triste

Borrowed from Latin trīstis. Compare the Old Spanish tristo.

De la lejura, una boz triste y quejosa nos parviene, del fondo del Nuevo Mundo, un eco vibrante de amargura llega a nos, penetrando en las entrañas de nuestro corazon.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 280:

From the distance, a sad and weeping voice reaches us, from the New World’s foundation, a vibrant echo of bitterness arrives our way, penetrating the depths of our heart.


sentir

סינטיר (Hebrew)
sentir (infinitive)
sintiendo (gerund)
sintyendo (gerund)
sentido (participle)
syento (first-person indicative present singular)
siento (first-person indicative present singular)
syentes (indicative present second-person singular)
sientes (indicative present second-person singular)
syente (indicative present singular)
siente (indicative present singular)
sentimos (indicative plural present)
sentísh (indicative plural present)
syenten (indicative plural present)
sienten (indicative plural present)
sentiya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
sentiyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
sentiya (imperfect indicative singular)
sentiyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
sentiyash (imperfect indicative plural)
sentiyan (imperfect indicative plural)
sentí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
sentites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
sintyó (indicative preterite singular)
sintió (indicative preterite singular)
sentimos (indicative plural preterite)
sentitesh (indicative plural preterite)
sintyeron (indicative plural preterite)
sintieron (indicative plural preterite)
sentiré (first-person future indicative singular)
sentirás (future indicative second-person singular)
sentirá (future indicative singular)
sentiremos (future indicative plural)
sentirásh (future indicative plural)
sentirán (future indicative plural)
sentiriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
sentiriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
sentiriya (conditional indicative singular)
sentiriyamos (conditional indicative plural)
sentiriyash (conditional indicative plural)
sentiriyan (conditional indicative plural)
syenta (first-person present singular subjunctive)
sienta (first-person present singular subjunctive)
syentas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
sientas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
syenta (present singular subjunctive)
sienta (present singular subjunctive)
sintamos (plural present subjunctive)
syentamos (plural present subjunctive)
sintásh (plural present subjunctive)
syentásh (plural present subjunctive)
syentan (plural present subjunctive)
sientan (plural present subjunctive)
sintyera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
sintiera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
sintyeras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
sintieras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
sintyera (past singular subjunctive)
sintiera (past singular subjunctive)
sintyéramos (past plural subjunctive)
sintiéramos (past plural subjunctive)
sintyerash (past plural subjunctive)
sintierash (past plural subjunctive)
sintyeran (past plural subjunctive)
sintieran (past plural subjunctive)
syenta, sienta (imperative)
syente (imperative second-person)
siente (imperative second-person)
syenta, sienta (imperative singular)
sintamos, syentamos (imperative plural)
senti (imperative plural)
sentid (imperative plural)
syentan, sientan (imperative plural)
no syenta, sienta (imperative)
no syentas (imperative second-person)
sientas (imperative second-person)
no syenta, sienta (imperative singular)
no sintamos, syentamos (imperative plural)
no sintásh (imperative plural)
syentásh (imperative plural)
no syentan, sientan (imperative plural)


מלאך

lad-noun

מלאך m (Latin spelling malah, plural מלאכים)


yo

ייו (Hebrew)
io (alternative)
lyo (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish yo (“I”), from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Yo, ke nunka en mis dias ke non sali aver fuego, syendo fui akavidado, ma akea noche fui ovligado de ir a este fuego, non para verlo, otro ke syendo era serka dela kaza de si. Shelomo Fernandes.

(Can we date this quote?), Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 215:

Myself, never in all my days had I gone out to watch a fire, seeing as how I was warned against that, but that night I was obligated to go after this fire, not to watch it, but [because] it was approaching Mr. Shelomo Fernandes's house.

[…] i no digas: fulano es fermozo i yo no, ke bien saves ke deske el ombre es muerto, ke no se kuenta salvo por animalia muerta.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68-72, page 59:

And don’t say: so and so is handsome and I’m not; you know well that since the man is dead that he doesn’t count except as a dead animal.

[…] mos fuimos en luna de miel a París, i yo empesí a engodrarme … i engodrarme. El prenyado a mí me yakishea muncho.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 142:

we left to have our honeymoon in Paris, and I started to gain weight … and gain weight. I look so much like I am pregnant.

Agora soltanto
So reflekto de Tu Brilyo
Yo no me demando
Sospiro
Mirando en lo Alto
So felis
Dunke bivo…

2008, Matilda Gini Barnatán, Viviana Rajel Barnatán, Darío Meta Barnatán, La ija i la madre komo la unya i la karne, Ibersaf Editores, →ISBN, page 69:

Now letting go, I am [an] image of your radiance, I wonder not; I sigh, looking above, I am happy, therefore I live…


grip

Borrowed from French grippe (“influenza”).


bay

Kuando el papás disho por la sigunda vez: "Bay kieratá!" le dize el sultán: "Kieratá yo?"

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, לז׳נדאס, נור, page 177:

When the priest repeated 'Oi, paskudnyak!', the sultan said, 'Me, a paskudnyak?'


puerta

From Old Spanish puerta, from Latin porta.


ojo

From Old Spanish ojo, from Vulgar Latin oclus, from Latin oculus.


mirar

From Old Spanish mirar, from Latin mīrārī (“marvel at”). Compare Spanish mirar, Portuguese mirar (“to aim”), dated French mirer (“stare”).

Eliau Anavi ke lo estava mirando d'enfrente se aserko de el i le disho: Dime ombre, deke estas de negra umor ?

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1:

The prophet Elijah, who was watching him from across, approached him and said: Tell me, man, why are you in a bad mood?


mandar

מאנדאר (Hebrew)
mandar (infinitive)
aver mandado (infinitive multiword-construction)
mandando (gerund)
aviendo mandado (gerund multiword-construction)
mandado (masculine participle past singular)
mandados (masculine participle past plural)
mandada (feminine participle past singular)
mandadas (feminine participle past plural)
mando (first-person indicative present singular)
mandas (indicative present second-person singular)
manda (indicative present singular third-person)
mandamos (first-person indicative plural present)
mandáx (indicative plural present second-person)
mandan (indicative plural present third-person)
mandava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
mandavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
mandava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
mandávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
mandavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mandavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
mandí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
mandates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
mandó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
mandimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
mandatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
mandaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
mandaré (first-person future indicative singular)
mandarás (future indicative second-person singular)
mandará (future indicative singular third-person)
mandaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
mandaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
mandarán (future indicative plural third-person)
mandaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
mandarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
mandaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
mandaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
mandaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
mandarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
mande (first-person present singular subjunctive)
mandes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
mande (present singular subjunctive third-person)
mandemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
mandéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
manden (plural present subjunctive third-person)
mandara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
mandaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mandara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mandáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
mandarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mandaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
manda (imperative second-person singular)
mandad (imperative plural second-person)
no mandes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no mandéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish mandar, from Latin mandāre, present active indicative of mandō (“order, commission”).

Despues de pokos dias, mandaron el direktor, el kual se yamava Musyu Maks.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, chapter 22, in Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, editors, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 227:

After a few days they sent the director whose name was Musyu Maks.

(ditransitive, transitive) to send (make something, such as an object or message, go from one place to another, or to someone)


haver

lad-noun

haver m (Hebrew spelling חאב׳יר, plural haverim)


מלך

מלך m (Latin spelling meleh, plural מלכים)


espada

Inherited from Old Spanish espada, from Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē).

Todos los ke toman espada, kon espada se deperderan.

All who take up the sword shall perish by the sword.

(countable) sword (a long bladed weapon with a grip and typically a pommel and crossguard (together forming a hilt), which is designed to cut, stab, slash and/or hack)


model

En analizando objektivamente la kestion, vemos ke en siguidad de las polimikas entre estos dos jurnalistas, Sabetay Leon, fue atakado juntos sus amigos de su partido komo "vendido" i "dalkavuk", loke no es verdad, visto ke todos los konosemos ke el es un model de "dezenteresamiento".

1994, Eli Shaul, Folklor de los judios de Turkiya, Isis, →ISBN, page 152:

In objectively analysing the question, we see that after the polemics between the journalists, Sabetay Leon was attacked along with his friends of his party as ‘a sellout’ and ‘a bootlicker’, which is untrue, seeing everything that we know of them which is a model of ‘indifference.’

La lengua de kultura ke el admirava i ke konosia su literatura era el fransez, i esta es la lengua ke el eskojo komo model para el djudeo espanyol kulto.

2000, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 62–64, page 94:

The language that he admired and whose literature that he knew was French, and this is the language that he chose as a model for educated Judezmo.


saltar

Inherited from Old Spanish saltar, from Latin saltāre (“dance, jump”).

La rapoza marona salta rapido sovre el perro perezozo.

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.


pensar

Ay koza triste en ser Sefaradi,
i pensar en las sivdades ke deshi,
las glories del pasado ke pedri,
i la soledad en ke me kayi

2000, David Altabé, “Ay koza triste en ser Sefaradi”, in Esther Benbassa, editor, Les Sépharades en littérature, page 164:

There is something sad in being Sephardi
and thinking of the cities that I've left,
the glories of the past that I've lost
and the loneliness into which I've fallen


sino

‘Yo no so hombre, sino mujer djudia i ainda esto muchacha i atada kon un mansevo.’

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 361:

I am no man, but rather a Jewess and I remain a maiden committed with a lad.’

“Senior,” disho Yaakov, “kere merkar la lolana? Sino la vendere a alungo de otro.”

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 81:

‘Sir,’ said Jacob, ‘want to buy the dress? Otherwise I shall sell it to somebody else.’


muy

From muito, from Latin multus (“much, many”).


oi

Los ijos de tus fideles siervos vinieron oi a tu templo
Azen orasion por sus vidas i ti aderesan sus apelo
Azen memoria de sus padres delantre de ti, dio eternelo
Acodrate de eios siempre i apeiadate de tu puevlo

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 13:

Today the children of your faithful servants come to your temple. They pray for their lives and they speak to your name. They remember their parents before you, Lord God. Always remind yourself of them and take pity on your folk.


septembre

סיפטימברי (Hebrew)


pila

Lávate las manos en la pila.

Avía una pila de livros en la mesa.


antes

Inherited from Old Spanish antes, from ante with the adverbial -s, the former from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

Avras de saver ke ize la conosensia con el vekil de la caza ke apartenia a Rafael Aftalion, un rikinyon de Vidin, ke murio antes tres anyos.

You shall have to know that the knowledge helped with the representative of the house belonging to Rafael Aftalion, a gentleman from Vidin, who died three years earlier.

"A!" le dishi, "Oy no es un día mazalozo… Poko antes me se rompió el mango de la chanta…"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 434:

‘Gah!’ somebody said to another, ‘Today is not a lucky day… A little earlier my suitcase handle broke.’

earlier; before; sooner; previously; formerly; beforehand (at an earlier time)


dulse

From Latin dulcis (compare Spanish dulce).


farina

From Old Spanish farina, from Latin farīna (“flour, meal”), from far (“kind of grain”).


hamal

From Turkish hamal, from Arabic حَمَّال (ḥammāl).


kay

Borrowed either from Asturian cai or Catalan call, from Latin callem.


nave

Inherited from Old Spanish naf, naue, from Latin nāvem, nāvis, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us. Cognate with English nave, navigate, and navy.

I ala onze [6 AM], ala turka, vinyeron en grande akompanyamyento delos askyeres turkos adelantre i detras, kompanyas de soldados de kada nasyon ke fueron dezbarkados delas naves, djunto todos los viche-amirales i komandantes, i ofisyeres de kada nave ke se topo en muestro porto.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, translated by Isaac Jerusalmi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 276:

And at eleven [6 A.M.], a great escort of Turkish soldiers came ahead of and behind the Turk; companies of soldiers from every nation disembarked from the ships, together with all the vice-admirals, commanders, and officers from every ship found in our port.

(nautical) ship (a water-borne vessel generally larger than a boat)


siesta

Inherited from Old Spanish siesta, from Latin sexta (hora) (“sixth hour; noon”), feminine of sextus (“sixth”). Cognate with Catalan and Portuguese sesta.

Kadal diya, despues de aver kantado, dansado i konversado, kada una de eyas se iva para una siesta debasho de un arvole aparrte, sin ke kada una veyga a la otra.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 225:

Every day, after having sung, danced and talked, each of them would go have a siesta separately under a tree, otherwise they’d all come to the other.

(countable) siesta (a nap, especially an afternoon one taken during the hottest part of the day in some cultures)


todo

head

todo m (Hebrew spelling טודו, feminine toda, masculine plural todos, feminine plural todas, diminutive todiko)

טודו (Hebrew)
toda (feminine)
todos (masculine plural)
todas (feminine plural)
todiko (diminutive)

Inherited from Old Spanish todo (“all”), from Latin tōtus. Compare Catalan tot, French tout. Related to total.

Devemos de saver ke el antisemitizmo es una de las formas ekstremas del rasizmo ma ay otras formas de rasizmo i devemos de luchar kon todo modo forma del rasizmo.

2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom:

We must know that antisemitism is one of the extreme forms of racism, but there are other forms of racism and we must fight every form of racism.


todo

Todo lo ke vos kero dainda no saves,
Dizeme bulisa si tu bien me keres,
Kon todo te digo ke seyas mazaloza,
Por todo el mundo ke seyas alavada.

1994, Eli Shaul, Folklor de los judios de Turkiya, Isis, →ISBN, page 123:

All that I want to tell you you still don’t know,
Tell me, lady, if you really want me,
With all that I tell you so that you finish happy,
So that you finish world-famous.


paz

Inherited from Old Spanish paz, from Latin pācem, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-. Cognate with Spanish paz.

Oy avlamos de una kolaborasion ekonomika i politika para salvar la paz en el mundo.

1990, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 41–44, page 4:

Today are talking about a politico-economic collaboration to secure peace in the world.


mujer

lad-noun

mujer f (Hebrew spelling מוּז׳יר, plural mujeres)

מוּז׳יר (Hebrew)
mujeres (plural)
muzher (alternative)

From Old Spanish mugier, from Latin mulierem.


ley

Inherited from Old Spanish ley, from Latin lēgem (whence English legal and legitimate), from Proto-Italic *lēg-, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-s, from *leǵ- (“to gather”).

Ya meldatesh por seguro en las gazetas ke el governo esta aparejando una ley grasias a la kuala no va aver mas estos terribles "bekchis" vinidos espesilamente de Anadol i los kualos kon sus espavoresientes sopas azian tanto espantar a todos akeyos ke tienen el koraje de durmir repozados en sus lechos.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 71:

Now you certainly read in the papers that the government is preparing a law thanks to whoever is no longer having more [of] these terrible ‘guards’, especially from Anadol, coming with their frightening clubs, terrifying everybody who has the courage the sleep soundly in bed.


entrar

אינטראר (Hebrew)
entrar (infinitive)
aver entrado (infinitive multiword-construction)
entrando (gerund)
aviendo entrado (gerund multiword-construction)
entrado (masculine participle past singular)
entrados (masculine participle past plural)
entrada (feminine participle past singular)
entradas (feminine participle past plural)
entro (first-person indicative present singular)
entras (indicative present second-person singular)
entra (indicative present singular third-person)
entramos (first-person indicative plural present)
entráx (indicative plural present second-person)
entran (indicative plural present third-person)
entrava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
entravas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
entrava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
entrávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
entravax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
entravan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
entrí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
entrates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
entró (indicative preterite singular third-person)
entrimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
entratex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
entraron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
entraré (first-person future indicative singular)
entrarás (future indicative second-person singular)
entrará (future indicative singular third-person)
entraremos (first-person future indicative plural)
entraréx (future indicative plural second-person)
entrarán (future indicative plural third-person)
entraría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
entrarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
entraría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
entraríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
entraríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
entrarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
entre (first-person present singular subjunctive)
entres (present second-person singular subjunctive)
entre (present singular subjunctive third-person)
entremos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
entréx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
entren (plural present subjunctive third-person)
entrara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
entraras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
entrara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
entráramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
entrarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
entraran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
entra (imperative second-person singular)
entrad (imperative plural second-person)
no entres (imperative negative second-person singular)
no entréx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish entrar, from Latin intrāre. Cognate with English enter.

Mas londje, komo un kulevro vedre entrando en la agua, se via el "Kutchuk Karaburnu" ke los djidyos yamavan la Punta Tchika (o Petit cap en franses).

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 52:

Further away, like a green snake entering the water, the ‘Kutchuk Karaburnu’ was seen, which the Jews were calling the Little Tip (or petit cap in French).

Una demanyana, ayá a las mueve, ensupitó entraron en la kazika onde morávamos en Mombaroccio dos soldados almanes kon dos geynas muertas en la mano.

2006, Matilda Koén‐Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 80:

One morning at nine, two German soldiers with two dead hens in hand suddenly entered the little house in Mombaroccio where we were living.

Con alegría, riza y pizzoteares, vos entre Purim.

2012, Alicia Sisso Raz, “Los Masapanes de Purim”, in Voces de Ḥaketía:

May Purim enter you with pleasure, laughter and trampling.

(ambitransitive) to enter (go or come into an enclosed or partially enclosed space)


oy

אויי (Hebrew)
hoy (alternative)
oi (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish oy (“today”), from Latin hodiē. Cognate with Portuguese hoje and Spanish hoy.

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.


persona

Inherited from Old Spanish persona, from Latin persōna (“mask used by actor; role, part, character”), perhaps a loanword from Etruscan *𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 (*φersu, “mask”), from Ancient Greek πρόσωπον (prósōpon).

inh

Sus madre viendolos tristes i abatidos les disho: Mis ijos, basta de kreyer solo en la rikeza. La persona verderamente oroza es la ke se kontenta kon lo ke le dio el Dió.

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1, page 6:

Their mother, seeing them sad and humbled, said to them: My children, stop believing only in wealth. The person who is truly happy is the one who is content with what God has given them.


lunes

From Old Spanish [Term?], from Latin Lūnae dīēs, variant of dīēs Lūnae.

aljhad · lunes · martes · mierkoles · djueves · viernes · shabat [edit]


martes

Inherited from Old Spanish martes, from Latin Mārtis dīes, variant of diēs Mārtis.

Doktor Ehrenpreyz partyo de Sofya la noche de martes, 7 agosto 1914.

2017 June 12, Amor Ayala, Los sefardíes de Bulgaria: Estudio y edición crítica de la obra «Notas istorikas» de Avraam Moshe Tadjer, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 418:

Doctor Ehrenpreyz left Sofia on August 7, 1914, Tueday night.

Tuesday (the third day of the week in many religious traditions, and the second day of the week in systems that use the ISO 8601 norm; it follows Monday and precedes Wednesday)


ladino

Inherited from Old Spanish ladino, variant of latino. In mediaeval Spain, both ladino and latino could refer to either Spanish or Latin, since most early Romance speakers thought that their languages were simply Latin. A similar tendency persisted in Judezmo (see for example the Ferrara Bible); many Sephardim thought that their language was simply Castilian or Spanish.

Oy el ladino tiene una vistimienta respektable sigun konviene a una lengua ke es eskrita desde mas de 500 anyos

Today Ladino has respectable apparel: it fits a language that has been written for more than five centuries.

Judezmo (especially in its literary form)


solo

Inherited from Old Spanish solo, from Latin sōlus (“alone; sole; only”).

Los dos livros ke ensenyan konversasion son tambien los solos, de entre el grupo de 16 livros, ke sus buto es unikamente de embezar al elevo a avlar en ebreo.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 43:

The two books that teach conversation are also the only [ones], from among a group of sixteen books, whose purpose is uniquely to teach the pupil to speak in Hebrew.


solo

Inherited from Old Spanish solo, from Latin sōlum.

Tu sos envestido i envelupado de giustidad, a ti solo apartiene la sopirioridad
Si no ai en nozotros ovras ⁴) boenas, acodrate de noestros padres i de sus santedad.
Siempre los tengas en tu memoria i apiada a tu comunidad

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 12:

You are dressed and enveloped with justice, only to you does superiority belong; were good deeds absent from us, remind yourself of our fathers and their holiness. You always have them in memory; rescue your people.


ora

Inherited from Old Spanish ora, hora, from Latin hōra (“hour”).

En la ora mas apretada i eskura, kwando la partida parese pyedrida, los dados de el destino se aboltan en mwestra favor, i kwando ya parese ke mos deshan zulá, salimos empyés komo los gatos ke los asegien i se suven en algún árvol ande no lo pweden alkansar.

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, Voices from Jewish Salonika, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 415:

In the most stressful and darkest hour, when the party appears lost, destiny's gifts turn up in our favour, and when it appears that it is leaving us in destitution, we leave on foot like the cats who chase them and they climb up some tree where they can't reach someone.

(time) hour (a unit of time of one twenty-fourth of a day (sixty minutes))


mil

Inherited from Old Spanish mil or Old Spanish mill, from Latin mīlle, from Proto-Italic *smīɣeslī, from Proto-Indo-European *smih₂ǵʰéslih₂ (“one thousand”).

Diezisiete anyos tenia Moshe Aelion kuando fue deportado por los almanes a Auschwitz, djuntos kon su madre i su ermana i los serka de 60 mil djudios de Saloniko.

2000, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 62–64, page 76:

Moshe Aelion was seventeen years old when he was deported by the Germans to Auschwitz, together with his mother, sister, and around sixty thousand Jews from Salonica.


tal

Inherited from Old Spanish tal (“such”), from Latin tālis. Compare French tel, Galician tal, Portuguese tal, and Spanish tal.

A tal punto ke dizia : "En Espanya no ay ke yo i la kanalya ke semos frankofilos".

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 325:

To such a point that it was said: 'In Spain there is nobody but me and the scoundrel [to] whom we are Francophiles.'


tal

En esta gezera se firmava kada miembro en entrando komo tal en la ḥevra.

2017 June 12, Amor Ayala, Los sefardíes de Bulgaria, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 417:

In this decree each member was being signed by entering as such in society.


tredje

Inherited from Old Spanish treze, tredze from Latin trēdecim.

Kualos son los tredje? Tredje ermanos kon Dina, dodje ermanos kon Yosef, onze ermanos sin Yosef, diez mandamientos de la Ley, mueve mezes de la prenyada, ocho dias de mila, siete dias kon el shabat, sesh dias de la semana […]

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 51:

What are the thirteen? Thirteen siblings with Dina, twelve with Yosef, eleven without him, ten commandments, nine months of pregnancy, eight days for circumcision, seven with Shabbat, [and] six days of the week.

(Edirne, Istanbul, Izmir, Thessalonika) thirteen (13)


grande

Inherited from Old Spanish grande, from Latin grandem (“large; great”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ghrewə- (“to fell, put down, fall in”). Cognate with Spanish grande.


grande

Esta chirkolar me la dyeron en mi mano por ke la fuera afirmada de todos los grandes.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 239:

They handed me this notice so that all of the dignitaries would sign it.


alta

lad-adj

alta (masculine alto, masculine plural altos, feminine plural altas)

alto (masculine)
altos (masculine plural)
altas (feminine plural)


arto

arto (feminine arta, masculine plural artos, feminine plural artas)

arta (feminine)
artos (masculine plural)
artas (feminine plural)


barko

Probably from barka. Compare Spanish barco.

Vinieron al bodre de la mar. Avía un barko, i los ombres se suvieron enriva del barko, i él se suvió kon eyos. Empesaron a lavorar a las velas, i el barko partió.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Vejés liviana, נור הפקות, page 59:

They came to the sea’s edge. There was a ship, and the men climbed on top of it, and it rose up with them. They began to work on the sails, and the ship departed.


bovo

From Latin balbus (“stuttering”), influenced by sound symbolism. Compare Spanish bobo.


fiesta

Inherited from Old Spanish fiesta, from Late Latin fĕsta, from Latin fēsta, plural of fēstum. It is unclear why the initial f- stayed in this word instead of becoming the expected h-.

Si keresh ver ermoza fiesta esta noche vos envito a una maraviyoza kazika.

2001, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 22, page 45:

If you lot want to see a beautiful party tonight, I am sending you to a wonderful little house.

party (gathering of guests for entertainment, fun and socializing)

La fiesta de Soucoth que el Pentatioco (cinco livros de la ley) llama Hag Aasif, la fiesta de la recolta, es la mas importante y la mas alegre por un pueblo esencialmente agricultor segun era el pueblo de Israel.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 105:

The festival of Sukkot that the Pentateuch calls Hag Aasif, the harvest festival, is the most important and the most joyful for an essentially agricultural people as were the people of Israel.

Roş Aşana es una fiesta de famiya!

1997, Salamon Bicerano, Relatos en lingua judeo-espanyola, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., page 308:

festival (event or series of special events centred on the celebration or promotion of some theme or aspect of the community, often held at regular intervals)

En noembri 1918, a la okazyon de la desizyon de las grandes potensyas por el kriamiento de un estado djudyo en Palestina, el Gran Rabinato de akordo kon el governo bulgaro dyo instruksyones a las komunidades por fiestar en el 29 noembri, primer dia de hanuka, lo mas solenelmente esta fiesta.

2017 June 12, Amor Ayala, Los sefardíes de Bulgaria, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 372:

In November 1918, on the occasion of a decision by the great powers for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine, the Grand Rabinate, in agreement with the Bulgarian government, gave instructions to the communities to celebrate on November 29, the first day of Chanukkah, this holiday with much festivity.

holiday (day on which a festival, religious event, or national celebration is traditionally observed)

Ma mizmo en estos momentos de fiesta i alegria, no podimos evitar de apuntar ke ainda semos enfrentados por graves peligros, entre otras en el kampo finansiario tambien, komo konsekuensa de las restriksiones de estos ultimos anyos en los budjetos de las institusiones kulturales en Israel i de la difikultad kada vez mas grande, de obtener el ayudo del kual tenemos menester.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 4:

Yet even in these moments of joy and happiness, we could not avoid emphasizing that we remained confronted by grave dangers, among others in the financial camp as well, as a consequence of the restrictions of these last years in Israel's institutions' culturals budgets and from the worse difficulty every time of getting help for what we need.


tener

טיניר (Hebrew)
tener (infinitive)
tenyendo (gerund)
tuvyendo (gerund)
tenido (participle)
tinido (participle)
tuvido (participle)
tengo (first-person indicative present singular)
tengoy (first-person indicative present singular)
tienes (indicative present second-person singular)
tyenes (indicative present second-person singular)
tyénes (indicative present second-person singular)
tiene (indicative present singular)
tyene (indicative present singular)
tenemos (indicative plural present)
tenésh (indicative plural present)
tienen (indicative plural present)
tyenen (indicative plural present)
tenia (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
teniya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
tinía (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
tiniya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
teniyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
tiniyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
tenia (imperfect indicative singular)
teniya (imperfect indicative singular)
tinía (imperfect indicative singular)
tiniya (imperfect indicative singular)
teniamos (imperfect indicative plural)
teníyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
teniyash (imperfect indicative plural)
tenian (imperfect indicative plural)
teniyan (imperfect indicative plural)
tuve (first-person indicative preterite singular)
tuvites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
tuvo (indicative preterite singular)
tuvimos (indicative plural preterite)
tuvitesh (indicative plural preterite)
tuvyeron (indicative plural preterite)
tendré (first-person future indicative singular)
teneré (first-person future indicative singular)
terné (first-person future indicative singular)
tendrás (future indicative second-person singular)
tenerás (future indicative second-person singular)
ternás (future indicative second-person singular)
tendra (future indicative singular)
tendrá (future indicative singular)
tenerá (future indicative singular)
terná (future indicative singular)
tendremos (future indicative plural)
teneremos (future indicative plural)
ternemos (future indicative plural)
tendrésh (future indicative plural)
tenerésh (future indicative plural)
ternésh (future indicative plural)
tendrán (future indicative plural)
tenerán (future indicative plural)
ternán (future indicative plural)
tendria (conditional first-person indicative singular)
tendriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
teneriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
tenriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
tendriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
teneriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
tenriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
tendria (conditional indicative singular)
tendriya (conditional indicative singular)
teneriya (conditional indicative singular)
tenriya (conditional indicative singular)
tendríyamos (conditional indicative plural)
teneríyamos (conditional indicative plural)
tenríyamos (conditional indicative plural)
tendriyash (conditional indicative plural)
teneriyash (conditional indicative plural)
tenriyash (conditional indicative plural)
tendrian (conditional indicative plural)
tendriyan (conditional indicative plural)
teneriyan (conditional indicative plural)
tenriyan (conditional indicative plural)
tenga (first-person present singular subjunctive)
tengas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
tenga (present singular subjunctive)
tengamos (plural present subjunctive)
tengash (plural present subjunctive)
tengásh (plural present subjunctive)
tengan (plural present subjunctive)
tuvyera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
tuvyeras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
tuvyera (past singular subjunctive)
tuvyéramos (past plural subjunctive)
tuvyerash (past plural subjunctive)
tuvyeran (past plural subjunctive)
tenga (imperative)
ten (imperative second-person)
tenga (imperative singular)
tengamos (imperative plural)
tené (imperative plural)
tenéd (imperative plural)
tengan (imperative plural)
no tenga (imperative)
no tengas (imperative second-person)
no tenga (imperative singular)
no tengamos (imperative plural)
no tengash (imperative plural)
tengásh (imperative plural)
no tengan (imperative plural)

Inherited from Old Spanish tener (“to hold”), from Latin tenēre, teneō (“to hold; to keep; to have”), from Proto-Italic *tenēō, stative from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch or draw”). The preterite forms in tuv- are from contamination with those of the nearly synonymous aver, uv-.

der

Es la Boz del Chofar que nos combida a elevarnos mas arriva de las mesquinerias de la vida de cada dia, de nuestras vanedades pueriles(mesquinas), de nuestras ideas yerradas, siegas y malechoras de la animalidad, que, a nuestra grande verguensa, nosotros tenemos tanta pena a dominar.

1940, Gren Rabino David Berman, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 85:

It is the voice of the chofer that invites us to elevate ourselves above the narrow-mindedness of everyday life, of our puerile (and narrow-minded) vanities, of our mistaken ideas, blind and criminal from the beastliness that, to our great shame, we have so much trouble dominating.

Djugava de oreja, i no tenia buena oreja !

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 28:

[Somebody] was playing by ear, and [they] did not have a good ear!

Tyénes razón, Pérla presyáda, ken syénte a la mujer no se engánya.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 16:

You are correct, precious Pearl, who listens to the woman who is honest with herself.

to have (be with a quality or condition)

La ija Doreta kere ser avokata, i el terser, Hayimiko tyene katorze anyos.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 17:

The daughter Doreta wants to become a lawyer, and the third one, Hayimiko, is fourteen years old.

Pensas de no poder eskrivir presto? No emporta. I yo empesí avagar avagar. Tinía katorze anyos. I saves porké para mí fue mas fasil? Porké de la edá de diez anyos yo tanyía el piano.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 36:

You think that you can’t write early? Whatever. I started very slowly. I was fourteen years old. And you know why it was easier for me? Because at age ten I was playing the piano.

Siguro le vinieron algunos chuilis ke manyana parten i intonses tenia ke fazer fecho kon eyos agora.

1999, Eliezer Papo, La megila de Saray, E. Papo, page 106:

Surely some peasants that leave tomorrow came thereto, so [somebody] has to deal with them now.

Este viejo ke tenia los vistidos rotos i suzios vino i se asento enfrente de Sarika, kito de su djep un jurnal amariyo kon manchas de azeyte i se metio a meldarlo sin darle importansa.

1992, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 45–48, page 58:

This old man wearing torn and dirty clothes came and sat down in front of Sarika, taking a yellow, oil-stained journal out of his pocket, and it was put down for reading without specifying its importance.

Coordinate term: aver

“Vinites djusto en su tyempo, porke ay tres diyas ke no tengo komido nada i esto muy ambierto. Agora es a ti ke te va a komer.”

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 208:

‘You came just in time, because it has been three days since I have eaten anything and I am pretty hungry. Now I am going to eat you.’

(auxiliary) to have (in the present tense)


salir

Inherited from Old Spanish salir, sallir (“to jump”), from Latin salīre, saliō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sl̥-ye-. Compare Portuguese sair and Romanian sări. Also cognate with English sally.

Ma, yo ke tenia un kuniado grande ke lo estimava komo padre, non me desho salir de mi lavoro i ir adovar lavoro de otros.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 230:

Nonetheless, with me having an older brother-in-law who valued him like a father, he would not let me leave my work and go manage others' work.

Yo melo bevi todo, ile echi en la alda unos kuantos konfites kon un dukado adyentro, i mos salimos afuera.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 197:

I drank it all myself, and inside I threw aside some candy with a coin, then we left.

(intransitive, reflexive) to leave (depart)


haber

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish خبر (haber) (compare Turkish haber), from Arabic خَبَر (ḵabar).


ya

Inherited from Old Spanish ya (“already; now”), from Latin iam. Compare French déjà, Italian già, Portuguese já, and Spanish ya.

inh+

Mösyö Ehrlich era lehli (ashkenazi) komo ya se entiende de su nombre.

2020 November 25, Eliz Gatenyo, “Ko-Abitasyones”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Mösyö Ehrlich was Ashki (Ashkenazi), as is already understood from his name.


ya

Inherited from Old Spanish ya (“I hope so”).

certainly; surely; for sure (absolutely)


anke

in spite of, moreover, adding to that, nevertheless


developar

developar (infinitive)
aver developado (infinitive multiword-construction)
developando (gerund)
aviendo developado (gerund multiword-construction)
developado (masculine participle past singular)
developados (masculine participle past plural)
developada (feminine participle past singular)
developadas (feminine participle past plural)
developo (first-person indicative present singular)
developas (indicative present second-person singular)
developa (indicative present singular third-person)
developamos (first-person indicative plural present)
developáx (indicative plural present second-person)
developan (indicative plural present third-person)
developava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
developavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
developava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
developávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
developavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
developavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
developí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
developates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
developó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
developimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
developatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
developaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
developaré (first-person future indicative singular)
developarás (future indicative second-person singular)
developará (future indicative singular third-person)
developaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
developaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
developarán (future indicative plural third-person)
developaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
developarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
developaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
developaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
developaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
developarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
develope (first-person present singular subjunctive)
developes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
develope (present singular subjunctive third-person)
developemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
developéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
developen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
developara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
developaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
developara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
developáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
developarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
developaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
developa (imperative second-person singular)
developad (imperative plural second-person)
no developes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no developéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
dezvelopar (alternative)

La koneksion entre los instrumentos i la jeografiya ande se djugan mos ayuda a developar una punta de vista muy partikular.

2008, Ayhan Akkaya, editor, Kardeş Türküler, BGST Yayınları, →ISBN, page 378:

The connection between the instruments and the geography where they are played help us develop a very particular point of view.

Foueron los primoz de developar esta industri.

2013 April 30, Renée Levine Melammed, chapter 3, in An Ode to Salonika: The Ladino Verses of Bouena Sarfatty, Indiana University Press, →ISBN, page 122:

They were the first to develop this industry.

(transitive) to develop (make larger or fuller)


bueno

lad-adj

bueno (Hebrew spelling בואינו, feminine buena, masculine plural buenos, feminine plural buenas)

בואינו (Hebrew)
buena (feminine)
buenos (masculine plural)
buenas (feminine plural)
boenu (alternative)
boene (alternative)
bweno (alternative)
ueno (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish bueno, inherited from Latin bonus (“good”), from Old Latin duenos, later duonus, from Proto-Italic *dwenos.

Coordinate term: bien


segun

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 105:

Su grande oluk eskupia un fumo preto ke bolava de todas partes segun el soplo del ayre.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 52:

It's big chimney was spitting out a black smoke that was hovering everywhere, following the gusting air.

O porke el ke se empresto el livro se olvida, o porke se averguensa de darlo atras manchado o arazgado, o mizmo porke, segun akontese munchas vezes, el es un bibliofil para el kual es difisil de separarse de un livro ke le paso por la mano, el fakto es ke por una o otra de estas razones i munchas mas, los livros emprestados a otros raramente tornan a sus lugar, en la biblioteka del ken los empresto.

2001, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 22, page 82:

Either because he who lent the book forgot it, or because it shames one to give it back stained or torn, or even because, as it happens a lot, he is a bibliophile for whom it is difficult to separate himself from a book that spent time in his hand, the fact is that for one or another of these reasons and many more, books lent to others rarely return to their place: in the library of who borrowed them.


tú

From Latin tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


venir

ב׳יניר (Hebrew)
venir (infinitive)
viniendo (gerund)
venido (participle)
vengo (first-person indicative present singular)
vienes (indicative present second-person singular)
viene (indicative present singular)
venimos (indicative plural present)
venísh (indicative plural present)
vienen (indicative plural present)
veniya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
veniyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
veniya (imperfect indicative singular)
veniyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
veniyash (imperfect indicative plural)
veniyan (imperfect indicative plural)
vine (first-person indicative preterite singular)
vinites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
vino (indicative preterite singular)
venimos (indicative plural preterite)
vinitesh (indicative plural preterite)
vinyeron (indicative plural preterite)
vendré (first-person future indicative singular)
vendrás (future indicative second-person singular)
vendrá (future indicative singular)
vendremos (future indicative plural)
vendrash (future indicative plural)
vendrán (future indicative plural)
vendriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
vendriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
vendriya (conditional indicative singular)
vendriyamos (conditional indicative plural)
vendriyash (conditional indicative plural)
vendriyan (conditional indicative plural)
venga (first-person present singular subjunctive)
vengas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
venga (present singular subjunctive)
vengamos (plural present subjunctive)
vengásh (plural present subjunctive)
vengan (plural present subjunctive)
vinyera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
vinyeras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
vinyera (past singular subjunctive)
vinyéramos (past plural subjunctive)
vinyerash (past plural subjunctive)
vinyeran (past plural subjunctive)
venga (imperative)
ven (imperative second-person)
venga (imperative singular)
vengamos (imperative plural)
venid (imperative plural)
vengan (imperative plural)
no venga (imperative)
no vengas (imperative second-person)
no venga (imperative singular)
no vengamos (imperative plural)
no vengásh (imperative plural)
no vengan (imperative plural)
vinir (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish venir (“to come”), from Latin venīre. Cognate with Spanish venir.

inh+

Venian de Sitchilya, pechkavan en la mar i traian sus pechka a Selanik.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 71:

They came from Sicily, fishing in the sea and shleping their fish to Thessaloniki.

dirijir se vienen para el konvento.

2004, Moshe David Gaon, פואזיאס, מכון מעלה אדומים בשיתוף עם מרכז משה דוד גאון לתרבות הלאדינו, אוניברסיטת בן גוריון, →ISBN, page 17:

(intransitive, reflexive) to come (to move towards someone or something)


sesh

From Old Spanish seis or seys (“six”), possibly influenced by Hebrew שֵׁשׁ (“six”).


bora

From Greek βορράς (vorrás, “north; violent north wind”), from Ancient Greek Βορρᾶς (Borrhâs).


noche

נוג׳י (Hebrew)
noce (alternative)
noče (alternative)
notche (alternative)

From Old Spanish noche (“night”), from an earlier *noite, from Latin noctem, accusative of nox.

Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.

2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Sunday night we're going to light the first candle on our Hanukiyas.


viejo

From Old Spanish vieio, from Late Latin veclus, from Latin vetulus.

La maale de los djudyos se topa en el sentro de la sivdad vyeja, toda la kaleja golyendo al miskle de flores, las plasas kon las pisinas, los arvoles de portokales kon los kortijos finos avyertos para ke los turistos vijiten.

2019, Şeli GAON, “Viyaje A Andalusia - 2”, in Şalom:

The Jewish district is located in the center of the old city, the whole street smelling of a mixture of flowers, the plazas with the swimming pools, the orange trees with the fine open patios for the tourists to visit.


dormitorio

lad-noun

dormitorio m (Hebrew spelling דורמיטורייו)

דורמיטורייו (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish dormitorio, from Latin dormītōrium.

Una placa en su nombre fue egualmente plasada a la cavesera de un lecho de el dormitorio de este Establecimiento.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 356:

A plaque in their name was likewise placed at the head of a bed in this establishment’s bedroom.

bedroom (a room in a house, apartment, hotel, or other dwelling where a bed is kept for sleeping)


desayuno

La Turquia viene de perder una figura de las mas marcantes de su mediqueria, con la disparicion del Prof. Besim Ömer Akalin, general medico y deputado de Bilcik, que quedo de vivir subitamente el 20 de Marso ultimo en tomando su desayuno en el Restaurante Municipal de Ankara.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 316:

Türkiye has lost one of the most impressive figures in its field of medicine, with the loss of Prof. Besim Ömer Akalin, Bilcik’s general practioner and deputy, who suddenly ceased to live on the 20th last March as he was having breakfast in Ankara’s Municipal Restaurant.


zumo

El pueblo que corió numerośo a_la trecera repreśentación ²⁵³ de Reśurección [S.n, 6 mayo] dio la repuesta merecida a aquel se. que en «El Progreso» cualificó este dram de «cristiano» y a aquel se. que en el miśmo ĵornal esprimió todo el zumo de su meollo para dećir que la obra tanto pura del gloriośo caneź de Yasnaia Poliana ²⁵⁴ es una obra imorala.

1983, Elena Romero, Repertorio de noticias sobre el mundo teatral de los sefardíes orientales, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, →ISBN, page 293:

The people that ran [in] great number to the third representation of Reśurección gave the well earned response to that gentleman in ‘El Progreso’ who qualified this ‘Christian’ drama, and to that gentleman who expressed in the same journal all of his brain’s juices saying that the work, so pure from the glorious old man Yasnaia Poliana, is an immoral work.


untar

Inherited from Old Spanish untar, from Late Latin unctāre.


último

Abashó del arvolé, i kon sus últimas fuersas se fue verso esta luz.

2006, מתילדה כהן-סראנו, זיקנתך כבחרותך: סיפורים ופתגמים מהעולם היהודי-ספרדי, נור הפקות, page 73:

He climbed down from the tree, and with its last powers it went towards this light.


primero

Inherited from Old Spanish primero (“first”), from Latin prīmārius.

inh+

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of these is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaicisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.


primero

Primero es ke esto asemeja al butikario ke saviendo ke la ropa ke tiene es muy fina, kuando le viene algun mushteri la va sonando akeya ropa entre las manos para darle avizo ke es muy buena i siendo save ke es muy rezia no se espanta ke se arazge.

1987, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 32–40, page 37:

Firstly, it is that this compares with the shopkeeper who knows that he has very fine clothing, when some customer comes to him he is going to advertise that clothing in his hands, giving him pretty good advice, and knowing that it is very strong he is not afraid of it tearing.


primo

Inherited from Old Spanish primo (“cousin”), from Latin (cōnsobrīnus) prīmus.

Nacido en 1877, nieto del conde Henri d'Avigdor, amigo intimo de Napoleon III, Sir Osmond ajusto a su nombre, aquel de Goldsmid, a la muerte de su primo Sir Julien Goldsmid, donde el era el heredador.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 407:

Born in 1877, grandson to Henri d’Avigdor, close friend of Napoleon III, Sir Osmond added Goldsmid to his name on the death of his cousin Sir Julien Goldsmid, where he was the heir.


primo

Inherited from Old Spanish primo (“first”), from Latin prīmus, from earlier prīsmos < *prīsemos < Proto-Italic *priisemos.

El primo districto administrativo judio sera establecido cercamente en Natania onde seran transferados todos los servicios publicos que fin ahora se topavan en Tolcarim.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 247:

The first administrative Jewish district shall soon be established in Natania, where all of the public services shall be transferred that up until now were located in Tolcarim.


primo

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of premir

first-person singular present indicative of primar


prima

Fue la prima i únika vez ke vidi en Israel una piesa dada a livel enternasional.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 433:

It was the first and only time that I saw a play in Israel given on [an] international level.


prima

Bella — Oh Dio! El es mi padre!
Rivka — I el marido de mi prima. Ya me alegri muncho, es un buen ombre i mos keremos muncho bien, por siguro ke ya te va mirar komo un ijo suyo.

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 291:

Bella — Oh God! He’s my father!
Rivka — And my cousin’s husband. Now he really pleased me; he is a good man and we love each other very much, definitely now that he is going to see you like his child.


prima

first-person singular present subjunctive of premir

third-person singular present subjunctive of premir

third-person singular present indicative of primar

second-person singular imperative of primar


parte

Inherited from Old Spanish parte (“part”), from Latin partem, from Proto-Italic *partis.

inh+

Y disho Ribi Azarya ke la alma su lugar es en el korason, ke esta en medio del puerpo para alumbrar por todas partes i sostener todos los miembros, según kuando esta el sol en medio del sielo ke esta el mundo klaro.

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 88:

And Rabbi Azarya said that the soul's place is in the heart, which lies in the body’s centre to lighten every part and sustain the limbs, as when the sun is centred in the sky the earth [looks] clear.

part; section; portion; share; piece; bit; cut; proportion

Y quatro ruedas de arambre al aſſiẽto el vno, y tablas de arambre, y quatro ſus rincones ombreras à ellos: debaxo al aguamanil las ombreras fundidas de parte de cada vno à los ayuntamientos, Y ſu boca de entro à la corona, y arriba con cobdo.

1553, “Reyes Primero, VII”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 244:

And every base had four brazen wheels, and axles of brass; and the four feet thereof had undersetters; beneath the laver were the undersetters molten, with wreaths at the side of each, and the mouth of it within the crown and above was a cubit high.


parte

third-person singular present indicative of partir

second-person singular imperative of partir


fortuna

פ׳ורטונה (Hebrew)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish فورطنه (furtuna, fırtuna, fırtına), from Venetan fortuna, from Latin fortūna (“misfortune”). Compare Romanian furtună.

bor+

Ke la mar / Esta en fortuna / Mira ke te va yevar

Because the sea / is under a storm / take heed so it doesn't drag you.

squall, tempest, a storm with severe winds


fortuna

פ׳ורטונה (Hebrew)

Borrowed from Latin fortūna, from fors (“chance, luck”).

Eyos son ainda chikos i povres. Para kualo kazarlos antes ke eyos tengan una fortuna?

They remain small and poor. Why marry them before they become wealthy?

Fortuna mos traye aki, prezentados kon una boz rika i melodioza, kon akompanyamientos de una ekselente orkestra, […]

1995, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 49–52, page 78:

Fortune brings us here, it presents us with a rich and melodious voice with the accompaniments of an excellent orchestra.


ama

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish اما (ammâ), from Arabic أَمَّا (ʔammā).

En fin, estos se tornaron en vazio, i pedrieron el koraje, i non fueron mas en dingun modo de fyesta a demandar los bilyetos, ama empesaron a azerme konkorrensya en otros travajos.

19th Century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, chapter 24, in Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, editors, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 236:

In the end they returned empty-handed and disappointed, and they were no longer in any mood to demand invitations for feasting, yet they started to compete with me in other areas of work.


ama

Inherited from Old Spanish ama (“wetnurse”), from Late Latin amma, q.v.

inh+

[…] 'Hagar es buena i resive influensa de su ama, amiga i senyora Sara, ke es buena mujer i madre.

1997, Aki Yerushalayim: revista de las emisiones de Israel en djudeo-espaniol, numbers 56-58, page 45:

Hagar is good and is influenced by her mistress, friend and lady Sarah, who is a good woman and mother.


ama

third-person singular present indicative of amar


oír

אואיר (Hebrew)
oir (alternative)
oyr (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish oir, from Latin audīre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-is-d-, a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewis (“clearly, manifestly”) (from the root *h₂ew- (“to see, perceive”)) and *dʰh₁-ye/o- (“to render”). Compare French ouïr, Italian udire, Portuguese ouvir, and Romanian auzi.

der

Coordinate term: eskuchar

"Ima, no ay nada! En l'armada oímos kozas peores!"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 335:

‘Ima, that’s nothing! We heard worse in the army!’

(ambitransitive) to hear (detect noise with the ears)


ande

Saves ande esta la esnoga?


número

Borrowed from Latin numerus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to assign, allot; take”).

el número 100

Mozotros dagidiyávamos las tabelas a una o a dos a kad'uno, según el número de los partisipantes, i la mamá mos divizava las avikas o los botones ke sirvían de parás.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 100:

We distributed the signs by one or two each, according to the number of participants, and the mother divided for us the white beans or buttons that worked as currency.


governo

Compare Italian governo, Portuguese governo, Spanish gobierno.


jadear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic قضى (qḍā) + -ear.


vida

From Latin vīta. Cognate with Spanish vida.


verdad

lad-noun

verdad f (Hebrew spelling בﬞירדאדﬞ, plural verdades)

בﬞירדאדﬞ (Hebrew)
verdades (plural)
vedra (alternative)
verda (alternative)
vardá (alternative)

לוארי טו נומברי פור טו מירסידﬞ אי פור טו בﬞירדאדﬞ.

Loare tu nombre por tu merçed y por tu verdad.

I shall praise your name for your mercy and for your truth.


marido

Inherited from Old Spanish marido, from Latin marītus.

I su marido aze tefila por eya de kontino ke oyga el Sefer Tora ke en pokos diyas la sake de entre los bivos i tienen kada ora 'pleto i ketata ' i kavza ke se destruye la kaza i los kelim.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 35:

And her husband prayed constantly for her to hear the Seder Torah; that in a few days she take take it from amongst the living, and that they ‘fight and brawl’ hourly, and that it cause the house and the tools to be destroyed.


noventa

נוב׳ינטה (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish novaenta, from Vulgar Latin *nōvāgintā, from Latin nōnāgintā (blended with novem (“nine”)), from earlier *nūnāgintā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥(d)ḱomt (“nine tens”).

inh

Me disho Dafna Ségev: "Saves kuantos anyos tiene este ombre?"
"Ma… setenta i sinko, penso," le dishi yo.
"Tiene noventa i dos!" me disho eya.

2006, Matilda Koén‐Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 406:

Dafna Ségev asked me, ‘Do you know how old this man is?’
‘Uh… seventy‐five, I think,’ I told her.
‘He’s ninety‐two!’ she told me.


nadar

נאדאר (Hebrew)
nadar (infinitive)
aver nadado (infinitive multiword-construction)
nadando (gerund)
aviendo nadado (gerund multiword-construction)
nadado (masculine participle past singular)
nadados (masculine participle past plural)
nadada (feminine participle past singular)
nadadas (feminine participle past plural)
nado (first-person indicative present singular)
nadas (indicative present second-person singular)
nada (indicative present singular third-person)
nadamos (first-person indicative plural present)
nadáx (indicative plural present second-person)
nadan (indicative plural present third-person)
nadava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
nadavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
nadava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
nadávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
nadavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
nadavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
nadí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
nadates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
nadó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
nadimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
nadatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
nadaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
nadaré (first-person future indicative singular)
nadarás (future indicative second-person singular)
nadará (future indicative singular third-person)
nadaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
nadaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
nadarán (future indicative plural third-person)
nadaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
nadarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
nadaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
nadaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
nadaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
nadarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
nade (first-person present singular subjunctive)
nades (present second-person singular subjunctive)
nade (present singular subjunctive third-person)
nademos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
nadéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
naden (plural present subjunctive third-person)
nadara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
nadaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
nadara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
nadáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
nadarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
nadaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
nada (imperative second-person singular)
nadad (imperative plural second-person)
no nades (imperative negative second-person singular)
no nadéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
danar (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish nadar (“to swim”), from Latin natāre.

inh+

Tanbién él vido kavesa una ke nadava sovre fases de las aguas. Diǧo aelya: por ke hizistes nadar, te hizieron nadar, i, al fin de tus hazientes nadar, nadarán.

1997, Neue Romania: Veröffentlichungsreihe des Studienbereiches Neue Romania des Instituts für Romanische Philologie der FU Berlin, numbers 19-22, page 176:

He also stopped one head that was swimming above the waters' surfaces. He told her that because you swam, they made you swim, and at the end of your swimming sessions, they'll swim [too].

to swim (move one's body through a liquid)


llamar

Por_que el público se haga una idea de lo que en Viena y en Polonia llamaban teatro ĵidió, vo expośar aquí unos cuantos fatos.

1983, Elena Romero, Repertorio de noticias sobre el mundo teatral de los sefardíes orientales, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, →ISBN, page 337:

Because the public may pretend to an idea of what they were calling Jewish theatre in Vienna and Poland, I am going to expose some facts here.


faltar

פ׳אלטאר (Hebrew)
faltar (infinitive)
aver faltado (infinitive multiword-construction)
faltando (gerund)
aviendo faltado (gerund multiword-construction)
faltado (masculine participle past singular)
faltados (masculine participle past plural)
faltada (feminine participle past singular)
faltadas (feminine participle past plural)
falto (first-person indicative present singular)
faltas (indicative present second-person singular)
falta (indicative present singular third-person)
faltamos (first-person indicative plural present)
faltáx (indicative plural present second-person)
faltan (indicative plural present third-person)
faltava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
faltavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
faltava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
faltávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
faltavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
faltavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
faltí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
faltates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
faltó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
faltimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
faltatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
faltaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
faltaré (first-person future indicative singular)
faltarás (future indicative second-person singular)
faltará (future indicative singular third-person)
faltaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
faltaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
faltarán (future indicative plural third-person)
faltaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
faltarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
faltaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
faltaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
faltaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
faltarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
falte (first-person present singular subjunctive)
faltes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
falte (present singular subjunctive third-person)
faltemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
faltéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
falten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
faltara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
faltaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
faltara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
faltáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
faltarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
faltaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
falta (imperative second-person singular)
faltad (imperative plural second-person)
no faltes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no faltéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish faltar (“to lack”).

i ke este en sano
kon semanada i keno le falte nada

1990, דוד בנבנשתי, לקט: צרור מאמרים על מורשת יהדות המזרח, ד. בנבנשתי, page 120:

and that I be healthy
for a week and that I lack nothing

Solo fui kuando faltaron mi madre i dispues mi padre en Tlemcen.

It was only when I missed my mother and then my father in Tlemcen.

[…] i no faltar de entrar tadre al salon, justo a tiempo.

2000, Salamon Bicerano, Relatos akademikos i populares en Judeo-Espanyol (1998–2000), Gözlem, →ISBN, page 24:

And to not make the mistake of entering the guest room late, [but] just in time.


fuir

Inherited from Old Spanish foir, fuir (“to flee”), from Vulgar Latin *fūgīre, from Latin fugere, from Proto-Italic *fugiō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg-.

Cualo respondire? Aiuda de ken demandare?
En dia de tu giuzgo onde io me fuire?

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

Who shall respond? Whose help shall I request? Where shall I flee on your day of judgement?


asi

אסי (Hebrew)
ansi (alternative)
ansí (alternative)
así (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish assí, from Late Latin ac sīc. Closely parallel to Aromanian ashi, Portuguese assim, Romanian așa. Compare also Catalan així, French ainsi, Italian così.

Asi este ramo de mantenimiento y de vestimienta seria exclusivamente tomado a carga por la Minche Tora.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 193:

Thus the Minchah Torah would be exclusively in charge of this branch of sustenance and clothing.

like this; like that; as such; thus; so; thereby; this way, that way


asi

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish عاصی (“rebel”).


boca

El bostejo va de boca en boca, como el pašarico de oja en oja.

Yawning goes from mouth to mouth like the bird from bough to bough.


viento

From Old Spanish viento, from Latin ventus.


siempre

Inherited from Old Spanish siempre or sienpre, inherited from Latin semper. Compare Catalan sempre and Portuguese sempre.

Tu sos envestido i envelupado de giustidad, a ti solo apartiene la sopirioridad
Si no ai en nozotros ovras ⁴) boenas, acodrate de noestros padres i de sus santedad.
Siempre los tengas en tu memoria i apiada a tu comunidad

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 12:

You are dressed and enveloped with justice, only to you does superiority belong; were good deeds absent from us, remind yourself of our fathers and their holiness. You always have them in memory; rescue your people.


dolor

From Old Spanish dolor, from Latin dolor, dolōrem.


respirar

ריספיראר (Hebrew)
respirar (infinitive)
aver respirado (infinitive multiword-construction)
respirando (gerund)
aviendo respirado (gerund multiword-construction)
respirado (masculine participle past singular)
respirados (masculine participle past plural)
respirada (feminine participle past singular)
respiradas (feminine participle past plural)
respiro (first-person indicative present singular)
respiras (indicative present second-person singular)
respira (indicative present singular third-person)
respiramos (first-person indicative plural present)
respiráx (indicative plural present second-person)
respiran (indicative plural present third-person)
respirava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
respiravas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
respirava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
respirávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
respiravax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
respiravan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
respirí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
respirates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
respiró (indicative preterite singular third-person)
respirimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
respiratex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
respiraron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
respiraré (first-person future indicative singular)
respirarás (future indicative second-person singular)
respirará (future indicative singular third-person)
respiraremos (first-person future indicative plural)
respiraréx (future indicative plural second-person)
respirarán (future indicative plural third-person)
respiraría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
respirarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
respiraría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
respiraríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
respiraríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
respirarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
respire (first-person present singular subjunctive)
respires (present second-person singular subjunctive)
respire (present singular subjunctive third-person)
respiremos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
respiréx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
respiren (plural present subjunctive third-person)
respirara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
respiraras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
respirara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
respiráramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
respirarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
respiraran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
respira (imperative second-person singular)
respirad (imperative plural second-person)
no respires (imperative negative second-person singular)
no respiréx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish respirar, from Latin respīrāre. Cognate with English respire.

I alora estos dos, tan mansevos, ja espozos, đenitores, respiravan un poko mas kontentes!

2018, Laura Papo Bohoreta, edited by María José Cano, Nela Kovačević, La mujer sefardí, Editorial Universidad de Granada, →ISBN, page 86:

So these two, being young, now married fathers, breathed a little more easily!

(ambitransitive) to breathe (draw in air and let it out)

Veo las fachas koreladas de la kalor del karvon i del eksitamiento por las muevas — viejas konsejas ke se gostavan, ke se respiravan i se azian muestras.

1987, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 32-40, page 43:

I see the faces red from heated coal and excited by the news — old tales that were pleasing, inspirational and becoming ours.

(figurative, reflexive) to be inspirational


a

Inherited from Old Spanish a (“unto”), from Latin ad (“to”).

Era imposible de tornar atrás a los tiempos onde se eskrivia ladino kon letras ebreas.

It was impossible to go back to when we wrote Ladino with Hebrew letters.

La ciudad de Bursa es fraguada en amphitheatre a los pies del Olympe (Oulou Dağ) y abrasa una vaste y magnifica valle con un hermoso panorama.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 78:

The city of Bursa has constructed an amphitheatre at the feet of Olympus and embraces a vast and wonderful valley with a beautiful panorama.


a

Alberto kontinuó a menear la kavesa en sinyo de dezaprovasión, sospirando: "A, komo se puede ser ansí!…"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 119:

Albert kept shaking his head as a sign of disapproval, sighing, ‘Ugh, how can it be like this…!’


animalia

אנימאלייה (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish animalia, from Latin animālia, plural of animal. Doublet of alimanya and animal.

[…] i no digas: fulano es fermozo i yo no, ke bien saves ke deske el ombre es muerto, ke no se kuenta salvo por animalia muerta.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68–72, page 59:

And don’t say: so and so is handsome and I’m not; you know well that since the man is dead that he doesn’t count except as a dead animal.


felis

פ׳יליס (Hebrew)
felís (alternative)
feliz (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish feliz, felix (“lucky”). Doublet of feliche.

Agora soltanto
So reflekto de Tu Brilyo
Yo no me demando
Sospiro
Mirando en lo Alto
So felis
Dunke bivo…

2008, Matilda Gini Barnatán, Viviana Rajel Barnatán, Darío Meta Barnatán, La ija i la madre komo la unya i la karne, Ibersaf Editores, →ISBN, page 69:

Now letting go, I am [an] image of your radiance, I wonder not; I sigh, looking above, I am happy, therefore I live…


adam

[…] una kapa roja y medinas negros, un perro cerka, todo echo magnifica, kada punto perfecto en el suave prado de erba y flores, kuadro por kuadro donde estaba en pie el adam riko.

2004, Los Muestros, numbers 56–64, R. Capuia:

A red cape and black cities, nearly a dog, every magnificent work, every perfect point in the smooth meadow of grass and flowers, frame by frame where the rich man stood.


fuego

Inherited from Old Spanish fuego, from Late Latin focus (“fire”), from Latin focus (“hearth”).


forro

Inherited from Old Spanish forro, from Arabic حُرّ (ḥurr, “free”).


tomar

טומאר (Hebrew)
tomar (infinitive)
aver tomado (infinitive multiword-construction)
tomando (gerund)
aviendo tomado (gerund multiword-construction)
tomado (masculine participle past singular)
tomados (masculine participle past plural)
tomada (feminine participle past singular)
tomadas (feminine participle past plural)
tomo (first-person indicative present singular)
tomas (indicative present second-person singular)
toma (indicative present singular third-person)
tomamos (first-person indicative plural present)
tomáx (indicative plural present second-person)
toman (indicative plural present third-person)
tomava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
tomavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
tomava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
tomávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
tomavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
tomavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
tomí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
tomates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
tomó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
tomimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
tomatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
tomaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
tomaré (first-person future indicative singular)
tomarás (future indicative second-person singular)
tomará (future indicative singular third-person)
tomaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
tomaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
tomarán (future indicative plural third-person)
tomaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
tomarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
tomaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
tomaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
tomaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
tomarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
tome (first-person present singular subjunctive)
tomes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
tome (present singular subjunctive third-person)
tomemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
toméx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
tomen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
tomara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
tomaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
tomara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
tomáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
tomarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
tomaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
toma (imperative second-person singular)
tomad (imperative plural second-person)
no tomes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no toméx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish tomar (“to take”), further origin uncertain. Possibly from Vulgar Latin *tumāre, aphaeresis of Latin autumāre (“to affirm (the right to own/possess something)”).

inh

El Dio la dio, el Dio la tomo.

The Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away.

[…] y hizo caher.A.Dio,adormidura ſobre el hõbre, y adormecioſſe:y tomo una de ſus coſtillas,y cerro carne en ſu lugar.

1553, “Genesis, II”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 2:

And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; and He took one of his ribs, and closed up the place with flesh instead thereof.

[…] tomo el kamino dela banka otomana, […]

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 277:

(transitive) To pass (or attempt to pass) through or around; to take.

Los ke se toman con amor, biven con dolor.

(transitive) to marry (start a marriage with somebody)

[…] lo toman por el Hristos.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 234:

[…] toman a pensar loke esto es, […]


fey

Inherited from Old Spanish fe, fee, from Latin fidēs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- (“to command, to persuade, to trust”).

El consacro su sermon a las doctrinas mosaicas y relevo, con la fey y piosa conviccion que lo caracterisan, las valores permanentes del judaismo.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 378:

He devoted his sermon to the Mosaic doctrines and established, with the faith and pious conviction that characterise him, Judaism’s eternal values.

Confientes en la permanencia de este afalago, santifiquemos nuestra fey en el avenir.

1940, Moise Parali, “Pessah: Simbolo de rehmision, de libertad y de alegria”, in La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 335:

Trusting in this consolation’s permanence, let us hallow our trust in the future.


jugar

From Old Spanish jugar, from Latin iocārī.

djugar (alternative)
djuguar (alternative)


Barselona

בארסילונה (Hebrew)

Barcelona (the capital city of Catalonia, Spain)

Barcelona (a province of Catalonia, Spain)


Aristoteles

Via Latin Aristotelēs from Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs).


oja

Komo kayen las ojas en otonyo

1989, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 10, number 40, page 36:

Pero, en tornando la oja, vemos al cuadro lamentable de una humanidad sufriente, pasando lo que no demando del Dio.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 30:

Nevertheless, upon turning the page, we see a hurtful humanity's wretched frame, passing what it did not demand from God.


arpa

lad-noun

arpa f (Hebrew spelling ארפה, plural arpas)

From Late Latin harpa, from Proto-Germanic *harpǭ.

אי טי לוארי קון לה ארפה ,דייו מי דייו.

And I shall praise you upon the harp, God, my God.


aprender

Inherited from Old Spanish aprender, from Latin apprendere, alternative form of apprehendere.


verso

Los ojos de todo el mundo estos dias son boltados verso el Medio Oryente.

These days everybody's eyes are turned towards the Middle East.

No tengo nada verso ti.


verso

Inherited from Old Spanish verso (“verse”).


sonido

From Old Spanish sonido, a semi-learned descendant of Latin sonitus.


nombre

Inherited from Old Spanish nomre, nomne, from Latin nōmen.

[…] en el kamino para ir a la inaugurasion de la Şara de Atatürk, kreyemos ke Demirel se sintiria komo en su kaza en bat‐Yam, onde el nombre de Atatürk tiene valor komo en Turkiya.

1997, Salamon Bicerano, Relatos en lingua judeo-espanyola, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., →ISBN, page 252:

On the way to get to Şara de Atatürk’s inauguration, we believe that Demirel shall be heard as in his house on bat‐Yam, where Atatürk’s name carries weight as in Türkiye.

Ma, kuando se akodro ke el valiante Amadis no kedo satisfecho de yamarse solo “Amadis” i adjusto el nombre de su reynado i patria para darle fama, i se yamo “Amadis de Gaula”, I el kijo azer lo mizmo, komo un buen kavayero, adjustar al suyo el nombre de la suya, i yamarse “don Kishot de la Mancha”, ke asegun el, deklarava klaramente su linaje i patria, i la onorava en tomandola por alkunya.

2013, Myriam Moscona, Jacobo Sefamí with Martín Fierro, José Hernández, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 222:

Nevertheless, when [someone] remembered that the valiant Amadis was left unsatisfied in merely being called ‘Amadis’, [he] added the name of his kingdom and homeland to make himself famous, and he called himself ‘Amadis of Gaula’, and he kept repeating himself, like a good knight, adding to his name the name of his homeland, and calling himself ‘don Koshot de la Mancha’, as according to him, it was clearly declaring his lineage and homeland, and he was esteeming it in treating it like family.

Mösyö Ehrlich era lehli (ashkenazi) komo ya se entiende de su nombre.

2020 November 25, Eliz Gatenyo, “Ko-Abitasyones”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Mösyö Ehrlich was Lehli (Ashkenazi), as is already understood from his name.


nombre

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present subjunctive of nombrar

third-person singular present subjunctive of nombrar


sesenta

Inherited from Old Spanish sessaenta, from Latin sexāgintā, from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱsḱomt, from earlier *swéḱs-dḱomt (“six-ten”).

“No… aspera…tengo aínda sesh… sinko…tres…dos… mezes para arivar a sesenta anyos. No mires ke tengo los kaveyos blankos!”

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 417:

“No… wait… I still have six… five… three… two… months before I am sixty years old. Don't look [at me like] I have grey hair!”


setenta

Inherited from Old Spanish setaenta (“seventy”), from Latin septuāgintā, from *septmāginta, from Proto-Indo-European *septm̥̄ḱomt, from earlier *septḿ̥-dḱomt (“seven-ten”).

inh+

Me disho Dafna Ségev: "Saves kuantos anyos tiene este ombre?"
"Ma… setenta i sinko, penso," le dishi yo.
"Tiene noventa i dos!" me disho eya.

2006, Matilda Koén‐Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 406:

Dafna Ségev asked me, ‘Do you know how old this man is?’
‘Uh… seventy‐five, I think,’ I told her.
‘He’s ninety‐two!’ she told me.


ochenta

Inherited from Old Spanish ochaenta (“fourscore”), from Latin octāgintā, variant of octōgintā (“eighty”), from Proto-Indo-European *oktōḱomt, from earlier *oḱto(w)-dḱomt (“eight-ten”).

Mi profesor de latino i grego ya tinía mas ochenta anyos kuando fue mi profesor en mis últimos anyos de liseo.

2006, Matilda Koén‐Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 114:

My Latin and Greek teacher was already more [than] eighty-years-old when he was my teacher in my last years of high school.


donde

From Vulgar Latin de unde, from de + unde.


ambos

head

ambos m pl (Hebrew spelling אמבוס, feminine plural ambas)

אמבוס (Hebrew)
ambas (feminine plural)
anbos (alternative)

Inherited from Latin ambōs m pl. Old Spanish consistently had amos, representing the inherited form, while ambos existed in neighbouring Old Leonese. Later, Latin influence probably helped ambos spread into Ladino as well, where it displaced the form without /b/.

Y tomó Sem y Yaphet el paño, y puſieron ſobre hombro de ambos ellos, y anduvieron atras, y cubieron à deſcoberturade ſu padre, y ſus faces atras, y deſcobertura de ſu padre novieron.

1553, “Genesis, IX”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 6:

And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father’s nakedness.


lugar

Inherited from Old Spanish logar (“place”), from Late Latin locālem, from Latin locus. Doublet of lokal.

inh+

Muestros platos, ke provienen de Espanya, de Turkía, de Gresia i de munchos otros lugares, por sus variedad i sus buena savor, pueden trankilamente entrar en los livros de rechetas de todo el mundo.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 221:

Our dishes, which originate from Spain, Türkiye, Greece and many other places, can easily enter everybody’s cookbooks because of their variety and good flavour.


meti

first-person singular preterite indicative of meter


planta

Inherited from Old Spanish planta (“plant”), from Latin planta, from Proto-Italic *plāntā, from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₂-n̥t-eh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”).

Sovre una pedana kon una mezika i siyas i una planta vedre estava el entervistador, ke estava entervistado los ke ivan a apareser en el programa.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 284:

Over a footrest with a small round table, chairs, and a green plant was the interviewer, who was interviewing those who were to appear on the programme.

(botany) plant (an organism of the kingdom Plantae)

No vos combatays con ellos, que no daré à vos de ſu tierra haſta piſadura de planta de pie, que heredad à Eſau di à monte de Sehir.

1553, “Deuteronomio, II”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 131:

Contend not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as for the sole of the foot to tread on; because I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession.


planta

third-person singular present indicative of plantar


kultura

Derived from Latin cultūra (“culture”) (compare Spanish cultura), from cultus, perfect passive participle of colō (“I till, cultivate”).

kultura djudia


nasion

La nasion judia resita orasiones
Eia entona sus alavasiones
O dio ! melezina todas sus pasiones
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 8:

The Jewish nation recites prayers, sings [you] its praises—Oh God! Heal all its wounds. End the year and its curses.


boyo

From Old Spanish bollo, from Latin bulla.


pasha

From Ottoman Turkish پاشا (paşa, “a high-ranking Turkish military officer”).

bor

pashaiko (alternative)
pashayiko (alternative)
pasheyko (alternative)

sweety, dear (term of endearment for a man)


aki

אקי (Hebrew)
aqui (alternative)
aquí (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish aqui (“here”).

inh+

De kuando par aki las ranas se mesklan de azer alavasyones al Dio?

1994, Salamon Bicerano, Relatos i refleksiones, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın, →ISBN, page 256:

Since when did frogs over here interfere in giving praise to God?

Fortuna mos traye aki, prezentados kon una boz rika i melodioza, kon akompanyamientos de una ekselente orkestra, […]

1995, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 49–52, page 78:

Fortune brings us here, it presents us with a rich and melodious voice with the accompaniments of an excellent orchestra.


biblioteka

From Old Spanish [Term?], borrowed from Latin bibliothēca, from Ancient Greek βιβλιοθήκη (bibliothḗkē, “library”).


madrugada

lad-noun

madrugada f (Hebrew spelling מאדֿרוגאדֿא, plural madrugadas)

מאדֿרוגאדֿא (Hebrew)
madrugadas (plural)


manera

Inherited from Old Spanish manera (“manner”), from Vulgar Latin *man(u)āria, from the feminine of Latin manuārius. Compare Catalan manera, French manière, English manner & Portuguese maneira.

inh+

La primera koza dunke ke se nota en la kuzina djudeo‐espanyola es la manera turka de azer kada día el arroz, ke se kome en grandes kantidades i no manka ni un día en la meza del djudío proveniente del Impero Otomano.

2003, Sefárdica, numbers 14–16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, page 70:

The first thing noted in the Judaeo‐Spanish kitchen is the Turkish style of making rice daily, which is eaten in great quantities and is never absent for one day from the table of the Jew originating from the Ottoman Empire.


consejo

lad-noun

consejo m (Hebrew spelling קונסיזﬞו, plural consejos)

קונסיזﬞו (Hebrew)
consejos (plural)
konsejo (alternative)

From Old Spanish consejo, from Latin cōnsilium.

ביינאבﬞינטוראדﬞו איל בﬞארון קי נון אנדה אין קונסיזﬞו די מאלוס.

Byenaventurádo el varon que non anda en consejo de malos.

Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked.


acto

Por ke tus actos escondidos, delantre de el son aclarados

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roș Așana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca și D. Baraș, Socieatate in Comandita, page 5:

Because your hidden acts, in front of him are clear


masa

masa f (Hebrew spelling מצה, plural masot)

From Sephardi Hebrew מַצָּה (masá), from Biblical Hebrew מַצָּה (maṩå).


razón

ראזון (Hebrew)
razon (alternative)
raźón (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish raçon, inherited from Latin ratiōnem. Doublet of rasión.

I presto se aleḇantaron kon una kandela a kada uno en sus mano i se fueron a buxkar en todas las kamaretas, de lugar en lugar puede ser toparán alguna koza de ḥamman i no toparon ninguna koza, i nunka les pasó por idea ke en akea kaxa ke le dyo el rey ke aḇía koza de ḥamman adientro de elya, por razón ke elyos ya saḇían ke estaḇa yena de ŷolyas i de piedras ḇalutozas.

1991, Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos, volumes 37–38, Universidad de Granada, →ISBN, page 20:

And they quickly rose with a candle in each of their hands and left to search every room, from place to place they shall maybe find something from Haman; they found nothing, and it never occurred to them that in that box that the king gave him there was something from Haman inside of it, because they already knew that it was full of jewels and precious stones.

Y esta fue la razón que en caśa, bueno, yo continuaba a hablar con mi padre y mi madre; y mis hijos sintían ladino en caśa y saben algunas palabras; entienden, ma no hablan, porque ellos continuaron solamente con el heḅreo. La razón es reunir una lingua para un pueblo, para un estado.

2008, Margalit Matitiahu, edited by Iacob M. Hassán, Ricardo Izquierdo Benito, Elena Romero, Sefardíes: Literatura y lengua de una nación dispersa, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, →ISBN, page 153:

And this was the reason that in [my] house, well, I kept speaking with my parents, and my children heard Judezmo at home and they know some words; they understand, yet do not speak [it], since they only stuck with Hebrew. The reason is to reunite a language for a people, for a state.

Ah, muncha razón tienes. Cuando venga se los daré.

1910, Yitsja M. Barzilay, edited by Angelina Muñiz-Huberman, Yosef vendido por sus hermanos, Fondo de Cultura Economica, published 2016, →ISBN, page 148:

Ah, how right you are. When [somebody] retaliates I shall give it to them.

Tyénes razón, Pérla presyáda, ken syénte a la mujer no se engánya.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 16:

You are correct, precious Pearl, who listens to the woman who is honest with herself.

(with tener) correctness; rectitude; a point; rightness


personalidad

From Late Latin persōnālitās, from Latin persōna (“mask; character”), from Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 (φersu), from Ancient Greek πρόσωπον (prósōpon, “face; mask”).


soldado

Likely a derivative of Old Spanish sueldo (“coin”); compare Portuguese soldado, Italian soldato, French soldat. It could also be a calque or imitation of Italian soldato, from the past participle of soldare, from soldo (“money, military pay”).

I ala onze [6 AM], ala turka, vinyeron en grande akompanyamyento delos askyeres turkos adelantre i detras, kompanyas de soldados de kada nasyon ke fueron dezbarkados delas naves, djunto todos los viche-amirales i komandantes, i ofisyeres de kada nave ke se topo en muestro porto.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, translated by Isaac Jerusalmi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 276:

And at eleven [6 A.M.], a great many Turkish soldiers came ahead of and behind the Turk, companies of soldiers from every nation disembarked from the ships, together with all the vice-admirals, commanders, and officers from every ship found in our port.


soldado

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.