pie

Inherited from Old Spanish pie, pied, piet (“foot”), from Latin pedem.
Cognate with Asturian pie, Galician and Portuguese pé, and Catalan peu.

La ciudad de Bursa es fraguada en amphitheatre a los pies del Olympe (Oulou Dağ) y abrasa una vaste y magnifica valle con un hermoso panorama.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 78:

The city of Bursa has constructed an amphitheatre at the feet of Olympus and embraces a vast and wonderful valley with a beautiful panorama.


de

Etymology tree
Old Spanish de
Ladino de
Inherited from Old Spanish de. Cognate with Spanish de.

etymon

Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.

2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Sunday night we’re going to light the first candle of our Hanukiyas.

Coordinate term: desde

Kuando vyenen de Israel los paryentes i amigos, syempre fazemos notchadas a mi kaza […]

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 6:

When relatives and friends come from Israel, we always throw night parties at my house.

from; of (with the source or provenance of or at)

En un bokal de vidro avia manos de abutargo estifadas las unas sovre las otras.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 71:

There were dry caviar hands in a glass vase, one compressed over the other.

of (expressing composition or substance)

[…] i el ke izo mas empresión fue naturalmente Haím Refael, ke kontó de la Shoá i de estadía en Auschwitz i de komo kedó en vida.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 401:

And the one who made the biggest impression was, naturally, Haím Refael, who recounted the Shoah, the stay in Auschwitz, and how he kept alive.

Mösyö Ehrlich era lehli (ashkenazi) komo ya se entiende de su nombre.

2020 November 25, Eliz Gatenyo, “Ko-Abitasyones”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Mösyö Ehrlich was Lehli (Ashkenazi), as is already understood from his name.

Si mis vizinos (goliian) mis defectos
Si aleşavan⁵) de mi como de muertos.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

If my neighbours sense my defects, if they keep away from me like the dead.

Staran por siempre libres de teles, de kadenas, […] de ambre i de penas.

2000, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, translated by Avner Perets, במחנות המות, מכון מעלה אדומים, →ISBN, page 47:

Forever shall they be free from iron wires, from chains, from hunger and from pains.

from (with the separation, exclusion or differentiation of)

Coordinate term: ke

Kada anyo, mas de un milion de personas se van a Auschwitz para rekordar los ke murieron.

2018 January 17, Dora NİYEGO, “Nunka Te Olvides”, in Şalom:

Every year, more than a million people go to Auschwitz to remember those who died.

Aspera un poko, bwen djidyó. Es virgwensa de yirse de noche. Amanyana de manyana, aydes. Aséntese en su lugar.

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, Voices from Jewish Salonika, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 592:

Wait a minute, [my] good Jew. It’s a shame to leave at night. The day after tomorrow, go forth. May one settle in one’s place.

indicates a time of day or period of someone’s life

Era el uzo en akeya notche de komer en los balkones o las terrasas.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 163:

It was habitual in that night to dine on the balconies or the flat roofs.

used after certain verbs before an infinitive, often translated into English as a gerund or an infinitive


en

En todas partes del mundo bivi,
i pedasos de mi alma abandoni

2000, David Altabé, “Ay koza triste en ser Sefaradi”, in Esther Benbassa, editor, Les Sépharades en littérature, page 164:

I've lived in all parts of the world,
and abandoned pieces of my soul

Deke la solidaridad es emportante? Porke la solidaridad es lo djusto. Porke; todos bivimos en una sosyetad...

2014, Şeli GAON, “La solidaridad”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Why is solidarity important? Because solidarity is what is right. Because we all live in a society...


o

או (Hebrew)
ô (alternative)
u (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish o (“or”), from Latin aut (“or”). Cognate with Spanish o.

Coordinate term: i

no kalia meter livros i defteres en la kama kuando se aparejava lisyones o otros projetos, porke estos se puedian durmir i azersen pezgados, […]

2002, Los Muestros, numbers 46–55, R. Capuia, page 44:

There was no need to put books and notebooks in bed when lessons or other projects were appearing, because these could rest and [then] become [more] serious.

O porke el ke se empresto el livro se olvida, o porke se averguensa de darlo atras manchado o arazgado, o mizmo porke, segun akontese munchas vezes, el es un bibliofil para el kual es difisil de separarse de un livro ke le paso por la mano, el fakto es ke por una o otra de estas razones i munchas mas, los livros emprestados a otros raramente tornan a sus lugar, en la biblioteka del ken los empresto.

2001, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 22, page 82:

Either because he who lent the book forgot it, or because it shames one to give it back stained or torn, or even because, as it happens a lot, he is a bibliophile for whom it is difficult to separate himself from a book that spent time in his hand, the fact is that for one or another of these reasons and many more, books lent to others rarely return to their place: in the library of who borrowed them.


o

Inherited from Old Spanish o (“oh”), from Latin ō.

¡O, mi Dyo, lyo so muy desmazalozo!

1978, María del Rosario Martínez González, editor, Un marido entre dos mužeres: novela anónima en ladino, Ameller Ediciones, →ISBN, page 32:


i

Inherited from Old Spanish é, e (“and”), from Latin et (“and”).

Coordinate term: o

Me demando: de ke no azesh este konserto en Estanbol. Es mas kolay de ir i vinir.

2019 May 22, Silvio & Eyal Ovadya, “Un evenimyento, una dicha/un proverbo”, in Şalom:

She asked me: why don't you do this concert in Istanbul. It's easier to go and come.


perro

La limpyeza era el fetcho de una banda de perros errantes, flakos i yenos de pulgas ke se kargavan de desbarasar los montones de suzyeda.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 221:

Cleanliness was in a pack of stray dogs’ [best] interest, as they were weak and lousy from so much filth.


derecho

From Old Spanish, from Vulgar Latin *dērēctus, from Latin dīrectus.


menos

Inherited from Old Spanish menos (“less”), inherited from Latin minus, comparative of parum.

inh+

esta ropa es menos buena ke la ke vites ayer

This clothing is less good than what you saw yesterday.

Uno de los menos konosidos de entre estos livros, el Seder Eliyau Zuta de Rabi Eliyau Kapsali, viene de ser reeditado agora kon el titolo Chronique de l'Expulsion en una traduksion al fransez de Simone Sultan-Bohbot.

1995, Aki Yerushalayim: revista de las emisiones de Israel en djudeo-espaniol, numbers 49-52, page 62:

One of the least known among these books, el Seder Eliyau Zuta, by Rabbi Eliyau Kapsali, is now going to be reedited with the title Chronique de l'Expulsion in a French translation by Simone Sultan-Bohbot.


menos

Sinko menos dos le aze tres


um

Le demandí kon la bava a la boka: "Um!… I de kualo es?"
"De pera", me disho Viktoria.
Yo al gostí… Estava maraviyoza.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 145:

I asked her mouthwateringly: ‘Mmm…! What is this?’
‘Pear’, Viktoria told me. To me, the taste was… wonderful.

emotional expression
w:emotional expression

(onomatopoeia) mmm (emotional expression of deliciousness)


mi

head

mi sg (first-person singular possessive singular, plural mis, Hebrew spelling מי)

Inherited from Old Spanish mi (“my”), from Latin meus, when it was eliding before a vowel-initial word in speech.

En mi corassón están grabadas con muncho cariño unos recuerdos endiamantados de la pascua enca de mis padres, ya ḥasrá.

(Can we date this quote?), Alicia Sisso Raz, “Unas membranzas de momentos pascuales”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

Advantageous memories of my parents’ home Seder are kept so dearly in my heart; those were the days.

(before the noun) Apocopic form of mío, my


mi

Inherited from Old Spanish mi (“me”), from Latin mihi, dative of ego.

Hanuka linda sta aki; ocho kandelas para mi.

Beautiful Hanukkah is here, so eight candles for me.

me (declined form of yo used as the object of a preposition)


amigo

From Old Spanish amigo, amygo, from Latin amīcus.


dar

דאר (Hebrew)
dar (infinitive)
dando (gerund)
dado (participle)
do (first-person indicative present singular)
das (indicative present second-person singular)
da (indicative present singular)
damos (indicative plural present)
dash (indicative plural present)
dan (indicative plural present)
dava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
davas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dava (imperfect indicative singular)
dávamos (imperfect indicative plural)
davash (imperfect indicative plural)
davan (imperfect indicative plural)
di (first-person indicative preterite singular)
dates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
dyo (indicative preterite singular)
dio (indicative preterite singular)
dimos (indicative plural preterite)
datesh (indicative plural preterite)
dyeron (indicative plural preterite)
dieron (indicative plural preterite)
dare (first-person future indicative singular)
daré (first-person future indicative singular)
darás (future indicative second-person singular)
dará (future indicative singular)
daremos (future indicative plural)
darásh (future indicative plural)
darán (future indicative plural)
dariya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
dariyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
dariya (conditional indicative singular)
dariyamos (conditional indicative plural)
dariyash (conditional indicative plural)
dariyan (conditional indicative plural)
dé (first-person present singular subjunctive)
des (present second-person singular subjunctive)
dé (present singular subjunctive)
demos (plural present subjunctive)
desh (plural present subjunctive)
den (plural present subjunctive)
dyera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
diera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
dyeras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
dieras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
dyera (past singular subjunctive)
diera (past singular subjunctive)
dyéramos (past plural subjunctive)
diéramos (past plural subjunctive)
dyerash (past plural subjunctive)
dierash (past plural subjunctive)
dyeran (past plural subjunctive)
dieran (past plural subjunctive)
dé (imperative)
da (imperative second-person)
dé (imperative singular)
demos (imperative plural)
da (imperative plural)
dad (imperative plural)
den (imperative plural)
no dé (imperative)
no des (imperative second-person)
no dé (imperative singular)
no demos (imperative plural)
no desh (imperative plural)
no den (imperative plural)

Inherited from Old Spanish dar (“to give”), from Latin dare, from Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”).

inh+

Penso entonses a dar la notisya a sus paryentes i a su suegro Hayim Pacha.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 3:

She then thought to give notice to her relatives and her brother-in-law Hayim Pacha.

Either because he who lent the book forgot it, or because it shames one to give it back stained or torn, or even because, as it happens many times, he is a bibliophile for whom it is difficult to separate himself from a book that spent time in his hand, the fact is that for one or another of these reasons and many more, books lent to others rarely return to their place: in the library of who borrowed them.

Sulucha, te dare un konsejo de nikochera: por sedaka, no tengas trato ni kon politikos, ni kon ombres kazados.

2005, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 20–31, →ISBN, page 23:

Sulucha, I'll give you housewife advice: for charity, don't deal with either politicians or with married men.

Telefoní a “Kupat Holim” imediatamente, dieron la mizma repuesta:
"Kale ke vengas para alhat al doktor del kuero"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 293:

I immediately telephoned “Kupat Holim”; they gave me the same response: ‘It is necessary that you go to the skin doctor on Sunday.’

“Sera komo un arvol plantado serka de la agua ke sus raizes estan asta el rio, raizes munças, no syente kalor, sus ojas kedan syempre freskas, no sufre en el anyo de sekura, i nunka keda de dar su fruto”.

2009, ירון בן־נאה, תורכיה, משרד החינוך, המזכירות הפדגוגית, המרכז לשילוב מורשת יהדות המזרח, page 190:

‘It shall be like a tree planted near water [in] that its roots, many roots, stretch to the river; it feels no heat, its always keeps it leaves fresh, not suffering in the year of drought, and it never ceases to give fruit.’


el

head

el (Hebrew spelling איל, plural los, feminine la)


abandonar

אבאנדונאר (Hebrew)
abandonar (infinitive)
aver abandonado (infinitive multiword-construction)
abandonando (gerund)
aviendo abandonado (gerund multiword-construction)
abandonado (masculine participle past singular)
abandonados (masculine participle past plural)
abandonada (feminine participle past singular)
abandonadas (feminine participle past plural)
abandono (first-person indicative present singular)
abandonas (indicative present second-person singular)
abandona (indicative present singular third-person)
abandonamos (first-person indicative plural present)
abandonáx (indicative plural present second-person)
abandonan (indicative plural present third-person)
abandonava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abandonavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abandonava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abandonávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abandonavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abandonavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abandoní (first-person indicative preterite singular)
abandonates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
abandonó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
abandonimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
abandonatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
abandonaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
abandonaré (first-person future indicative singular)
abandonarás (future indicative second-person singular)
abandonará (future indicative singular third-person)
abandonaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
abandonaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
abandonarán (future indicative plural third-person)
abandonaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
abandonarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
abandonaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
abandonaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
abandonaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
abandonarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
abandone (first-person present singular subjunctive)
abandones (present second-person singular subjunctive)
abandone (present singular subjunctive third-person)
abandonemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
abandonéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
abandonen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
abandonara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
abandonaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abandonara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abandonáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abandonarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abandonaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abandona (imperative second-person singular)
abandonad (imperative plural second-person)
no abandones (imperative negative second-person singular)
no abandonéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

From Old French abandoner, formed from a (“at, to”) + bandon (“jurisdiction, control”), from Late Latin bannum (“proclamation”), bannus, bandum, from Frankish *ban, *bann, from Proto-Germanic *bannaną (“to proclaim, command”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”).


non

ביינאבﬞינטוראדﬞו איל בﬞארון קי נון אנדה אין קונסיזﬞו די מאלוס.

Bienaventurado el varon que non anda en consejo de malos.

Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked.


sombrero

Inherited from Old Spanish sonbrero (“hat”).

inh+

Con bastón y con sombrero,
Ya fuera Shabbat o Pascua,
A eznoga siempre el primero,
Antes que nadie llegaba.

1992, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 45-48, page 32:

With cane and hat,
'Twas already Shabbat or Passover,
Always first at synagogue,
Before anybody else was arriving.


ventana

From Vulgar Latin *ventāna, derived from Latin ventus (“wind”).


so

first-person singular present indicative of ser


bel

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish بل (bel, “waist”).

bor+

I kuanto mas la karne era negra, tantos mas eran los pedasos del bel para abasho, ke eya le orava!

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 229:

And how the meat was so much blacker, especially the chunks from the waist down, that she prayed for it!

El bel era muy estrecho i las mangas eran estrechas kantidad ke non les vinia la mania al braso.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 262:

The waist was very narrow and the sleeves were so tight that there was barely room for their bracelets.


ver

ב׳יר (Hebrew)
ver (infinitive)
viendo (gerund)
visto (participle)
veo (first-person indicative present singular)
veygo (first-person indicative present singular)
ves (indicative present second-person singular)
ve (indicative present singular)
vemos (indicative plural present)
vesh (indicative plural present)
ven (indicative plural present)
viya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
viyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
viya (imperfect indicative singular)
viyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
viyash (imperfect indicative plural)
viyan (imperfect indicative plural)
vide (first-person indicative preterite singular)
vites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
vido (indicative preterite singular)
vimos (indicative plural preterite)
vitesh (indicative plural preterite)
vyeron (indicative plural preterite)
vieron (indicative plural preterite)
veré (first-person future indicative singular)
verás (future indicative second-person singular)
verá (future indicative singular)
veremos (future indicative plural)
verésh (future indicative plural)
verán (future indicative plural)
veriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
veriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
veriya (conditional indicative singular)
veriyamos (conditional indicative plural)
veriyash (conditional indicative plural)
veriyan (conditional indicative plural)
vea (first-person present singular subjunctive)
veas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
vea (present singular subjunctive)
veamos (plural present subjunctive)
veásh (plural present subjunctive)
vean (plural present subjunctive)
vyera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
viera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
vyeras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
vieras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
vyera (past singular subjunctive)
viera (past singular subjunctive)
vyéramos (past plural subjunctive)
viéramos (past plural subjunctive)
vyerash (past plural subjunctive)
vierash (past plural subjunctive)
vyeran (past plural subjunctive)
vieran (past plural subjunctive)
vea (imperative)
ve (imperative second-person)
vea (imperative singular)
veamos (imperative plural)
ve (imperative plural)
ved (imperative plural)
vean (imperative plural)
no vea (imperative)
no veas (imperative second-person)
no vea (imperative singular)
no veamos (imperative plural)
no veásh (imperative plural)
no vean (imperative plural)
veer (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish veer, ver (“to see”), from Latin vidēre, from Proto-Italic *widēō (“to see”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weyd-. Cognate with English view, wit, wise.

Veo las fachas koreladas de la kalor del karvon i del eksitamiento por las muevas — viejas konsejas ke se gostavan, ke se respiravan i se azian muestras.

1987, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 32–40, page 43:

I see the faces red from heated coal and excited by the news — old tales that were pleasing, inspirational and becoming ours.

Veo komo mi dover i tomo grande plazer de rengrasiar i de ser rekonosiente a las institusiones i a los individuales, ke me ayudaron a publikar este livro sea finansialmente o de otra manera.

2007, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, Las angustias del enferno: las pasadias de un djidio de Saloniki en los kampos de eksterminasion almanes Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk i Ebensee, Sentro Moshe David Gaon de Kultura Djudeo-Espanyola, Universidad Ben-Gurion del Negev, →ISBN, page 4:

I see [it] as my duty and take great pleasure to acknowledge and to be grateful to the institutions and individuals who helped me, financially or otherwise, publish this book.

(transitive) to see; to look at; to view (perceive)

Yo, ke nunka en mis dias ke non sali aver fuego, syendo fui akavidado, ma akea noche fui ovligado de ir a este fuego, non para verlo, otro ke syendo era serka dela kaza de si. Shelomo Fernandes.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 215:

Myself, never in all my days had I gone out to watch a fire, seeing as how I was warned against that, but that night I was obligated to go after this fire, not to watch it, but [because] it was approaching Mr. Shelomo Fernandes's house.


me

Inherited from Old Spanish me (“me”), from Latin mē (accusative singular of ego), from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)me-. As an indirect object, possibly in part from Latin mihi (dative of ego), through a Vulgar Latin *mi.

Me demando: de ke no azesh este konserto en Estanbol. Es mas kolay de ir i vinir.

She asked me: why don’t you do this concert in Istanbul. It’s easier to go and come.

(personal, dative pronoun) dative of yo: to me, for me

[…] mos fuimos en luna de miel a París, i yo empesí a engodrarme … i engodrarme. El prenyado a mí me yakishea muncho.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 142:

we left to have our honeymoon in Paris, and I started to fatten myself … and fatten myself. I look so much like I am pregnant.

(personal, reflexive pronoun) reflexive of yo: myself


dia

En mi corason esta tu memoria santa
Dia i noce de mi no se aparta

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 11:

In my heart lies your holy memory, day and night it separates not from me.


ke

Netanya

Inherited from Old Spanish que (“that”), from Latin quid (“what”), but usurping all the roles of Latin quod. Cognate with English who and Spanish que.

Ke tenga muncha azlaha en tu vida i en la otra.

May you have much success in this life and the next.

Este es un kuento atado a una eksperiensa emosional sovrenatural, ke sea una eksperiensa emosional sovrenatural, ke sea una eksperiensa emosional relijioza personal, komo por exemplo un kuento sovre un santo sovrenatural o sovre un amahamiento mirakolozo, ke se trate de una eksperiensia emosional de un enkontro kon un ser sovrenatural o de un ser de otro mundo, komo un guerko o un fantazma.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 28:

This is an account connected to an emotional supernatural experience, whether it be an emotional supernatural experience, or a personal emotional religious experience, as for example an account about a supernatural saint or about a miracle cure, it is about an emotional experience from an encounter with a supernatural being or a being from another world, like a demon or a ghost.

may; might (indicating desire or permission, usually used with the subjunctive)

Los amigos i los parientes a pareser, avian eksplikado a muestra mama ke, achakes del numero chiko de famiyas de la komunitad djudiya de Pashabahche, no se puedia asperar de tener un ayudo de eya, i ke kalia ke mirara de bushkar otrun remedio.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 414:

The friends and relatives in position, they had explained to our mother that, because of the small number of families from Pashabahche’s Jewish community, one could have no hope of getting help from it, and that one shall need to search for one more remedy.

Una konversa se avia mizmo salvado de la muerte, en afirmando ke, achakes de su fervor katoliko avia mojado su rida kon esta sangre.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 7:

One convert had saved herself from death by declaring that, because of her Catholic fervour, she had washed her hands of this blood.

Coordinate term: porke

[…] I el kijo azer lo mizmo, komo un buen kavayero, adjustar al suyo el nombre de la suya, i yamarse “don Kishot de la Mancha”, ke asegun el, deklarava klaramente su linaje i patria, i la onorava en tomandola por alkunya.

2013, Myriam Moscona, Jacobo Sefamí with Martín Fierro, José Hernández, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 222:

And he kept repeating himself, like a good knight, adding to his name the name of his homeland, and calling himself ‘don Koshot de la Mancha’, as according to him, it was clearly declaring his lineage and homeland, and he was esteeming it in treating it like family.


ke

Netanya

[…] i el ke izo mas empresión fue naturalmente Haím Refael, ke kontó de la Shoá i de estadía en Auschwitz i de komo kedó en vida.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 401:

And the one who made the biggest impression was, naturally, Haím Refael, who recounted the Shoah, the stay in Auschwitz, and how he kept alive.

I despues, respondyo Riza Pasha: "Sinyor, estos 2 sinyores son los ke vos avli ayer ke syempre estan mirando en el byen de la sivdad sin dingun enteres".

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 222:

And then Riza Pasha replied, ‘Sir, these are the two gentlemen whom I mentioned to you yesterday who are always looking after the city’s welfare irrespective of [self-]interest.’

Onde vemos ke en esta parasha de "Bo" dize el pasuk: "i sera kuando dirian a vozotros guestros ijos: ke es isto?".

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 36:

Where we see that in this parashah of Bo, the verse says: ‘and when shall it be that your children would say to you: what is this?’

(exclamative) such; what (a) (used to form exclamations indicating that something is remarkable, in either a good or ungood way)


ke

Netanya

Sus ultimas letras ya kontienen un espanyol bastante mas korrekto ke las primeras¹: […]

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68–72, page 45:

[Somebody’s] latest letters now have Spanish that is much more correct than the first.

Coordinate term: komo

Tomaremos de aki adelantre unos kuantos egzempios, eskojidos por kazualidad, por darmos una chika idea de la rikeza kulturala eskondida en las palavras ebreas ke en ladino.

2003, Sefárdica, numbers 14–16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, page 83:

We shall take henceforth some examples, selected by chance, to give us a little idea of the cultural richness hidden in the Hebrew words as in Ladino.


nada

Inherited from Old Spanish nada (“nothing”), inherited from Latin (nūlla rēs) nāta (literally “no born thing, not a thing born”), an extension of nēmō nātus (“not a soul”, literally “nobody born”). For descendants of the other part of the expression see Galician ren (“nothing”), French rien (“nothing”), Catalan res (“nothing; anything”). For the grammaticalization of an original nominal as a negative see Jespersen's Cycle and French personne, pas.

inh

Todas tus repuestas nada no rezolven

2004, Moshe David Gaon, פואזיאס, מכון מעלה אדומים בשיתוף עם מרכז משה דוד גאון לתרבות הלאדינו, אוניברסיטת בן גוריון, →ISBN, page 42:

"Ima, no ay nada! En l'armada oímos kozas peores!"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 335:

"Ima, that's nothing! We heard worse in the army!"

nothing, bupkis, zero, zilch (not…anything)


nada

Se yamo este livro Tsits Refua porke al modo de el tsits es una nada legabe de el arvol, kon todo tiene en su fuersa i es kolel un arvol entero kon sus flores i frutos, ansi este livro aunke es una nada legabe de la hohma de la dotoria, kon todo, meldandolo i entendiendolo bien se topa ke es kolel toda la hohma.

1989, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 10, number 40, page 30:

This book is called Calico Treatment because calico's way is nothing compared to the tree's, with everything in its power, and an entire tree is a collection with flowers and fruits, thus while this book is nothing compared to doctorhood's wisdom, despite everything, reading it and understanding it well it is found to be a collection of all wisdom.

El Dyo mos dyo este día i lo apartó por desbarazar muestro meoyo de todo modo de intereso de presonas, i aplikar sus eĉas i konoser sus grandes maraƀías kuryozas, i akodrarmos ke en sex días kreó el Dyo este mundo i lo renoƀó de la nada.

1979, Isaac ben Michael Badhav, Ana María Riaño López, Un tratado sefardí de moral, Ameller, →ISBN, page 94:

God gave us this day and put it aside by clearing our mind of every person's way of interest, and doing His work and learning His great and wonderful miracles, and we shall remember that He created this world in six days and restored it ex nihilo.


nada

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

third-person singular present indicative of nadar


prove

From Old Spanish [Term?], from Latin pauper, pauperem, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”). Compare Spanish pobre.

der

Son nombrozas las personas ke pensan ke la globalizasyon va traer una monotonia i ke munchos paizes van a pedrer sus otentisidad, kostumbres, uzos de bivir ets... i ke los rikos van a ser mas rikos i los proves mas proves.

2012 November 21, Süzet Fransez, “Djudaizmo i globalizasyon”, in Şalom:

Numerous are the people who think that globalization will bring about a monotony and that many countries will lose their authenticity, customs, way of life, etc... and that the rich will be richer and the poor poorer.


era

first-person singular imperfect indicative of ser

third-person singular imperfect indicative of ser


bien

lad-adj

bien (Hebrew spelling ביין, plural bienes)

ביין (Hebrew)
bienes (plural)
byen (alternative)
byén (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish bien from Latin bene (“well”), from Old Latin *duenēd, from duenos (“good”), which gave bonus, from Proto-Italic *dwenos.


bien

ביין (Hebrew)
byen (alternative)
byén (alternative)

Coordinate term: bueno

[…] i no digas: fulano es fermozo i yo no, ke bien saves ke deske el ombre es muerto, ke no se kuenta salvo por animalia muerta.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68-72, page 59:

And don’t say: so and so is handsome and I’m not; you know well that since the man is dead that he doesn’t count except as a dead animal.


bien

lad-noun

bien m (Hebrew spelling ביין, plural bienes)

Sus enemigos, sus bienes, le rovaron.
De su bien si artaron i la espujaron ¹)
I con croeldades su corason razgaron
I eia no abandona sus tradisiones.
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 9:

Her foes stole her properties. They were satiated with her property, [then] they engaged her, and they cruelly ripped her heart, [yet] she abandoned not her traditions. End the year and its curses.

good; property; possession; assets; wealth; estate


ir

איר (Hebrew)
ir (infinitive)
indo (gerund)
ido (participle)
vo (first-person indicative present singular)
voy (first-person indicative present singular)
vas (indicative present second-person singular)
va (indicative present singular)
vamos (indicative plural present)
vash (indicative plural present)
van (indicative plural present)
iva (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ivas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
iva (imperfect indicative singular)
ivamos (imperfect indicative plural)
ivash (imperfect indicative plural)
ivan (imperfect indicative plural)
fui (first-person indicative preterite singular)
fuites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
fue (indicative preterite singular)
fuimos (indicative plural preterite)
fuitesh (indicative plural preterite)
fueron (indicative plural preterite)
iré (first-person future indicative singular)
irás (future indicative second-person singular)
irá (future indicative singular)
iremos (future indicative plural)
irásh (future indicative plural)
irán (future indicative plural)
iriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
iriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
iriya (conditional indicative singular)
iriyamos (conditional indicative plural)
iriyash (conditional indicative plural)
iriyan (conditional indicative plural)
vaya (first-person present singular subjunctive)
vayas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
vaya (present singular subjunctive)
vayamos (plural present subjunctive)
vayásh (plural present subjunctive)
vayan (plural present subjunctive)
fuera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
fueras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
fuera (past singular subjunctive)
fuéramos (past plural subjunctive)
fuerash (past plural subjunctive)
fueran (past plural subjunctive)
vaya (imperative)
va (imperative second-person)
vaya (imperative singular)
vayamos (imperative plural)
vayash (imperative plural)
vayan (imperative plural)
no vaya (imperative)
no vayas (imperative second-person)
no vaya (imperative singular)
no vayamos (imperative plural)
no vayásh (imperative plural)
no vayan (imperative plural)
yir (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish ir (“to go”), from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Ey senyor, voy a esnoga.

(intransitive) to go (away from speaker and listener)

este vestido no te va

(said of things or people, intransitive) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)

va kaminando

(preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on; carry on; continue

le vo dizir

(auxiliary) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense [with a (+ infinitive) ‘do something’]

No vayamos mas leshos

(intransitive) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's


tanto

head

tanto m sg (Hebrew spelling טאנטו, feminine singular tanta, masculine plural tantos, feminine plural tantas)

טאנטו (Hebrew)
tanta (feminine singular)
tantos (masculine plural)
tantas (feminine plural)

Inherited from Old Spanish tanto, from Latin tantus.

"Mashalla, topates lo ke bushkates tanto tiempo, en un bogo en el fondo del baul - despues de haloshentos anyos!"

2021 March 31, Esti SAUL, “La kamizika de la kortadura de fashadura ke topi kon los bonbones: La Sorpreza de PESAH”, in Şalom:

‘Congratulations, you found what you were looking for after so much time, in a bundle at the bottom of the trunk — after many hundreds of ill years!’


tanto

El pueblo que corió numerośo a_la trecera repreśentación ²⁵³ de Reśurección [S.n, 6 mayo] dio la repuesta merecida a aquel se. que en «El Progreso» cualificó este dram de «cristiano» y a aquel se. que en el miśmo ĵornal esprimió todo el zumo de su meollo para dećir que la obra tanto pura del gloriośo caneź de Yasnaia Poliana ²⁵⁴ es una obra imorala.

1983, Elena Romero, Repertorio de noticias sobre el mundo teatral de los sefardíes orientales, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, →ISBN, page 293:

The people that ran [in] great number to the third representation of Reśurección gave the well earned response to that gentleman in ‘El Progreso’ who qualified this ‘Christian’ drama, and to that gentleman who expressed in the same journal all of his brain’s juices saying that the work, so pure from the glorious old man Yasnaia Poliana, is an immoral work.


ensiklopedia

Borrowed from New Latin encyclopaedia, a false rendering of Ancient Greek ἔγκυκλος (énkuklos, “circular”) (from ἐν (en, “in”) & κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”)) & παιδεία (paideía, “education”, literally “rearing of a child”), as "an all-around education", but literally "training in a circle". The modern sense was first applied to the French Encyclopédie in the 17th century.

der

En esta ensiklopedia es kontado, entre otras, ke en segito a los pogromes echos en Polonia, en los anyos 1648-1649, los djudios de Turkia embezaron⁷ sovre la triste suerte de miles de djudios ke avian kayido en kativerio i ke estavan en peligro de ser vendidos komo esklavos.

2003, Sefárdica: publicación del Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, numbers 14-16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, pages 101-2:

It says in this encyclopedia that, among other things, following the pogroms committed in Poland from 1648-1649, Turkey's Jews learned of the misfortune of thousands of Jews who fell into captivity and were in danger of being sold as slaves.


ese

head

ese m sg (Hebrew spelling איסי, plural esos, feminine esa, feminine plural esas)

איסי (Hebrew)
esos (plural)
esa (feminine)
esas (feminine plural)

Inherited from Old Spanish ese (“that”), from Latin ipse.

Vay a ver, ninguno sabía hazer el problema ese.

2004, Los Muestros, numbers 56-64, page 35:

Go see, nobody knew about causing this problem.


ese

ese m (Hebrew spelling איסי, feminine esa, neuter eso, masculine plural esos, feminine plural esas, neuter plural esos)

איסי (Hebrew)
esa (feminine)
eso (neuter)
esos (masculine plural)
esas (feminine plural)
esos (neuter plural)

Wa eso era el encuentro.

1992, Marie-Christine Varol-Bornes, Vidal Sephiha, Domaine judéo-espagnol I: Langue et littérature, volume 1, Publications Langues'O, page 102:


agora

אגורה (Hebrew)
aguera (alternative)
ahora (alternative)
aora (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish agora (“now”), from Latin hāc hōrā.

inh+

Solias de tener kolores i agora estas demudada

2006, Dr. Avner Perez, Agua Fuego i Amor: Gazeles i Kantes Mistikos de los Sabetaistas, מכון מעלה אדומים לתיוד השפה הספניולית ותרבותה בשיתוף עם מרכז משה דוד גאון לתרבות הלאדינו, →ISBN:

You used to have colours and now you have changed.


agora

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀγορά (agorá).

bor+

En otro blok del kampo agora 'sta morando.

1997, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 56–58, page 55:

The market square resides on another block of the camp.

market square (especially one dealing food)


espanyol

lad-adj

espanyol (Hebrew spelling איספאנייול, feminine espanyola, masculine plural espanyoles, feminine plural espanyolas)

איספאנייול (Hebrew)
espanyola (feminine)
espanyoles (masculine plural)
espanyolas (feminine plural)
español (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish espanyol, espanhol, espannol. Cognate with Spanish español; see detailed etymology there.


espanyol

lad-noun

espanyol m (Hebrew spelling איספאנייול, feminine espanyola, feminine plural espanyolas, masculine plural espanyoles)

איספאנייול (Hebrew)
espanyola (feminine)
espanyolas (feminine plural)
espanyoles (masculine plural)
español (alternative)

Spaniard (somebody from Spain or of Spanish descent)


espanyol

איספאנייול (Hebrew)
español (alternative)

No avlo el espanyol kastilyano, ma entendi la majorita de lo ke disho.

I don’t speak Castilian Spanish, but I understood most of what he said.

(uncountable) Spanish (a Romance language primarily spoken in Spain and in the Americas)

Kon grande sorpreza, Maurice ambezo tambyen ke todo syendo djidyos no favlavan el espanyol, ma un dialekto aleman: el yidich.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 110:

Maurice was also very surprised to learn that not all Jews Speak Judezmo, but [some] a German dialect: Yiddish.

(dated) Ladino (a Romance language mainly spoken by Sephardic Jews (Wikipedia), derived mainly from Old Castilian (Spanish) and Hebrew)


las

head

las (singular la, masculine los, Hebrew spelling לאס)

la (singular)
los (masculine)
לאס (Hebrew)


sangre

From Old Spanish sangre, from Latin sanguis, sanguinem, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).


tres

Inherited from Old Spanish tres (“three”), from Latin trēs, from Proto-Italic *trēs, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.

inh+

“No… aspera…tengo aínda sesh… sinko…tres…dos… mezes para arivar a sesenta anyos. No mires ke tengo los kaveyos blankos!”

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 417:

“No… wait… I still have six… five… three… two… months before I am sixty years old. Don’t look [at me like] I have grey hair!”


un

head

un (Hebrew spelling און, plural unos, feminine una)

און (Hebrew)
unos (plural)
una (feminine)

Inherited from Old Spanish un, from uno, from Latin ūnus (“one”), from Old Latin oinos, from Proto-Italic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one”).

Akoruto, kuando afita una trajediya, munchos bushkan a deskuvrir un lado positivo.

2019 February 27, Metin DELEVİ, “El Samuray ke salvo a miles de djudios de los nazis”, in Şalom:

Often, when a tragedy takes place, many people try to discover a positive side.


uno

uno m sg (Hebrew spelling אונו, feminine una)

Inherited from Old Spanish uno, from Latin ūnus (“one”), from Old Latin oinos, from Proto-Italic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one, single”). Cognates include Catalan un, French un, Italian uno, Portuguese um, Romanian unu, Spanish uno, and more distantly Yiddish איין (eyn). Doublet of un.

inh

En kada sivdad onde avia djudyos fueron eskojidos uno u dos miembros por la munisipalita (община).

2017 June 12, Amor Ayala, Los sefardíes de Bulgaria: Estudio y edición crítica de la obra «Notas istorikas» de Avraam Moshe Tadjer, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 300:

In every city where there were Jews, one or two members were hidden by the muncipality.


uno

head

uno m sg (Hebrew spelling אונו, plural unos, feminine una, feminine plural unas)

אונו (Hebrew)
unos (plural)
una (feminine)
unas (feminine plural)

Coordinate term: un

Al echar uno ojo sovre esta kaza, despues de trenta anyos, tokar las paredes, bushkar los guezmos de ayer — me vino el deskarinyo de akeyos tiempos.

1999, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 59–61, page 24:

By giving one glance at this house, after thirty years, touching the walls, seeking the smells of yesterday — I get the longing for those times.


uno

uno (Hebrew spelling אונו, plural unos, feminine una, feminine plural unas)

Avían tres amigos: el uno era merkader, el sigundo era doktor i el tresero tinía chiflik.

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, לז׳נדאס: אגדות וסיפורי מוסר מן המסורת היהודית־ספרדית, נור, page 59:

There were three friends: one a merchant, the second a physician, and the third had a farm.

Dos ermanos eran en Balataa; el uno se izo doktor dişçi, el otro se izo jeneralisto; duspués, s’aviya etcho doktor de bébés

2009, David M. Bunis, editor, Languages and Literatures of Sephardic and Oriental Jews, Bialik Institute, →ISBN, page 266:

They were two brothers in Balat. The [first] one became a dentist, the other became a GP; after that he had become a pediatrician.

I el sol es de dos modos kontrarios uno de otro, ke la parte ke esta para la tierra es de fuego, ma la otra parte ke da para el sielo es de pedrisko, ke kon esto se konserva uno kon otro, i el envierno tiene la vanda del pedrisko para la tierra i ansi aze muncho friyo, i si no fuera ke la otra vanda es de fuego, no era posivle ke pudieran la djente sonportarlo.

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 66:

And the sun is of two phases contrary to one another: the part for the earth is fire, yet the other part for the sky is hail, one with the other is kept with this, and winter has hail’s side for the earth, making it very cold, and if it weren’t for the other side, the fiery one, it would not be possible that people could bear it.


uno

nonlemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

first-person singular present indicative of unir


onze

Inherited from Old Spanish onze, ondze, from Latin ūndecim. Cognate with Spanish once.

E hizo cortinas de cabreño para tienda ſobre el tabernaculo, onze cortinas hizo à ellas. Longura de la cortina la vna treinta con el cobdo, y quatro cobdos anchura de la cortina la vna; medida vnà à onze cortinas.

1553, “Exodo, XXXVI”, in Yom Tob Atías, Abraham Usque, transl., Biblia de Ferrara, page 68:

And thou shalt make curtains of goats’ hair for a tent over the tabernacle; eleven curtains shalt thou make them. The length of each curtain shall be thirty cubits, and the breadth of each curtain four cubits; the eleven curtains shall have one measure.

I ala onze [6 AM], ala turka, vinyeron en grande akompanyamyento delos askyeres turkos adelantre i detras, kompanyas de soldados de kada nasyon ke fueron dezbarkados delas naves, djunto todos los viche-amirales i komandantes, i ofisyeres de kada nave ke se topo en muestro porto.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, translated by Isaac Jerusalmi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 276:

And at eleven [6 A.M.], a great escort of Turkish soldiers came ahead of and behind the Turk; companies of soldiers from every nation disembarked from the ships, together with all the vice-admirals, commanders, and officers from every ship found in our port.


livro

lad-noun

livro m (Hebrew spelling ליב׳רו, plural livros)

ליב׳רו (Hebrew)
livros (plural)
libro (alternative)
liƀro (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish libro, from Latin liber, librum.

Malgrado su simplisidad, el Meam Loez es un livro bazado sovre una rika i serioze dokumentasion, ke inkluye a todas las prinsipales ovras de baza del djudaizmo.

1979 July, “Meam Lopez: Ensiklopedia Relijioza del Djudaizmo Sefaradi”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 20:

Despite its simplicity, the Meam Loez is a book based on a rich and serious documentation, which includes all the basic working principles of Judaism.

book (a collection of sheets of paper bound together to hinge at one edge, containing printed or written material, pictures, etc)


miel

Inherited from Old Spanish miel, myel (“honey”), from Vulgar Latin *melem m or f, from Latin mel n.

Los pastelikos vo kumer kon almendrikas y la miel.

I’m going to eat little pastries with almonds and honey.

honey (sticky sweet substance that bees produce)


con

Delantre de ti io mi orgolio abato
I mi corason lo razgo con kevranto¹)

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

I suppress my pride before you, and my heart tears it with despair.


fe

La kreensia en la yegada del Mashiah, punto sentral en la fe de los mekubalim, se ilustra en la sigiente leyenda sovre Rabi Yitshak Luria: […]

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 9:

The trust in the Messiah's arrival, [a] central point in the cabalists' faith, is illustrated in the following legend of Rabi Yitshak Luria…


fe

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


נה (Hebrew)
nalo (alternative)
naldo (alternative)
nalde (alternative)

From Greek να (na), from Ancient Greek ἤν (ḗn).


si

Inherited from Old Spanish si (“oneself”).

inh+

oneself; herself; itself; himself; themselves (form of se used after prepositions)


si

yes; aye (commonly used to respond affirmatively to a question)


ti

Inherited from Old Spanish ti (“thee”), from Latin tibi, dative of tu.


se

head

se m or f by sense (Hebrew spelling סי, third person)

Inherited from Old Spanish se (“oneself”), from Latin sē.

inh+

third person reflexive direct or indirect object oneself, herself, himself, itself; each other; one another

En 1923, se modernizo la identidad de las personas, pero a unos ermanos de mi Papu le metieron en el nufus la alkunya Rodrik, i a la otra mitad de la famiya, la alkunya Rodriges.

2007, Hernán Rodriguez Fisse, “Alkunya Rodrik o Rodriguez”, in El Amaneser, section 27:

People’s identities were modernised in 1923, but like some of my grandfather’s brothers they put him on the Rodrik surname identity card, and as for my family’s other half, the surname Rodriges.

used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person


se

From Old Spanish ge (from Latin illī, compare Portuguese lhe, Italian gli), whose pronunciation shifted from /ʒe/ to /ʃe/ in Early Modern Spanish, at which point it was reanalyzed as /se/ (rather than shifting to /xe/ as expected).

used instead of indirect object pronouns le and les before the direct object pronouns lo, la, los, or las


viajar

ב׳ייאז׳אר (Hebrew)
viajar (infinitive)
aver viajado (infinitive multiword-construction)
viajando (gerund)
aviendo viajado (gerund multiword-construction)
viajado (masculine participle past singular)
viajados (masculine participle past plural)
viajada (feminine participle past singular)
viajadas (feminine participle past plural)
viajo (first-person indicative present singular)
viajas (indicative present second-person singular)
viaja (indicative present singular third-person)
viajamos (first-person indicative plural present)
viajáx (indicative plural present second-person)
viajan (indicative plural present third-person)
viajava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
viajavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
viajava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
viajávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
viajavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
viajavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
viají (first-person indicative preterite singular)
viajates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
viajó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
viajimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
viajatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
viajaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
viajaré (first-person future indicative singular)
viajarás (future indicative second-person singular)
viajará (future indicative singular third-person)
viajaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
viajaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
viajarán (future indicative plural third-person)
viajaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
viajarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
viajaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
viajaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
viajaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
viajarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
viaje (first-person present singular subjunctive)
viajes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
viaje (present singular subjunctive third-person)
viajemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
viajéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
viajen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
viajara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
viajaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
viajara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
viajáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
viajarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
viajaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
viaja (imperative second-person singular)
viajad (imperative plural second-person)
no viajes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no viajéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Al bakal kuando abashi
Yo serrado lo topí,
I si salgo a viajar
Una grev ay vo topar.

1998, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Mil i un Djoha, Matilda Koén-Sarano, page 7:

Down to the shopkeeper when I went, I found [out that he was] closed, and if I go on a trip, there’s a strike [that] I’m going to find.

(intransitive) to travel; to journey; to take a trip or go on a trip


la

head

la (Hebrew spelling לה, plural las, masculine el)


negro

From Old Spanish negro (“black”). Cognate with Spanish negro.

Eliau Anavi ke lo estava mirando d'enfrente se aserko de el i le disho: Dime ombre, deke estas de negra umor ?

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1, page 5:

The prophet Elijah, who was watching him from across, approached him and said: Tell me, man, why are you in a bad mood?

Ma estos diyas, la mas grande partida de los filmos negativos estan en una negra situasyon en la umidita de un vyejo apartamento.

2018 November 21, Silvyo OVADYA, “Un fotografo modesto ma korajoso”, in Şalom:

But these days, the majority of the film negatives are in a bad situation in the dampness of an old apartment.


oveja

From Old Spanish oueja, from Latin ovicula (“little sheep”), diminutive of ovis (“sheep”), from Proto-Italic *owis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis.


nadie

Inherited from Old Spanish nadi, nade (“no one”), inherited from Latin nātī (“born men/people”), perfect past participle of nāscor (“to be born”), ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-.
The semantic change is due to commonly being used with negated verbs in spoken Ibero-Romance, supposing for example *nātī nōn fēcērunt (“born [people] did not do it”), cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese nado (“no one”). Compare the development of French personne from “person” to “no one”. Old Spanish commonly also used the phrase omne nado. Nada (“bupkes”) also originates from the same root, from (rēs) nāta (“born thing”); see Jespersen's Cycle.

Con bastón y con sombrero,
Ya fuera Shabbat o Pascua,
A eznoga siempre el primero,
Antes que nadie llegaba.

1992, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 45-48, page 32:

With cane and hat,
'Twas already Shabbat or Passover,
Always first at synagogue,
Before anybody else was arriving.


los

los m pl (Hebrew spelling לוס, singular el, feminine las)

לוס (Hebrew)
el (singular)
las (feminine)

Inherited from Old Spanish los (“the; them”), from Latin illōs accusative plural masculine of ille.

inh+

En los kuentos djidiós Djohá es el furbo ke embrolia el no‐Djidió, komo en los kuentos árabos el Djohá árabo aparese komo el ke riushe a “azersela” al Djidió¹¹.

1991, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Djoha ke dize? Kuentos populares djudeo‐espanyoles, כנה:

In the Jewish accounts Djohá is the cunning one who confuses the gentile, as in the Arab accounts Djohá seems like he succeeds at ‘becoming’ the Jew.


los

Tu sos envestido i envelupado de giustidad, a ti solo apartiene la sopirioridad
Si no ai en nozotros ovras ⁴) boenas, acodrate de noestros padres i de sus santedad.
Siempre los tengas en tu memoria i apiada a tu comunidad

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 12:

You are dressed and enveloped with justice, only to you does superiority belong; were good deeds absent from us, remind yourself of our fathers and their holiness. You always have them in memory; rescue your people.


agua

Inherited from Old Spanish agua, from Latin aqua (compare Catalan aigua, French eau, Galician auga, Italian acqua, Occitan aiga, Portuguese água, Romanian apă, Sardinian abba), from Proto-Italic *akʷā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂. See English ea.

Kale ajustado a esto un poko de agua i un poko de arina…

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 237:

A little water and a little flour needs to be added to this…


Salonika

סאלוניקה (Hebrew)

Komo es byen savido, los autores sefaradis eskrivyeron munchas ovras literarias en la lingua djudeo-espanyola ke, sovre todo durante los siglos diezimueve i vente, se estanparon en letras rashi en las estamparias djudias ke se topavan en las sivdades kon grandes komunidades sefaradis del Oriente (Estambul, Izmir, Salonika i otras).

2021, Katja Šmid, “El Ijo del Rey i el Nazir: La Istorya de Buda en Ladino”, in Shadarim, →ISSN, page 29:

As is well known, Sephardic authors have written many literary works in Judezmo that, above all during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, were inscribed in Rashi in the Jewish inscriptions found in cities in the East with large Sephardic communities (Istanbul, Izmir, Salonica, & alibi).


patata

Inherited from Old Spanish patata, from Taíno batata.


sumo

Inherited from Old Spanish çumo, from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic زُوم (zūm, “juice, sap”), from Ancient Greek ζωμός (zōmós).

Otras biviendas eran los shurbetes (¹²) (şerbet en turko) de agua i sumo de fruta, i sovre todo de vijna, i la subiá (sübiye en turko) (o pipitada en djudeo‐espanyol), echa del sumo de las pipitas de melón sekadas i molidas, i metidas en mojo en agua en un panyo.

2003, “Sefárdica”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), numbers 14–16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, page 71:

Other beverages were sherbet (şerbet in Turkish) from water, fruit juice, and above all from cherries, and melon seed juice (sübye in Turkish, or pipitada in Judezmo), made from the juice of dried and ground melon kernels, and dipped in fabric in water.


sumo

first-person singular present indicative of sumar

third-person singular preterite indicative of sumar


porto

first-person singular present indicative of portar


bestia

Inherited from Old Spanish bestia (“beast”), from Latin bēstia (“beast”).

Durante la gerra, kuando estávamos en Mombaroccio, el papá refuzó siempre de komer karne de puerko i de bestias muertas.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 78:

During the war, when we were in Mombaroccio, dad always refused to eat meat from pigs and dead animals.


mano

Inherited from Old Spanish mano, from Latin manus, from Proto-Italic *manus, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂-r̥ ~ *mh₂-én-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”), or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mon-u- (see the Proto-Italic entry). Cognate with French main, Galician man and Portuguese mão.

der

En la mano tiene una rizá estrechada en el punyo i lo d’afuera komo una roza al derredor de la mano.

1998, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Mil i un Djoha, Matilda Koén-Sarano, page 14:

She has in hand a handkerchief crumpled in her fist and like a rose around the hand from outside.


mano

first-person singular present indicative of manar


vos

you (formal singular, nominative and accusative)


salud

Mi ijo - disho la madre - no es verdad. La salud es una trezoro mas presiozo ke todo el oro del mundo.

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1, page 6:

My son - said the mother - it's not true. Health is a treasure more precious than all the gold in the world.


dormir

Dio santo, los ojos apretados me dejan komo en la trupa de bestia, kontando animales para poeder dormir.

2012 October 1, Miriam Moscona, Tela de Sevoya, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 39:

Good Lord, the shy eyes abandon me like to a pack of beasts, telling animals stop being able to sleep.


dizer

2013, Bouena Sarfatty Garfinkle, "Family Dynamics", in Renée Levine Melammed, An Ode to Salonika: The Ladino Verses of Bouena Sarfatty, p. 80

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Kouando los Nahmias alevantan el vaso para dizer lehaim, / Eze de korason.


fazer

From Old Spanish fazer, from Latin facere. Compare Spanish hacer.


ברית

bor

Hebrew בְּרִית


ירושלים

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


pero

Inherited from Old Spanish pero (“but”), from Late Latin per hoc (“for this reason”, literally “through this”). Cognate with Italian però & Spanish pero.

inh

Munchas obras de diferentes autores fueron escritas sobre este mismo suj́eto, pero aquea que nośotros empezamos la puḅlicación hoy es escrita por un maestro autor donde el material es recoǵido en los diversos tratados del Midráš.

1983, Elena Romero, Repertorio de noticias sobre el mundo teatral de los sefardíes orientales, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, →ISBN, page 289:

Many works from different authors were written about this very subject, but what we are beginning with today is the publication written by an educational author where the material is recognised in various tracts from the Midrash.


pero

lad-noun

pero m (Hebrew spelling פירו, plural peros)

פירו (Hebrew)
peros (plural)
perro (alternative)

[…] daré a komer a tu karne a los peros i mataré a tođos los enemigos de Yisrael ke en Ṣārfáṯ.

1979, Pascual Pascual Recuero, editor, Antología de cuentos sefardíes, Ameller, →ISBN, page 115:

I shall give your meat to the dogs and I shall slay every enemy of Israel that [is] in Sharfat.

Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris#Translingual

Canis lupus familiaris
Canis lupus familiaris#Translingual

dog (the species Canis familiaris (sometimes designated Canis lupus familiaris), domesticated for thousands of years and of highly variable appearance because of human breeding)


luna

From Latin lūna, from Proto-Italic *louksnā, from Proto-Indo-European *lówksneh₂.


lago

lago m (Hebrew spelling לאגו, plural lagos)

Cognate of Spanish lazo from Vulgar Latin *laceum, ultimately from Latin laqueus (“snare”).


ken

head

ken (relative pronoun, Hebrew spelling קין, plural kenes)

קין (Hebrew)
kenes (plural)
kien (alternative)
quen (alternative)
quien (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish quien (“who”), from Latin quĕm, accusative of qui. Cognate with Spanish quien.

inh+

Dime kon ken andas, te dire ken sos.

Tell me whom you go with, [and] I’ll tell you whom you are.

Ken no tiene iža, no tiene amiga

1994, Tracy K. Harris, Death of a Language: The History of Judeo-Spanish, University of Delaware Press, →ISBN, page 93:

Whoever hasn’t a daughter, hasn’t a female friend [either].


kon

Inherited from Old Spanish con (“with”), from Latin cum (“with”).

La maale de los djudyos se topa en el sentro de la sivdad vyeja, toda la kaleja golyendo al miskle de flores, las plasas kon las pisinas, los arvoles de portokales kon los kortijos finos avyertos para ke los turistos vijiten.

2019, Şeli GAON, “Viyaje A Andalusia - 2”, in Şalom:

The Jewish district is located in the center of the old city, the whole street smelling of a mixture of flowers, the plazas with the swimming pools, the orange trees with the fine open patios for the tourists to visit.


lingua

lad-noun

lingua f (Hebrew spelling לינגוה, plural linguas)

לינגוה (Hebrew)
linguas (plural)
alguenga (alternative)
aluenga (alternative)
eluenga (alternative)
lengua (alternative)
luenga (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish lengua (“tongue”), from Latin lingua. Cognate with Spanish lengua and more distantly Yiddish צונג (tsung).

inh+

Aún kon esto se siente akí ke mos topamos delantre de la lingua eskrita del autor mizmo, ke en realidad es únika.

1999, Eliezer Papo, La megila de Saray, E. Papo, page 6:

Even with this, here it feels that we find ourselves before a written language from the same author, who in reality is unique.

(countable) language (a body of words, and set of methods of combining them (called a grammar), understood by a community and used as a form of communication)


natura

From Old Spanish natura, borrowed from Latin nātūra (compare Spanish natura).


santo

Inherited from Old Spanish santo, sancto, from Latin sānctus.


santo

lad-noun

santo m (Hebrew spelling סאנטו, feminine santa)

Este es un kuento atado a una eksperiensa emosional sovrenatural, ke sea una eksperiensa emosional sovrenatural, ke sea una eksperiensa emosional relijioza personal, komo por exemplo un kuento sovre un santo sovrenatural o sovre un amahamiento mirakolozo, ke se trate de una eksperiensia emosional de un enkontro kon un ser sovrenatural o de un ser de otro mundo, komo un guerko o un fantazma.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 28:

This is an account connected to an emotional supernatural experience, whether it be an emotional supernatural experience, or a personal emotional religious experience, as for example an account about a supernatural saint or about a miracle cure, it is about an emotional experience from an encounter with a supernatural being or a being from another world, like a demon or a ghost.


movimento

movimentos (plural)
movimiento (alternative)
movimyento (alternative)


presto

Inherited from Old Spanish presto, from Late Latin praestus, from the adverb praestō. Compare Catalan prest, French prêt, Italian presto.

Mira, no agas echos prestos i arepentidos, pensa bueno!

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 157:

Look, don’t make things quick and contrite, think positive!

En la guerta kemada
Asentada la fija
Pasharon prestos
Apretan su korason.

1999, Los Muestros, numbers 34–6, R. Capuia, page 41:

In the burnt garden sat the daughter; the quick [ones] passed, [and] they distress her heart.


presto

Para arivar a este resultado, es menester de activar las discusiones y concluir el acordo lo mas presto possible, afin que el fabrikator tenga el tiempo menesterozo : […]

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 259:

To arrive at this result, it is necessary to begin the discussions and conclude the agreement as soon as possible so that the producer has the time needed.

Pensas de no poder eskrivir presto? No emporta. I yo empesí avagar avagar. Tinía katorze anyos. I saves porké para mí fue mas fasil? Porké de la edá de diez anyos yo tanyía el piano.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 36:

You think that you can’t write early? Whatever. I started very slowly. I was fourteen years old. And you know why it was easier for me? Because at age ten I was playing the piano.


presto

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of prestar

third-person singular preterite indicative of prestar


numero

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.


andar

Inherited from Old Spanish andar (“to walk”), from Early Medieval Latin andāre, of uncertain origin.

inh+

I se torno Avra'ham ande sus mosos, i se alevantaron i anduvieron djuntos a Beer Sheeva, i se detuvo Avra'ham en Beer Sheva unos kuantos dias.

2006, יעקב כולי, מעם לועז בראשית: לקט : בצירוף מבואות, גלוסאר ומפתחות, הוצאת מכון מעלה אדומים, →ISBN, page 113:

And Abraham returned whither his servants [were], and they got up and walked together to Beersheba, and Abraham stopped at Beersheba [for] three days.

(intransitive) to walk (with one’s feet)

(intransitive) to march (walk ceremoniously)

(intransitive) to step (put one’s foot elsewhere on the ground)

(transitive) to do (something) passionately


andar

Borrowed from Portuguese andar (“floor”).

bor+

apartment (domicile occupying part of a building)

walk; walking (how one moves on the feet)


ספרדי

lad-noun

ספרדי m (Latin spelling sefardí, plural ספרדים)


vino

Inherited from Old Spanish vino, bino (“wine”), from Latin vīnum (compare Catalan vi, French vin, Italian vino, Portuguese vinho, Romanian vin, and English wine), from Proto-Italic *wīnom, from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom.

El bostezo va de boka en boka, komo el vino de bota en bota.

2006, Beki Albukrek Bardavid, Fani Aelion Ender, De punta pie a kavesa, Gözlem, page 39:

Yawning travels from mouth to mouth, as wine from wineskin to wineskin.

wine (an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting grape juice, with an ABV ranging from 5.5–16%)


vino

third-person singular preterite indicative of venir


dos

head

dos (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling דוס)

Inherited from Old Spanish dos (“two”), from Latin duōs, accusative of duo.

“No… aspera…tengo aínda sesh… sinko…tres…dos… mezes para arivar a sesenta anyos. No mires ke tengo los kaveyos blankos!”

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 417:

“No… wait… I still have six… five… three… two… months before I am sixty years old. Don’t look [at me like] I have grey hair!”

De vez en kuando demandash si ay dos Estanboles diferentes.

2018 September 26, Silvyo Ovadya, “Sovre la ekspozisyon “Contemporary İstanbul””, in Shalom:

Now and then you ask if there are two different Istanbuls.


duda

Inherited from Old Spanish dubda (“doubt”).

inh+

Vered, viendo ke eyos no se estavan emosionando, i ke estavan en duda, se kedó en duda i eya.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 190:

Vered was left in doubt, seeing that they were unexcited, and that they were in doubt.

El ignorante non tiene duda porke entiende poko de nada

The ignorant have no doubt because they understand little about anything.


duda

third-person singular present indicative of dudar


memoria

מימורייה (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish memoria (“memory”), from Latin memoria.

En mi corason esta tu memoria santa
Dia i noce de mi no se aparta

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 11:

In my heart lies your holy memory, day and night it separates not from me.

memory (the ability of the brain to record information; the ability to remember)


dedo

From Old Spanish dedo, from Latin digitus.


en-

From Old Spanish en-, from Latin in-, prefixation of in (“in, into”).


kale

Perhaps from Catalan cal, from the verb caldre; perhaps influenced by Portuguese cabe, from the verb caber.


koza

קוזה (Hebrew)
cosa (alternative)
cośa (alternative)
cozza (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish cosa (“thing”), from Latin causam (“thing”). Compare Spanish cosa (“thing”).

La primera koza dunke ke se nota en la kuzina djudeo‐espanyola es la manera turka de azer kada día el arroz, ke se kome en grandes kantidades i no manka ni un día en la meza del djudío proveniente del Impero Otomano.

2003, Sefárdica, numbers 14–16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, page 70:

The first thing noted in the Judaeo‐Spanish kitchen is the Turkish style of making rice daily, which is eaten in great quantities and is never absent for one day from the table of the Jew originating from the Ottoman Empire.


padre

lad-noun

padre m (Hebrew spelling פאדרי, feminine madre)

Inherited from Old Spanish padre (“father”), from Latin patrem, pater, from Proto-Italic *patēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

inh+

Mi padre tambyen favlava el ladino ma konoseva de mas el turko, el franses i el grego, ke favlava sin el mizmo aksento ke teniyamos, los otros, i pareseva grego halis.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 9:

My father also spoke Judezmo but he knew more Turkish, French and Greek; he spoke without the same accent that we ourselves had, and he seemed like [an] authentic Greek.

Mi padre sigió el konsejo del kadí i en un punto saltó sovre el kavayo, le dio una kon el zingí, i el kavayo se empesó a bolar.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 47:

My father followed the Qadi’s advice and at one point he left by horse; [somebody] gave him one with the stirrup, and the horse started to flee.


ek

Ek el motivo por el cual io me di la pena a azer esta traduction: De muncius miembros de la comunedad Israelita-Spaniola de Craiova donde io so sus ofisiante, tuve oido dezir, i con razon, ke noestras orasiones dicias en lingua Ebrea, serüa mijor si eran dicias en las linguas avladas i conosidas del poevlo.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page ii:

Here is the reason why I took the pain of making this translation: I have heard many members of Craiova’s Sephardic community say, and with [good] reason, that our prayers said in Hebrew would sound better if they were in the languages known to the people.


lo

Inherited from Old Spanish lo (“the; him; it”). As a masculine pronoun, from Latin illum, the accusative masculine singular of ille (“that, that one”). As an article or impersonal neuter pronoun, from Latin illud, the neuter singular of ille. Compare Portuguese o.

Delantre de ti io mi orgolio abato
I mi corason lo razgo con kevranto¹)

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

I suppress my pride before you, and my heart tears it with despair.


lo

Agora soltanto
So reflekto de Tu Brilyo
Yo no me demando
Sospiro
Mirando en lo Alto
So felis
Dunke bivo…

2008, Matilda Gini Barnatán, Viviana Rajel Barnatán, Darío Meta Barnatán, La ija i la madre komo la unya i la karne, Ibersaf Editores, →ISBN, page 69:

Now letting go, I am [an] image of your radiance, I wonder not; I sigh, looking above, I am happy, therefore I live…

neuter definite article used only before nominalized adjectives: the; that (which is)


pulga

Inherited from Old Spanish pulga, from Vulgar Latin *pūlica, from Latin pūlex (whence English puce), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *plúsis.

La limpyeza era el fetcho de una banda de perros errantes, flakos i yenos de pulgas ke se kargavan de desbarasar los montones de suzyeda.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 221:

Cleanliness was in a pack of stray dogs’ [best] interest, as they were weak and lousy from so much filth.

flea (a small, wingless, parasitic insect of the order Siphonaptera, renowned for its bloodsucking habits and jumping abilities)


ocho

אוג׳ו (Hebrew)
očo (alternative)
otcho (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish ocho, from an earlier *oito, from Latin octō, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ), Portuguese oito, Old English eahta (English eight).

Hanuka linda sta aki; ocho kandelas para mi.

Beautiful Hanukkah is here, so eight candles for me.


fin

From Old Spanish , semi-learned term from Latin fīnis.


diez

Inherited from Old Spanish diez, dies (“ten”), from Latin decem, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥. Cognates include French dix and Portuguese dez; more distantly Ancient Greek δέκα (déka), English ten, and German zehn.

Le respondió la mama: "Diez dedos ay en las manos. Kada uno duele en la mizma manera? No! El diamante es para el diamante!"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 193:

The mum replied, ‘There are ten fingers on the hands. Each one hurts the same way? No! The diamond is for the diamond!’


segundo

Inherited from Old Spanish secundo (“twoth”), from Latin secundus. Doublet of según. Related to seguir (“follow”).

Alhad ultimo 10 Noviembre, marco el segundo aniversario de la muerte de Atatürk.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 149:

Last Sunday, November 10, marked the second anniversary of Atatürk’s death.

(ordinal number) second (after the first)


segundo

Es tu vida, ke kolay se puede efasar en un segundo.

2006, Los Muestros, numbers 62–69, R. Capuia, page 42:

It’s your life; how easy it can be erased in a second.

(figurative) second (short amount of time)


segundo

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

first-person singular present indicative of segundar


gato

From Late Latin cattus. See cat for more.


vez

lad-noun

vez f (Hebrew spelling ב׳יז, plural vezes)

ב׳יז (Hebrew)
vezes (plural)
ves (alternative)

From Latin vicis (“change, alternation”).


bienvenido

lad-adj

bienvenido (Hebrew spelling ביינב׳ינידו, feminine bienvenida, masculine plural bienvenidos, feminine plural bienvenidas)

ביינב׳ינידו (Hebrew)
bienvenida (feminine)
bienvenidos (masculine plural)
bienvenidas (feminine plural)
binvenido (alternative)
byenvenido (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish bien venido, inherited from Vulgar Latin *bene venītus, presumably a calque of a Frankish term, derived from Proto-Germanic *wiljakwemô (“a welcome guest or arrival”), from which many modern Germanic forms descend, such as English welcome. By surface analysis, bien (“well”) + venido (“come”).

surf

Muchos son forsados de kazar sus ijas kon los primeros bienvenidos kon mas pokos preteksos, aunke sean los mas ordinarios bandidos i sharlatanes, […]

2006, Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos: Sección de hebreo, volume 55, Universidad de Granada, page 63:

Many are forced to marry their daughters to the first [ones] welcomed with few pretexts, although they may be the most ordinary robbers and charlatans.


bienvenido

ביינב׳ינידו (Hebrew)
binvenido (alternative)
byenvenido (alternative)

Entro, le disho: “Bienvenido! Esta es la koza mas kara ke tengo… Ma es la entansion ke konta!”

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68–72, page 75:

[Somebody] entered [and] said to them, ‘Welcome! This is the clearest thing that I have… but it is the intention that counts!’


alto

lad-adj

alto (feminine alta, masculine plural altos, feminine plural altas)

alta (feminine)
altos (masculine plural)
altas (feminine plural)


agro

agro (feminine agra, masculine plural agros, feminine plural agras)

agra (feminine)
agros (masculine plural)
agras (feminine plural)


listo

Unknown. Cognate to Portuguese lesto (“agile”), Catalan llest (“clever; ready”), Italian lesto (“quick”), Maltese lest (“ready”).
* If "clever" be the original sense, probably from Proto-Germanic *listiz; compare Old High German and Old English list, both "knowledge, experience, cunning, art, trick, slyness" (see English list). A semantic development "clever" → "quick" → "ready" is very plausible, but note that the association with "cleverness" apparently exists only in Catalan, Ladino and Spanish (and might thus be secondary). Note also Irish cliste (“clever”).
* Alternatively, perhaps from a Vulgar Latin *lextus or *lestus, reduced from *lexitus, as an alteration of Latin lēctus (“chosen; read”), participle of legō.

ready; set; all set; prepared; poised; up; down (with estar)


por

Inherited from Old Spanish por, from Late Latin pōr, from Latin prō. Cognate with Spanish por.

Dezde el 1910 sinyor Rozanes fue el korespondiente por el Oriente de la grande ensiklopedya djudia Otser Yisrael⁶³⁴ de Nyu York.

2017 June 12, Amor Ayala, Los sefardíes de Bulgaria, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 364:

Since 1910 Mister Rozanes was the Eastern corespondent for New York's great Jewish encyclopedia Otser Yisrael.

Yo ǧuzava, de otra parte, muy perikolozo por el repozo i la seguridad de·los ǧudyós de Turkía de propagar entre estos últimos este movimyento polítiko.

(Can we date this quote?), Christoph Herzog, Richard Wittmann, editors, Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830-1930, Taylor & Francis, published 2018, →ISBN, page 96:

I was judging it, in another way, very dangerous for the Turkish Jews' peace and security in propagating, among these last things, this political movement.

Eya fue atraida por esta sivda importante de punto de vista djidyo, muy komertchante, i penso fazer profitar la komunita de su djenerozita.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 57:

She was attracted to this city from a Jewish point of view, very businesslike, and she thought to take advantage of the community's generosity.

De verdad, la pandemia es mas kolay fizikamente por los patrones i personas ke lavoran en buros.

2020 May 13, Nesi ALTARAS, “Syego de Las Klasas”, in Şalom:

Really, the pandemic is easier physically for bosses and people who work in offices.

La gerra Israel-Lebano, prevista al empesijo por unos kuantos dias, ainda kontinua.

2008, Klara PERAHYA, “La Prensa i la kriza en el Oriente Medyo”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

The Israel-Lebanon war, at first predicted to only last for a few days, still continues.

I arankarvos ojo por ojo, diente por diente.

2000, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 62–64, page 95:

And settling yourselves eye for eye, tooth for tooth.

for (indicates something given in an exchange)

El Dyo mos dyo este día i lo apartó por desbarazar muestro meoyo de todo modo de intereso de presonas, i aplikar sus eĉas i konoser sus grandes maraƀías kuryozas, i akodrarmos ke en sex días kreó el Dyo este mundo i lo renoƀó de la nada.

1979, Isaac ben Michael Badhav, Ana María Riaño López, Un tratado sefardí de moral, Ameller, →ISBN, page 94:

God gave us this day and put it aside by clearing our mind of every person's way of interest, and doing His work and learning His great and wonderful miracles, and we shall remember that He created this world in six days and restored it ex nihilo.

Para mi, una transmision de una estoria ke dezgrasiadamente no m'ambezi por falta de interlokutores, i sovre todo por kulpa miya.

2006, Los Muestros, numbers 65–73, R. Capuia, page 7:

For me, I am unfortunately not learning a story's transmission because of the interlocutors' mistake, and above all through my fault.

Ayí por la ignoransia
La arrogansia, la intoleransia
La mezuzá kayía
Yorando entre despididas...

2008, Matilda Gini Barnatán, Viviana Rajel Barnatán, Darío Meta Barnatán, La ija i la madre komo la unya i la karne, Ibersaf Editores, →ISBN, page 73:

There through ignorance
Arrogance, intolerance
The mezuzah was silencing
Crying between farewells...

by means of; through; by; via (through the action or presence of)

Abel hue matado por Kaín.

Muestros platos, ke provienen de Espanya, de Turkía, de Gresia i de munchos otros lugares, por sus variedad i sus buena savor, pueden trankilamente entrar en los livros de rechetas de todo el mundo.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, זיקנתך כבחרותך, page 221:

Our dishes, which originate from Spain, Türkiye, Greece and many other places, can easily enter everybody's cookbooks because of their variety and good flavour.

because of; for; due to; for the sake of

[…] i kontavan la moneda ke re[ko]jia kada mes, i korava 20 por 100 por su lazerya.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, translated by Isaac Jerusalmi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 235:

and they were counting the money that was accumulating monthly, and they collected 20 by 100 for their work.

(arithmetic) by (indicates a mathematical division)

pasar por la puerta

through (entering and then leaving; by the medium of)

pasar por la kaye

I anke se les pagava una taksa por oka dela masá a los orneros, ma era kon fogera, ke kada uno keria tener la masá en kaza un dia antes.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 231:

Although a fee was paid up per ounce of matzah to the bakers, everyone remained urgently wanting to have matzah at home a day earlier.

per; a; each (expresses the ratio of units)

I su marido aze tefila por eya de kontino ke oyga el Sefer Tora ke en pokos diyas la sake de entre los bivos i tienen kada ora 'pleto i ketata' i kavza ke se destruye la kaza i los kelim.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 35:

And her husband prayed constantly for her to hear the Seder Torah; that in a few days she take take it from amongst the living, and that they "fight and brawl" hourly, and that it cause the house and the tools to be destroyed.


para

From earlier pora (a combination of por and a, or from Latin prō ad) via assimilation, influenced by the archaic preposition par.

Hanuka linda sta aki; ocho kandelas para mi.

Beautiful Hanukkah is here, so eight candles for me.

Para arebivir el Ladino en el siekolo 21 es menester profitar de lo dijital para dokumentar i ambezar esta lingua en perikolo de ekstinsyon.

In order to revive Ladino in the twenty first century it is necessary to take advantage of digital technology to document and learn this endangered language.

to; in order to; so; for (expressing the intended purpose of an action)


para

nonlemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

third-person singular present indicative of parar

second-person singular imperative of parar


para

first-person singular present subjunctive of parir

third-person singular present subjunctive of parir


bandiera

From Italian bandiera, ultimately from Italian banda. Compare Spanish bandera, Sicilian bannera and Portuguese bandeira.


io

Delantre de ti io mi orgolio abato
I mi corason lo razgo con kevranto¹)

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

I suppress my pride before you, and my heart tears it with despair.


dime

Eliau Anavi ke lo estava mirando d'enfrente se aserko de el i le disho: Dime ombre, deke estas de negra umor ?

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1:

The prophet Elijah, who was watching him from in front, approached him and said: Tell me, man, why are you in a bad mood?

imperative singular of dezir with first-person singular pronoun attached: tell me.


virus

El antisemitizmo es un prejudizio, komo un virus.

2018 February 7, Dora Niyego, “El Antisemitizmo De Oy”, in Şalom:

Antisemitism is a prejudice, like a virus.


les

head

les m or f by sense (Hebrew spelling ליס)

Inherited from Old Spanish les, from Latin illīs, dative plural of ille.

Los fraguadores les vino kolay de tomar todas las pyedras de ensima los muertos, syendo estas kevuroth eran de los primeros djidyos ke vinyeron de la Espanya.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, chapter 42, in Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, editors, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 290:

It came easy for the builders to take all the dead's tombstones, being that these graves belonged to the first Jews who came from Spain.

dative of eyos and eyas; (to) them, (for) them


aire

איירי (Hebrew)
airi (alternative)
ayre (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish aire, ayre, from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).

Por las calles, circulan algunas mujeres livianamente vestidas, curbadas por al frio, allas van bujcar de cualo meter un pedaso de pan bajo sue dientes o algun poco de carvon para callentar sus criaturas dejadas en casa onde el aire, la luvia, y la nieve entran de todas las partas.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 277:

Some conveniently dressed women circulate through the streets, crooked from the cold; they go seeking some way to put a piece of bread between their teeth, or a little bit of coal to warm their babies left at home where the wind, rain, and snow get everywhere.


ero

En el pantheon de los eros durante la Shoah se topa Chiune Sugihara, ke era konsul jeneral de la Japonya en la sivdad Kaunas de la Litvanya.

2019 February 27, Metin DELEVİ, “El Samuray ke salvo a miles de djudios de los nazis”, in Şalom:

In the pantheon of heroes during the Shoah you'll find Chiune Sugihara, who was consul general of Japan in the city of Kaunas in Lithuania.


le

Inherited from Old Spanish le, from Latin illī, dative of ille.

En 1923, se modernizo la identidad de las personas, pero a unos ermanos de mi Papu le metieron en el nufus la alkunya Rodrik, i a la otra mitad de la famiya, la alkunya Rodriges.

2007, Hernán Rodriguez Fisse, “Alkunya Rodrik o Rodriguez”, in El Amaneser, section 27:

People’s identities were modernised in 1923, but like some of my grandfather’s brothers they put him on the Rodrik surname identity card, and as for my family’s other half, the surname Rodriges.


una

una (Hebrew spelling אונה, plural unas, masculine un)

אונה (Hebrew)
unas (plural)
un (masculine)

Inherited from Old Spanish una (“an; a”), from Latin ūna, feminine of ūnus (“one”), from Old Latin oinos, from Proto-Italic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one, single”).

der

Este es un kuento atado a una eksperiensa emosional sovrenatural, ke sea una eksperiensa emosional sovrenatural, ke sea una eksperiensa emosional relijioza personal, komo por exemplo un kuento sovre un santo sovrenatural o sovre un amahamiento mirakolozo, ke se trate de una eksperiensia emosional de un enkontro kon un ser sovrenatural o de un ser de otro mundo, komo un guerko o un fantazma.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 28:

This is an account connected to an emotional supernatural experience, whether it be an emotional supernatural experience, or a personal emotional religious experience, as for example an account about a supernatural saint or about a miracle cure, it is about an emotional experience from an encounter with a supernatural being or a being from another world, like a demon or a ghost.


una

first-person singular present subjunctive of unir

third-person singular present subjunctive of unir


mar

Inherited from Old Spanish mar (“sea”), from Latin mare (“sea”), from Proto-Italic *mari, from Proto-Indo-European *móri.

Vinieron al bodre de la mar. Avía un barko, i los ombres se suvieron enriva del barko, i él se suvió kon eyos. Empesaron a lavorar a las velas, i el barko partió.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Vejés liviana, נור הפקות, page 59:

They came to the sea’s edge. There was a ship, and the men climbed on top of it, and it rose up with them. They began to work on the sails, and the ship departed.


pronto

Derived from Latin promptus. Cognate with Spanish pronto.

Para los ke estan prontos para kazar Vijtad el Magazen HOROZLU onde topareş vistidos modernos, Bonjures, Frakes, Işmoken, komple i kon presios baratos.

For those who are ready to marry, visit the HOROZLU shop, where [it has] topareş modern clothes, Bonjures, Frakes, Işmoken and it completes with low prices.


pronto

El rey respondio diziendo: "Pronto".

2006, יעקב כולי, מעם לועז בראשית: לקט : בצירוף מבואות, גלוסאר ומפתחות, הוצאת מכון מעלה אדומים, →ISBN:


hora

A fin de no dar lugar a una aglomeracion en masa, los interesados son rogados de querer bien apresurarsen a retirar los billetos de entrada en los días y las horas fixadas.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11-34, page 68:

In order to leave no room for mass settlement, the interested are implored to want to really hurry up taking out the entry tickets on the fixed days and hours.


pile

Aki Yerushalayim and French orthography spelling of pila used in Kosovo, North Macedonia, Old Yishuv of Jerusalem, West Bulgaria and Ruse.


ma

Inherited from Old Spanish mas, from Latin magis (“more”).

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.

Devemos de saver ke el antisemitizmo es una de las formas ekstremas del rasizmo ma ay otras formas de rasizmo i devemos de luchar kon todo modo forma del rasizmo.

2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom:

We must know that antisemitism is one of the extreme forms of racism, but there are other forms of racism and we must fight every form of racism.


avel

From Hebrew אוויר (avír), from Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr).


aver

From Old Spanish aver, from Latin habēre (“hold, have”).

(impersonal, in third person singular only) to exist; “there is”, “there are” (ay); “there was”, “there were” (avia)


levantar

ליב׳אנטאר (Hebrew)
levantar (infinitive)
aver levantado (infinitive multiword-construction)
levantando (gerund)
aviendo levantado (gerund multiword-construction)
levantado (masculine participle past singular)
levantados (masculine participle past plural)
levantada (feminine participle past singular)
levantadas (feminine participle past plural)
levanto (first-person indicative present singular)
levantas (indicative present second-person singular)
levanta (indicative present singular third-person)
levantamos (first-person indicative plural present)
levantáx (indicative plural present second-person)
levantan (indicative plural present third-person)
levantava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
levantavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
levantava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
levantávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
levantavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
levantavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
levantí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
levantates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
levantó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
levantimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
levantatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
levantaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
levantaré (first-person future indicative singular)
levantarás (future indicative second-person singular)
levantará (future indicative singular third-person)
levantaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
levantaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
levantarán (future indicative plural third-person)
levantaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
levantarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
levantaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
levantaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
levantaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
levantarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
levante (first-person present singular subjunctive)
levantes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
levante (present singular subjunctive third-person)
levantemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
levantéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
levanten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
levantara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
levantaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
levantara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
levantáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
levantarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
levantaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
levanta (imperative second-person singular)
levantad (imperative plural second-person)
no levantes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no levantéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
alevantar (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish levantar, either from levante (corresponding to Latin levāntem), the old present participle of levar, itself the Old Spanish form of llevar, from Latin levō, levāre, or from a Vulgar Latin *levantāre, derived from levāns, levānte-, present participle of levō. Compare Galician and Portuguese levantar, Asturian llevantar, Romansch alvantar, leventar.

Despues ke lo levantavan al ninio, non se pudia detener en pyes delas fushkas ke se le azian.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 182:

After they [finally] lifted up the child, he could not stand on his feet because of the blisters that [now] affected him.

(transitive) to lift; to lift up (bring up)

Ombre, levanta i esforsate por atorgar tus pecados
Roga al dio con abatision por ke ti seian perdonados
Por ke tus actos escondidos, delantre de el son aclarados
I todos los biervos ke tu pronunsias delantre de el son examinados.
Segun apeiada el padre a sus ijos seiamos de el apeiadados

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 5:

Man, arise and force yourself to admit your sins. Beg God exhaustingly so that they be forgiven, for your hidden acts are obvious to him, and all of the words that you pronounce before him are examined. As the father rescues his children may we be among the rescued.

Kuando Djoha se levantava de manyana de su kama i enpesava a vistirse, ya no avia mas ninguno en kaza.

1995, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 49–52, page 96:

When Djoha was getting up that morning from bed and starting to get dressed, there was no longer anybody at home.

(reflexive) to get up (rise from one’s bed)


rey

From Old Spanish, from Latin rēx, rēgem (compare Spanish rey), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).


vara

lad-noun

vara f (Hebrew spelling ב׳ארה, plural varas)

Inherited from Old Spanish vara, from Latin vāra (“fork”). Cognate with Catalan, Galician, and Portuguese vara.

(diminutive form, typography) The rafe lines in the shape of crossbars that can be used in Ladino orthography as diacritics on Hebrew script to alter the sound of letters to create new letters; a breve diacritic (˘) is placed on top of letters to form fricative consonant sounds, such as changing פ (/p/) into פﬞ (/f/); usually referred to by the diminutive varika (“little crossbar”).


vara

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

third-person singular present indicative of varar

second-person singular imperative of varar