suelo

Inherited from Old Spanish suelo, from Latin solum (“floor; ground or soil”).

Estas moradas eran tchikas komo "un kulo de pipino", un verdadero hendek. Se kompozavan, kaje syempre, de una unika kamareta kon el suelo de tyerra pizada.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 218:

These houses were small like ‘a cucumber’s bottom’; really [a] pit. They were almost always assembled from a unique room with a flattened land’s soil.

Delante de mi kozina un arbol estaba al suelo, las raïses a l’ayre.

2002, Los Muestros, numbers 46–49, R. Capuia, page 39:

There was a tree on the ground in front of my kitchen, the roots in the air.

Y edificó à paredes de la caſa, dentro, cõ tablas de cedros,de ſuelo de la caſa haſta paredes de avigamiento cubrio de leño de dentro, y cubrio à ſuelo de la caſa con tabla de boxes.

1553, “Reyes Primero, VI”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 243:

And he built the walls of the house within with boards of cedar; from the floor of the house unto the joists of the ceiling, he covered them on the inside with wood; and he covered the floor of the house with boards of cypress.

(countable) floor (the interior bottom or surface of a house or building; the supporting surface of a room)


suelo

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of soler


movimiento

movimientos (plural)
movimento (alternative)
movimyento (alternative)


frente

From Old Spanish fruente, from Latin frōns, frontis.


libertad

ליבירטאד (Hebrew)


colcha

colchas (plural)
kolcha (alternative)
koltcha (alternative)
kolça (alternative)
קולג׳ה (alternative)

From Old Spanish colcha, either from Latin culcita (“mattress”) or borrowed from Old French culche (Modern French couche), from Old French colchier, from Latin collocō (“put in place”).

En el invierno siempre mos cuvijamos con la colcha porque está muy yelado.

In the winter we always cover ourselves with the quilt because it is very cold.


espejo

From Old Spanish espeio, from Vulgar Latin speclum, from Latin speculum.


enemigo

lad-noun

enemigo m (Hebrew spelling אינימיגו, feminine enemiga)

Inherited from Old Spanish enemigo (“fiend”), from Latin inimīcus, from in- & amīcus (“friend”).

inh+

Sus enemigos, sus bienes, le rovaron.
De su bien si artaron i la espujaron ¹)
I con croeldades su corason razgaron
I eia no abandona sus tradisiones.
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 9:

Her foes stole her properties. They were satiated with her property, [then] they engaged her, and they cruelly ripped her heart, [yet] she abandoned not her traditions. End the year and its curses.


declarar

דיקלאראר (Hebrew)

Los Judios de la primera categoria devran tomar de nuevo sus viejos nombres en el caso onde los trocaron y declarar sus fortunas.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 116:

Jews of the first category must retake their old names when they changed and they must declare their fortunes.


patria

Derived from Latin patria (“fatherland”).

der+

Ma, kuando se akodro ke el valiante Amadis no kedo satisfecho de yamarse solo “Amadis” i adjusto el nombre de su reynado i patria para darle fama, i se yamo “Amadis de Gaula”, I el kijo azer lo mizmo, komo un buen kavayero, adjustar al suyo el nombre de la suya, i yamarse “don Kishot de la Mancha”, ke asegun el, deklarava klaramente su linaje i patria, i la onorava en tomandola por alkunya.

2013, Myriam Moscona, Jacobo Sefamí with Martín Fierro, José Hernández, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 222:

Nevertheless, when [someone] remembered that the valiant Amadis was left unsatisfied in merely being called ‘Amadis’, [he] added the name of his kingdom and homeland to make himself famous, and he called himself ‘Amadis of Gaula’, and he kept repeating himself, like a good knight, adding to his name the name of his homeland, and calling himself ‘don Koshot de la Mancha’, as according to him, it was clearly declaring his lineage and homeland, and he was esteeming it in treating it like family.


difundir

דיפ׳ונדיר (Hebrew)

En uno de los dias de Shabat ke estava en su kaza el konto a su mujer ke tuvo "Giluy Eliyau", o sea ke se aparesio en su suenyo Eliyau Anavi, ke le demando de deshar todo i pasar a bivir imediatamente a la sivdad de Tsfat en la Tierra Santa, afin de difundir la Kabala praktika ke el avia dezvelopado, siendo ke le kedavan solamente dos anyos de vida.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 9:

One Shabbat as he was in his house, he told his wife that he had "Giluy Eliyau", or maybe it looked like Eliyau Anavi in a dream, ask him to leave everything alone and immediately go live in Tsfat City in the Holy Land in order to propagate the practical Kabbalah that he had developed, seeing as how he had only two years to live.


realizar

ריאליזאר (Hebrew)
realizar (infinitive)
aver realizado (infinitive multiword-construction)
realizando (gerund)
aviendo realizado (gerund multiword-construction)
realizado (masculine participle past singular)
realizados (masculine participle past plural)
realizada (feminine participle past singular)
realizadas (feminine participle past plural)
realizo (first-person indicative present singular)
realizas (indicative present second-person singular)
realiza (indicative present singular third-person)
realizamos (first-person indicative plural present)
realizáx (indicative plural present second-person)
realizan (indicative plural present third-person)
realizava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
realizavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
realizava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
realizávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
realizavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
realizavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
realizí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
realizates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
realizó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
realizimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
realizatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
realizaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
realizaré (first-person future indicative singular)
realizarás (future indicative second-person singular)
realizará (future indicative singular third-person)
realizaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
realizaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
realizarán (future indicative plural third-person)
realizaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
realizarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
realizaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
realizaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
realizaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
realizarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
realize (first-person present singular subjunctive)
realizes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
realize (present singular subjunctive third-person)
realizemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
realizéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
realizen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
realizara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
realizaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
realizara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
realizáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
realizarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
realizaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
realiza (imperative second-person singular)
realizad (imperative plural second-person)
no realizes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no realizéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Es diya de Myerkoles ke era el korte de siete de muestro Gran Rabino, İsak Haleva. Fue dospues de la Tefila de la demanyana ke se realizo en el Kal de Neve Şalom i a las dyes el Korte.

2025 January 29, Silvyo Ovadya, “Los Evenimyentos de esta semana”, in Şalom:

Wednesday was the end of our chief rabbi İsak Haleva’s mourning period. It was after the morning prayer that it was realized in the Neve Shalom Synagogue and the Ending at ten.

(reflexive, transitive) to carry out; to effect; to execute; to realise or realize (make real)


diente

Inherited from Old Spanish diente (“tooth”), from Latin dentem, dēns, from Proto-Italic *dents, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dénts, *h₃dónts.

inh+

I arankarvos ojo por ojo, diente por diente.

2000, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 62–64, page 95:

And settling yourselves eye for eye, tooth for tooth.


lengua

lad-noun

lengua f (Hebrew spelling לינגוה, plural lenguas)

“Si me olƀidare de ti, ¡O Yᵉrûšāláyim!, se olƀide mi dereĉa, se apege mi lengua a mi paladar, si no me akordare de ti, si no enaltesiere a Yᵉrûšāláyim soƀre la kaƀesera de mi alegría”

1979, Isaac ben Michael Badhav, Ana María Riaño López, Un tratado sefardí de moral, Ameller, →ISBN, page 53:

If I will forget about you, O Jerusalem, [if] my right is forgotten, [if] my tongue sticks to my palate, if I won’t agree with you, if I do not rise to Jerusalem over the leader of my pleasure.

Mi primera lengua fue el espanyol muestro, i syempre fue la lengua de famiya.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 7:

My mother tongue was our Spanish, and it was always our family’s language.


nariz

Inherited from Old Spanish nariz, from Late Latin nārīcem f, ultimately derived from Latin nāris. Compare Galician and Portuguese nariz m, Asturian, Aragonese, and Spanish nariz f, Italian narice f.

cog

Meronym: narizes

[…] kon el ayudo de los organos en la kara del ombre: el ojo — organo de vizion, la oreja para el oido, la nariz para el guezmo i la alguenga para la savor.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 64:

With the help of man’s face’s organs: the eye — organ of seeing, the ear for hearing, the nose for smelling and the tongue for tasting.

(anatomy) nose (a protuberance on the face housing the nostrils, which are used to breathe or smell)


oreja

Inherited from Old Spanish oreja, from Latin ōricula, variant of auricula. Compare Portuguese orelha.

Djugava de oreja, i no tenia buena oreja !

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 28:

[Somebody] was playing by ear, and [they] did not have a good ear!

(countable) ear (the organ of hearing, consisting of the pinna or auricle, auditory canal, eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes and cochlea)


espalda

From Old Spanish espalda, from metathesis of Vulgar Latin *spatla, from Late Latin spatula (“broad, flat piece”), from classical Latin spatha.


vientre

ב׳יינטרי (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish vientre (“belly”).


estómago

איסטומאגו (Hebrew)
estomago (alternative)
estógamo (alternative)
stómago (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish estomago (“maw”), from Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos, “gullet; stomach”), from στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

der

Kalía solamente kaminando kon metod, por no kansar de ƀista el estómago tan flako, enforteserlo, i para esto era menester un poko de tiempo.

1978, María del Rosario Martínez González, editor, Un marido entre dos mužeres: novela anónima en ladino, Ameller Ediciones, →ISBN, page 50:

One only needed to walk with [this] method: by avoiding rest until the stomach [was] too weak, strengthening it, and a little time was needed for this.

stomach (an organ in animals that stores food in the process of digestion)


demandar

From Old Spanish demandar, from Latin demandāre.

Me demando: de ke no azesh este konserto en Estanbol. Es mas kolay de ir i vinir.

2019 May 22, Silvio & Eyal Ovadya, “Un evenimyento, una dicha/un proverbo”, in Şalom:

She asked me: why don't you do this concert in Istanbul. It's easier to go and come.


noce

En mi corason esta tu memoria santa
Dia i noce de mi no se aparta

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 11:

In my heart lies your holy memory, day and night it separates not from me.


mas

Inherited from Old Spanish mas (“but”), from Latin magis. Doublet of ma.

La madre de mi esfuegra Lea, teniya un ermano muncho mas grande de eya ke se yamava Izak. Izak era el mas grande de los 5 ermanos i era muy seriozo.

2019 November 27, Eliz Gatenyo, “Las Lentejas Del Onkl Izak”, in Şalom:

My mother-in-law's mother Lea had a brother much bigger than her whose name was Izak. Izak was the biggest of the three brothers and was very serious.

La fiesta de Soucoth que el Pentatioco (cinco livros de la ley) llama Hag Aasif, la fiesta de la recolta, es la mas importante y la mas alegre por un pueblo esencialmente agricultor segun era el pueblo de Israel.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 105:

The festival of Sukkot that the Pentateuch calls Hag Aasif, the harvest festival, is the most important and the most joyful for an essentially agricultural people as were the people of Israel.

(with definite article) most; -est (used to make superlatives)


sistema

lad-noun

sistema m (Hebrew spelling סיסטימה, plural sistemas)

From Latin systēma, from Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma).


modelo

Ken save, por enshemplo, ke en el siglo 19 savios djudios eshkenazis komo Avraam Graetz i Leopold Zunz, propozaron de tomar al djudaizmo de Espanya komo modelo para la mueva i mas moderna komunidad djudia ke se estava formando entonses en Almanya?

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 4:

Who knows, for example, that Ashkenazi sages in the nineteenth century such as Avraam Graetz and Leopold Zunz proposed taking Judaism from Spain as [a] model for the new and modern Jewish community that was forming in Germany at the time?


modelo

first-person singular present indicative of modelar

third-person singular preterite indicative of modelar


entender

אינטינדיר (Hebrew)
antender (alternative)
entyender (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish entender (“to fathom”), from Latin intendere.

inh+

Ma en semejantes amores tienes poka shansa,
al entender, siendo entrates komo bestia kansa
ke lucho oras enteras sin tener ventura.

2003, Yosef Avraam Papo, לה ב׳ינייה די נבות: דראמה ביבליקו אין סינקו אקטות אין ב׳ירסוס, הוצאת מכון מעלה אדומים לתיעוד השפה הספניולית ותרבותיה, →ISBN, page 34:

But in similar loves you have little chance at understanding, being entered into like [a] tired beast that fought gainlessly for entire hours.

Mösyö Ehrlich era lehli (ashkenazi) komo ya se entiende de su nombre.

2020 November 25, Eliz Gatenyo, “Ko-Abitasyones”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Mösyö Ehrlich was Lehli (Ashkenazi), as is already understood from his name.

(transitive) to comprehend; to fathom; to grasp; to understand (hear)


dividir

Borrowed from Latin dīvidō, dīvidere (“I divide, separate”).


mantener

From Late Latin manūteneō, manūtenēre (“I support”), from Latin manū (“with the hand”) + teneō (“I hold”).


trenta

Inherited from Old Spanish treyenta (“thirty”), from Latin trīgintā (“thirty”), from Proto-Indo-European *tri(d)ḱomt (“thirty”).

inh+

En esto le dio a su padre trenta guevos, un pan entero i una kacharola de leche.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68–72, page 64:

Someone gave their father thirty eggs, wholemeal bread, and a pot of milk in this.


goy

lad-noun

goy m (Hebrew spelling גוי, plural goyim, feminine goya)

גוי (Hebrew)
goyim (plural)
goya (feminine)


chatear

Borrowed from French châtier (“to chastise, punish”).


doktor

Borrowed from Turkish doktor, from French docteur.


gota

From Old Spanish gota, from Latin gutta.


luego

לואיגו (Hebrew)
elogo (alternative)
lugo (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish luego (“then”), from Latin locō (“in the place of, instead of, for”), ablative of locus, from Old Latin stlocus, from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, place, locate”). Cognate with English lieu and locus.

der

“Mismo a las horas que no apartienen ni al dia ni a la noche, yo me consacro al vano arte de la mediqueria, aunque sea incapaz de melicinar. Rogo a Dios de enviarme luego la delivrancia y acordarme el reposo, afin que yo pueda ir en una ciudad onde enflorece la ciencia y artarme de bever al manancial de la saviduria„.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11-34, page 196:

'Even at the hours that belong to neither day nor night, I devote myself to the vain art of medicine, even if it be incapable of healing. I beg God to immediately send me deliverance and to bestow me with peace, so that I can go to a city where science thrives and satiate myself by drinking myself silly with wisdom.'

Coordinate term: tadre

Si un siego guía otro siego al abizmo van luego.

1976, Žamila Kolonomos, פתגמים ומימרות של היהודים הספרדיים בבוסניה והרצגובינה, Savez jevrejskih opština Jugoslavije, page 77:

If the blind lead the blind, then they go to the abyss.


soler

סוליר (Hebrew)
s.hueler (alternative)
sueler (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish soler (“to use to”), from Latin solēre. Compare Catalan soler, Italian solere, Portuguese soer (archaic) and Spanish soler.

inh+

Solias de tener kolores i agora estas demudada

2006, Dr. Avner Perez, Agua Fuego i Amor: Gazeles i Kantes Mistikos de los Sabetaistas, מכון מעלה אדומים לתיוד השפה הספניולית ותרבותה בשיתוף עם מרכז משה דוד גאון לתרבות הלאדינו, →ISBN:

You used to have colours and now you have changed.

(auxiliary) to tend (to); to use to; to have the habit (of); to be accustomed (to); to be wont (to)


mavi

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ماوی (mavi), from Arabic مَاوِيّ (māwiyy, “watery”).


esta

Onde vemos ke en esta parasha de "Bo" dize el pasuk: "i sera kuando dirian a vozotros guestros ijos: ke es isto?".

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 36:

Where we see that in this parashah of Bo, the verse says: ‘and when shall it be that your children would say to you: what is this?’


esta

"Sí, esta es una biskikleta rovada", le dize el pulís, "i tú sos el ladrón!"
"Yo? Ladrón?!" se metió a gritar Aharon, "Esta bisikleta yo la trushi de Italia ayer. Na, está sovre mi pasaporto!"
"Ayde, no kontes patranya i ven pishín kon mi!" le disho el pulís, tomándole le bisikleta de la mano i aferrándolo del braso. I se lo yevó a la prezión.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 126:

‘Yes, this is a stolen bicycle,’ the officer said. ‘And you are the thief!’
‘Me? [A] thief‽’ Aharon began to shout, ‘I brought this bicycle from Italy yesterday. For goodness’ sake, it’s on my passport!’
‘Let’s go, stop talking nonsense and come with me, immediately!’ the officer told him, seizing the bicycle in [one] hand from him and holding him by the arm. [Then] he arrived at prison.


esta

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

third-person singular present indicative of estar

second-person singular imperative of estar


abásho

From Old Spanish abaxo, from Latin ad + bassus.

abacho (alternative)
abaşo (alternative)

abashár abásho

los de abásho

tódo sta de arríva abásho


abastádo

almighty, omnipotent (referring to God).


basho

lad-adj

basho (Hebrew spelling באשו, feminine basha, masculine plural bashos, feminine plural bashas)

באשו (Hebrew)
basha (feminine)
bashos (masculine plural)
bashas (feminine plural)
bacho (alternative)
bašo (alternative)
baxo (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish baxo, from Latin bassus.

Ventana haras à la arca , y à codo, la atemaras de arriba: y puerta de la arca, en ſu lado pornas; de andares baxhos,ſegũdos y terçeros,la haras.

1553, “Genesis, VI”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 4:

A light shalt thou make to the ark, and to a cubit shalt thou finish it upward; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it.

Despues, el mansevo desho su lavoro de pastor, i se merko una grande butika en la sivdad, ande empeso a vender kozas de komer i ropas de vistir por presios muy bashos.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 251:

Afterwards, the lad left his pastoral work, and marketed in a great shop in the city, where he started selling foodstuffs and clothes at very low prices.

low (small in amount or quantity, value, force, energy, &c.)

Indo mas adelantre, la mar se izo mas fuerte, i yo empesi a sintir a mi madre dizir a boz basha: “Shemá Israel…”, mientres ke en el korridor de la nave los papazes estavan rogando: “Ora pro nobis…”.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 107:

Going further, the sea grew stronger, and I started to hear my mother say in [a] low voice, ‘Shemá Israel…’ while in the ship’s corridor the priests were begging, ‘Ora pro nobis…’

low (in pitch, due to being produced by relatively slow vibrations)


basho

באשו (Hebrew)
bacho (alternative)
bašo (alternative)
baxo (alternative)

El fue fondado, en 1933, por un grupo de orijinarios de la sivdad de Bursa en Turkia, algunos de entre los kualos ya bivian en Yerushalayim ainda kuando esta sivdad se topava basho el rejimen del Imperio Otomano, ansi ke por sefaradis ke avian echo sus aliya a la Tierra Santa poko antes de la fondasion del Estado de Israel.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 18:

It was founded in 1933 by a group of originators from the city of Bursa in Türkiye, some of whom, among others, already still lived in Jerusalem/al-Quds when this city was founded under the Ottoman Empire régime, likewise for Sephardim who were making aliyah to the Holy Land a little before the State of Israel’s foundation.


basho

bacho (alternative)
bašo (alternative)
baxo (alternative)

first-person singular present indicative of bashar

third-person singular preterite indicative of bashar


según

סיגון (Hebrew)
asegun (alternative)
asegún (alternative)
asigun (alternative)
asigún (alternative)
segun (alternative)
sigun (alternative)
sigún (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish segund, segunt, inherited from Latin secundus. Doublet of segundo. Related to seguir (“follow”).

el lavorador deve ser pagado según su valor

The worker should be paid according to his value.

Y disho Ribi Azarya ke la alma su lugar es en el korason, ke esta en medio del puerpo para alumbrar por todas partes i sostener todos los miembros, según kuando esta el sol en medio del sielo ke esta el mundo klaro.

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 88:

And Rabbi Azarya said that the soul's place is in the heart, which lies in the body's centre to lighten every part and sustain the limbs, as when the sun is centred in the sky the earth [looks] clear.


aun

Inherited from Old Spanish aun (“even”), from Latin adhūc.

Aunque agora no quedó ni la sal de la salata de las alegrías que nuestros padres tenían en la fiesta de Purim, aun con todo la fiesta ella misma trae con sí una alegría.

1983, Elena Romero, Repertorio de noticias sobre el mundo teatral de los sefardíes orientales, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, →ISBN, page 230:

Although the lettuce’s salt is now kept away from the celebrations that our fathers had on the festival of Purim, even with the entire festival it [the salt] itself brings happiness.

[…] el No.1 de Presente es un buen empesijo ke mos permete de esperar alkanses aun mijores en el futuro.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 81:

The first issue of Presente is a good start that lets us anticipate even better successes in the future.

even (implying an extreme example in the case mentioned)


ayuda

third-person singular present indicative of ayudar


eskola

En 1829 el governo otomano fonda en Estambol, para los menesteres de su armada, una eskola de medesina ke 10 anyos mas tadre es konvertida en fakultad.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68–72, page 46:

In 1829, the Ottoman government founds a school in Istanbul, for its army’s needs, a medical school that becomes a faculty one decade later.


chapa

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish چاپه (çapa).

bor+

Lavora kon la pala, kavaka kon la chapa,
S’aboka, s’alevanta, el día no s’eskapa!

1997, Moshé Ha-Elión, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 56–58, page 55:

[Somebody] works with the shovel, digs with the pickax; he bends, he rises, the day doesn’t end!


merak

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish مراق (merak).

Ich merak no se tome, Tio Ezrá; ni eya, Tia Benuta, no se meraklee del todo (saltó Semayá ke avia sentido la konversasyón).

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, Voices from Jewish Salonika, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 608:

Uncle Ezrá has no worry about anything; neither does Aunt Benuta worry about everything. [Semayá left, having heard the conversation.]

La semana kon sys afanes i lavoros, kon sus merakes i alegrias, pasava markada del kolpo de kanon dando dos vezes al dia la ora a la turka.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 120:

The week with its work and labour, with its sadnesses and joys, was passing marked with a cannon blast going off twice daily and hourly at the Turk.


dobro

head

dobro (feminine dobra, masculine plural dobros, feminine plural dobras)

dobra (feminine)
dobros (masculine plural)
dobras (feminine plural)

From Serbo-Croatian dobar, добар, from Proto-Slavic *dobrъ (“good”).


tambien

טאמביין (Hebrew)
también (alternative)
tamién (alternative)
tanbien (alternative)

From tan (“so, as”) + bien (“well”). Compare with Portuguese também, Catalan també.

Ma mizmo en estos momentos de fiesta i alegria, no podimos evitar de apuntar ke ainda semos enfrentados por graves peligros, entre otras en el kampo finansiario tambien, komo konsekuensa de las restriksiones de estos ultimos anyos en los budjetos de las institusiones kulturales en Israel i de la difikultad kada vez mas grande, de obtener el ayudo del kual tenemos menester.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 4:

Yet even in these moments of joy and happiness, we could not avoid emphasizing that we remained confronted by grave dangers, among others in the financial camp as well, as a consequence of the restrictions of these last years in Israel's institutions' culturals budgets and from the worse difficulty every time of getting help for what we need.


también

Por esto el memorato es muy adapto a servir también komo kuento moral ke ambeza una moral i renforsa valores sosiales relijiozas.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 28:

Due to this, the reminiscence is also very useful for serving as a moral story that teaches a moral and reinforces social and religious values.


pulmón

Inherited from Old Spanish pulmon (“lung”), a borrowing from Latin pulmōnem, pulmō (“lung”), from Proto-Indo-European *pléwmō. Doublet of pumón.

inh+

los pulmones se pueden yamar el foyo; la garganta i las narizes, los tubos; la kavidad de la boka, el arko del aire; i las interiores diviziones de la boka, las teklas

The lungs can be called the bellows; the throat and the noses, tubes; the oral cavity the air arch; and the mouth’s interior divisions, keys.

lung (an organ that extracts oxygen from the air)


puerto

Inherited from Old Spanish puerto, from Latin portus, from Proto-Italic *portus, from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”), from *per- (“to go forth, to cross”).

(countable, nautical) port (harbor; harbour)

Como ſoſſegaràs y .A. encomendó à ella, à Askelon, y al puerto de la mar? alli la aparejó.

1553, “Yrmeahu, XLVII”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 348:

How canst thou be quiet? For the Lord hath given it a charge; against Ashkelon, and against the sea-shore, there hath He appointed it.


wa

Probably from Moroccan Arabic ايوه (iwa).

(Haketia) so (used to introduce a new conversation or topic)


ombre

From Old Spanish, from Latin homo, hominem.


פאה

פֶּאַה (canonical feminine)
pe’ah (romanization)


kere

third-person singular present indicative of kerer


avenir

Yo me fui para partisipar al programa de viernes en el otel “Moria‐Plaza” en Yerushalayim, ande do, por radio, una recheta de kuzina, i Tamar se kedó a azerse predizir el avenir.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 362:

I left to participate in the Friday programme in the Moria‐Plaza hotel in Jerusalem/al-Quds, where I gave a cooking recipe through the radio, and Tamar stayed to predict the future.

future (the time ahead; those moments yet to be experienced)


paso

פאסו (Hebrew)
passo (alternative obsolete)

Inherited from Old Spanish paso, from Latin passus (“step, pace”). Cognate with Catalan pas, Galician paso, English pace, pass, Portuguese passo and Romanian pas.

Topandome boracio de ansia sino vino
Io dezvii³) mis pasos de tu camino

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

Finding me drunk from wineless grief, I stray from the steps on my path.

step (advance or movement made from one foot to the other; pace)


paso

first-person singular present indicative of pasar

third-person singular preterite indicative of pasar


חכם

lad-noun

חכם m (Latin spelling haham, plural חכמים)


אין

מילייארדאס די איסטרילייאס רילומבראבֿאן איינדה אין איל פירמאמינטו

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

Billions of stars were still shining in the firmament

Milyardas de estrelyas relumbravan ainda en el firmamento


eia

La nasion judia resita orasiones
Eia entona sus alavasiones
O dio ! melezina todas sus pasiones
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 8:

The Jewish nation recites prayers, sings [you] its praises—Oh God! Heal all its wounds. End the year and its curses.


republika

repúblika (canonical feminine)
ריפובליקה (Hebrew)


tiempo

טיימפו (Hebrew)
tyempo (alternative)
tienpo (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish tiempo, from Latin tempus, from Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the root *temp- (“to stretch, string”). Doublet of tempo.

no tengo tiempo de tomarme sehorá

"Mashalla, topates lo ke bushkates tanto tiempo, en un bogo en el fondo del baul - despues de haloshentos anyos!"

2021 March 31, Esti SAUL, “La kamizika de la kortadura de fashadura ke topi kon los bonbones: La Sorpreza de PESAH”, in Şalom:

"Congratulations, you found what you were looking for after so much time, in a bundle at the bottom of the trunk — after many hundreds of ill yearsǃ"

Wa güeno pasó el tiempo y a todo esto la muĵer seguía tan sana como siempre, fresquita como una lechuga y ferte como un roble.

(Can we date this quote?), “El sheshauni me”, in Voces de Ḥaketía:

So he passed the time and on top of that the woman stayed as healthy as always, fresh as lettuce and strong as oak.

while; period of time; long time; length of time; indeterminate amount of time

La inosensia de los críos de mi tiempo!

(Can we date this quote?), “Purim en Larache”, in Voces de Ḥaketía:

el tiempo está a la nieve

weather (the short term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, including the temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, precipitation, wind, etc)


pagar

פאגאר (Hebrew)
pagar (infinitive)
aver pagado (infinitive multiword-construction)
pagando (gerund)
aviendo pagado (gerund multiword-construction)
pagado (masculine participle past singular)
pagados (masculine participle past plural)
pagada (feminine participle past singular)
pagadas (feminine participle past plural)
pago (first-person indicative present singular)
pagas (indicative present second-person singular)
paga (indicative present singular third-person)
pagamos (first-person indicative plural present)
pagáx (indicative plural present second-person)
pagan (indicative plural present third-person)
pagava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
pagavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
pagava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
pagávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
pagavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
pagavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
pagí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
pagates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
pagó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
pagimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
pagatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
pagaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
pagaré (first-person future indicative singular)
pagarás (future indicative second-person singular)
pagará (future indicative singular third-person)
pagaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
pagaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
pagarán (future indicative plural third-person)
pagaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
pagarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
pagaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
pagaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
pagaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
pagarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
page (first-person present singular subjunctive)
pages (present second-person singular subjunctive)
page (present singular subjunctive third-person)
pagemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
pagéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
pagen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
pagara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
pagaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
pagara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
pagáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
pagarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
pagaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
paga (imperative second-person singular)
pagad (imperative plural second-person)
no pages (imperative negative second-person singular)
no pagéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish pagar (“to repay”), from Latin pacāre (“pacify”).

inh+

Kuando boltó el halvadjí i avrió la kasha para pagar parás, no topó mas nada adientro.

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, לז׳נדאס, נור, page 207:

When the candyman turned around and opened the cash register to pay in Ottoman coins, there was no longer anything inside.

I anke se les pagava una taksa por oka dela masá a los orneros, ma era kon fogera, ke kada uno keria tener la masá en kaza un dia antes.

(Can we date this quote?), Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 231:

Although a fee was paid up per ounce of matzah to the bakers, everyone remained urgently wanting to have matzah at home a day earlier.


sofu

From Ottoman Turkish صوفو, from Arabic صوفي.


responder

ריספונדיר (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish responder, inherited from Latin respondēre (likely via Late Latin respondĕre).

A lo kualo la tia Dudu respondia Barminam!

1997, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 18–19, page 61:

To which aunt Dudu replied L-rd have mercy!

Le respondió la mama: "Diez dedos ay en las manos. Kada uno duele en la mizma manera? No! El diamante es para el diamante!"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 193:

The mum replied, ‘There are ten fingers on the hands. Each one hurts the same way? No! The diamond is for the diamond!’

(ambitransitive) to answer; to reply (to give a written or spoken response)


importante

lad-adj

importante (Hebrew spelling אימפורטאנטי)

אימפורטאנטי (Hebrew)

Eya fue atraida por esta sivda importante de punto de vista djidyo, muy komertchante, i penso fazer profitar la komunita de su djenerozita.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 57:

She was attracted to this important city from a Jewish point of view, very businesslike, and she thought to take advantage of the community’s generosity.


bolsa

From Old Spanish, from Late Latin bursa.


keres

second-person singular present indicative of kerer


mecate

Borrowed from Spanish mecate, from a Nahuan language; cf. Classical Nahuatl mecatl.


vente

Inherited from Old Spanish veynte (with a shift in stress), from Latin vīgintī, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wih₁ḱm̥ti < *dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti.

La repuesta le agradó muncho a Aharon, ke me kontó ke tuvo una amiga de la edá de katorze anyos asta la edá de vente anyos.

2006, Matilda Koén‐Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 129:

Aharon liked the response so much that he told me that he had a fourteen‐ to twenty‐year‐old friend.


balta

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish بالطه (balta). Arabic: بالطة.


paja

From Old Spanish, from Latin palea (“chaff”), from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“flour, dust”).


paras

From Ottoman Turkish پاره (para), from Persian پاره (pâre, “coin, money”).


kanta

third-person singular present indicative of kantar


bondad

Inherited from Old Spanish bondat, from Latin bonitātem. By surface analysis, bueno + -dad. Compare Portuguese bondade.

Con tu peiadad azme bondad i bivire
I no mi apenes sigun io lo meresire.

With your mercy give me goodness and I shall live, and do not punish me as I shall deserve it.


skola

סקולה (Hebrew)
eskola (alternative)
shkola (alternative)
skolije (alternative)

From Latin schola, from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ).


mur

Vó a pozar un mur para la karta de korreo.

I am going to put a stamp on the postcard.


muerto

Inherited from Old Spanish muerto (“dead”), from Vulgar Latin *mortu(s), from Latin mortuus, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥twós, *mr̥tós. Cognate with Bengali মৃত (mrito) / মৃত্যু (mrittu), Hindi मृत (mŕt) / मृत्यु (mŕtyu).

inh+

[…] i no digas: fulano es fermozo i yo no, ke bien saves ke deske el ombre es muerto, ke no se kuenta salvo por animalia muerta.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68-72, page 59:

And don't say: so and so is handsome and I'm not; you know well that since the man is dead that he doesn't count except as a dead animal.


muerto

Los fraguadores les vino kolay de tomar todas las pyedras de ensima los muertos, syendo estas kevuroth eran de los primeros djidyos ke vinyeron de la Espanya.

(Can we date this quote?), Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, chapter 42, in Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, editors, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 290:

It came easy for the builders to take all the dead's tombstones, being that these graves belonged to the first Jews who came from Spain.


boz

From Early Modern Spanish boz, from Old Spanish voz (compare Spanish voz), from Latin vox, vocis, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs.


pozo

פוזו (Hebrew)
podjo (alternative)
podzu (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish poço, from Latin puteus. Compare Spanish pozo.

Despues se fue a un pozo la incho de agua, i se abolto a la sivdad fina ke topo a alguna ke tenia menester de agua.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 140:

Then [somebody] went to a well [that someone else] filled with water, and [somebody] returned to the refined city that found someone who needed water.

well (hole sunk into the ground as a source of water, oil, natural gas or other fluids)


bakal

No, sinyor bakal, esto kosta sólo siete!

1988, Miriam Raymond, edited by Matilda Koén-Sarano, De Saragosa a Yerushaláyim: kuentos sefaradís, Zaragoza: Ibercaja, published 1995, →ISBN, page 67:

No, mister shopkeeper, this costs only seven!


kaya

Imperative of Old Spanish callar, Inherited from Vulgar Latin *callāre, from Latin chalāre, from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō).


sien

סיין (Hebrew)
cien (alternative)
syen (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish çien (“hundred”), from Latin centum. Cognate with Spanish cien.

Coordinate term: siento

Estava eskrito ke a la fin ivas a tomar a Semaya kon el kual te echamos la bendision a ke bivash sien i un anyo.

2001, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 22, page 30:

It was written that at the end he was going to marry Semaya with the blessing that we gave you: that you live one hundred and one years.


sien

A development of Old Spanish sen (“sense, judgement”) (compare Italian senno), influenced by conjugated forms of sentir (“to feel”) (compare siento (“to feel”)). Probably, through the intermediate of a Gallo-Romance source such as Old Occitan sen, from Vulgar Latin *sennus, of Germanic origin (compare Dutch zin (“meaning, intention”), German Sinn (“sense, mind”), Norwegian sinn (“mind”), Swedish sinne (“mind, sense”)), from Proto-West Germanic *sinn, from Proto-Indo-European *sentnos, from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”).

Me duelen las sienes.

El etaj de abasho tiene una guertizika delantre, kon siyas i meza i Rivka vistida de un fostan ancho a la Espanyola kon una roza en la sien, asentada, trikotando i asperando a su marido ke es vendedor de limones en el shuk (bazar).

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 280:

The floor below has a small garden inside, with chairs and [a] table, and Rivka wore a wide dress like the Spaniard with a rose on her temple, sitting, crocheting and waiting for her husband, who is a lemon vendor at the market.

(anatomy) temple (part of the skull on the side of the forehead)


prasa

From Ottoman Turkish پراصه (prasa, pırasa), from Greek πράσο (práso).

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium ampeloprasum#Translingual


hiba

Borrowed from Moroccan Arabic هيبة (hība, hayba), from Arabic هَيْبَة (hayba).

bor+

(Haketia) dignity, decorum, elegance, ambience of a party


ava

Inherited from Old Spanish faba, from Latin faba, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰabʰ- (“bean”).


raki

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish راقی (rakı), from Arabic عَرَقِيّ (ʕaraqiyy, “of liquor”), from عَرَق (ʕaraq, “sweat; liquor”).


teatro

Derived from Latin theātrum, from Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron, “a place for viewing”).

der

Nesa, ya arivimos al teatro. Ma ya era tadre: la opera ya avía empesado.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 128:

Nesa, we are already at the theatre. But it [is too] late now: the opera already started.

(countable) theater (a place or building, consisting of a stage and seating, in which an audience gathers to watch plays, musical performances, public ceremonies, and so on)


alguno

head

alguno m (Latin spelling, feminine singular alguna, masculine plural algunos, feminine plural algunas)

alguna (feminine singular)
algunos (masculine plural)
algunas (feminine plural)
algunu (alternative)


rio

río (canonical masculine)
ריאו (Hebrew)
río (alternative)
ryo (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish rio, ryo, from Vulgar Latin rius (“river”), from Latin rīvus (“a small stream”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rih₂wós, from *h₃reyh₂- (“to flow; to move or set in motion”) and *-wós.

Y Rio ſaliente de Heden, para abrevar al huerto: y de ahi ſe eſpartia y era por quatro cabeças Nõbre del uno Piſſon: el, el arrodeãte à toda tierra de Havilah, que ahi el oro Y oro de la tierra la eſſa bueno:ahi el chriſtal, y piedra de Sohã Y nõbre del rio el ſegundo, Guihõ:el, el arrodeãte á toda tierra de Ethiopia.

1553, “Genesis, II”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 2:

And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became four heads. The name of the first is Pishon; that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; and the gold of that land is good; there is bdellium and the onyx stone. And the name of the second river is Gihon; the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Cush.

“Sera komo un arvol plantado serka de la agua ke sus raizes estan asta el rio, raizes munças, no syente kalor, sus ojas kedan syempre freskas, no sufre en el anyo de sekura, i nunka keda de dar su fruto”.

2009, ירון בן־נאה, תורכיה, משרד החינוך, המזכירות הפדגוגית, המרכז לשילוב מורשת יהדות המזרח, page 190:

‘It shall be like a tree planted near water [in] that its roots, many roots, stretch to the river; it feels no heat, its always keeps it leaves fresh, not suffering in the year of drought, and it never ceases to give fruit.’

river (a large and often winding stream which drains a land mass, carrying water down from higher areas to a lower point, oftentimes ending in another body of water, such as an ocean or in an inland sea)


rio

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

first-person singular present indicative of riir

third-person singular preterite indicative of riir


lado

Inherited from Old Spanish lado (“side”), from Latin lātus, whence English latitude. Compare English lateral.

inh+

Akoruto, kuando afita una trajediya, munchos bushkan a deskuvrir un lado positivo.

2019 February 27, Metin DELEVİ, “El Samuray ke salvo a miles de djudios de los nazis”, in Şalom:

Often, when a tragedy takes place, many people try to discover a positive side.


profesor

lad-noun

profesor m (Hebrew spelling פרופ׳יסור, feminine profesora)

Mi profesor de latino i grego ya tinía mas ochenta anyos kuando fue mi profesor en mis últimos anyos de liseo.

2006, Matilda Koén‐Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 114:

My Latin and Greek teacher was already more [than] eighty-years-old when he was my teacher in my last years of high school.


anoche

Inherited from Old Spanish anoche (“yesternight”), from Latin ad noctem.
Cognate with Portuguese ontem & Spanish anoche.

inh+

Anoche, a las tres, la fortuna se izo muy fuerte.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 107:

Last night, at three, I got really lucky.


diz

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish دیز (diz, “knee”).

bor+

I kero ke este djigante entre i kayga en diz delantre de mi dulse amante […]

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 216:

And I want this giant to enter and fall to his knees before my sweet lover.

(anatomy) knee (in humans, the joint or the region of the joint in the middle part of the leg between the thigh and the shank)


bogo

"Mashalla, topates lo ke bushkates tanto tiempo, en un bogo en el fondo del baul - despues de haloshentos anyos!"

2021 March 31, Esti SAUL, “La kamizika de la kortadura de fashadura ke topi kon los bonbones: La Sorpreza de PESAH”, in Şalom:

"Congratulations, you found what you were looking for after so much time, in a bundle at the bottom of the trunk — after many hundreds of ill yearsǃ"

(countable) bundle (a group of objects held together by wrapping or tying)


ajeno

lad-adj

ajeno (feminine ajena, masculine plural ajenos, feminine plural ajenas)

ajena (feminine)
ajenos (masculine plural)
ajenas (feminine plural)

From Old Spanish ageno, from Latin aliēnus.


kalem

From Ottoman Turkish قلم (kalem), from Arabic قَلَم (qalam), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos).

Amorozo del desen deste su chikez, no desha el kalem de su mano.

2017 July 20, Esti SAUL, “Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) i sus Heliogravures Umoristikas”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

In love with design since childhood, he never put the pencil down.


ladrón

Inherited from Old Spanish ladron, from Latin latrōnem. Cognate with Spanish ladrón.

ladron, ipokrita, ingrato i traishedor

1931, “Rekolyo de Poezias Diversas”, in Folkmasa:

thievish, hypocritical, ungrateful, and traitorous


ladrón

lad-noun

ladrón m (Hebrew spelling לאד׳רון, plural ladrones or ladroním)

לאד׳רון (Hebrew)
ladrones (plural)
ladroním (plural)
ladron (alternative)

"Sí, esta es una biskikleta rovada", le dize el pulís, "i tú sos el ladrón!"
"Yo? Ladrón?!" se metió a gritar Aharon, "Esta bisikleta yo la trushi de Italia ayer. Na, está sovre mi pasaporto!"
"Ayde, no kontes patranya i ven pishín kon mi!" le disho el pulís, tomándole le bisikleta de la mano i aferrándolo del braso. I se lo yevó a la prezión.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 126:

‘Yes, this is a stolen bicycle,’ the officer said. ‘And you are the thief!’
‘Me? [A] thief‽’ Aharon began to shout, ‘I brought this bicycle from Italy yesterday. For goodness’ sake, it’s on my passport!’
‘Let’s go, stop talking nonsense and come with me, immediately!’ the officer told him, seizing the bicycle in [one] hand from him and holding him by the arm. [Then] he arrived at prison.


kandela

From Latin candēla; compare Spanish candela.

Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.

2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Sunday night we're going to light the first candle on our Hanukiyas.


chanta

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish چانطه (çanta), from Persian چنته.


bava

First meaning from the hypothesized Vulgar Latin *baba (“drooling, infantile talk”). Second meaning from Greek βαβά (vavá), ultimately from Proto-Slavic *baba.


siniestro

סינייסטרו (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish siniestro, from Late Latin sinextrum, from Latin sinistrum. Compare Portuguese sestro.


avrir

From Old Spanish, from Latin aperio, aperire. Compare Spanish abrir.


kal

Borrowed from Hebrew קָהָל (qahál, “community”).

bor+

Se torno el haham dezesperado a su kaza i komio kon muncha ansia, despues de lo kualo metio su vestido blanko de Yom Kippur i entro al kal.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 60:

The sagely yet desperate rabbi returned home and ate anxiously, after which he put on white clothes for Yom Kippur and entered the synagogue.

(countable, Judaism) synagogue (a place of worship for Jews or Samaritans)


vuestro

head

vuestro m sg (possessive, Hebrew spelling ב׳ואיסטרו, plural vuestros, feminine vuestra, feminine plural vuestras)

ב׳ואיסטרו (Hebrew)
vuestros (plural)
vuestra (feminine)
vuestras (feminine plural)
guestro (alternative)
vueso (alternative)

Inherited from Latin vostrum, from vester, from Proto-Italic *westeros.

“Uff!” digo yo, “Vozotros kon vuestras hadashot! Mizmo en durmiendo las sintish!”

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 417:

‘Oof!’ I said, ‘You lot with your chatterings! Even sleeping you hear them!’


pueden

third-person plural present indicative of poder


pishin

From Ottoman Turkish پشین (peşin), from Persian پیشین (pišin, “previous”).


לאדינו

לאדִינו (canonical)
ladino (romanization)


abatir

Inherited from Old Spanish abatir (“to bring down”), from Late Latin abbattere, from Latin battere. Compare English abate.

inh+

Delantre de ti io mi orgolio abato
I mi corason lo razgo con kevranto¹)

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

I suppress my pride before you, and my heart tears it with despair.

Senyor del mundo, asegun abati yo mi apetite i no tuvi piadad de mi ijo regalado por azer tu komando, lo mizmo kero ke te rijas kon mis ijos kon midat 'ha‐rahamim, i este zehut de la akeda mampare sovre eyos.

2006, יעקב כולי, מעם לועז בראשית, הוצאת מכון מעלה אדומים, →ISBN, page 243:

Lord of the world, toward whom I suppress my appetite and about my only son I have no mercy by doing your command, likewise I wish that you act mercifully with my children, and be clear about the sacrifice that you support over them.

(transitive) to hold in; to suppress (muffle)

A Haydar ya arevimos,
De haftonas mos konsomimos,
Tres dias estovimos,
De ansias mos abatimos.

20th century, Violette Mayo Fintz with Sara Mayo Menasche, translated by Isaac Jack Lévy, La vida de los Djudios en 1944, University of Illinois Press, published 1999, →ISBN, page 84:

To Haydar we then came,
From beatings we were worn out,
Three days we spent there,
With anguish we were afflicted.

Estas eran las dezgrasias ke se abatian mas frekuentemente sovre las komunidades djudias en sivdades komo Monastir, onde las kazas eran fraguadas de tavla i se kemavan fasilmente, a vezes kon sus moradores adientro.

1999, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 59–61, page 24:

These were the disgraces that most frequently weakened the Jewish communities in cities like Monastir, where the houses were built from wood and burnt easily, sometimes with residents inside.


emplear

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.


reparar

ריפאראר (Hebrew)
reparar (infinitive)
aver reparado (infinitive multiword-construction)
reparando (gerund)
aviendo reparado (gerund multiword-construction)
reparado (masculine participle past singular)
reparados (masculine participle past plural)
reparada (feminine participle past singular)
reparadas (feminine participle past plural)
reparo (first-person indicative present singular)
reparas (indicative present second-person singular)
repara (indicative present singular third-person)
reparamos (first-person indicative plural present)
reparáx (indicative plural present second-person)
reparan (indicative plural present third-person)
reparava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
reparavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
reparava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
reparávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
reparavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
reparavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
reparí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
reparates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
reparó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
reparimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
reparatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
repararon (indicative plural preterite third-person)
repararé (first-person future indicative singular)
repararás (future indicative second-person singular)
reparará (future indicative singular third-person)
repararemos (first-person future indicative plural)
repararéx (future indicative plural second-person)
repararán (future indicative plural third-person)
repararía (conditional first-person indicative singular)
repararías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
repararía (conditional indicative singular third-person)
repararíamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
repararíax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
repararían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
repare (first-person present singular subjunctive)
repares (present second-person singular subjunctive)
repare (present singular subjunctive third-person)
reparemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
reparéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
reparen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
reparara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
repararas (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
reparara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
reparáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
repararax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
repararan (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
repara (imperative second-person singular)
reparad (imperative plural second-person)
no repares (imperative negative second-person singular)
no reparéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish reparar, from Latin reparāre.

[…] empesaron a bushkar remedios por azerme obtenir algun posto i reparar ansi las indjustisias kometidas a mi eguardo.

2002, Rafael Chikurel, edited by Henri Nahum, Les memoires de Rafael Chikurel, Isis, →ISBN, page 89:

They started seeking remedies for helping me attain some position and thereby fix the injustices committed to my attention.

(transitive) to repair; to mend; to fix (undo harm)


ajustar

אג׳וסטאר (Hebrew)


aparejar

From Old Spanish, from *appariculāre, itself probably from Latin apparō.


apenar

אפינאר (Hebrew)
apenar (infinitive)
aver apenado (infinitive multiword-construction)
apenando (gerund)
aviendo apenado (gerund multiword-construction)
apenado (masculine participle past singular)
apenados (masculine participle past plural)
apenada (feminine participle past singular)
apenadas (feminine participle past plural)
apeno (first-person indicative present singular)
apenas (indicative present second-person singular)
apena (indicative present singular third-person)
apenamos (first-person indicative plural present)
apenáx (indicative plural present second-person)
apenan (indicative plural present third-person)
apenava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
apenavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
apenava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
apenávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
apenavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
apenavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
apení (first-person indicative preterite singular)
apenates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
apenó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
apenimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
apenatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
apenaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
apenaré (first-person future indicative singular)
apenarás (future indicative second-person singular)
apenará (future indicative singular third-person)
apenaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
apenaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
apenarán (future indicative plural third-person)
apenaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
apenarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
apenaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
apenaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
apenaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
apenarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
apene (first-person present singular subjunctive)
apenes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
apene (present singular subjunctive third-person)
apenemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
apenéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
apenen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
apenara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
apenaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
apenara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
apenáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
apenarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
apenaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
apena (imperative second-person singular)
apenad (imperative plural second-person)
no apenes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no apenéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Con tu peiadad azme bondad i bivire
I no mi apenes sigun io lo meresire.

With your mercy give me goodness and I shall live, and do not punish me as I shall deserve it.


alimento

אלימינטו (Hebrew)

En efekto, antes de Pesah las kazas fueron alimpiadas para kitar todo el hamets i vaziadas de todas las rezervas de alimentos komo arina, aroz, avikas, garvansos, etc…

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 490:

Indeed, before Passover houses were cleansed for the ridding of chamets and emptied of all food reserves such as flour, rice, white beans, chickpeas, and so on…


alimento

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of alimentar


amares

From Hebrew עם הארץ (`am ha-aretz, literally “people of the land”).


entonar

אינטונאר (Hebrew)

La nasion judia resita orasiones
Eia entona sus alavasiones
O dio ! melezina todas sus pasiones
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 8:

The Jewish nation recites prayers, sings [you] its praises—Oh God! Heal all its wounds. End the year and its curses.


espantar

From Vulgar Latin *expaventāre, derived from the present participle of Classical Latin expaveō.


ayudo

first-person singular present indicative of ayudar


ayudas

informal second-person singular present indicative of ayudar


ayudamos

first-person plural present indicative of ayudar


ayudan

third-person plural present indicative of ayudar


chincha

From Mozarabic *činče, itself from Latin cīmicem. Displaced Old Spanish cisme, the native Spanish form.


eleva

lad-noun

eleva f (plural elevas, masculine elevo)


loar

Inherited from Old Spanish loar, laudar, from Latin laudāre.

אי טי לוארי קון לה ארפה ,דייו מי דייו.

And I shall praise you upon the harp, God, my God.


menear

מיניאר (Hebrew)
menear (infinitive)
aver meneado (infinitive multiword-construction)
meneando (gerund)
aviendo meneado (gerund multiword-construction)
meneado (masculine participle past singular)
meneados (masculine participle past plural)
meneada (feminine participle past singular)
meneadas (feminine participle past plural)
meneo (first-person indicative present singular)
meneas (indicative present second-person singular)
menea (indicative present singular third-person)
meneamos (first-person indicative plural present)
meneáx (indicative plural present second-person)
menean (indicative plural present third-person)
meneava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
meneavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
meneava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
meneávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
meneavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
meneavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
meneí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
meneates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
meneó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
meneimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
meneatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
menearon (indicative plural preterite third-person)
menearé (first-person future indicative singular)
menearás (future indicative second-person singular)
meneará (future indicative singular third-person)
menearemos (first-person future indicative plural)
menearéx (future indicative plural second-person)
menearán (future indicative plural third-person)
menearía (conditional first-person indicative singular)
menearías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
menearía (conditional indicative singular third-person)
menearíamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
menearíax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
menearían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
menee (first-person present singular subjunctive)
menees (present second-person singular subjunctive)
menee (present singular subjunctive third-person)
meneemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
meneéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
meneen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
meneara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
menearas (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
meneara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
meneáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
menearax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
menearan (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
menea (imperative second-person singular)
menead (imperative plural second-person)
no menees (imperative negative second-person singular)
no meneéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
manear (alternative)

Ariví al espital de Kfar Saba, i me echaron ayá sin poderme menear.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 155:

I arrived at the Kfar Saba hospital, and they laid me down there without me being able to move myself.

(ambitransitive) to move (get in motion or put something in motion)

Alberto kontinuó a menear la kavesa en sinyo de dezaprovasión, sospirando: "A, komo se puede ser ansí!…"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 119:

Albert kept shaking his head as a sign of disapproval, sighing, ‘Ugh, how can it be like this…!’

(ambitransitive) to stir (something); mix (something) around


morar

מוראר (Hebrew)
morar (infinitive)
aver morado (infinitive multiword-construction)
morando (gerund)
aviendo morado (gerund multiword-construction)
morado (masculine participle past singular)
morados (masculine participle past plural)
morada (feminine participle past singular)
moradas (feminine participle past plural)
moro (first-person indicative present singular)
moras (indicative present second-person singular)
mora (indicative present singular third-person)
moramos (first-person indicative plural present)
moráx (indicative plural present second-person)
moran (indicative plural present third-person)
morava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
moravas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
morava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
morávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
moravax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
moravan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
morí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
morates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
moró (indicative preterite singular third-person)
morimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
moratex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
moraron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
moraré (first-person future indicative singular)
morarás (future indicative second-person singular)
morará (future indicative singular third-person)
moraremos (first-person future indicative plural)
moraréx (future indicative plural second-person)
morarán (future indicative plural third-person)
moraría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
morarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
moraría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
moraríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
moraríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
morarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
more (first-person present singular subjunctive)
mores (present second-person singular subjunctive)
more (present singular subjunctive third-person)
moremos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
moréx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
moren (plural present subjunctive third-person)
morara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
moraras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
morara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
moráramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
morarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
moraran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mora (imperative second-person singular)
morad (imperative plural second-person)
no mores (imperative negative second-person singular)
no moréx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish morar, probably borrowed from Latin morārī.

En otro blok del kampo agora 'sta morando.

1997, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 56–58, page 55:

The market square resides on another block of the camp.

(intransitive) to reside; to dwell; to abide


relumbrar

רילומבראר (Hebrew)
relumbrar (infinitive)
aver relumbrado (infinitive multiword-construction)
relumbrando (gerund)
aviendo relumbrado (gerund multiword-construction)
relumbrado (masculine participle past singular)
relumbrados (masculine participle past plural)
relumbrada (feminine participle past singular)
relumbradas (feminine participle past plural)
relumbro (first-person indicative present singular)
relumbras (indicative present second-person singular)
relumbra (indicative present singular third-person)
relumbramos (first-person indicative plural present)
relumbráx (indicative plural present second-person)
relumbran (indicative plural present third-person)
relumbrava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
relumbravas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
relumbrava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
relumbrávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
relumbravax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
relumbravan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
relumbrí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
relumbrates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
relumbró (indicative preterite singular third-person)
relumbrimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
relumbratex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
relumbraron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
relumbraré (first-person future indicative singular)
relumbrarás (future indicative second-person singular)
relumbrará (future indicative singular third-person)
relumbraremos (first-person future indicative plural)
relumbraréx (future indicative plural second-person)
relumbrarán (future indicative plural third-person)
relumbraría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
relumbrarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
relumbraría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
relumbraríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
relumbraríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
relumbrarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
relumbre (first-person present singular subjunctive)
relumbres (present second-person singular subjunctive)
relumbre (present singular subjunctive third-person)
relumbremos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
relumbréx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
relumbren (plural present subjunctive third-person)
relumbrara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
relumbraras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
relumbrara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
relumbráramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
relumbrarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
relumbraran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
relumbra (imperative second-person singular)
relumbrad (imperative plural second-person)
no relumbres (imperative negative second-person singular)
no relumbréx (imperative negative plural second-person)
arelumbrar (alternative)
arrelumbrar (alternative)
alumbrar (alternative)

Coordinate term: iluminar

Relumbra los ojos a ken las mitsvot guadra

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68–72, page 35:

[It] shines on the eyes of those who keep the mitsvot.

Truenos i relampagos sonavan i relumbravan, la tiera temblava de los truenos i el viento yorava i endechava.

2007, Neue Romania, number 37, Das Institut, page 219:

Thunder and lightning were heard and shining; the earth was trembling from the thunder and the wind was raining and lamenting.


ארון

ארון m (Latin spelling arón, plural ארונות)


tornar

Inherited from Old Spanish tornar, from Latin tornāre.


lindo

From Old Spanish lindo, of uncertain origin, but probably from Latin legitimus (“lawful, proper”) through metathesis and assimilation: *lid(i)mo > *limdo > lindo. If so, a doublet of the learned borrowing lejítimo. Corominas considers both lindo and its possible Portuguese cognate lídimo (“legitimate”) as semi-learned terms, but this is uncertain.
Some sources derive it from Latin limpidus (“clean”) instead, but this is less likely for both phonetic and semantic reasons. Old Spanish lindo originally meant “legitimate”, later “authentic, pure, good”, and eventually gave rise to the modern meaning. Moreover, Latin limpidus is already the source of Spanish limpio.

Hanuka linda sta aki; ocho kandelas para mi.

Beautiful Hanukkah is here, so eight candles for me.

beautiful; pretty; comely; handsome (fair)

nice; pleasant; lovely; charming; endearing


pulso

Inherited from Old Spanish pulso, polso (“pulse”), from Latin pulsus.

Eran fetchas de dos plakas grandes, kuvriendo kaje todo el braso (del kovdo al pulso), tenidas entre eyas por unas kadenikas ke fazian el torno del braso.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 68:

They were made from two big slabs, covering almost the entire arm (from the elbow to the wrist), meeting each other through some necklaces that went around the arm.


pulso

first-person singular present indicative of pulsar

third-person singular preterite indicative of pulsar


medra

A metathesis (perhaps euphemistic) of Old Spanish mierda (“shit”), from Latin merdam (“shit”), from Proto-Italic *(s)merdā, from Proto-Indo-European *smerd-h₂- (“stench”). Compare Spanish mierda.

Tomo Nessim un igo, le empusho adientro de la boka de Chibi Liachi.
Le disho Shmuellachi al eskaso: “Tu boka ke koma …”
“Medra!” (²²) adjusto Nessim.
De pishin se troko el igo ke estava adientro de la boka de Chibi Liachi en medra.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 377:

Nessim took a fig [and] pushed it in Chibi Liachi’s mouth. Shmuellachi said of this pampering, ‘Your mouth eats…’
‘Shit’! Nessim added. Then the fig in Chibi Liachi’s mouth switched for crap.


metieron

third-person plural preterite indicative of meter


reposo

El reposo i la pasensya se puede ganar kon la sensya.

Peace and patience can be gained with knowledge.


reposo

first-person singular present indicative of reposar


templo

Inherited from Old Spanish templo (cf. also the popular variant tiemplo), borrowed from Latin templum, from Proto-Indo-European *t(e)mp-lo-s, from the root *temp- (“to stretch, string”).

Les agradava tanto el ellenizmo, al punto ke favlavan en grego, imitavan a sus okupantes, yendo fista a fraguar sus kales komo los templos de los paganos, ansi ke se puede ver dainda en los restos del kal de Duro‐Europa, onde avia mizmo dizenyos de benadanes sovre las paredes.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 209:

They liked Hellenism so much that they were speaking in Greek, imitating their occupiers, going up to build their synagogues like the pagans’ temples, such that one can still view the remains of the Dura-Europos synagogue, where there were similar designs from [these] gentlemen on the walls.


templo

first-person singular present indicative of templar


torna

I despues, respondyo Riza Pasha: "Sinyor, estos 2 sinyores son los ke vos avli ayer ke syempre estan mirando en el byen de la sivdad sin dingun enteres". I torna respondyo el Sultan ke izo muncho has.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 222:

And then Riza Pasha replied, 'Sir, these are the two gentlemen whom I mentioned to you yesterday who are always looking after the city's welfare irrespective of [self-]interest.' And the sultan answered again that he was most pleased.


torna

third-person singular present indicative of tornar


tributo

No es una kestion de solamente render tributo a las viktimas en kualkier okazion o oportunidad.

1990, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 41–44, page 4:

It is not a matter of simply giving tribute to the victims on any occasion or opportunity.

Kale ke tu ke me pages tributo o yo kale ke te page tributo.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 178:

You need to pay me tribute or I need to pay you tribute.

tribute (acknowledgment of gratitude, respect or admiration; an accompanying gift)


troncho

Inherited from Old Spanish troncho, from Latin trunculus.

(figuratively) cabbagehead, stupid person


dueler

dugueler (alternative)
ergueler (alternative)
digueler (alternative)


frio

From Old Spanish frio, from Latin frīgidus (“cold”).


Silas

Inherited from Old Spanish Silas, from Latin Silas.


no

Inherited from Old Spanish no, non (“not”), from Latin nōn (compare Catalan no, Galician non, French non, Italian no, Portuguese não, Romanian nu, Sicilian no, nun, & Spanish no).

Kritikar Israel no es el antisemitizmo.

2018 February 7, Dora Niyego, “El Antisemitizmo De Oy”, in Şalom:


no

No, sinyor bakal, esto kosta sólo siete!

1988, Miriam Raymond, edited by Matilda Koén-Sarano, De Saragosa a Yerushaláyim: kuentos sefaradís, Zaragoza: Ibercaja, published 1995, →ISBN, page 67:

No, mister shopkeeper, this costs only seven!


asta

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used until this day.


kantar

Inherited from Old Spanish cantar (“to sing”), from Latin cantāre, frequentative of canere. Cognate with English chant.

inh+

Le gusta al azno su gritar, komo al bilbil su kantar.

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, קורס לספרדית־יהודית (לאדינו) למתקדמים, Merkaz Eliacher, Universidad Ben-Gurion en el Negev, page 78:

The donkey likes its shouting, as the nightingale [likes] its singing.


kantar

קאנטאר (Hebrew)
kantar (infinitive)
aver kantado (infinitive multiword-construction)
kantando (gerund)
aviendo kantado (gerund multiword-construction)
kantado (masculine participle past singular)
kantados (masculine participle past plural)
kantada (feminine participle past singular)
kantadas (feminine participle past plural)
kanto (first-person indicative present singular)
kantas (indicative present second-person singular)
kanta (indicative present singular third-person)
kantamos (first-person indicative plural present)
kantáx (indicative plural present second-person)
kantan (indicative plural present third-person)
kantava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
kantavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
kantava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
kantávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
kantavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
kantavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
kantí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
kantates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
kantó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
kantimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
kantatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
kantaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
kantaré (first-person future indicative singular)
kantarás (future indicative second-person singular)
kantará (future indicative singular third-person)
kantaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
kantaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
kantarán (future indicative plural third-person)
kantaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
kantarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
kantaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
kantaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
kantaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
kantarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
kante (first-person present singular subjunctive)
kantes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
kante (present singular subjunctive third-person)
kantemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
kantéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
kanten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
kantara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
kantaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
kantara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
kantáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
kantarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
kantaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
kanta (imperative second-person singular)
kantad (imperative plural second-person)
no kantes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no kantéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
cantar (alternative)

De Selanik, i de otras sivdas, le mandaron la romansa tal komo la kantavan dainda i ke seguia byen la traduksyon franseza.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 133:

From Salonica and other cities, they instructed the ballad to one just like they were still singing it and it closely followed the French translation.


saver

סאב׳יר (Hebrew)
saver (infinitive)
saviendo (gerund)
savido (participle)
se (first-person indicative present singular)
saves (indicative present second-person singular)
save (indicative present singular)
savemos (indicative plural present)
savesh (indicative plural present)
saven (indicative plural present)
saviya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
saviyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
saviya (imperfect indicative singular)
saviyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
saviyash (imperfect indicative plural)
saviyan (imperfect indicative plural)
supe (first-person indicative preterite singular)
supites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
supo (indicative preterite singular)
supimos (indicative plural preterite)
supitesh (indicative plural preterite)
supyeron (indicative plural preterite)
supieron (indicative plural preterite)
savré (first-person future indicative singular)
savrás (future indicative second-person singular)
savrá (future indicative singular)
savremos (future indicative plural)
savrésh (future indicative plural)
savrán (future indicative plural)
savriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
savriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
savriya (conditional indicative singular)
savriyamos (conditional indicative plural)
savriyash (conditional indicative plural)
savriyan (conditional indicative plural)
sepa (first-person present singular subjunctive)
sepas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
sepa (present singular subjunctive)
sepamos (plural present subjunctive)
sepásh (plural present subjunctive)
sepan (plural present subjunctive)
supyera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
supiera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
supyeras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
supieras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
supyera (past singular subjunctive)
supiera (past singular subjunctive)
supyéramos (past plural subjunctive)
supiéramos (past plural subjunctive)
supyerash (past plural subjunctive)
supierash (past plural subjunctive)
supyeran (past plural subjunctive)
supieran (past plural subjunctive)
sepa (imperative)
save (imperative second-person)
sepa (imperative singular)
sepamos (imperative plural)
save (imperative plural)
saved (imperative plural)
sepan (imperative plural)
no sepa (imperative)
no sepas (imperative second-person)
no sepa (imperative singular)
no sepamos (imperative plural)
no sepásh (imperative plural)
no sepan (imperative plural)
saber (alternative)

Istanbul

Inherited from Old Spanish saber, saver, Latin sapere (“taste, know”). Compare English savvy, savor.
The 1SG reflects an original */ˈsajo/, in common with other Romance languages, of uncertain origin. The present subjunctive forms show consonant metathesis (sapiām to */ˈsajpa/ to Judezmo sepa).

Coordinate term: konoser

Todo lo ke vos kero dainda no saves,
Dizeme bulisa si tu bien me keres,
Kon todo te digo ke seyas mazaloza,
Por todo el mundo ke seyas alavada.

1994, Eli Shaul, Folklor de los judios de Turkiya, Isis, →ISBN, page 123:

All that I want to tell you you still don’t know,
Tell me, lady, if you really want me,
With all that I tell you so that you finish happy,
So that you finish world-famous.

Ke manera, no supites ke la otra noche Eshua vino boracho i rompyó todo?

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, Voices from Jewish Salonika, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 427:

How did you not know that the other night Eshua came drunk and broke everything?

[…] i no digas: fulano es fermozo i yo no, ke bien saves ke deske el ombre es muerto, ke no se kuenta salvo por animalia muerta.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68-72, page 59:

And don’t say: so and so is handsome and I’m not; you know well that since the man is dead that he doesn’t count except as a dead animal.

Pensas de no poder eskrivir presto? No emporta. I yo empesí avagar avagar. Tinía katorze anyos. I saves porké para mí fue mas fasil? Porké de la edá de diez anyos yo tanyía el piano.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 36:

You think that you can’t write early? Whatever. I started very slowly. I was fourteen years old. And you know why it was easier for me? Because at age ten I was playing the piano.

(ambitransitive) to know; to understand (a fact)


banyo

From Old Spanish banno, from Latin baneum, variant of balneum.


ansia

Topandome boracio de ansia sino vino
Io dezvii³) mis pasos de tu camino

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

Finding me drunk from wineless grief, I stray from the steps on my path.

El dezeo, la ansia de ir ayi ke se reflektan en la primera parte, se trokan en una deskripsion de la sivdad dezeada, […]

1997, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 56–58, page 31:

The desire, the grief of going there is reflected in the first part, they transform into a description of the coveted city.

Staran por siempre libres de teles, de kadenas,
De l’ansia de la muerte, de ambre i de penas.

2000, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, translated by Avner Perets, במחנות המות, מכון מעלה אדומים, →ISBN, page 47:

Forever are they free from iron wires, from chains, from worrying about death, from hunger and from pains.


ereditario

lad-adj

ereditario (Hebrew spelling אירידיטאריו)

אירידיטאריו (Hebrew)
hereditario (alternative)

Me disho después: "Vites, mamá, el ojo malo es ereditario, pasa de uno a otro en famiya".

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 207:

Then she told me, ‘Look, mom, the evil eye is hereditary, it runs in the family.’


haram

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حرام (haram), from Arabic حَرَام (ḥarām).

bor+

De lo haram no se ve hayre.

ill-gotten, something that is enjoyed without deserving it


fuera

פ׳ואירה (Hebrew)
fera (alternative)
fwera (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish fuera, fueras, from Latin forās, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“door; gate”). Cognate with English foreign.

inh

Y dixo el dio à Noah fin de toda criatura, vino delãte mi : que ſe hinchio la tierra de violẽçia,de delante ellos:y he yo dañan à ellos, con la tierra Haze à ti,arca de maderos de Sedro:moradas haras à la arca: y empegaras à ella, de dentro y de fuera, con la pez.

1553, “Genesis, VI”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 4:

And God said unto Noah: ‘The end of all flesh is come before Me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. Make thee an ark of gopher wood; with rooms shalt thou make the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.’


fuera

Inherited from Latin fueram, fuerat, first and third person singular active pluperfect indicative of sum (“to be”).

first-person singular imperfect subjunctive of ser

third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of ser


fuera

From the active pluperfect conjugations of Latin eō (“to go”), influenced by the corresponding conjugations of sum (“to be”).

first-person singular imperfect subjunctive of ir

third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of ir


pan

En esto le dio a su padre trenta guevos, un pan entero i una kacharola de leche.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68–72, page 64:

Someone gave their father thirty eggs, wholemeal bread, and a pot of milk in this.

bread (a foodstuff made by baking dough made from cereals)


און

head

און (Latin spelling un, plural אונוס, feminine אונה)

un (romanization)
אונוס (plural)
אונה (feminine)

From Old Spanish un, from Latin ūnus (“one”), from Old Latin oinos, from Proto-Italic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one”).


די

אירה אונה די אקילייאס מאדֿרוגאדֿאס פֿריסקאס אי טיירנאס אין איל מיס די סיפטימברי, אינטרי ראש השנה אי יום כפור.

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

It was one of those fresh, tender early mornings in the month of September, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Era una de akelyas maḏrugaḏas freskas i tiernas en el mes de septembre, entre Rosh Ashana i Yom Kippur.


keren

third-person plural present indicative of kerer


braso

From Old Spanish braço (compare Spanish brazo), from Latin brachium, from bracchium, from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn).


gayo

lad-noun

gayo m (Hebrew spelling גאייו, plural gayos)


peki

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پكی (peki, “good, well, OK”).

bor+

OK (used to indicate acknowledgement or acceptance)


ברוך

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English Baruch


raramente

ראראמינטי (Hebrew)
ralamente (alternative)

O porke el ke se empresto el livro se olvida, o porke se averguensa de darlo atras manchado o arazgado, o mizmo porke, segun akontese munchas vezes, el es un bibliofil para el kual es difisil de separarse de un livro ke le paso por la mano, el fakto es ke por una o otra de estas razones i munchas mas, los livros emprestados a otros raramente tornan a sus lugar, en la biblioteka del ken los empresto.

2001, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 22, page 82:

Either because he who lent the book forgot it, or because it shames one to give it back stained or torn, or even because, as it happens many times, he is a bibliophile for whom it is difficult to separate himself from a book that spent time in his hand, the fact is that for one or another of these reasons and many more, books lent to others rarely return to their place: in the library of who borrowed them.


איל

head

איל • (el) m sg (f sg לה, m pl לוס, f pl לאס, Latin spelling el)

פור איל נורטה

מילייארדאס די איסטרילייאס רילומבראבֿאן איינדה אין איל פירמאמינטו

Billions of stars were still shining in the firmament


rueda

Inherited from Old Spanish rueda (“wheel”), from Latin rota (“wheel”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hret- (“to roll”).

inh+

Y quatro ruedas de arambre al aſſiẽto el vno, y tablas de arambre, y quatro ſus rincones ombreras à ellos: debaxo al aguamanil las ombreras fundidas de parte de cada vno à los ayuntamientos, Y ſu boca de entro à la corona, y arriba con cobdo.

1553, “Reyes Primero, VII”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 244:

And every base had four brazen wheels, and axles of brass; and the four feet thereof had undersetters; beneath the laver were the undersetters molten, with wreaths at the side of each, and the mouth of it within the crown and above was a cubit high.

wheel (a circular device capable of rotating on its axis, facilitating movement or transportation or performing labour in machines)


kasher

Todos los ke vinieron pudieron komer ligado d’Andirne (Edirne Ciğeri) mizmo kasher, albondigas (koftes) i sarsicha (sucuk) kon salatas.

2019 May 22, Silvio & Eyal Ovadya, “Un evenimyento, una dicha/un proverbo”, in Şalom:

All who came could eat Edirne liver even kosher, meatballs (koftas) and sausages (soudjouk) with salads.


tripa

Uncertain; possibly from Arabic تَرْب (tarb, “bowels”), or perhaps connected to Old Norse torf (“turf, sod”) (see e.g. Middle Irish tarpán/torpán (“bunch of grapes; clod”)). See Portuguese tripa and Italian trippa.

cog

Coordinate term: estómago

En mi kaza i en el vizindado, en Izmir, kuando uno tenia koza banala komo fievre, flakeza, dolor de tripa, shushulera (ke es diarea), tos, sovre todo en las kriaturas, antes de yamar al doktor se dava haber a la Ermana Malkuna, porke eya tenia la eksperiensa i savia kualo azer.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 40:

In my house and neighbour in Izmir, when one had something bannal like a fever, weakness, stomach pain, the runs (read: diarrhoea), coughing, especially in kids, one had to give the news to Sister Malkuna before calling the doctor, since she had the experience and knew what to do.

(anatomy) abdomen (the belly, or that part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis, not including the back; or in some lower vertebrates, the portion between the cardiac and caudal regions)

El ijo en la tripa, te beve la sangre/ El ijo afuera, te kema la karne. / El ijo grande, te toma el meoyo.

1994, Eli Shaul, Folklor de los judios de Turkiya, Isis, →ISBN, page 43:

The child inside the womb drinks your blood. The one outside cooks your meat. The big one takes your brain.

(anatomy, countable) uterus (a reproductive organ of therian mammals in which the young are conceived and develop until birth)


tripa

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

third-person singular present indicative of tripar

second-person singular imperative of tripar


pascua

From Vulgar Latin pascua, from Latin pascha, from Ancient Greek πάσχα (páskha, “Passover”), from Aramaic פסחא (paskha), from Hebrew פסח (pesakh).


ambar

From Hebrew אַמְבָּר (ʾambār), from Middle Iranian *ambār. Compare Persian انبار (anbâr).
Or from Turkish ambar, from the same origin.


salata

From Turkish salata or Greek σαλάτα (saláta), ultimately from Venetan salata.

All who came could eat Edirne liver even kosher, meatballs (koftas) and sausage (soudjouk) with salads.


papaz

From Ottoman Turkish پاپاز (papaz), from Greek παπάς (papás, “priest”).


patrimonio

En kuanto a los muzulmanos, segun el mandamiento de sus relijion, eyos konsideran todos sus bienes komo patrimonio del Dio.

1995, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 49–52, page 13:

As for the Muslims, following their faith’s commandment, they consider all of their goods as God’s property.


elektrik

Borrowed from Turkish elektrik, from French électrique.


seguro

Inherited from Old Spanish seguro, from Latin sēcūrus.

Sea por la influensa de esta persona o sea por el fakto ke no mos konvensimos, ke los lugares posivles de eskondidijo en los kualos aviamos vijitado, serian bastante seguros i no los puedrian deskuvrir en aziendo bushkida kon perros, segun supozimos ke lo iyan a azer, Binyo i yo mos dechedimos, a la fin, de mos adjuntar a un konvoyo de evakuados i de yirmos a lo deskonosido.

2007, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, Las angustias del enferno: las pasadias de un djidio de Saloniki en los kampos de eksterminasion almanes Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk i Ebensee, Sentro Moshe David Gaon de Kultura Djudeo-Espanyola, Universidad Ben-Gurion del Negev, →ISBN, page 80:

Whether it be through this person’s influence or through the fact that were unconvinced that the possible hideouts in which we visited would be safe enough, they could not discover them by deploying search dogs, as we presumed that they were going to do, Binyo and I finally decided to join a convoy of evacuees and leave for the unknown.

Es una prenda segura de sukseso.

19th century, David Fresco, edited by Christoph Herzog, Richard Wittmann, Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930, Taylor & Francis, published 2018, →ISBN, page 77:

certain; sure; positive; definite (of being correct)


seguro

Cuando se pensa que el profito de esta repreśentación es para la Societá de Bienfećencia, queriendo dećir para haćer bien, seguro cale tomar parte a esta obra.

1983, Elena Romero, Repertorio de noticias sobre el mundo teatral de los sefardíes orientales, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, →ISBN, page 16:

When one thinks that this representation’s benefit is for the Charity Society, wishing to speak about doing good, surely one needs to take part in this work.


domate

Borrowed from Turkish domates, from Greek ντομάτα (ntomáta), itself borrowed from Spanish tomate, from Nahuatl tomatl, xītomatl.


afuera

אפ׳ואירה (Hebrew)
afera (alternative)
ahuera (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish afuera (“out”).

inh+

Yo melo bevi todo, ile echi en la alda unos kuantos konfites kon un dukado adyentro, i mos salimos afuera.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 197:

I drank it all myself, and inside I threw aside some candy with a coin, then we left.


atrás

Inherited from Old Spanish atras (“behind”) from Vulgar Latin *ad trans, from Latin trāns (“beyond”).

Era imposible de tornar atrás a los tiempos onde se eskrivia ladino kon letras ebreas.

It was impossible to go back to when we wrote Ladino with Hebrew letters.

dos anyos atrás


buey

From Vulgar Latin *boem, from Latin bovem, accusative singular of bōs.


absolutamente

lad-adv

אבסולוטאמינטי

absolutamente (Hebrew spelling אבסולוטאמינטי)

אבסולוטאמינטי (Hebrew)

Nozotros dezeamos i esperamos ke esta polítika de ekskluzivismo i de deskonfiensa, ke konstituye una vyolasyón de la konstitusyón i ke es absolutamente enkompativle kon los prinsipyos de·la repúblika i de·la demokrasía, será abandonada en un parvenir mas o menos próksimo, en·el entereso de·la patria turka.

1930, David Fresco, edited by Christoph Herzog, Richard Wittmann, Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930, Taylor & Francis, published 2018, →ISBN, page 105:

We desire and hope that this policy of exclusivism and mistrust, which constitutes a violation of the constitution and which is absolutely incompatible with the principles of the republic and democracy, shall be abandoned more or less successfully in the Turkish nation’s interest.

Esta ultima kompuesta por la mayor parte de djente absolutamente inyorante ke ni entre esfuenyos savian loke es eskola.

2017 June 12, Amor Ayala, Los sefardíes de Bulgaria: Estudio y edición crítica de la obra «Notas istorikas» de Avraam Moshe Tadjer, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 298:

This last mounting by the majority of absolutely clueless people who do not even dream of knowing what school is.

absolutely; completely; entirely; totally; utterly; wholly (in absolute manner)


pelit

From Ottoman Turkish پلیت (“acorn”), from Arabic بلّوط (ballūṭ), from Aramaic בְּלוּטָא / ܒܠܘܛܐ (bəllūṭā, ballūṭā, “oak; acorn”).

bor

Aramaic בְּלוּטָא

a strong, resilient, or sturdy person (by allusion to the toughness of an acorn)


sos

second-person singular present indicative of ser


pujar

Inherited from Old Spanish puxar, from Latin pulsāre, frequentative of pellō.