ravia

Inherited from Late Latin rabia, from Classical Latin rabiēs. Cognate with English rage.

Ricoje tus ovejas ke leones la sparzieron
Vierte tu ravia sovre los ke mal izieron
A tu santuario eios destruieron
No deşaron ni membrasiones
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 8:

Gather your sheep that lions have scattered, pour your anger over those who do evil; they have destroyed your sanctuary, not even leaving memories. End the year and its curses.


estadía

[…] i el ke izo mas empresión fue naturalmente Haím Refael, ke kontó de la Shoá i de estadía en Auschwitz i de komo kedó en vida.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 401:

And the one who made the biggest impression was, naturally, Haím Refael, who recounted the Shoah, the stay in Auschwitz, and how he kept alive.


suegro

lad-noun

suegro m (Hebrew spelling סואיגרו, feminine suegra)

סואיגרו (Hebrew)
suegra (feminine)
esfuegro (alternative)
sfuegro (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish suegro, from Late Latin socrus m, from Latin socer, from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂.

Le dan aentender ke asemeja esto a el yerno del rey ke kada dia lo iva a vijitar a su suegro i el le dizia: “Tal koza izistes anoche”.

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 90:

They explain that it resembles this like the king's son-in-law [in] that every day he went to visit his father-in-law and tell him, ‘What a thing [that] you insist upon tonight.’


אי

אירה אונה די אקילייאס מאדֿרוגאדֿאס פֿריסקאס אי טיירנאס אין איל מיס די סיפטימברי, אינטרי ראש השנה אי יום כפור.

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

It was one of those fresh and tender early mornings in the month of September, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Era una de akelyas maḏrugaḏas freskas i tiernas en el mes de septembre, entre Rosh Ashana i Yom Kippur.


enfrente

Eliau Anavi ke lo estava mirando d'enfrente se aserko de el i le disho: Dime ombre, deke estas de negra umor ?

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1:

The prophet Elijah, who was watching him from in front, approached him and said: Tell me, man, why are you in a bad mood?


dudak

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish طوداق (Turkish dudak)


ראש השנה

bor

Hebrew ראש השנה

It was one of those fresh, tender early mornings in the month of September, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.


karar

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قرار (karar), from Arabic قَرَار (qarār).


karar

Buen karar de dirijentes de muestra Komunidad; su famiya; sus amigos i miembros de muestra komunidad estavan prontos para esta seremoniya.

2025 January 29, Silvyo Ovadya, “Los Evenimyentos de esta semana”, in Şalom:

[There was a] good quantity of leaders from our community; his family, his friends and our community’s members were ready for this ceremony.


אביר

From Old Spanish aver, from Latin habeō (“hold, have”).


ruso

Ija de imigrantes djudios rusos ke aviyan sufriyido del aborresimyento i del antisemitizmo, se sintyo ke el aktivizmo sovre este sujeto era su dever.

2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom:

The daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants who had suffered from hatred and from antisemitism, she felt that activism on this subject was her duty.


faida

Borrowed from Moroccan Arabic فايدة (fāyda).

(Haketia) beneficial or useful thing, good business


arroz

arrozes (plural)
aroz (alternative)
ארוז (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *wrinǰišder.
Ancient Greek ὄρυζα (óruza)bor.
Arabic رُزّ (ruzz)
Arabic *رَوْز (*rawz)
Andalusian Arabic روزder.
Ladino arroz
Inherited from Old Spanish arroz.

etymon

(uncountable) rice (Oryza sativa of the grass family whose seeds are used as food)

Ayde pashá, mércame un kiló de arroz.

Come on dear (boy), buy me one kilo of rice.

A mí me plaze muncho comer arroz.

(uncountable) rice (the seeds of this plant used as food)


idolatria

lad-noun

idolatria f (Hebrew spelling אידולאטריאה)

אידולאטריאה (Hebrew)
idolatría (alternative)

Era kaje syempre paezajes, la reproduksyon de las formas umanas estando defendidas por la Tora para no enkorajar el pekado de idolatria.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 60:

It was almost always landscapes, the reproduction of human forms being prohibited by the Torah so as to not encourage the sin of idolatry.

(religion) idolatry (the worship of idols)


otobüs

Borrowed from Turkish otobüs, from French autobus.


yaprak

Borrowed from Turkish yaprak, from Ottoman Turkish یپراق (yapraq, “leaf”).


sinko

סינקו (Hebrew)
cinco (alternative)
sintju (alternative)
sintyu (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish çinco (“five”), from Latin cīnque.

inh+

“No… aspera…tengo aínda sesh… sinko…tres…dos… mezes para arivar a sesenta anyos. No mires ke tengo los kaveyos blankos!”

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 417:

“No… wait… I still have six… five… three… two… months before I am sixty years old. Don’t look [at me like] I have grey hair!”


ambre

From Old Spanish fambre, famne (compare Spanish hambre), from Vulgar Latin *fam(i)ne(m), from Latin famēs, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰH- (“to disappear”).


arina

From Latin farīna (“flour, meal”), from far (“kind of grain”).


kada

Inherited from Old Spanish cada, from Latin cata, from Ancient Greek κατά (katá).

I ala onze [6 AM], ala turka, vinyeron en grande akompanyamyento delos askyeres turkos adelantre i detras, kompanyas de soldados de kada nasyon ke fueron dezbarkados delas naves, djunto todos los viche-amirales i komandantes, i ofisyeres de kada nave ke se topo en muestro porto.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, translated by Isaac Jerusalmi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 276:

And at eleven [6 A.M.], a great escort of Turkish soldiers came ahead of and behind the Turk; companies of soldiers from every nation disembarked from the ships, together with all the vice-admirals, commanders, and officers from every ship found in our port.


superioridad

sopirioridad (alternative)
superiorita (alternative)
superioritá (alternative)

No tiene una konosensia bazilar de las leyes de la natura i de la realidad, i ansí mos permete de riyir del alto de una sensasión de superioridad.

1991, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Djoha ke dize? Kuentos populares djudeo‐espanyoles, כנה:

Nobody has the idea to hesitate from the laws of nature and reality, and thus from a feeling of superiority it lets us laugh from on high.


buenas tardes

בואינאס טארדיס (Hebrew)

No topo ke pensar, ma el ombre se le echo a sus brasos i la abraso diziendo: ‘Tiya Neama, Tiya Neama, buenas tardes. Yo Marko, no me konosites? Vine de Meksiko, vine a verte ya te topi.’

2005, Dostluk Yurdu Derneği dergisi, numbers 1–7, page 10:

She did not found out thinking, but the man brought her into his arms and hugged her saying, ‘Aunt Neama, Aunt Neama, good afternoon. I’m Marko, don’t you recognize me? I came from Mexico [and] I came to see you; now I found you.’


buenas noches

בואינאס נוג׳יס (Hebrew)
buenas nočes (alternative)
buenas notches (alternative)

Buenas noches, espero kon la piyesa ke vamoz a prezentar keseyama “Sigundo kazamyento” todos endjuntos vamos una alegre i horoza nochada a pasar, i ke en muy serka tiempo no vamos poderla olvidar.

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 118:

Good evening, I hope that with the play that we are about to show that’s called ‘Following [the] marriage’, we are all going to have a joyful and happy little night together, and that we’ll be unable to forget it too soon.


investigador

lad-noun

investigador m (plural investigadores, feminine investigadora)

investigadores (plural)
investigadora (feminine)


provenir

פרוב׳יניר (Hebrew)
provenir (infinitive)
proviniendo (gerund)
provinyendo (gerund)
provenido (participle)
provinido (participle)
provengo (first-person indicative present singular)
provyenes (indicative present second-person singular)
provienes (indicative present second-person singular)
provyene (indicative present singular)
proviene (indicative present singular)
provenimos (indicative plural present)
provinimos (indicative plural present)
provenísh (indicative plural present)
provinish (indicative plural present)
provyenen (indicative plural present)
provienen (indicative plural present)
proveniya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
proviniya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
proveniyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
proviniyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
proveniya (imperfect indicative singular)
proviniya (imperfect indicative singular)
proveniyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
proviniyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
proveniyash (imperfect indicative plural)
proviniyash (imperfect indicative plural)
proveniyan (imperfect indicative plural)
proviniyan (imperfect indicative plural)
provine (first-person indicative preterite singular)
provinites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
provino (indicative preterite singular)
provinimos (indicative plural preterite)
provinitesh (indicative plural preterite)
provinyeron (indicative plural preterite)
provinieron (indicative plural preterite)
provendré (first-person future indicative singular)
provendrás (future indicative second-person singular)
provendrá (future indicative singular)
provendremos (future indicative plural)
provendrash (future indicative plural)
provendrán (future indicative plural)
provendriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
provendriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
provendriya (conditional indicative singular)
provendriyamos (conditional indicative plural)
provendriyash (conditional indicative plural)
provendriyan (conditional indicative plural)
provenga (first-person present singular subjunctive)
provengas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
provenga (present singular subjunctive)
provengamos (plural present subjunctive)
provengásh (plural present subjunctive)
provengan (plural present subjunctive)
provinyera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
proviniera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
provinyeras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
provinieras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
provinyera (past singular subjunctive)
proviniera (past singular subjunctive)
provinyéramos (past plural subjunctive)
proviniéramos (past plural subjunctive)
provinyerash (past plural subjunctive)
provinierash (past plural subjunctive)
provinyeran (past plural subjunctive)
provinieran (past plural subjunctive)
provenga (imperative)
proven (imperative second-person)
provenga (imperative singular)
provengamos (imperative plural)
proveni (imperative plural)
provini (imperative plural)
provenid (imperative plural)
provinid (imperative plural)
provengan (imperative plural)
no provenga (imperative)
no provengas (imperative second-person)
no provenga (imperative singular)
no provengamos (imperative plural)
no provengásh (imperative plural)
no provengan (imperative plural)

Derived from Latin prōvenīre (“originate, arise”).

der+

Muestros platos, ke provienen de Espanya, de Turkía, de Gresia i de munchos otros lugares, por sus variedad i sus buena savor, pueden trankilamente entrar en los livros de rechetas de todo el mundo.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 221:

Our dishes, which originate from Spain, Türkiye, Greece and many other places, can easily enter everybody's cookbooks because of their variety and good flavour.

(intransitive) to originate (from); to stem (from)


komo

Inherited from Old Spanish commo, from Latin cōmō̆, a non-literary form of quōmodo (“how”). Cognate with Catalan com, French comme, Italian come, and Spanish como.

Alberto no es tan alto komo su ermano.

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, קורס לספרדית־יהודית (לאדינו) למתחילים, Merkaz Eliacher, Universidad Ben-Gurion en el Negev, page 101:

Komo se dize estranyero en Ebreo?

1999, Eliezer Papo, La megila de Saray, E. Papo, page 220:

Komo te yamas?

1991, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Djoha ke dize? Kuentos populares djudeo‐espanyoles, כנה, page 35:


komo

Komo no avia elektrisitá, los mosos de boda devian akompanyar o ir delantre la novya, ke la yevavan a pye kon el chalgí tanyendo, kon una menorá de plata kon 5 parmachés.

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, קולות משאלוניקי היהודית, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 146:

As they had no electricity, the wedding's servants had to accompany or walk ahead of the bride, who were escorting her by foot with the playing orchestra, and with a silver menorah with five great candles.

Komo dishimos: Estamos akodrando, i nunka mas.

2019 February 13, Metin DELEVİ, “Por ke los nombres de los djudios estan gravados en los trotuares de toda la Evropa?”, in Şalom:

As we said: we remember, and never again.

like; as (in the same way that; according to what)


komo

En esta ensiklopedia es kontado, entre otras, ke en segito a los pogromes echos en Polonia, en los anyos 1648-1649, los djudios de Turkia embezaron⁷ sovre la triste suerte de miles de djudios ke avian kayido en kativerio i ke estavan en peligro de ser vendidos komo esklavos.

2003, Sefárdica: publicación del Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, numbers 14-16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, pages 101-2:

It says in this encyclopedia that, among other things, following the pogroms committed in Poland from 1648-1649, Turkey's Jews learned of the misfortune of thousands of Jews who fell into captivity and were in danger of being sold as slaves.

El antisemitizmo es un prejudizio, komo un virus.

2018 February 7, Dora Niyego, “El Antisemitizmo De Oy”, in Şalom:

Antisemitism is a prejudice, like a virus.


komo

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of komer


aí

From Vulgar Latin ad ibī (“to/at there”). Cognate with Spanish ahí.


bafo

blow (act of expelling air from the mouth)


fabrika

La kuzina estava buyendo de la kalor de los odjakes i de la fornaya. Paresia una fabrika de komanya.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 141:

The kitchen was boiling from the heat of the shoves and the fireplaces. It looked like a food factory.

factory (a building or other place where manufacturing takes place)


fabrika

third-person singular present indicative of fabrikar

second-person singular present imperative of fabrikar


naiv

From Latin nivem, the accusative form of nix (“snow”).


por lo tanto

Compare Portuguese portanto, Spanish por lo tanto, and French pourtant.

Ma el Dyo mos fizo el regalo i la esperansa de bivir, sin indikarmos fista kuando. Por lo tanto, se bive, se ama, se lavora komo si eya no mos abistava en todos los puntos de muestra vida.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 188:

But God made us the gift and the hope of living, without indicating to us until when. Therefore, one lives, one loves, one works as if she was not noticing us in every point of our lives.


piron

From Greek πιρούνι (piroúni), from Byzantine Greek πιρούνιν (piroúnin) and περούνιν (peroúnin), from Koine Greek περόνιον (perónion), diminutive of Ancient Greek περόνη (perónē, “pin, brooch”).


azer

From Old Spanish fazer, from Latin facere. Compare Portuguese fazer.

Me demando: de ke no azesh este konserto en Estanbol. Es mas kolay de ir i vinir.

2019 May 22, Silvio & Eyal Ovadya, “Un evenimyento, una dicha/un proverbo”, in Şalom:

She asked me: why don't you do this concert in Istanbul. It's easier to go and come.


murir

Inherited from Old Spanish murir, morir, from Latin morīrī, variant of morī. Cognate with Galician morrer, Portuguese morrer, and Spanish morir.

El djudeo-espanyol nunka murirá.

Disho Djohá: "Vay! Este es naví! Iré detrás de él i le demandaré kuando me vo murir!"

1986, Matilda Koén-Sarano, edited by Matilda Koén-Sarano, קואינטוס: סיפורים מהווי המשפחה היהודית־ספרדית, כנה, →ISBN, page 171:

Djohá said, ‘Oi! This is [a] prophet! I’ll go after him and ask him when I am going to die!’

(intransitive, reflexive) to die; to pass away (cease living)


segar

Inherited from Old Spanish segar, from Latin secāre.


sin duda

Kantar endechas es sin duda el rolo mas interesante ke kumplian las oyinaderas.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 58:

To sing lamentations is without a doubt the most interesting rôle that the lamenters complete.

(idiomatic) without a doubt; no question


arroz con leche

A dessert made with rice, milk and sugar, similar to rice pudding.


dezir

דיזיר (Hebrew)
dizer (alternative)
dizir (alternative)

Eliau Anavi ke lo estava mirando d'enfrente se aserko de el i le disho: Dime ombre, deke estas de negra umor ?

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1:

The prophet Elijah, who was watching him from in front, approached him and said: Tell me, man, why are you in a bad mood?


amargar

From Late Latin amāricāre, derived from Latin amārus (“bitter”).


palavra

lad-noun

palavra f (Hebrew spelling פאלאברה, plural palavras)

From hyperthesis of Old Spanish parabla, from Late Latin, from Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ).

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.


amargo

lad-adj

amargo (feminine amarga, masculine plural amargos, feminine plural amargas)

amarga (feminine)
amargos (masculine plural)
amargas (feminine plural)


umor

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1, page 5:

The prophet Elijah, who was watching him from across, approached him and said: Tell me, man, why are you in a bad mood?


kaza

קאזה (Hebrew)
casa (alternative)
cazza (alternative)
ca (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish casa, from Latin casa (“cottage”).

Yo, ke nunka en mis dias ke non sali aver fuego, syendo fui akavidado, ma akea noche fui ovligado de ir a este fuego, non para verlo, otro ke syendo era serka dela kaza de si. Shelomo Fernandes.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 215:

Myself, never in all my days had I gone out to watch a fire, seeing as how I was warned against that, but that night I was obligated to go after this fire, not to watch it, but [because] it was approaching Mr. Shelomo Fernandes’s house.


ביין

lad-noun

ביין m (Latin spelling byén, plural בייניס)

byén (romanization)
בייניס (plural)
bien (alternative)

From Old Spanish from Latin bene (“well”), from Latin bonus (“good”).


tuerto

lad-adj

tuerto (feminine tuerta, masculine plural tuertos, feminine plural tuertas)

tuerta (feminine)
tuertos (masculine plural)
tuertas (feminine plural)
tugerto (alternative)
tuguerto (alternative)

From Old Spanish, from Latin tortus (“twisted”).

Arvolé tuerto nunka se enderecha.

A crooked tree never straightens itself.


sinagoga

From Late Latin synagōga, from Ancient Greek συναγωγή (sunagōgḗ) "assembly, gathering", from συνάγω (sunágō) "I bring together". Doublet of esnoga.


antigo

antigo (feminine antiga, masculine plural antigos, feminine plural antigas)

antiga (feminine)
antigos (masculine plural)
antigas (feminine plural)
antiko (alternative)

From Old Spanish antigo, from Latin antīquus (variant antīcus). Compare Spanish antiguo.


kristal

From Medieval Spanish cristal, from Latin crystallum, from Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”); from Proto-Indo-European *kru(s)- (“hard, hard outer surface”).


ombro

From Old Spanish ombro, from Latin umerus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃émsos (“shoulder”).


gazeta

From French gazette, from Venetan gazeta, or Italian gazzetta.


badkar

badakar (infinitive)
aver badakado (infinitive multiword-construction)
badakando (gerund)
aviendo badakado (gerund multiword-construction)
badakado (masculine participle past singular)
badakados (masculine participle past plural)
badakada (feminine participle past singular)
badakadas (feminine participle past plural)
badako (first-person indicative present singular)
badakas (indicative present second-person singular)
badaka (indicative present singular third-person)
badakamos (first-person indicative plural present)
badakáx (indicative plural present second-person)
badakan (indicative plural present third-person)
badakava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
badakavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
badakava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
badakávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
badakavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
badakavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
badakí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
badakates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
badakó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
badakimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
badakatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
badakaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
badakaré (first-person future indicative singular)
badakarás (future indicative second-person singular)
badakará (future indicative singular third-person)
badakaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
badakaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
badakarán (future indicative plural third-person)
badakaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
badakarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
badakaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
badakaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
badakaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
badakarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
badake (first-person present singular subjunctive)
badakes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
badake (present singular subjunctive third-person)
badakemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
badakéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
badaken (plural present subjunctive third-person)
badakara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
badakaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
badakara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
badakáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
badakarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
badakaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
badaka (imperative second-person singular)
badakad (imperative plural second-person)
no badakes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no badakéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

From Hebrew בָּדַק (badák, “to check, examine, verify”).


rovar

רוב׳אר (Hebrew)
rovar (infinitive)
aver rovado (infinitive multiword-construction)
rovando (gerund)
aviendo rovado (gerund multiword-construction)
rovado (masculine participle past singular)
rovados (masculine participle past plural)
rovada (feminine participle past singular)
rovadas (feminine participle past plural)
rovo (first-person indicative present singular)
rovas (indicative present second-person singular)
rova (indicative present singular third-person)
rovamos (first-person indicative plural present)
rováx (indicative plural present second-person)
rovan (indicative plural present third-person)
rovava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
rovavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
rovava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
rovávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
rovavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
rovavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
roví (first-person indicative preterite singular)
rovates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
rovó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
rovimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
rovatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
rovaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
rovaré (first-person future indicative singular)
rovarás (future indicative second-person singular)
rovará (future indicative singular third-person)
rovaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
rovaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
rovarán (future indicative plural third-person)
rovaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
rovarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
rovaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
rovaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
rovaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
rovarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
rove (first-person present singular subjunctive)
roves (present second-person singular subjunctive)
rove (present singular subjunctive third-person)
rovemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
rovéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
roven (plural present subjunctive third-person)
rovara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
rovaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
rovara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
rováramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
rovarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
rovaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
rova (imperative second-person singular)
rovad (imperative plural second-person)
no roves (imperative negative second-person singular)
no rovéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish robar (“to plunder”), from Late Latin raubāre.

inh+

Coordinate term: ladrón

Sus enemigos, sus bienes, le rovaron.
De su bien si artaron i la espujaron ¹)
I con croeldades su corason razgaron
I eia no abandona sus tradisiones.
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 9:

Her foes stole her properties. They were satiated with her property, [then] they engaged her, and they cruelly ripped her heart, [yet] she abandoned not her traditions. End the year and its curses.


muestro

מואישטרו (Hebrew)

From Latin noster (compare Spanish nuestro).


muestro

מואישטרו (Hebrew)

Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.

2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Sunday night we're going to light the first candle on our Hanukiyas.

Bendicho muestro Dyo, bendicho muestro Senyor, bendicho muestro Rey, bendicho muestro Salvador.

Blessed be our God, Blessed be our Lord, Blessed be our King, Blessed be our Saviour.


muevo

head

Hebrew spelling <i class="Hebr mention" lang="lad">מואיבﬞו</i>

muevo (Hebrew spelling מואיבﬞו, feminine singular mueva, masculine plural muevos, feminine plural muevas)

מואיבﬞו (Hebrew)
mueva (feminine singular)
muevos (masculine plural)
muevas (feminine plural)

From Old Spanish nuevo, from Latin novus.

muevo jedit

muevo kazado

muevo riko


verter

Inherited from Old Spanish verter, from Latin vertere, from Proto-Italic *wertō, from Proto-Indo-European *wert-; whence English vertex, vortex and vertigo. Cognate with French verser and Spanish verter.

los rios vierten sus aguas a la mar

Es por los ermanos ke se vertio su sangre djuntos, ke los mato alguno por enemistad ke les tuvo, i es manziya grande de morirse dos ermanos de una i de mala muerte.

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 75:

It is for his brothers that blood was spilt together, that someone killed them for [the] enemity that one had with them, and it is very sad for two brethren to die from enemity and from an awful death.

Ricoje tus ovejas ke leones la sparzieron
Vierte tu ravia sovre los ke mal izieron
A tu santuario eios destruieron
No deşaron ni membrasiones
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 8:

Gather your sheep that lions have scattered, pour your anger over those who do evil; they have destroyed your sanctuary, not even leaving memories. End the year and its curses.

(figurative, transitive) to pour or pour out (an emotion)


almendra

From Old Spanish almendra (compare Spanish almendra), from Vulgar Latin, from Latin amygdala, from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē).


לה

לה (Latin spelling la, plural לאס, masculine איל)

la (romanization)
לאס (plural)
איל (masculine)

לה פאז קי אירה אונה סולומברה, לה קי [...] לוס פואיב״לאס די לה טיירה איסטאב״אן פירסוגיינדו, איס אאורה אונה ריאלידאד

1920 January 13, “פאס אין טודוס לוס קונטינטיס סאלב"ו אין איל די לה אמיריקה”, in La epoca de New York:

The peace that was a dream, the [one] that … the peoples of the earth were pursuing, is now a reality

La paz ke era una solombra, la ke … los puevlos de la tera estavan persugendo, es aora una realidad


merced

lad-noun

merced f (Hebrew spelling מירסידﬞ, plural mercedes)

מירסידﬞ (Hebrew)
mercedes (plural)
merçed (alternative dialectal traditional)

From Old Spanish merced, from Latin mercēdem, accusative singular of mercēs (“pay, wage, reward”), from Latin merx (“merchandise”).

לוארי טו נומברי פור טו מירסידﬞ אי פור טו בﬞירדאדﬞ.

Loare tu nombre por tu merced y por tu verdad.

I shall praise your name for your mercy and for your truth.


propagar

propagar (infinitive)
aver propagado (infinitive multiword-construction)
propagando (gerund)
aviendo propagado (gerund multiword-construction)
propagado (masculine participle past singular)
propagados (masculine participle past plural)
propagada (feminine participle past singular)
propagadas (feminine participle past plural)
propago (first-person indicative present singular)
propagas (indicative present second-person singular)
propaga (indicative present singular third-person)
propagamos (first-person indicative plural present)
propagáx (indicative plural present second-person)
propagan (indicative plural present third-person)
propagava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
propagavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
propagava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
propagávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
propagavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
propagavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
propagí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
propagates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
propagó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
propagimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
propagatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
propagaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
propagaré (first-person future indicative singular)
propagarás (future indicative second-person singular)
propagará (future indicative singular third-person)
propagaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
propagaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
propagarán (future indicative plural third-person)
propagaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
propagarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
propagaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
propagaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
propagaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
propagarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
propage (first-person present singular subjunctive)
propages (present second-person singular subjunctive)
propage (present singular subjunctive third-person)
propagemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
propagéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
propagen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
propagara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
propagaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
propagara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
propagáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
propagarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
propagaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
propaga (imperative second-person singular)
propagad (imperative plural second-person)
no propages (imperative negative second-person singular)
no propagéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Yo ǧuzava, de otra parte, muy perikolozo por el repozo i la seguridad de·los ǧudyós de Turkía de propagar entre estos últimos este movimyento polítiko.

(Can we date this quote?), Christoph Herzog, Richard Wittmann, editors, Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830-1930, Taylor & Francis, published 2018, →ISBN, page 96:

I was judging it, in another way, very dangerous for the Turkish Jews' peace and security in propagating, among these last things, this political movement.

(transitive) to propagate (sustain by spreading)


lecho

Inherited from Old Spanish lecho, llecho, from Latin lectus (or from the variant Latin lectum). Cognate with Galician and Portuguese leito, Catalan llit, Asturian llechu, and French lit.

Ya meldatesh por seguro en las gazetas ke el governo esta aparejando una ley grasias a la kuala no va aver mas estos terribles " bekchis " vinidos espesilamente de Anadol i los kualos kon sus espavoresientes sopas azian tanto espantar a todos akeyos ke tienen el koraje de durmir repozados en sus lechos.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 71:

Now you certainly read in the papers that the government is preparing a law thanks to whoever is no longer having more [of] these terrible ‘guards’, especially from Anadol, coming with their frightening clubs, terrifying everybody who has the courage the sleep soundly in bed.

(countable) bed (a piece of furniture, usually flat and soft, on which to rest or sleep)


bivo

head

bivo m (Latin spelling, feminine singular biva, masculine plural bivos, feminine plural bivas)

biva (feminine singular)
bivos (masculine plural)
bivas (feminine plural)

From Old Spanish bivo, inherited from Latin vīvus (“alive, living”). Cognate with Spanish vivo.


kaleja

La maale de los djudyos se topa en el sentro de la sivdad vyeja, toda la kaleja golyendo al miskle de flores, las plasas kon las pisinas, los arvoles de portokales kon los kortijos finos avyertos para ke los turistos vijiten.

2019, Şeli GAON, “Viyaje A Andalusia - 2”, in Şalom:

The Jewish district is located in the center of the old city, the whole street smelling of a mixture of flowers, the plazas with the swimming pools, the orange trees with the fine open patios for the tourists to visit.


namorado

נאמוראדו (Hebrew)
enamorado (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish enamorado (“beloved”). Cognate with Spanish enamorado.

inh+

La reyna Tantanhís sta namorada kon el negro ke tiene en su kaza.

1987, Moshé Ibn Ezra, translated by Reginetta Haboucha, edited by Matilda Koén-Sarano, El rey Shelomó i el pishkado de oro, Wayne State University Press, published 2004, →ISBN, page 317:

Queen Tantanhís is in love with the black one whom she has in her house.


namorado

lad-noun

namorado m (Hebrew spelling נאמוראדו, feminine namorada)

נאמוראדו (Hebrew)
namorada (feminine)
enamorado (alternative)

Entri en mar de el amor, vidi dos namorados atado uno kon otro eran muy aunados.

2006, Dr. Avner Perez, Agua Fuego i Amor: Gazeles i Kantes Mistikos de los Sabetaistas, מכון מעלה אדומים לתיוד השפה הספניולית ותרבותה בשיתוף עם מרכז משה דוד גאון לתרבות הלאדינו, →ISBN:

I entered the sea of love, [and] I saw two lovers bound together; they were deeply united.


bostezo

El bostezo va de boka en boka, komo el vino de bota en bota.

2006, Beki Albukrek Bardavid, Fani Aelion Ender, De punta pie a kavesa, Gözlem, page 39:

Yawning travels from mouth to mouth, as wine from wineskin to wineskin.


bostezo

first-person singular present indicative of bostezar


lavorar

De verdad, la pandemia es mas kolay fizikamente por los patrones i personas ke lavoran en buros.

2020 May 13, Nesi ALTARAS, “Syego de Las Klasas”, in Şalom:

Really, the pandemic is easier physically for bosses and people who work in offices.


kero

first-person singular present indicative of kerer


yevar

From Old Spanish [Term?], from Latin levāre.


anyada

La anyada de mi nasimiento


ayre

From Old Spanish ayre, from Latin āer, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).


sintir

סינטיר (Hebrew)
sintir (infinitive)
sintiendo (gerund)
sintyendo (gerund)
sintido (participle)
syento (first-person indicative present singular)
siento (first-person indicative present singular)
syentes (indicative present second-person singular)
sientes (indicative present second-person singular)
syente (indicative present singular)
siente (indicative present singular)
sentimos (indicative plural present)
sentísh (indicative plural present)
syenten (indicative plural present)
sienten (indicative plural present)
sintiya (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
sintiyas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
sintiya (imperfect indicative singular)
sintiyamos (imperfect indicative plural)
sintiyash (imperfect indicative plural)
sintiyan (imperfect indicative plural)
sintí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
sintites (indicative preterite second-person singular)
sintyó (indicative preterite singular)
sintió (indicative preterite singular)
sintimos (indicative plural preterite)
sintitesh (indicative plural preterite)
sintyeron (indicative plural preterite)
sintieron (indicative plural preterite)
sintiré (first-person future indicative singular)
sintirás (future indicative second-person singular)
sintirá (future indicative singular)
sintiremos (future indicative plural)
sintirásh (future indicative plural)
sintirán (future indicative plural)
sintiriya (conditional first-person indicative singular)
sintiriyas (conditional indicative second-person singular)
sintiriya (conditional indicative singular)
sintiriyamos (conditional indicative plural)
sintiriyash (conditional indicative plural)
sintiriyan (conditional indicative plural)
syenta (first-person present singular subjunctive)
sienta (first-person present singular subjunctive)
syentas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
sientas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
syenta (present singular subjunctive)
sienta (present singular subjunctive)
sintamos (plural present subjunctive)
syentamos (plural present subjunctive)
sintásh (plural present subjunctive)
syentásh (plural present subjunctive)
syentan (plural present subjunctive)
sientan (plural present subjunctive)
sintyera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
sintiera (first-person past singular subjunctive)
sintyeras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
sintieras (past second-person singular subjunctive)
sintyera (past singular subjunctive)
sintiera (past singular subjunctive)
sintyéramos (past plural subjunctive)
sintiéramos (past plural subjunctive)
sintyerash (past plural subjunctive)
sintierash (past plural subjunctive)
sintyeran (past plural subjunctive)
sintieran (past plural subjunctive)
syenta, sienta (imperative)
syente (imperative second-person)
siente (imperative second-person)
syenta, sienta (imperative singular)
sintamos, syentamos (imperative plural)
sinti (imperative plural)
sintid (imperative plural)
syentan, sientan (imperative plural)
no syenta, sienta (imperative)
no syentas (imperative second-person)
sientas (imperative second-person)
no syenta, sienta (imperative singular)
no sintamos, syentamos (imperative plural)
no sintásh (imperative plural)
syentásh (imperative plural)
no syentan, sientan (imperative plural)
sentir (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish sentir (“to feel”), from Latin sentīre.

inh+

“Sera komo un arvol plantado serka de la agua ke sus raizes estan asta el rio, raizes munças, no syente kalor, sus ojas kedan syempre freskas, no sufre en el anyo de sekura, i nunka keda de dar su fruto”.

2009, ירון בן־נאה, תורכיה, משרד החינוך, המזכירות הפדגוגית, המרכז לשילוב מורשת יהדות המזרח, page 190:

‘It shall be like a tree planted near water [in] that its roots, many roots, stretch to the river; it feels no heat, its always keeps it leaves fresh, not suffering in the year of drought, and it never ceases to give fruit.’

Kuando era chika en kaza sintia maz mucho.

When I was a little girl, I used to hear [Ladino] much more at home.

Ija de imigrantes djudios rusos ke aviyan sufriyido del aborresimyento i del antisemitizmo, se sintyo ke el aktivizmo sovre este sujeto era su dever.

2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom:

The daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants who had suffered from hatred and from antisemitism, she felt that activism on this subject was her duty.

(reflexive) to feel (think, believe, or have an impression concerning)


epístola

Borrowed from Late Latin epistola, from Ancient Greek ἐπιστολή (epistolḗ).


suegra

lad-noun

suegra f (Hebrew spelling סואיגרה, masculine suegro)

Inherited from Old Spanish suegra (“mother-in-law”), from Late Latin socra, from Latin socrus, from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂, whence German Schwieger/schwieger-.

inh+

Dayinda no ay un dia ke me kazi, i ya me ize madre, suegra i nona!

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 19:

There still isn’t a day [when] I married, and I already became a mother, mother-in-law, and grandmother!


hakim

From Arabic حَاكِم (ḥākim). Doublet of haham.


peyorativo

lad-adj

peyorativo (feminine peyorativa, masculine plural peyorativos, feminine plural peyorativas)

peyorativa (feminine)
peyorativos (masculine plural)
peyorativas (feminine plural)


exército

lad-noun

exército m (Hebrew spelling איגזירסיטו, plural exércitos)

Y quatro varones eran leproſas en entrada de la puerta: y dixeron cada uno a ſu cõpañero q̃ nos eſtãtes aqui faſta q̃ muramos? Si dixermos entremos a la ciudad y la fambre en la ciudad y moriremos alli: y si eﬅuviermos aqui y moriremos: y agora andad y traſfuyamos a real de Arã si nos abiviguaren biviremos y si nos mataren moriremos. Y alevãtarõſe en la noche pa venir a real de Aram: y vinierõ faſta cabo de real de Arã y he no alli varon. Y A. fizo oyr a real de Arã ſonido de q̃tregua y ſonido de cavallo ſonido de exercito grãde: y dixerõ cada uno a ſu hermano he alquiloo ſobre nos rey de Yſrael a reyes de los Hitim: y a reyes de Egypto pa venir ſobre nos.

1553, Biblia de Ferrara, Second Book of Kings 7:3-6

And there were four lepers at the entrance of the gate: and they said one to another: what mean we staying here till we die? If we shall say let us enter the city and there is famine in the city we shall die there: and if we will stay here, we shall die: so now ye go and let us flee across to the realm of Aram. If they revive us, we shall live and if they kill us, we shall die. And arising in the evening to go to the realm of Aram: and they came to the edge of the realm of Aram, and behold, they found no man there. And the Lord made the realm of Aram to hear the sound of chariots and sound of horses and sound of a great army: and they said one to another, behold the king of Israel hath hired against us the kings of the Hittites and the kings of Egypt to come upon us.


antisemitismo

אנטיסימיטיסמו

antisemitismo m (Hebrew spelling אנטיסימיטיסמו)

אנטיסימיטיסמו (Hebrew)


Fransia

פ׳ראנסייה (Hebrew)
Francia (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish Françia (“France”).

inh+

En Fransia la konsepsion del Imperio Otoritario va tomar fin, Napoleon III va sinyar un akordo ekonomik kon la Ingletiera. La Fransia akel tiempo estava en un ançeyamiento ekonomiko fuerte.

1997, Salamon Bicerano, Relatos en lingua judeo-espanyola, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., →ISBN, page 18:

In France the conception of the authorian empire is about to end; Napoleon III is to sign an economic agreement with England. France [at] that time was having strong economic growth.

France (a country located primarily in Western Europe)


dever

From Old Spanish dever, from Latin debeo, debere.

Devemos de akodrar i azer akodrar de este kavzo, ke se finalizo kon 11 milyones de viktimas entre eyos 6 milyones de djudios, para luchar kontra el antisemitizmo i el rasizmo.

We must remember and make others remember this event that ended with 11 million victims, among them 6 million Jews, to fight antisemitism and racism.


apretado

lad-adj

apretado (feminine apretada, masculine plural apretados, feminine plural apretadas)

apretada (feminine)
apretados (masculine plural)
apretadas (feminine plural)


kontra

Inherited from Old Spanish contra, from Latin contrā. Old Spanish had cuentra as well, with diphthongization of stressed Latin /ŏ/. As the word was generally atonic, the unstressed variant contra prevailed over time.

We must remember and make others remember this event that ended with 11 million victims, among them 6 million Jews, to fight against antisemitism and racism.

3 semanas antes, en el 15 de Marso egzaktamente, afito un atako kontra dos meshkitas en Christchurch.

2019 April 3, Metin DELEVİ, “Djudios en Christchurch i en la Mueva Zelanda?”, in Şalom:

Three weeks ago, on the 15th of March to be exact, there was an attack on two mosques in Christchurch.


kaldera

From Old Spanish caldera, from Late Latin caldāria~caldārium (“cooking-pot”).


kipa

Canetti lo deskrive komo un ombre onorable kon una maraviyoza barva blanka, kon una kipa i la vestimienta de los djudios de Maroko.

1990, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 41–44, page 17:

Canetti discribed him as an honorable man with a wonderful white beard, a kippah, and Moroccan Jewish clothing.

(Judaism, clothing) kippah (the cloth skullcap or yarmulke traditionally worn by male Jews)


ainda

La gerra Israel-Lebano, prevista al empesijo por unos kuantos dias, ainda kontinua.

2008, Klara PERAHYA, “La Prensa i la kriza en el Oriente Medyo”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

The Israel-Lebanon war, at first predicted to only last a few days, still continues.


almenara

From Old Spanish almenara, from Andalusian Arabic المَنَارَة (al-manára), ultimately from Arabic مَنَارَة (manāra).


izi

first-person singular preterite indicative of azer


arrivar

From Old Spanish arribar, from Early Medieval Latin adrīpāre. Compare Spanish arribar.


kolay

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قولای (modern Turkish kolay).

Ma de ves en kuando no es muy kolay de ir mas de tres oras asta aya, asperar unas kuantas oras en una siya si tenesh el mazal de toparla.

2019 May 22, Silvio & Eyal Ovadya, “Un evenimyento, una dicha/un proverbo”, in Şalom:

But sometimes it isn't very easy to go more than three hours there, wait for a few hours in a chair to see if you have the luck to encounter her.


soplo

Deverbal from soplar. Compare French soufflé.

Su grande oluk eskupia un fumo preto ke bolava de todas partes segun el soplo del ayre.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 52:

Its big chimney was spitting out a black smoke that was hovering everywhere, following the gusting air.

Detenyendo sus soplo los selaniklis asperavan otros kolpos ke ivan a indikar en kual kuartyer avia fuego.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 184:

Delaying their exhalation, the Thessalonians awaited other strikes that were to indicate in which quarter the fire was.


soplo

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of soplar


topar

La maale de los djudyos se topa en el sentro de la sivdad vyeja, toda la kaleja golyendo al miskle de flores, las plasas kon las pisinas, los arvoles de portokales kon los kortijos finos avyertos para ke los turistos vijiten.

The Jewish district is located in the center of the old city, the whole street smelling of a mixture of flowers, the plazas with the swimming pools, the orange trees with the fine open patios for the tourists to visit.


mueve

Inherited from Old Spanish nueve (“nine”), from Latin novem, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥. Cognate with Portuguese nove, Spanish nueve, and more distantly Yiddish נײַן (nayn).

inh+

Una demanyana, ayá a las mueve, ensupitó entraron en la kazika onde morávamos en Mombaroccio dos soldados almanes kon dos geynas muertas en la mano.

2006, Matilda Koén‐Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 80:

One morning at nine, two German soldiers with two dead hens in hand suddenly entered the little house in Mombaroccio where we were living.


mueve

third-person singular present indicative of mover


amarga

lad-adj

amarga (masculine amargo, masculine plural amargos, feminine plural amargas)

amargo (masculine)
amargos (masculine plural)
amargas (feminine plural)


izo

third-person singular preterite indicative of azer


istoria

lad-noun

istoria f (Hebrew spelling איסטורייה, plural istorias)

איסטורייה (Hebrew)
istorias (plural)
estoria (alternative)
estorya (alternative)
historia (alternative)
istoriya (alternative)
istorya (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish estoria, istoria, from Latin historia, from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía). Compare Spanish historia.

En konkluzión podemos dizir ke através las enfluensas kulinarias i linguístikas resiprokas entre las varias kuzinas en el tiempo, es posible rekonstruir las fazas de istoria de los puevlos.

2003, Sefárdica, numbers 14–16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, page 74:

In conclusion, we can say that through the reciprocal linguistic and culinary influences between the various cuisines of the time, it is possible to reconstruct the peoples’ phases of history.


ligado

From Old Spanish figado (compare Spanish hígado), from Late Latin fīcātum (“liver”), from Latin iecur fīcātum (“fig-stuffed liver”).

inh

Todos los ke vinieron pudieron komer ligado d’Andirne (Edirne Ciğeri) mizmo kasher, albondigas (koftes) i sarsicha (sucuk) kon salatas.

All who came could eat Edirne liver even kosher, meatballs (koftas) and sausages (soudjouk) with salads.


milenio

No tenemos una ancha informasion ni detalios klaros i exaktos sovre una prezensia djudia en Londra antes del primer milenio.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 13:

We have neither a great deal of information nor clear and exact details regarding a Jewish presence in London before the first millennium.

(countable) millennium (a period of time consisting of one thousand years)


agüera

Possibly from Old Spanish aguero (omen), or from Latin hāc hōrā. Compare Ladino agora, Occitan engüèra.


Espanya

איספאנייה (Hebrew)
España (alternative)
Spanya (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish Espanna (“Iberian Peninsula”), from Latin Hispānia, possibly derived from the Punic אי שפן (I-Shaphan, “coast of hyraxes”).

der

Holonym: Iberia

Al prinsipio se topava Mordehay Paltzur, ke es el shefe de la Divizión del Protokolo del Ministero, i después el Embasador espanyol, el Rey, el Prezidente del Estado, Ezer Weizman, su dama, i a la fin la Reyna de Espanya.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 370:

Initially Mordehay Paltzur, who is the head of the Minister's Protocol Dvision, was found, and then the Spanish ambassador [was found too, as well as] the king, the state's president, Ezer Weizman, his wife, and finally the Queen of Spain.

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


aluenga

Possibly from Aragonese luenga, ultimately from Latin lingua.


meza

Inherited from Vulgar Latin mēsa, from Latin mēnsa. Cognate with Bengali মেজ (mej), Hindi मेज़ (mez), and Malayalam മേശ (mēśa).

El etaj de abasho tiene una guertizika delantre, kon siyas i meza i Rivka vistida de un fostan ancho a la Espanyola kon una roza en la sien, asentada, trikotando i asperando a su marido ke es vendedor de limones en el shuk (bazar).

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 280:

The floor below has a small garden inside, with chairs and [a] table, and Rivka wore a wide dress like the Spaniard with a rose on her temple, sitting, crocheting and waiting for her husband, who is a lemon vendor at the market.

La primera koza dunke ke se nota en la kuzina djudeo‐espanyola es la manera turka de azer kada día el arroz, ke se kome en grandes kantidades i no manka ni un día en la meza del djudío proveniente del Impero Otomano.

2003, Sefárdica, numbers 14–16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, page 70:

The first thing noted in the Judaeo‐Spanish kitchen is the Turkish style of making rice daily, which is eaten in great quantities and is never absent for one day from the table of the Jew originating from the Ottoman Empire.

(countable) table (furniture with a top surface to accommodate a variety of uses)


buenos dias

בואינוס דיאס (Hebrew)
buenos días (alternative)
buenos diyas (alternative)
bwenos dias (alternative)

Buenos dias, vine por kudyado a saver komo se passo la entrevista de anoche.

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 211:

Good morning, I carefully came [here] to know how the interview went last night.


santidad

סאנטידאד (Hebrew)

Torno el rey i se enkorvo a la Ley i komando ke le izieran un buen almario a guadrarlo en el kon muncha santidad, i toda akeya kamara ke este muy limpia i bien asentada.

2006, יעקב כולי, מעם לועז בראשית: לקט : בצירוף מבואות, גלוסאר ומפתחות, הוצאת מכון מעלה אדומים, →ISBN, page 209:

The king returned and he knelt to the Law and commanded that they made a good closet with much holiness in which to keep it, and that that entire room be very clean and well settled.


durmir

Inherited from Old Spanish dormir, from Latin dormīre, dormiō, from Proto-Italic *dormiō (“sleep”), from Proto-Indo-European *drem- (“run, sleep”).

Ombre mortal, porke doermes? Es tiempo ke roghes i te coniores
Az orasion, emplora el pardon del sinior de los siniores
Antes ke tus diias se terminen, corijate de tus ovras piores
El dio del sielo te aiudara, si onde el con prisa cores
Fuie de revelios i malisias, pensa ke ai castigo i dolores
Dio! cudia de tu poevlo Israel tus fideles i tus servidores

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 5:

Mortal, why do you sleep? ’Tis time that you beg and complain. Pray, beg for the King of Kings’ forgiveness; before your days end, mend your worst deeds. The god of the sky shall help you, if you run hastily whither he [is]. Flee from felonies and wickednesses; worry that there is punishment and pains. God! Take care of your people: Israel, your faithful and your servants.

(reflexive) to fall asleep (commence resting)


mashala

From Arabic مَا شَاءَ ٱللّٰه (mā šāʔa llāh).

bor

مَا شَاءَ ٱللّٰه

Arabic مَا شَاءَ ٱللّٰه (mā šāʔa llāh)

An indication of excitement, surprise or astonishment.


subjetivo

lad-adj

subjetivo (feminine subjetiva, masculine plural subjetivos, feminine plural subjetivas)

subjetiva (feminine)
subjetivos (masculine plural)
subjetivas (feminine plural)


consejos

lad-noun

consejos m pl (Hebrew spelling קונסיזﬞוס)

קונסיזﬞוס (Hebrew)


metimos

first-person plural preterite indicative of meter


agra

lad-adj

agra (masculine agro, masculine plural agros, feminine plural agras)

agro (masculine)
agros (masculine plural)
agras (feminine plural)


verdades

lad-noun

verdades f pl (Hebrew spelling בﬞירדאדﬞיס)

בﬞירדאדﬞיס (Hebrew)


מוזיקה

מוזיקה f (Latin spelling muzika, plural מוזיקאס or מוזיקות)

muzika (romanization)
מוזיקאס (plural)
מוזיקות (plural)


mortaja

From Old Spanish [Term?], from Latin mortualia.


ajena

lad-adj

ajena (masculine ajeno, masculine plural ajenos, feminine plural ajenas)

ajeno (masculine)
ajenos (masculine plural)
ajenas (feminine plural)


sielo

סיילו (Hebrew)
cielo (alternative)
syelo (alternative)

I el sol es de dos modos kontrarios uno de otro, ke la parte ke esta para la tierra es de fuego, ma la otra parte ke da para el sielo es de pedrisko, ke kon esto se konserva uno kon otro, i el envierno tiene la vanda del pedrisko para la tierra i ansi aze muncho friyo, i si no fuera ke la otra vanda es de fuego, no era posivle ke pudieran la djente sonportarlo.

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 66:

And the sun is of two phases contrary to one another: the part for the earth is fire, yet the other part for the sky is hail, one with the other is kept with this, and winter has hail's side for the earth, making it very cold, and if it weren't for the other side, the fiery one, it would not be possible that people could bear it.

sky (the atmosphere above a given point, especially as visible from the surface of the Earth as the place where the sun, moon, stars, and clouds are seen)


malah

lad-noun

malah m (Hebrew spelling מלאך, plural malahím)


ermano

From Old Spanish ermano (compare Spanish hermano), from Vulgar Latin germānus, from Latin germānus.


keilá

keilá f (Hebrew spelling קהילה, plural keilás or keilot)

קהילה (Hebrew)
keilás (plural)
keilot (plural)
kehil.la (alternative)


sefardí

sefardí m (Hebrew spelling ספרדי, plural sefardím)

ספרדי (Hebrew)
sefardím (plural)
sefaradi (alternative)


gostar

From Old Spanish gostar, from Latin gustō. Compare Spanish gustar, Portuguese gostar.


fuersa

פ׳ואירסה (Hebrew)
fuarsa (alternative)
fuerza (alternative)
huersa (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish fuerça, from Late Latin fortia, from Latin fortis, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“fort”).

Se yamo este livro Tsits Refua porke al modo de el tsits es una nada legabe de el arvol, kon todo tiene en su fuersa i es kolel un arvol entero kon sus flores i frutos, ansi este livro aunke es una nada legabe de la hohma de la dotoria, kon todo, meldandolo i entendiendolo bien se topa ke es kolel toda la hohma.

1989, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 10, number 40, page 30:

This book is called Calico Treatment because calico’s way is nothing compared to the tree’s, with everything in its power, and an entire tree is a collection with flowers and fruits, thus while this book is nothing compared to doctorhood’s wisdom, despite everything, reading it and understanding it well it is found to be a collection of all wisdom.

Abashó del arvolé, i kon sus últimas fuersas se fue verso esta luz.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Vejés liviana, נור הפקות, page 73:

He climbed down from the tree, and with its last powers it went towards this light.

En los tres otros dias de la marcha las kozas se pasaron de la mizma manera, i solo mi fuersa me se fuiya mas i mas, la kanseria se aumentava i se empatronava de mi puerpo entero, i mi kaminada me azia grande pezgadia.

2007, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, Las angustias del enferno: las pasadias de un djidio de Saloniki en los kampos de eksterminasion almanes Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk i Ebensee, Sentro Moshe David Gaon de Kultura Djudeo-Espanyola, Universidad Ben-Gurion del Negev, →ISBN, page 103:

In the three days of marching things happened the same way, only my energy was draining more and more, my fatigue worsening and seizing my entire body, and it was harder to walk.

Kuando Almanya atako este paiz, en Mayo 1940, el entro komo kapitan en las fuersas armadas ʻholandezas, lucho kon eroizmo kontra los almanes i kayo prizionero kuando ʻHolanda fue okupada por los nazistas.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68–72, page 6:

When Germany attacked this country in May 1940, he stepped in as captain of the Netherlandish armed forces, fought heroically against the Germans, and became [a] prisoner when the German Fascists occupied the Netherlands.


exércitos

exércitos m pl (Hebrew spelling איגזירסיטוס)

איגזירסיטוס (Hebrew)

plural of exército (“army, host, multitude of soldiers”)


יום כפור

bor

Hebrew יום כפור

אירה אונה די אקילייאס מאדֿרוגאדֿאס פֿריסקאס אי טיירנאס אין איל מיס די סיפטימברי, אינטרי ראש השנה אי יום כפור.

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

It was one of those fresh, tender early mornings in the month of September, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.


ashugar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic الشوار (aš-šiwár), from Arabic شَوَار (šawār), شِوَار (šiwār). Compare Spanish ajuar.

trousseau, bridal jewelry, dowry, hope chest, glory box


kartof

From Bulgarian карто́ф (kartóf), from German Kartoffel.

(Sarajevo, Skopje, Sofia)


karne

Inherited from Old Spanish carne (“meat”), from Latin carnem (“flesh; meat”) or its ablative carne, from Proto-Italic *karō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off”). Compare Catalan carn, Italian carne, Portuguese carne, Romanian carne.

der

Durante la gerra, kuando estávamos en Mombaroccio, el papá refuzó siempre de komer karne de puerko i de bestias muertas.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, Nur Afakot, page 78:

During the war, when we were in Mombaroccio, dad always refused to eat meat from pigs and dead animals.


פובלאסיון

From Old Spanish [Term?] (compare Spanish población).


גיוגראפייה

lad-noun

גיוגראפייה f (Latin spelling jeografiya)

From Ancient Greek γεωγραφία (geōgraphía) through Latin geōgraphia.

lad:גיוגראפייה


alefbet

From Hebrew אָלֶפְבֵּית (alefbeyt, “alphabet”).


mediko

lad-noun

mediko m (Hebrew spelling מידיקו, plural medikos)

מידיקו (Hebrew)
medikos (plural)
medico (alternative)
médiko (alternative)
medko (alternative)

Su fama komo mediko le vino en una epidemia de pesta ke kombatio kon sistemas modernos.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 31:

His fame as a physician came to him in an epidemic that he fought with modern systems.


papú

From Byzantine Greek παππούς (pappoús), from Ancient Greek παππίας (pappías), diminutive form of πάππας (páppas, “daddy”).


dolap

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish دولاب (dolap), from Persian دولاب (dolâb, “closet”).


turko

Inherited from Old Spanish turco (“Turk”).

inh+

I ala onze [6 AM], ala turka, vinyeron en grande akompanyamyento delos askyeres turkos adelantre i detras, kompanyas de soldados de kada nasyon ke fueron dezbarkados delas naves, djunto todos los viche-amirales i komandantes, i ofisyeres de kada nave ke se topo en muestro porto.

19th century, Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, translated by Isaac Jerusalmi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 276:

And at eleven [6 A.M.], a great escort of Turkish soldiers came ahead of and behind the Turk; companies of soldiers from every nation disembarked from the ships, together with all the vice-admirals, commanders, and officers from every ship found in our port.

Turkish (of or pertaining to Turkey, the Turkish people or the Turkish language)


turko

lad-noun

turko m (Hebrew spelling טורקו, feminine turka)

טורקו (Hebrew)
turka (feminine)
turco (alternative)

El no puede aspirar tambyén a un empyego kualunkue en las imprezas públikas, komo los tramvuayes, los kaminos de fyerro i otras semežantes, pues ke el estado egziže ofisyalmente de estas imprezas de konžedyar los empyegados turkos no musulmanos i de rezervar por endelantre estos empyegos a·los turkos musulmanos solamente.

(Can we date this quote?), David Fresco, edited by Christoph Herzog, Richard Wittmann, Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930, Taylor & Francis, published 2018, →ISBN, page 105:

He cannot aspire to an any employment in the public initiatives, like the tramways, the iron roads, or elsewhat, given that of these initiatives the state officially exists to free the non-Muslim Turks and to reserve from now on these initiatives solely for Turkish Muslims.

Turk (human from Turkey or of Turkish ethnicity)


turko

Mi padre tambyen favlava el ladino ma konoseva de mas el turko, el franses i el grego, ke favlava sin el mizmo aksento ke teniyamos, los otros, i pareseva grego halis.

2000, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 9:

My father also spoke Judezmo but he knew more Turkish, French and Greek; he spoke without the same accent that we ourselves had, and he seemed like [an] authentic Greek.

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Turkish (the official language of Turkey, Republic of Cyprus (alongside Greek) and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus)


דיו

Cognate to Spanish Dios; the final S was removed by folk etymology, to emphasise the oneness of God. From Latin deus, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós.

בנדיגֿו מואישטרו דיו, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו שינייור, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו ריאי, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו שלבדור

Blessed be our God, Blessed be our Lord, Blessed be our King, Blessed be our Saviour.

Bendicho muestro Dyo, bendicho muestro Senyor, bendicho muestro Rey, bendicho muestro Salvador.


riza

Inherited from Latin rīsa, neuter plural perfect passive participle of rīdeō. Also possibly gender-flipped from risus, which means "laughter".

Con alegría, riza y pizzoteares, vos entre Purim.

2012, Alicia Sisso Raz, “Los Masapanes de Purim”, in Voces de Ḥaketía:

May Purim enter you with pleasure, laughter and trampling.


סינסיה

From Latin scientia. Compare to Spanish ciencia.


קולטורה

קולטורה f (Latin spelling kultura, plural קולטוראס)

kultura (romanization)
קולטוראס (plural)


פאלאברה

פאלאברה f (Latin spelling palavra, plural פאלאבראס)

palavra (romanization)
פאלאבראס (plural)

Metathetic form of Old Spanish parabla, from Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ, “comparison; parable”).


פאלאבראס

פאלאברה פאלאברה#Ladino


סונידו

lad-noun

סונידו m (Latin spelling sonido, plural סונידוס)


קהילה

he-m

קהילה / קְהִלָּה (k'hilá)


ויקיפידיה

lad:ויקיפידיה


Vikipedia

ויקיפידיה (Hebrew)


ansiklopedia

lad-noun

אנסיקלופידיה

ansiklopedia f (Hebrew spelling אנסיקלופידיה, plural ansiklopedias)

אנסיקלופידיה (Hebrew)
ansiklopedias (plural)


אנסיקלופידיה

אנסיקלופידיאס

אנסיקלופידיה f (Latin spelling ansiklopedia, plural אנסיקלופידיאס)

ansiklopedia (romanization)
אנסיקלופידיאס (plural)

lad:אנסיקלופידיה


arkeolojiya

ארקיולוג׳ייה

arkeolojiya f (Hebrew spelling ארקיולוג׳ייה)

ארקיולוג׳ייה (Hebrew)


astronomiya

astronomiya f (Hebrew spelling אסטרונומייה)

אסטרונומייה (Hebrew)


biolojiya

biolojiya f (Hebrew spelling בייולוג׳ייה)

בייולוג׳ייה (Hebrew)


נאטורה

From Old Spanish natura, from Latin nātūra.


ארטי

ארטי (Latin spelling arte, plural ארטיס)


dirito

dirito m (Hebrew spelling דיריג׳ו, usually uncountable)

law (body of rules and standards issued by a government)


mitolojiya

mitolojiya f (Hebrew spelling מיטולוג׳ייה)

מיטולוג׳ייה (Hebrew)

From Latin mythologia, from Ancient Greek μυθολογία (muthología, “legend”) μυθολογέω (muthologéō, “I tell tales”), from μυθολόγος (muthológos, “legend”), from μῦθος (mûthos, “story”) + λέγω (légō, “I say”).


relijion

lad-noun

relijion f (Hebrew spelling ריליג׳ייון, plural relijiones)

ריליג׳ייון (Hebrew)
relijiones (plural)
relijión (alternative)

From Latin religiō, religiōnem (“scrupulousness”, “pious misgivings”, “superstition”, “conscientiousness”, “sanctity”, “an object of veneration”, “cult-observance”, “reverence”), from religō (“I bind back or behind”), from re + ligō (“I tie, bind, or bandage”).


קולטוראס

קולטורה קולטורה#Ladino


relijiozo

lad-adj

relijiozo (feminine relijioza, masculine plural relijiozos, feminine plural relijiozas)

relijioza (feminine)
relijiozos (masculine plural)
relijiozas (feminine plural)


konkubina

קונקובינה (Hebrew)


antojos

אנטוז׳וס (Hebrew)

O si no, te metes antojos de kolor para verlas blu, rose asigun te plazen.

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 244:

If not, you are putting on coloured glasses to see them in blue [or] pink, just the way that they like it.

(plural only) glasses; eyeglasses; spectacles


olam

עולם (Hebrew)
'olam (alternative)
olám (alternative)

El criyo con forma djente se munchiguen i en olam podesten!

1970, Annual, volumes 5–7, The Organization, page 177:

He created humanity with form [so that it] may multiply and dominate the world!

[…] i ya se fweron a su olam.⁶

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, Voices from Jewish Salonika, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 33:


amor

Inherited from Old Spanish amor, from Latin amōrem.


apretada

apretada (masculine apretado, masculine plural apretados, feminine plural apretadas)

apretado (masculine)
apretados (masculine plural)
apretadas (feminine plural)


fota

From Greek φώτα (fóta, “lights”), ultimately from Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs), φᾰ́ος (phắos), from Proto-Hellenic *pʰáos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂os, from *bʰeh₂- (“shine”).

the moment when work, motion, traffic reaches its highest intensity


interes

אינטיריס (Hebrew)

Los reproducimos, aqui con placer, siendo seguros que nuestros lectores hebraisantes los leeran con vivo interes.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 380:

We repoduce them here, with place, being sure that our Hebraist readers shall read them with great interest.


kulpa

Learned borrowing from Latin culpa; cf. the inherited Old Spanish colpa. Cognate with Spanish culpa.

En supito me te fuites,
Sin kulpa i sin pekado.

1986, Haïm-Vidal Sephiha, Le judéo-espagnol, Entente, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 172:

Suddenly you went to me without guilt and without sin.

Para mi, una transmision de una estoria ke dezgrasiadamente no m'ambezi por falta de interlokutores, i sovre todo por kulpa miya.

2006, Los Muestros, numbers 65–73, R. Capuia, page 7:

For me, I am unfortunately not learning a story's transmission because of the interlocutors' mistake, and above all through my fault.


kulpa

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

third-person singular present indicative of kulpar

second-person singular imperative of kulpar


konejo

Inherited from Old Spanish conejo, from Latin cuniculus.


etaj

El etaj de abasho tiene una guertizika delantre, kon siyas i meza i Rivka vistida de un fostan ancho a la Espanyola kon una roza en la sien, asentada, trikotando i asperando a su marido ke es vendedor de limones en el shuk (bazar).

1996, Sara Benveniste Benrey, edited by Yossi Benbenisty, Espertando el djudeo espanyol: poemas realidas i philosophia, kantes, sketches, piesas de teatro, Yossi Benbenisty, page 280:

The floor below has a small garden inside, with chairs and [a] table, and Rivka wore a wide dress like the Spaniard with a rose on her temple, sitting, crocheting and waiting for her husband, who is a lemon vendor at the market.

(architecture, countable) floor (a storey/story of a building)


pazi

From Ottoman Turkish: پازی (pazı), from a dialectal form of Armenian բազուկ (bazuk).

Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris#Translingual


vaye

Inherited from Old Spanish valle (“dale”).

inh+

Yo estare ayi, kuando tus ojos groteskamente afeytados se serraran sovre este vaye de afrisyon.

2003, Nuestra memoria, numbers 22–24, Fundación Memoria del Holocausto, page 29:

I shall be there when your grotesquely embellished eyes close to this valley of torment.


jeografiya

lad-noun

jeografiya f (Hebrew spelling גיוגראפייה)

גיוגראפייה (Hebrew)

From Ancient Greek γεωγραφία (geōgraphía) through Latin geōgraphia.


sensia

סינסיה (Hebrew)
sensya (alternative)
siensia (alternative)
siensya (alternative)
syensia (alternative)
syensya (alternative)
סיינסייה (alternative)
סינסייה (alternative)

From Old Spanish sçiençia or sciencia (“knowledge”), borrowed from Latin scientiam (“knowledge”). Compare to Spanish ciencia.


poblasyón

פובלאסיון (Hebrew)

From Old Spanish [Term?] (compare Spanish población).


arrozal

arrozales (plural)
arozal (alternative)
ארוזאל (alternative)

paddy, rice paddy (field where rice is grown)


mercedes

mercedes f pl (Hebrew spelling מירסידﬞיס)

מירסידﬞיס (Hebrew)


kasap

From Ottoman Turkish قصاب (kassâb), from Arabic قَصَّاب (qaṣṣāb).


musafir

From Ottoman Turkish مسافر (müsâfir, “guest”), from Arabic مُسافِر (musāfir, “traveller”).


haham

lad-noun

haham m (Hebrew spelling חכם, plural hahamim)


סקולה

From Latin schola, from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ).


ספרדים

ספרדי ספרדי#Ladino


ensima

Ayi ensima, los bilbilis i los pasharos se dan rendevu por kantar i por alavar la gloria del dia.

Up there, the nightingales and other birds meet each other to sing praises of the day's glory.


abafar

אבאפֿאר (Hebrew)
abafar (infinitive)
aver abafado (infinitive multiword-construction)
abafando (gerund)
aviendo abafado (gerund multiword-construction)
abafado (masculine participle past singular)
abafados (masculine participle past plural)
abafada (feminine participle past singular)
abafadas (feminine participle past plural)
abafo (first-person indicative present singular)
abafas (indicative present second-person singular)
abafa (indicative present singular third-person)
abafamos (first-person indicative plural present)
abafáx (indicative plural present second-person)
abafan (indicative plural present third-person)
abafava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abafavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abafava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abafávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abafavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abafavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abafí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
abafates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
abafó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
abafimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
abafatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
abafaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
abafaré (first-person future indicative singular)
abafarás (future indicative second-person singular)
abafará (future indicative singular third-person)
abafaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
abafaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
abafarán (future indicative plural third-person)
abafaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
abafarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
abafaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
abafaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
abafaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
abafarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
abafe (first-person present singular subjunctive)
abafes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
abafe (present singular subjunctive third-person)
abafemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
abaféx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
abafen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
abafara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
abafaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abafara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abafáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abafarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abafaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abafa (imperative second-person singular)
abafad (imperative plural second-person)
no abafes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no abaféx (imperative negative plural second-person)


avlar

Alternative form of favlar (“to speak, talk”)


ריליג׳ייון

From Latin religiō, religiōnem (“scrupulousness; pious misgivings; superstition; conscientiousness; sanctity; an object of veneration; cult-observance; reverence”), from religō (“I bind back or behind”), from re + ligō (“I tie, bind, or bandage”).


טו

From Latin tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


כומו

From Old Spanish commo, from Latin quomŏdo (“in what way”).


מואישטרו

From Latin noster (compare Spanish nuestro).


מואישטרו

בנדיגֿו מואישטרו דיו, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו שינייור, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו ריאי, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו שלבדור - Bendicho muestro Dyo, bendicho muestro Senyor, bendicho muestro Rey, bendicho muestro Salvador.


קיין

From Latin quĕm, accusative of qui. Compare Spanish quién.


ריאי

Ein Keloheinu:
בנדיגֿו מואישטרו דיו, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו שינייור, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו ריאי, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו שלבדור
Bendicho muestro Dyo, bendicho muestro Senyor, bendicho muestro Rey, bendicho muestro Salvador.
Blessed be our God, Blessed be our Lord, Blessed be our King, Blessed be our Saviour.


בנדיגֿו

בנדיגֿו מואישטרו דיו, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו שינייור, בנדיגֿו מואישטרו ריאי,בנדיגֿו מואישטרו שלבדור - Bendicho muestro Dyo, bendicho muestro Senyor, bendicho muestro Rey, bendicho muestro Salvador.


ija

From Old Spanish fija (compare Spanish hija), from Latin fīlia.


ijo

lad-noun

ijo m (Hebrew spelling איז׳ו, plural ijos)

איז׳ו (Hebrew)
ijos (plural)
fijo (alternative)

From Old Spanish fijo, from Latin fīlius. Compare Spanish hijo.


albondiga

From Arabic بُنْدُقَة (bunduqa, “hazelnut”), from Ancient Greek Ποντικόν κάρυον (Pontikón káruon). Compare Spanish albóndiga and Portuguese almôndega.

der

Ποντικόν κάρυον

Todos los ke vinieron pudieron komer ligado d’Andirne (Edirne Ciğeri) mizmo kasher, albondigas (koftes) i sarsicha (sucuk) kon salatas.

2019 May 22, Silvio & Eyal Ovadya, “Un evenimyento, una dicha/un proverbo”, in Şalom:

All who came could eat Edirne liver even kosher, meatballs (koftas) and sausages (soudjouk) with salads.


kien

I kien se kedó en la tienda?

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Vejés liviana, נור הפקות, page 167:


Kartago

Carthage (an ancient city in North Africa, in modern Tunisia)

Carthage (an ancient civilisation in North Africa, centred on the city of Carthage)


arta

lad-adj

arta (masculine arta, masculine plural artos, feminine plural artas)

arta (masculine)
artos (masculine plural)
artas (feminine plural)


demet

From Ottoman Turkish دمت (demet), from Greek δεμάτι (demáti, “bale of hay”).


hamam

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حمام (hamam), from Arabic حَمَّام (ḥammām).


kirurgo

From Italian chirurgo < Latin chīrurgus.


turka

La primera koza dunke ke se nota en la kuzina djudeo‐espanyola es la manera turka de azer kada día el arroz, ke se kome en grandes kantidades i no manka ni un día en la meza del djudío proveniente del Impero Otomano.

2003, Sefárdica, numbers 14–16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, page 70:

The first thing noted in the Judaeo‐Spanish kitchen is the Turkish style of making rice daily, which is eaten in great quantities and is never absent for one day from the table of the Jew originating from the Ottoman Empire.


turka

I ala onze [6 AM], ala turka, vinyeron en grande akompanyamyento delos askyeres turkos adelantre i detras, kompanyas de soldados de kada nasyon ke fueron dezbarkados delas naves, djunto todos los viche-amirales i komandantes, i ofisyeres de kada nave ke se topo en muestro porto.


lodola

From Vulgar Latin *alaudula, diminutive of Latin alauda, of Gaulish origin.


muncho

מונגﬞו (Hebrew)
mucho (alternative)
muchu (alternative)
munço (alternative)
munĉo (alternative)
muntcho (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish mucho (“much”), from Latin multum (“much”).

inh+

Munchas grasias!

O porke el ke se empresto el livro se olvida, o porke se averguensa de darlo atras manchado o arazgado, o mizmo porke, segun akontese munchas vezes, el es un bibliofil para el kual es difisil de separarse de un livro ke le paso por la mano, el fakto es ke por una o otra de estas razones i munchas mas, los livros emprestados a otros raramente tornan a sus lugar, en la biblioteka del ken los empresto.

2001, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 22, page 82:

Either because he who lent the book forgot it, or because it shames one to give it back stained or torn, or even because, as it happens many times, he is a bibliophile for whom it is difficult to separate himself from a book that spent time in his hand, the fact is that for one or another of these reasons and many more, books lent to others rarely return to their place: in the library of who borrowed them.


muncho

La madre de mi esfuegra Lea, teniya un ermano muncho mas grande de eya ke se yamava Izak. Izak era el mas grande de los 5 ermanos i era muy seriozo.

2019 November 27, Eliz Gatenyo, “Las Lentejas Del Onkl Izak”, in Şalom:

My mother-in-law’s mother Lea had a brother much bigger than her whose name was Izak. Izak was the biggest of the three brothers and was very serious.


muncho

Akoruto, kuando afita una trajediya, munchos bushkan a deskuvrir un lado positivo.

2019 February 27, Metin DELEVİ, “El Samuray ke salvo a miles de djudios de los nazis”, in Şalom:

Often, when a tragedy takes place, many people try to discover a positive side.


Dyo

Cognate to Spanish Dios; the final S was removed by folk etymology, to emphasise the oneness of God. From Latin deus, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós.


nufus

En 1923, se modernizo la identidad de las personas, pero a unos ermanos de mi Papu le metieron en el nufus la alkunya Rodrik, i a la otra mitad de la famiya, la alkunya Rodriges.

2007, Hernán Rodriguez Fisse, “Alkunya Rodrik o Rodriguez”, in El Amaneser, section 27:


fierro

From Old Spanish fierro, from Latin ferrum.


danyo

first-person singular present indicative of danyar


ovra

lad-noun

ovra f (Hebrew spelling אוב׳רה, plural ovras)

Inherited from Old Spanish obra, inherited from Latin opera, from opus. The original form in Old Spanish was huebra, which was later influenced by the verb obrar and generalized to obra. Doublet of opera.

Tu sos envestido i envelupado de giustidad, a ti solo apartiene la sopirioridad
Si no ai en nozotros ovras ⁴) boenas, acodrate de noestros padres i de sus santedad.
Siempre los tengas en tu memoria i apiada a tu comunidad

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 12:

You are dressed and enveloped with justice, only to you does superiority belong; were good deeds absent from us, remind yourself of our fathers and their holiness. You always have them in memory; rescue your people.


ovra

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

third-person singular present indicative of ovrar


נון

ביינאבﬞינטוראדﬞו איל בﬞארון קי נון אנדה אין קונסיזﬞו די מאלוס.

Bienaventurado el varon que non anda en consejo de malos.

Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked.


partajar

From French partager, from partage + -er. Displaced partir in the sense of "to share, to divide".


lovo

Inherited from Old Spanish lobo, lovo, from Latin lupus, which was borrowed from an Oscan-Umbrian language, from Proto-Italic *lukʷos, metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Romance cognates include French loup, Italian lupo, Galician, Portuguese, and Spanish lobo, & Romanian lup.

Djohá no ezita a tratar mizmo kon el Dio: le propoza un grande korbán kuando está en períkolo de vinir komido por el lovo, ma se arrepiente kuando se salva (paj. 313).

1991, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Djoha ke dize? Kuentos populares djudeo‐espanyoles, כנה:

Djohá does not hesitate to deal with even God: [Djohá] proposes a great sacrifice to Him when [Djohá] is in danger of being eaten by the wolf, but reconsiders when [Djohá] is saved.

(countable) wolf (Canis lupus; the largest wild member of the canine subfamily)


ekonomiko

head

ekonomiko m (f ekonomika, m pl ekonomikos, f pl ekonomikas)

kontribusiones ekonomikas


metio

third-person singular preterite indicative of meter


eskapi

first-person singular preterite indicative of eskapar


asetuna

Borrowed from Arabic اَلزَّيْتُون (az-zaytūn) (compare Spanish aceituna).

bor

اَلزَّيْتُون


niftar

head

niftar (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling נפטר)


chapines

lad-noun

chapines m pl (Hebrew spelling ג׳אפיניס)

ג׳אפיניס (Hebrew)


באלטה

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish بالطه (balta).


ביל

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish بل (bel, “waist”).


מוּז׳יר

From Old Spanish mugier, muger, from Latin mulier.


shavón

From Old Spanish xabon, from Latin sāpō, sāpōnem (compare Spanish jabón).


שאבון

shavón (romanization)
שאב׳ון (alternative)

From Latin sāpō, sāpōnem (compare Spanish jabón).


ראקי

Borrowed from Turkish rakı, from Arabic عَرَقِيّ (ʕaraqiyy, “of liquor”), from عَرَق (ʕaraq).


kavod

כבוד (Hebrew)
kabod (alternative)
kavo (alternative)

der

Hebrew כָּבוֹד


orozo

lad-adj

orozo (feminine oroza, masculine plural orozos, feminine plural orozas)

oroza (feminine)
orozos (masculine plural)
orozas (feminine plural)

Sus madre viendolos tristes i abatidos les disho: Mis ijos, basta de kreyer solo en la rikeza. La persona verderamente oroza es la ke se kontenta kon lo ke le dio el Dió.

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1, page 6:

Their mother, seeing them sad and humbled, said to them: My children, stop believing only in wealth. The person who is truly happy is the one who is content with what God has given them.


כבוד

kavod (romanization)
כּב׳וד (alternative)

der

Hebrew כָּבוֹד


azno

Inherited from Old Spanish asno, from Latin asinus.


asur

head

asur (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling אסור)


purimlik

lad-noun

purimlik f (Hebrew spelling פורימליק, plural purimlikes)


פורימליק

From Hebrew פורים (Purim) + -lik (from Turkish -lik).


portokal

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پورتقال (portokal).

bor+

pertukal (alternative)
portukal (alternative)


אאי

From Vulgar Latin *ad ibī (“to/at there”), from Latin ad (“to, toward, at”) + ibī (“there”).


דוס

head

דוס (Hebrew spelling, Latin spelling dos)


מויי

From Old Spanish muito, from Latin multus (“much, many”).


ריי

rey (romanization)
ריאי (alternative)
רֵיי (alternative)

From Latin rēx, rēgis (compare Spanish rey), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).


בואינו

אלמה אישטה אטאדה קון מי אלמה מונגו. אי דישו אברהם אה שרה: רוגה ... אי פואי פור לה מאנייאנה, אי טומו שרה און וישטידו מונגו בואינו, די לוש ... אי גייורו טאנביין יצחק שו איגו קונילייוש, אי טודוש לוש שיירווש קי איבאן פור אקונפאנייארלוש גייורארון גייורו גראנדי מונגו. אי טראבו שרה ...

1998, Sēfer ha-yāšār: first Ladino translation (Haverford College, Ms. Hebr. 18): a critical edition:


ייבאר

From Old Spanish levar, from Latin levāre.


תפילה

Borrowing from Hebrew תפילה / תְּפִלָּה (t'filá, “prayer”).

he-m

תפילה / תְּפִלָּה (t'filá, “prayer”)


berahá

lad-noun

berahá f (Hebrew spelling ברכה, plural berahas or berahotes)

ברכה (Hebrew)
berahas (plural)
berahotes (plural)
berajjá (alternative)


zahut

zahud (alternative)
zehut (alternative)
zejút (alternative)


mazalozo

lad-adj

mazalozo (Hebrew spelling מזלוזו, feminine mazaloza, masculine plural mazalozos, feminine plural mazalozas)

מזלוזו (Hebrew)
mazaloza (feminine)
mazalozos (masculine plural)
mazalozas (feminine plural)
mazaloso (alternative)

Todo lo ke vos kero dainda no saves,
Dizeme bulisa si tu bien me keres,
Kon todo te digo ke seyas mazaloza,
Por todo el mundo ke seyas alavada.

1994, Eli Shaul, Folklor de los judios de Turkiya, Isis, →ISBN, page 123:

All that I want to tell you you still don’t know,
Tell me, lady, if you really want me,
With all that I tell you so that you finish happy,
So that you finish world-famous.

"A!" le dishi, "Oy no es un día mazalozo… Poko antes me se rompió el mango de la chanta…"

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, זיקנתך כבחרותך, page 434:

‘Gah!’ somebody said to another, ‘Today is not a lucky day… A little earlier my suitcase handle broke.’


mazal

From Hebrew מַזָּל (mazál), likely from Akkadian 𒌓𒁕 (manzaltum).


atemar

Borrowed from Old Galician-Portuguese *atemar~*atimar. Ultimately derived from Arabic تَمَّ (tamma).


atakanear

From Hebrew תָּקַן (takán) (cf. atakanar), with possible influence from Turkish takınmak (cf. takmak).


kushak

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قوشاق (kuşak, “sash, belt”).


alforría

Borrowed from Arabic حُرِّيَّة (ḥurriyya).


merkar

מירקאר (Hebrew)
merkar (infinitive)
aver merkado (infinitive multiword-construction)
merkando (gerund)
aviendo merkado (gerund multiword-construction)
merkado (masculine participle past singular)
merkados (masculine participle past plural)
merkada (feminine participle past singular)
merkadas (feminine participle past plural)
merko (first-person indicative present singular)
merkas (indicative present second-person singular)
merka (indicative present singular third-person)
merkamos (first-person indicative plural present)
merkáx (indicative plural present second-person)
merkan (indicative plural present third-person)
merkava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
merkavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
merkava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
merkávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
merkavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
merkavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
merkí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
merkates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
merkó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
merkimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
merkatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
merkaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
merkaré (first-person future indicative singular)
merkarás (future indicative second-person singular)
merkará (future indicative singular third-person)
merkaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
merkaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
merkarán (future indicative plural third-person)
merkaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
merkarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
merkaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
merkaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
merkaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
merkarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
merke (first-person present singular subjunctive)
merkes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
merke (present singular subjunctive third-person)
merkemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
merkéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
merken (plural present subjunctive third-person)
merkara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
merkaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
merkara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
merkáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
merkarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
merkaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
merka (imperative second-person singular)
merkad (imperative plural second-person)
no merkes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no merkéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish mercar (“to buy”), from Latin mercārī. Cognate with Spanish mercar.

inh+

Avia una tchika klisa debacho de tyerra, unas kokonas endoradas luzian a la lus de los siryos asendidos, ke los fyeles merkavan sovre la plaseta.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 77:

There was a small church underground, some gilded housewives were shining the light of the lit candles, which the faithful purchased on the little plaza.


צדקה

der

Hebrew צְדָקָה


maalé

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish محله (mahalle, “station, parish, ward”), from Arabic مَحَلَّة (maḥalla).

bor+

איל איסטאדﬞו אין כואל סי טופאבﬞח לח ּּּּּמאאלי […]

1883 August 3, La Epoka, number 734, Thessaloniki, page 5:

El estado en kual se topava la maale […]


kuando

קואנדו (Hebrew)
coando (alternative)
cuando (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish quando (“when”), from Latin quandō (“when”). Compare English cue.

inh+

De kuando par aki las ranas se mesklan de azer alavasyones al Dio?

1994, Salamon Bicerano, Relatos i refleksiones, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın, →ISBN, page 256:

Since when did frogs over here interfere in giving praise to God?


shasheo

Borrowed from Turkish şaşmak (to be surprised, gone astray).


esnoga

→ Judeo-Arabic: שנוגא (šnūġa) (Algiers, Tlemcen, Morocco)

→ Dutch: snoge

→ Papiamentu: znoa

Likely via elision of Judeo-Vulgar Latin *es(i)nagoga, from Ancient Greek συναγωγή (sunagōgḗ, “assembly, gathering”), from συνάγω (sunágō, “I gather together”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + ἄγω (ágō, “I lead”). Doublet of sinagoga.

der

Ey senyor, voy a esnoga.


estreya

(astronomy) star (luminous celestial body)


ansiklopediko

lad-adj

ansiklopediko (feminine ansiklopedika, masculine plural ansiklopedikos, feminine plural ansiklopedikas)

ansiklopedika (feminine)
ansiklopedikos (masculine plural)
ansiklopedikas (feminine plural)


djudío

djudío (Hebrew spelling גﬞודﬞייו, feminine djudía)

גﬞודﬞייו (Hebrew)
djudía (feminine)
djidio (alternative)
djidió (alternative)
djidyo (alternative)
djidyó (alternative)
djudio (alternative)
djudió (alternative)
djudyo (alternative)
djudyó (alternative)
judio (alternative)
ĵudió (alternative)
ŷudyó (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish judio (“Jew”), from Latin iūdaeus.

inh+

Kontraryaménte a una idéa espandída, numerózas fuéntes egzisten pára topár trása de famías djudías orijináryas d’Izmír.

To the contrary of a scattered idea, numerous sources exist for finding traces of Jewish families originally from İzmir.

Jewish (of or relating to Jews, their ethnicity, religion, or cultures)


djudío

lad-noun

djudío m (Hebrew spelling גﬞודﬞייו, feminine djudía)

La primera koza dunke ke se nota en la kuzina djudeo‐espanyola es la manera turka de azer kada día el arroz, ke se kome en grandes kantidades i no manka ni un día en la meza del djudío proveniente del Impero Otomano.

Jew (member or descendant of the Jewish people)


interpretasión

interpretasión f (plural interpretasiones)


abituar

to become accustomed to, get in the habit of


artistiko

lad-adj

artistiko (feminine artistika, masculine plural artistikos, feminine plural artistikas)

artistika (feminine)
artistikos (masculine plural)
artistikas (feminine plural)


kerido

kerido (feminine kerida, masculine plural keridos, feminine plural keridas)

kerida (feminine)
keridos (masculine plural)
keridas (feminine plural)


linguistiko

linguistiko (feminine linguistika, masculine plural linguistikos, feminine plural linguistikas)

linguistika (feminine)
linguistikos (masculine plural)
linguistikas (feminine plural)


tramvay

טראמבאיי (Hebrew)


karpus

From Ottoman Turkish قارپوز (karpuz, “melon”), from Persian خربز (xarboz, “melon”).