of an office — then I got my boss’s permission, my boss being an acquaintance for our family, I think — around Egnatia street’s northwest extremity, one of the city’s central streets.

El projeto ke es el tema sentral de esta avla tiene komo buto remediar esta falta.

1998, Ladinar, volume 4, המכון לחקר יהדות שאלוניקי, page 190:

The project that is the central topic of this speech has, as a goal, solving this problem.

Egziste en Amerika un komite sentral djidyo de bienfezensya por venir en ayudo de los djudyos de la Evropa menesterozos a kual paiz eyos apartengan.

2017 June 12, Amor Ayala, Los sefardíes de Bulgaria: Estudio y edición crítica de la obra «Notas istorikas» de Avraam Moshe Tadjer, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 345:

In America there is a central Jewish charity committee for helping Europe’s destitute Jews to whose country they belong.

(figurative) central (of upmost importance)


sentro

La maale de los djudyos se topa en el sentro de la sivdad vyeja, toda la kaleja golyendo al miskle de flores, las plasas kon las pisinas, los arvoles de portokales kon los kortijos finos avyertos para ke los turistos vijiten.

2019, Şeli GAON, “Viyaje A Andalusia - 2”, in Şalom:

The Jewish district is located in the center of the old city, the whole street smelling of a mixture of flowers, the plazas with the swimming pools, the orange trees with the fine open patios for the tourists to visit.


djarro

From Old Spanish jarro, ultimately from Arabic جَرَّة (jarra, “earthern receptacle”).


devda

From Latin dēbita, neuter plural form of dēbitus.


dikat

Borrowed from Turkish dikkat (“attention, care”).


dayanear

דאייאניאר (Hebrew)
dayanear (infinitive)
aver dayaneado (infinitive multiword-construction)
dayaneando (gerund)
aviendo dayaneado (gerund multiword-construction)
dayaneado (masculine participle past singular)
dayaneados (masculine participle past plural)
dayaneada (feminine participle past singular)
dayaneadas (feminine participle past plural)
dayaneo (first-person indicative present singular)
dayaneas (indicative present second-person singular)
dayanea (indicative present singular third-person)
dayaneamos (first-person indicative plural present)
dayaneáx (indicative plural present second-person)
dayanean (indicative plural present third-person)
dayaneava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dayaneavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dayaneava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dayaneávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
dayaneavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dayaneavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dayaneí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
dayaneates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
dayaneó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
dayaneimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
dayaneatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
dayanearon (indicative plural preterite third-person)
dayanearé (first-person future indicative singular)
dayanearás (future indicative second-person singular)
dayaneará (future indicative singular third-person)
dayanearemos (first-person future indicative plural)
dayanearéx (future indicative plural second-person)
dayanearán (future indicative plural third-person)
dayanearía (conditional first-person indicative singular)
dayanearías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
dayanearía (conditional indicative singular third-person)
dayanearíamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
dayanearíax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
dayanearían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
dayanee (first-person present singular subjunctive)
dayanees (present second-person singular subjunctive)
dayanee (present singular subjunctive third-person)
dayaneemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
dayaneéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
dayaneen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
dayaneara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dayanearas (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dayaneara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dayaneáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dayanearax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dayanearan (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dayanea (imperative second-person singular)
dayanead (imperative plural second-person)
no dayanees (imperative negative second-person singular)
no dayaneéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
adanear (alternative)
danear (alternative)

[…] de alabar es el que tiene achaque y ražón para pelear que le tocaron en su cabod o que le hićieron daño en su moneda y él por cabod del Šy”t y por la maʻalá del šalom dayanea su rabia y no lo haće pleito: éste es de alabar. […]

2008, Iacob M. Hassán, edited by Iacob M. Hassán, Ricardo Izquierdo Benito, Elena Romero, Sefardíes: Literatura y lengua de una nación dispersa, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, →ISBN, page 299:

Praiseworthy is whoever has an excuse and a reason for fighting what affects his honour or what damages him financially, and he, by Seth’s honour and by virtue of peace, endures his rage and does not quarrel with [somebody]: this is praiseworthy.


bohor

From Hebrew בְּכוֹר (b'chór, “firstborn”).


bozdear

bozdear la fiaka

spoil the ostentation [mock someone who is showing off]


aravyarse

From a- + rabia + -ar, from Old Spanish rabiar, ultimately from Latin rabiēs.


arelumbrar

arrelumbrar (alternative)
relumbrar (alternative)
alumbrar (alternative)

to light up; illuminate; brighten; glow; shine


asender

Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.

2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Sunday night we're going to light the first candle on our Hanukiyas.


asperar

From Old Spanish esperar~asperar, inherited from Latin spērāre.


sivdad

lad-noun

sivdad f (Hebrew spelling סיב׳דאד, plural sivdades)

Inherited from Old Spanish cibdat, from Latin cīvitātem. Compare Modern Spanish ciudad.

There is something sad in being Sefardi
and thinking of the cities that I've abandoned,
the glories of the past that I've lost
and the loneliness into which I've fallen

En el pantheon de los eros durante la Shoah se topa Chiune Sugihara, ke era konsul jeneral de la Japonya en la sivdad Kaunas de la Litvanya.

In the pantheon of heroes during the Shoah you'll find Chiune Sugihara, who was consul general of Japan in the city of Kaunas in Lithuania.


moshka

moshka f (Hebrew spelling מושקה, plural moshkas)

Inherited from Old Spanish mosca, from Latin musca.

De ke tiralanya me estas avlando, hanuma? En las kazas de Estambol las tiralanyas sirviyan solo para apanyar moshkas.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 17:

What spider are you talking about, lady? In Istanbul’s houses all spiders do is catch flies.


enshemplo

Endemas, en la sivdad se topa la Katedrala de San Aleksandro Nevski, konsiderada uno de los amijores enshemplos de la arkitektura de la iglesia ortodoksa rusa.


djanim

Borrowed from Turkish canim (“my soul”).


Espania

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Yeshu

From Latin Iēsūs, from Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs), from Hebrew ישוע (y'hoshúa).


orasion

אוראסייון (Hebrew)

Kuando el entereso, o la atansion a la seremonia se aflaka, una majorita de senioras topan esta okazion para interkambiar ideas, munças vezes ke no tienen ninguna relasion kon el dezenrolo, el dezvelopamiento de la orasion.

2000, Salamon Bicerano, Relatos akademikos i populares en Judeo-Espanyol (1998–2000), Gözlem, →ISBN, page 297:

When the interest or attention to the ceremony weakens, most seniors use this occasion to exchange ideas, so often that they have no relation with the oration’s exposition [or] development.


ermana

ermana f (Hebrew spelling אירמאנה, plural ermanas, masculine ermano)

אירמאנה (Hebrew)
ermanas (plural)
ermano (masculine)
hermana (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish ermana, from Latin germāna. Compare Spanish hermana.

"Mira, ay está mi ermana Geula!" me dize Aharon.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 335:

‘Look, there’s my sister Geula!’ Aharon said to me.

sister (a daughter of the same parents as another person; a female sibling)


eskrivir

From Old Spanish escrivir, from Vulgar Latin *scrībīre, from Latin scrībere.


espozado

espozado m (plural espozados, feminine espozada)


espozada

espozada f (plural espozadas, masculine espozado)


enhaminar

From en- + Hebrew חַמִּין (khamín, “cholent”) + -ar. The word is related to Hebrew חַם (kham, “hot”).


esuenyo

esfuenyo (alternative)
es-huenyo (alternative)


esfuenyo

es-huenyo (alternative)
esuenyo (alternative)
sfoenju (alternative)


es-huenyo

esuenyo (alternative)
esfuenyo (alternative)


ermozura

From Old Spanish fermosura. By surface analysis, ermozo + -ura. Cognate with Spanish hermosura.


ermozo

lad-adj

ermozo (Hebrew spelling אירמוזו, feminine ermoza)

אירמוזו (Hebrew)
ermoza (feminine)
fermozo (alternative)
ermoso (alternative)
hermozzo (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish fuermoso, from Latin fōrmōsus. Cognate with Spanish hermoso.


enshavonar

אינשאבונאר (Hebrew)


tivio

Servir tivio o a la temperatura del ambiente.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 79:


folar

(cooking) folar (traditional bread served at Purim). It is a pastry made from a sweet yeast dough formed around a hard-boiled egg with the shell on for the eater to peel and eat with the sweet bread.


rinyón

Inherited from Old Spanish rinnon (“kidney”), from Vulgar Latin *rēniōnem, from Latin rēn (“kidney”). Cognate with French rognon and Italian rognone.

inh+

Lo saludo de alta estima de korasón, i del rinyón, el bonbar i las alhashés.

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, Voices from Jewish Salonika, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 518:

I greet him with great value from my heart, my kidney, my neck and my chest membranes.

kidney (an organ in the body that filters the blood, producing urine)


senyor

lad-noun

senyor m (Hebrew spelling סינייור, feminine senyora)

סינייור (Hebrew)
senyora (feminine)
señor (alternative)
sinyó (alternative)
sinyor (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish sennor (“lord”), from Vulgar Latin *senjor (“master, elder, lord, nobleman”), from Latin seniōrem (“elder”), comparative form of senex (“old”). Cognate with Spanish señor.

inh

Ey senyor, voy a esnoga.

mister; sir; lord (title conferred on a married or older male)


devemos

דיב׳ימוס (Hebrew)

first-person plural present indicative of dever


akel

From Vulgar Latin *eccum ille. Compare Spanish aquel.


akeya

head

akeya (Hebrew spelling אקילייה, plural akeyas)

אקילייה (Hebrew)
akeyas (plural)
akea (alternative)
aquella (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish aquella (“that”), from Vulgar Latin *eccum illa, feminine of *eccum ille. Compare Spanish aquella.

inh+

Era el uzo en akeya notche de komer en los balkones o las terrasas.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 163:

It was habitual in that night to dine on the balconies and flat roofs.


enshuguar

Inherited from Old Spanish enxugar, from Latin exsūcāre (“to leave without juice”).

der

(figuratively) to dry up from not eating


erensya

From Latin haerentia (compare Spanish herencia).


enfasyarse

From Old Galician-Portuguese enfastiar, ultimately from Latin fastīdium.

enfastiar (alternative)
infastiar (alternative)


eskapar

From Old Spanish escapar, from Vulgar Latin *excappāre, a verb based on Late Latin cappa (“cloak”). Often a false friend of the Spanish cognate escapar.

Senyor Koen engrandesyó en Turkia i eskapó sus estudios en Yisráel.

Mister Cohen grew up in Turkey and completed his studies in Israel.


pelagos

From Greek πέλαγος (pélagos), from Ancient Greek πέλαγος (pélagos, “sea”).


espinaka

איספינאקה (Hebrew)
spinaka (alternative)

Borrowed from Arabic سَبَانَخ (sabānaḵ) or إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ).

Los prinsiaples ingredientes eran: el tomat, pimyentones, fasulya, kalavasikas, berendjena, prasa, espinaka i mas.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 77:

The principal ingredients were tomato, pepper, green beans, zucchini, eggplant, leek, spinach and so on.

Si ay un kidúsh en el kal (koza no muy rala), mi marido i mis ijos tornan a kaza medios "bogdeados" por el kugel ke les dan ayá, i no pueden gostar ni un pishiko del pastel de espinaka o de patata, ke estó uzada a aprontar para shabat demanyana.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot:

If there is a kiddush in the syngogue (something not very rare), my husband and my children take home half-‘bogdeados’ for the kugel that they give us there, and they cannot taste a little fish from the spinach or potatoe pie, which I used to prepare for Shabbat in the morning.

Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleracea#Translingual

spinach (a particular edible plant, Spinacia oleracea, or its leaves)


endechadera

From Old Spanish (compare Spanish endecha, from Latin indicta), with the suffix -dera, feminine of -dero.


embeveserse

Possibly related to Spanish embeber (“to absorb, soak up”).


enteresar

אינטיריסאר (Hebrew)
enteresar (infinitive)
aver enteresado (infinitive multiword-construction)
enteresando (gerund)
aviendo enteresado (gerund multiword-construction)
enteresado (masculine participle past singular)
enteresados (masculine participle past plural)
enteresada (feminine participle past singular)
enteresadas (feminine participle past plural)
entereso (first-person indicative present singular)
enteresas (indicative present second-person singular)
enteresa (indicative present singular third-person)
enteresamos (first-person indicative plural present)
enteresáx (indicative plural present second-person)
enteresan (indicative plural present third-person)
enteresava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
enteresavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
enteresava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
enteresávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
enteresavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
enteresavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
enteresí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
enteresates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
enteresó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
enteresimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
enteresatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
enteresaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
enteresaré (first-person future indicative singular)
enteresarás (future indicative second-person singular)
enteresará (future indicative singular third-person)
enteresaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
enteresaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
enteresarán (future indicative plural third-person)
enteresaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
enteresarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
enteresaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
enteresaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
enteresaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
enteresarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
enterese (first-person present singular subjunctive)
entereses (present second-person singular subjunctive)
enterese (present singular subjunctive third-person)
enteresemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
entereséx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
enteresen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
enteresara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
enteresaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
enteresara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
enteresáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
enteresarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
enteresaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
enteresa (imperative second-person singular)
enteresad (imperative plural second-person)
no entereses (imperative negative second-person singular)
no entereséx (imperative negative plural second-person)
interesar (alternative)

From enterés + -ar (see Latin intersum). Compare Spanish interesar.

Eia te envoca con palavras dulsis
Con cantes i loores¹) ke tu las mereses
Es ia tiempo ke de eia te entereses
Ajenos se empatronan de sus posesiones
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 8:

It lifts you with sweet words, with songs and praises that you deserve, 'tis now time that it interest you; strangers seize its possessions. End the year and its curses.


demanyana

From Vulgar Latin *maneāna (compare Spanish mañana), from Latin māne.


eskuchar

From Latin auscultāre. Compare Spanish escuchar.


גודיאו-איספאנייול

lad-proper noun

גודיאו־איספאנייול (Latin spelling djudeo-espanyol)

גודיאו־איספאנייול (canonical)
djudeo-espanyol (romanization)


estrechura

From estrecho + -ura, possibly corresponding to Late Latin strictura (through Old Spanish), from Latin strictus.


ansí

From Late Latin ac sīc (compare Spanish así, Portuguese assim).


ansina

אנסינה (Hebrew)
ansín (alternative)
ansine (alternative)

Es ansina ke el Rey Shelomo pudo kortar i modelar las piedras del altar, i ansina pudo elevar la Kaza del Dio en la Tierra Santa, asigun el imajen del Templo en los sielos.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 165:

It is thus that King Shelomo could cut and model the altar’s rocks, and thus he could raise God’s House in the Holy Land, according to the Temple’s image in the heavens.


mazloso

From Hebrew מזל (mazal, “luck, chance”) + -oso.


desmazalado

des- + Hebrew מזל (mazal, “luck, chance”) + -ado.


seheludo

From Hebrew שׂכל (sekhel, “intelligence”) + -udo.


bibiliko

From Turkish bülbül (“nightingale”) + -iko.


boreka

lad-noun

boreka f (Hebrew spelling בורקס, plural borekas)

בורקס (Hebrew)
borekas (plural)
boreca (alternative)
bureka (alternative)

Aron dezdenyando el kuçio i el piron, aferro kon la mano la boreka i espedasondala kon los dedos en kuatro bokodos se la komyo.

1995, Tiryaki: aylık gazete-dergi, numbers 8–9, Tiryaki, page 75:

[With] Aron despising the knife and the fork, he held the filled pastry in hand and, crushing it with his fingers, it was eaten in four bites.


maymona

Borrowed from Turkish maymun, from Arabic مَيْمُون (maymūn).


kondurya

kondurya f (Hebrew spelling קונדורייה, plural konduryas)

קונדורייה (Hebrew)
konduryas (plural)
kunduria (alternative)
kundurya (alternative)

Se kito las konduryas a la puerta. A la salida, disho shalom a todo sus konosidos i se fue a tomar atras sus konduryas. Bushka de aki, bushka de aya, konduryas no ay.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 15:

[Somebody] left [their] shoes at the door. Upon exiting, [they] said hullo to all [their] acquaintances and left to take back [their] shoes. [Somebody] searches here, searches there, and there are no shoes.

(footwear) shoe (a protective covering for the foot, with a bottom part composed of thick leather or plastic sole and often a thicker heel, and a softer upper part made of leather or synthetic material)


masadjí

From Hebrew מצה (matza, “matzo”) + -djí.


boyayí

From Turkish boyamak (“to paint”) + -yí.


delantre

דילאנטרי (Hebrew)
delante (alternative)
delantero (alternative)

Delantre de ti io mi orgolio abato
I mi corason lo razgo con kevranto¹)

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

I suppress my pride before you, and my heart tears it with despair.


goler

Inherited from Old Spanish oler (“to smell”), Latin olēre, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed-. Cognate with Spanish oler.

inh+

La maale de los djudyos se topa en el sentro de la sivdad vyeja, toda la kaleja golyendo al miskle de flores, las plasas kon las pisinas, los arvoles de portokales kon los kortijos finos avyertos para ke los turistos vijiten.

2019, Şeli GAON, “Viyaje A Andalusia - 2”, in Şalom:

The Jewish district is located in the center of the old city, the whole street smelling of a mixture of flowers, the plazas with the swimming pools, the orange trees with the fine open patios for the tourists to visit.

(ambitransitive) to smell (with the nose)

Si mis vizinos (goliian) mis defectos
Si aleşavan⁵) de mi como de muertos.

If my neighbours sense my defects, if they keep away from me like the dead.

(figurative, transitive) to sense (detect)

Piścado i musafir dos dias, al treser se guelen

1981, יצחק מוסקונה, פניני ספרד: אלפיים פתגמים מאוצר החכמה של יהודה ספרד, ספרית מעריב, page 183:

[A] fish and [a] guest two days, on the third they stink.

(reflexive) to stink (have an unpleasant odour)


אסנוגה

→ Dutch: snoge

→ Papiamentu: znoa

Likely via Judeo-Vulgar Latin *es(i)nagoga, from Ancient Greek συναγωγή (sunagōgḗ, “assembly, gathering”), from συνάγω (sunágō, “I gather together”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + ἄγω (ágō, “I lead”). Doublet of sinagoga.


foja

lad-noun

foja f (Hebrew spelling פ׳וז׳ה, plural fojas)

פ׳וז׳ה (Hebrew)
fojas (plural)
oja (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish foja, from Late Latin folia, from the nominative plural of Latin folium, probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰolh₃yom (“leaf”), from *bʰleh₃- (“blossom, flower”). See also folio, borrowed from the Latin. Cognate with English foil and French feuille (“sheet, leaf”).

Las verduras si lavan foja pur foja i si inshaguan unas kuantas vezes.

1994, Isak Papo, Cuentos Sobre los Sefardies de Sarajevo, Logos, →ISBN, page 150:

The vegetation is washed leaf by leaf and it rinses itself repeatedly.

El padre de famiya lo dechava syempre en ereda a su primer fijo i en la primera foja se meldava los nombres de las personas ke lo avian resivido en ereda.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 71:

The family's father was forever leaving it inherited to his first son and in the first page the names of the people who had received this inheritance were being read.

Sin me atadrar por un punto empesi a tornar las fojas de los livros.

2007, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, Las angustias del enferno: las pasadias de un djidio de Saloniki en los kampos de eksterminasion almanes Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk i Ebensee, Sentro Moshe David Gaon de Kultura Djudeo-Espanyola, Universidad Ben-Gurion del Negev, →ISBN, page 154:

Without delaying myself at all I started to turn the books' pages.


pasharo

pasharo m (Hebrew spelling פאשארו, plural pasharos)

פאשארו (Hebrew)
pasharos (plural)
pásaro (alternative)
pásharo (alternative)
pasharó (alternative)
paxaro (alternative)
páxaro (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish páxaro, pássaro, from Vulgar Latin *passarum, alteration of Latin passer (“sparrow”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *p(e)t-tro- (“who flies, bird”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Cognate with Portuguese pássaro and Spanish pájaro.

inh

Kuando estavan komiendo, se estava oyendo un kante fuerte de pasharos ke estavan chuflando en el arvole ke estava enriva de eyos.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 248:

When they were eating, they heard birds singing vigorously in the tree that was above.

bird (an animal of the clade (traditionally class) Aves in the phylum Chordata, characterized by being warm-blooded, having feathers and wings usually capable of flight, having a beaked mouth, and laying eggs)


-iko

From Latin -icus, which forms adjectives of belonging or origin, from Proto-Indo-European *-ikos, *-iḱos. Related to Spanish -ico, which, however, is usually derogatory.

substituted for o at the end of masculine words to denote a diminutive form


peshkado

lad-noun

peshkado m (Hebrew spelling פישקאדו, plural peshkados)

פישקאדו (Hebrew)
peshkados (plural)
pishkado (alternative)
pishkadu (alternative)

El peshkado mos risivio simpatikamente I mos yevo a las kabinas diferentes, a las makinas, a las kabinas de los marineros I alkavo a una kamareta preta komo el karbon.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 553:

The fish received us sympathetically and brought us to different cabins, machines, sailors' cabins, and lastly to a room black as carbon.

(countable) fish (a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water, moving with the help of fins and breathing with gills)


grev

Al bakal kuando abashi
Yo serrado lo topí,
I si salgo a viajar
Una grev ay vo topar.

1998, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Mil i un Djoha, Matilda Koén-Sarano, page 7:

Down to the shopkeeper when I went, I found [out that he was] closed, and if I go on a trip, there’s a strike [that] I’m going to find.

En los Payizes‐Bashos, ande los primeros arrevatamientos empesaron en 1941, los ovreros sindikados de Amsterdam izieron grev kontra los arrestos i las deportasiones a Mauthausen.

2003, Richard Ayoun, translated by Prof. Haïm-Vidal Sephiha, Djudeo-espanyoles: Los Kaminos de Una Komunidad, Judéo-Espagnol a Auschwitz, page 63:

In the Netherlands, where the first roundups started in 1941, Amsterdam’s unionised workers went on strike against the arrests and deportations to Mauthausen.


favlante

favlante de espanyola


favlar

From Old Spanish fablar, from Latin fābulārī (“chat, converse”).


venidero

ב׳ינידירו (Hebrew)
vinidero (alternative)

La seremoniya de inogurasion tendra lugar el lunes 24 de marso venidero.

2002, Los Muestros, numbers 46–55, R. Capuia, page 6:

The inauguration ceremony shall take place the upcoming Monday, March 24.


mazal bueno

מזל בואינו (Hebrew)


belediye

Borrowed from Arabic بَلَدِيَّة (baladiyya).


pelte

From Turkish pelte, originally from Ancient Greek πόλτος (póltos, “porridge made with flour”).


צדיק

lad-noun

צדיק m (Latin spelling sadik, plural צדיקים)


menorá

Borrowed from Hebrew מנורה (m'norá, “light, lamp, menorah”) (compare Arabic منارة (manāra, “lighthouse”)).

bor+

Meronym: hanukiya

Komo no avia elektrisitá, los mosos de boda devian akompanyar o ir delantre la novya, ke la yevavan a pye kon el chalgí tanyendo, kon una menorá de plata kon 5 parmachés.

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, קולות משאלוניקי היהודית, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 146:

As they had no electricity, the wedding's servants had to accompany or walk ahead of the bride, who were escorting her by foot with the playing orchestra, and with a silver menorah with five great candles.

(Judaism) menorah (seven-branch candelabrum)


loor

lad-noun

loor f (Hebrew spelling לואור, plural loores)

Inherited from Old Spanish loor (“praise”), from loar, laudar, from Latin laudāre (“to praise”).

inh+

Eia te envoca con palavras dulsis
Con cantes i loores¹) ke tu las mereses
Es ia tiempo ke de eia te entereses
Ajenos se empatronan de sus posesiones
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

It lifts you with sweet words, with songs and praises that you deserve, 'tis now time that it interest you; strangers seize its possessions. End the year and its curses.


fambre

lad-noun

fambre f (Hebrew spelling פﬞאמברי, plural fambres)

פﬞאמברי (Hebrew)
fambres (plural)
ambre (alternative)

From Old Spanish fambre, famne (compare Spanish hambre), from Vulgar Latin *fam(i)ne(m), from Latin famēs, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰH- (“to disappear”).

der

Y quatro varones eran leproſas en entrada de la puerta: y dixeron cada uno a ſu cõpañero q̃ nos eﬅãtes aqui faſta q̃ muramos? Si dixermos entremos a la ciudad y la fambre en la ciudad y moriremos alli: y si eﬅuviermos aqui y moriremos: y agora andad y traſfuyamos a real de Arã si nos abiviguaren biviremos y si nos mataren moriremos. Y alevãtarõſe en la noche pa venir a real de Aram: y vinierõ faſta cabo de real de Arã y he no alli varon. Y A. fizo oyr a real de Arã ſonido de q̃tregua y ſonido de cavallo ſonido de exercito grãde: y dixerõ cada uno a ſu hermano he alquiloo ſobre nos rey de Yſrael a reyes de los Hitim: y a reyes de Egypto pa venir ſobre nos.

1553, Biblia de Ferrara, Second Book of Kings 7.3-6

And there were four lepers at the entrance of the gate: and they said one to another: what mean we staying here till we die? If we shall say let us enter the city and there is famine in the city we shall die there: and if we will stay here, we shall also die: so now ye go and let us flee across to the realm of Aram. If they revive us, we shall live and if they kill us, we shall die. So they arose in the evening to go to the realm of Aram: and they came to the edge of the realm of Aram, and behold, they found no man there. And the Lord made the realm of Aram to hear the sound of chariots and sound of horses and sound of a great army: and they said one to another, behold the king of Israel hath hired against us the kings of the Hittites and the kings of Egypt to come upon us.


coando

Coando rezgataras tu ija del cativerio²?)
Coando reprimiras su duro castigherio?
Coando aras maravias con tu giuzgo serio
Por meter fin a sus oprisiones?
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 8:

When shall you release your daughter from captivity? When shall you cease your harsh punishment? When shall you work wonders with your serious judge, by putting an end to his oppressions? End the year and its curses.


remorso

Borrowed from Italian rimorso or Portuguese remorso.

Dunke esto, mostra komo KAYİN tuvo un remorso de no ser edúkado.

1996, Tiryaki: aylık gazete-dergi, numbers 18–19, Tiryaki, page 13:

As a result of this, it shows how Kayin regretted being uneducated.


apegar

apegar (infinitive)
aver apegado (infinitive multiword-construction)
apegando (gerund)
aviendo apegado (gerund multiword-construction)
apegado (masculine participle past singular)
apegados (masculine participle past plural)
apegada (feminine participle past singular)
apegadas (feminine participle past plural)
apego (first-person indicative present singular)
apegas (indicative present second-person singular)
apega (indicative present singular third-person)
apegamos (first-person indicative plural present)
apegáx (indicative plural present second-person)
apegan (indicative plural present third-person)
apegava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
apegavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
apegava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
apegávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
apegavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
apegavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
apegí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
apegates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
apegó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
apegimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
apegatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
apegaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
apegaré (first-person future indicative singular)
apegarás (future indicative second-person singular)
apegará (future indicative singular third-person)
apegaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
apegaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
apegarán (future indicative plural third-person)
apegaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
apegarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
apegaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
apegaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
apegaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
apegarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
apege (first-person present singular subjunctive)
apeges (present second-person singular subjunctive)
apege (present singular subjunctive third-person)
apegemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
apegéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
apegen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
apegara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
apegaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
apegara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
apegáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
apegarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
apegaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
apega (imperative second-person singular)
apegad (imperative plural second-person)
no apeges (imperative negative second-person singular)
no apegéx (imperative negative plural second-person)


ר׳

R., Reb, Rebbe, Rabbi, Rav, Rabbeinu (title)


siguro

Esto siguro ke en tu penseryo estaras kon mi, komo yo esto kon ti en mi mueva vida.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 289:

I am sure that you shall be with me in your thoughts, as I am with you in my new life.


siguro

Siguro le vinieron algunos chuilis ke manyana parten i intonses tenia ke fazer fecho kon eyos agora.

1999, Eliezer Papo, La megila de Saray, E. Papo, page 106:

Surely some peasants that leave tomorrow came thereto, so [somebody] has to deal with them now.


kurto

קורטו (Hebrew)
curto (alternative)
korto (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish corto (“short”), from Latin curtus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-.

inh+

Eya keria meterte fostanikos brodados para resivir sus musafiras, i tu te fuyias de la kaza vistida kon pantalonikos kurtos, i paresiyas un zinganiko de las kayes.

2005, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 20–31, →ISBN, page 23:

She wanted to put embroidered dresses on you for receiving her guests, and you left the house dressed with short little pants; you looked like a street urchin.


djep

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish جیب (ceb, cep), from Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “pocket”). Second meaning from colloquial Turkish cep, short form of cep telefonu (“pocket phone”).

bor+

Este viejo ke tenia los vistidos rotos i suzios vino i se asento enfrente de Sarika, kito de su djep un jurnal amariyo kon manchas de azeyte i se metio a meldarlo sin darle importansa.

1992, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 45–48, page 58:

This old man wearing torn and dirty clothes came and sat down in front of Sarika, taking a yellow, oil-stained journal out of his pocket, and it was put down for reading without specifying its importance.

Metetelo al djep, ke te se tope.

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, לז׳נדאס: אגדות וסיפורי מוסר מן המסורת היהודית־ספרדית, נור, page 165:

Whatever is found by you, put it in your pocket.

(clothing) pocket (a bag stitched to an item of clothing, used for carrying small items)

mobile phone
mobile phone#English:_Q17517

mobile phone (a portable telephone that connects with the telephone network over radio wave transmission)


קי

ke (romanization)
קה (alternative)
קֶי (alternative)

Netanya

Inherited from Old Spanish que (“that”), from Latin quid (“what”), but usurping all the roles of Latin quod. Cognate with English who and Spanish que.

Coordinate term: פורקי

may; might (indicating desire or permission, usually used with the subjunctive)


קי

Netanya

לה פאז קי אירה אונה סולומברה, לה קי […] לוס פואיב״לאס די לה טיירה איסטאב״אן פירסוגיינדו, איס אאורה אונה ריאלידאד

1920 January 13, “פאס אין טודוס לוס קונטינטיס סאלב"ו אין איל די לה אמיריקה”, in La epoca de New York:

The peace that was a dream, the [one] that the peoples of the earth were pursuing, is now a reality

La paz ke era una solombra, la ke […] los puevlos de la tera estavan persugendo, es aora una realidad

¿קי מי אפרובﬞיגﬞארה לה פרימוגﬞיניטורה?

1886, אלכסנדר טומסון, אלה תולדות בני ישראל: קיירי דיזיר סיינטו אי דייז אי סייטי קואינטוס, טיראדוס דיל ארבעה ועשרים אי די לאס איסטוריאס אנטיגואס : פארה איל אוזו די לוס ישראליטאס פרוטיסטאנטיס, דפוס א"ה בוייאג׳יאן, pages 44–45:

What will make use of the precedence for me?

קי ריזאליט, קי קייפאזיליק איס איסתו!

1937 September 3, La Vara, number 734, New York, page 5:

What a scandal, what a disgrace this is!

(exclamative) such; what (a) (used to form exclamations indicating that something is remarkable, in either a good or ungood way)


קי

Netanya

Coordinate term: קומו


fantazma

Inherited from Old Spanish fantasma (“ghost”), from Latin phantasma, from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma, “image; phantom”), from φαντάζω (phantázō, “to make visible”), from φαίνω (phaínō, “to cause to appear, bring to light”). Compare Sicilian fantàsimu (“dumb”).

der

Este es un kuento atado a una eksperiensa emosional sovrenatural, ke sea una eksperiensa emosional sovrenatural, ke sea una eksperiensa emosional relijioza personal, komo por exemplo un kuento sovre un santo sovrenatural o sovre un amahamiento mirakolozo, ke se trate de una eksperiensia emosional de un enkontro kon un ser sovrenatural o de un ser de otro mundo, komo un guerko o un fantazma.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 28:

This is an account connected to an emotional supernatural experience, whether it be an emotional supernatural experience, or a personal emotional religious experience, as for example an account about a supernatural saint or about a miracle cure, it is about an emotional experience from an encounter with a supernatural being or a being from another world, like a demon or a ghost.


menester

מיניסטיר (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish menester, mester, inherited from Latin ministerium, with an irregular loss of the expected final -o. Doublet of ministerio.

Para arebivir el Ladino en el siekolo 21 es menester profitar de lo dijital para dokumentar i ambezar esta lingua en perikolo de ekstinsyon.

In order to revive Ladino in the twenty first century it is necessary to take advantage of digital technology to document and learn this endangered language.

something necessary; requirement; must; necessity


abaxada

lad-noun

abaxada f (Hebrew spelling אבאשאדֿה, plural abaxadas)

אבאשאדֿה (Hebrew)
abaxadas (plural)
abashada (alternative)
abashade (alternative)
abachada (alternative)
abaşada (alternative)
אבאשאדֿה (alternative)
אבאשאדי (alternative)

Feminine form of abaxado, from the past participle of abaxar (“to go down”).

Está con abaxada.

(geomorphology) slope, descent, downward slope or declivity

En la vida ay abaxadas y suvidas.

setback, down, a negative aspect, pitfall


abaxada

abashada (alternative)
abashade (alternative)
abachada (alternative)
abaşada (alternative)
אבאשאדֿה (alternative)
אבאשאדי (alternative)


abashade

(Bulgaria, Bitola, Bucharest, Dupnitsa, Jerusalem, Pristina) Aki Yerushalayim spelling of abaxada.

Bucharest; Jerusalem; Pristina; Bucharest; Jerusalem; Pristina


אבאשאדֿה

head

אבאשאדֿה f sg


rekordar

Kada anyo, mas de un milion de personas se van a Auschwitz para rekordar los ke murieron.

2018 January 17, Dora NİYEGO, “Nunka Te Olvides”, in Şalom:

Every year, more than a million people go to Auschwitz to remember those who died.


vay

Disho Djohá: "Vay! Este es naví! Iré detrás de él i le demandaré kuando me vo murir!"

1986, Matilda Koén-Sarano, edited by Matilda Koén-Sarano, קואינטוס: סיפורים מהווי המשפחה היהודית־ספרדית, כנה, →ISBN, page 171:

Djohá said, "Oi! This is [a] prophet! I'll go after him and ask him when I am going to die!"


vay

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Le cogió al criado y le dize: "Toma, vay llévaselo esto a mi hermano".

1997, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 18–19, page 36:

[She] picked up the baby and told [someone], 'Toma, go take this to my brother'.


לינגוה

lad-noun

לינגוה f (Latin spelling lingua or lengua, plural לינגואס)

lingua (romanization)
lengua (romanization)
לינגואס (plural)
lingua (alternative)
lengua (alternative)


artar

ארטאר (Hebrew)
artar (infinitive)
aver artado (infinitive multiword-construction)
artando (gerund)
aviendo artado (gerund multiword-construction)
artado (masculine participle past singular)
artados (masculine participle past plural)
artada (feminine participle past singular)
artadas (feminine participle past plural)
arto (first-person indicative present singular)
artas (indicative present second-person singular)
arta (indicative present singular third-person)
artamos (first-person indicative plural present)
artáx (indicative plural present second-person)
artan (indicative plural present third-person)
artava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
artavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
artava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
artávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
artavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
artavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
artí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
artates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
artó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
artimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
artatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
artaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
artaré (first-person future indicative singular)
artarás (future indicative second-person singular)
artará (future indicative singular third-person)
artaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
artaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
artarán (future indicative plural third-person)
artaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
artarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
artaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
artaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
artaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
artarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
arte (first-person present singular subjunctive)
artes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
arte (present singular subjunctive third-person)
artemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
artéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
arten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
artara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
artaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
artara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
artáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
artarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
artaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
arta (imperative second-person singular)
artad (imperative plural second-person)
no artes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no artéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Sus enemigos, sus bienes, le rovaron.
De su bien si artaron i la espujaron ¹)
I con croeldades su corason razgaron
I eia no abandona sus tradisiones.
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 9:

Her foes stole her properties. They were satiated with her property, [then] they engaged her, and they cruelly ripped her heart, [yet] she abandoned not her traditions. End the year and its curses.


semetiko

head

semetiko m (feminine singular semetika, masculine plural semetikos, feminine plural semetikas)

semetika (feminine singular)
semetikos (masculine plural)
semetikas (feminine plural)

El ebreo es una lingua semetika avlada en Israel i en otras komunitas djudias del mundo.

Hebrew is a Semitic language spoken in Israel and in other Jewish communities in (lit. of) the world.


foyo

Inherited from Old Spanish foyo (“hole”). Cognate with Asturian fueyu, Galician foxo, Portuguese fojo.

inh+

El ke aze foyo para el d’enfrente, se kaye él arientro.

1995, Matilda Koén-Sarano, De Saragosa a Yerushaláyim: kuentos sefaradís, Ibercaja, →ISBN, page 177:

He who makes [a] hole for other people falls inside [of it].

Un día yo fui al kabiné (ke era un foyo en al tierra, un poko leshos de muestra kaza), i kual no fue mi orror, kuando lo vidi yeno de unos guzanos blankos enormes.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 78:

One day I was at the workroom (which was a pit in the earth a little ways from our house), and wasn't I scared when I saw it full of huge white worms.

los pulmones se pueden yamar el foyo; la garganta i las narizes, los tubos; la kavidad de la boka, el arko del aire; i las interiores diviziones de la boka, las teklas

The lungs can be called the bellows; the throat and the noses, tubes; the oral cavity the air arch; and the mouth's interior divisions, keys.


kinze

Inherited from Old Spanish quinze, quindze, from Latin quīndecim.

Kinze diyas stovimos arodeados kon armadas aunades enemigas.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 13:

We were surrounded by armed, unified enemies for fifteen days.

[…] i yo me avía enskrito al Liceo Classico, a la edá de kinze anyos.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 129:

And I had written Liceo Classico at the age of fifteen.


montanya

From Old Spanish montanna, from Early Medieval Latin montānia, a collective based on Latin montem.


sinyifikar

En idish, la palavra "idish" sinyifika simplemente "djudio."

In Yiddish, the word "idish" means simply "Jewish."


alaha

La alaha es el kondjunto de las prinsipalas leyes djudias, el kualo inklui las 613 mitsvot i endemas las leyes de la Gemara i de muestros hahamim, ansina komo las tradisiones i kostumbres.

Halakha is the collection of Jewish legal principles, in which are included the 613 commandments and also the laws of the Gemara and of our Sages, as well as the traditions and customs.


kozina

Inherited from Old Spanish cozina, coçina, cosina (“kitchen”), from Late Latin cocīna, from earlier coquīna.

Las vedruras i frutas ke se topan en abondansia en Bulgaria enrikesieron la kozina djudia.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 77:

The fruits and vegetables found in abundance in Bulgaria enrich the Jewish kitchen.

kitchen (a room or area for preparing food)


talmudiko

una akademia talmudika


meldar

Derived from Medieval Latin meletō, from Ancient Greek μελετάω (meletáō). Cognate with Catalan maldar (“to make an effort”).

Este viejo ke tenia los vistidos rotos i suzios vino i se asento enfrente de Sarika, kito de su djep un jurnal amariyo kon manchas de azeyte i se metio a meldarlo sin darle importansa.

This old man wearing torn and dirty clothes came and sat down in front of Sarika, taking a yellow, oil-stained journal out of his pocket, and it was put down for reading without specifying its importance.

El meldó en el Saint-Joseph.

(transitive) to study (at a certain school)