dokumentar

dokumentar (infinitive)
aver dokumentado (infinitive multiword-construction)
dokumentando (gerund)
aviendo dokumentado (gerund multiword-construction)
dokumentado (masculine participle past singular)
dokumentados (masculine participle past plural)
dokumentada (feminine participle past singular)
dokumentadas (feminine participle past plural)
dokumento (first-person indicative present singular)
dokumentas (indicative present second-person singular)
dokumenta (indicative present singular third-person)
dokumentamos (first-person indicative plural present)
dokumentáx (indicative plural present second-person)
dokumentan (indicative plural present third-person)
dokumentava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dokumentavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dokumentava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dokumentávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
dokumentavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dokumentavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dokumentí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
dokumentates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
dokumentó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
dokumentimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
dokumentatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
dokumentaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
dokumentaré (first-person future indicative singular)
dokumentarás (future indicative second-person singular)
dokumentará (future indicative singular third-person)
dokumentaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
dokumentaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
dokumentarán (future indicative plural third-person)
dokumentaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
dokumentarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
dokumentaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
dokumentaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
dokumentaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
dokumentarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
dokumente (first-person present singular subjunctive)
dokumentes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
dokumente (present singular subjunctive third-person)
dokumentemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
dokumentéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
dokumenten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
dokumentara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dokumentaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dokumentara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dokumentáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dokumentarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dokumentaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dokumenta (imperative second-person singular)
dokumentad (imperative plural second-person)
no dokumentes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no dokumentéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Para arebivir el Ladino en el siekolo 21 es menester profitar de lo dijital para dokumentar i ambezar esta lingua en perikolo de ekstinsyon.

In order to revive Ladino in the twenty first century it is necessary to take advantage of digital technology to document and learn this endangered language.


kontar

קונטאר (Hebrew)
kontar (infinitive)
aver kontado (infinitive multiword-construction)
kontando (gerund)
aviendo kontado (gerund multiword-construction)
kontado (masculine participle past singular)
kontados (masculine participle past plural)
kontada (feminine participle past singular)
kontadas (feminine participle past plural)
konto (first-person indicative present singular)
kontas (indicative present second-person singular)
konta (indicative present singular third-person)
kontamos (first-person indicative plural present)
kontáx (indicative plural present second-person)
kontan (indicative plural present third-person)
kontava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
kontavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
kontava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
kontávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
kontavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
kontavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
kontí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
kontates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
kontó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
kontimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
kontatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
kontaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
kontaré (first-person future indicative singular)
kontarás (future indicative second-person singular)
kontará (future indicative singular third-person)
kontaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
kontaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
kontarán (future indicative plural third-person)
kontaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
kontarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
kontaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
kontaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
kontaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
kontarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
konte (first-person present singular subjunctive)
kontes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
konte (present singular subjunctive third-person)
kontemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
kontéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
konten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
kontara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
kontaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
kontara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
kontáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
kontarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
kontaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
konta (imperative second-person singular)
kontad (imperative plural second-person)
no kontes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no kontéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
contar (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish contar, conptar (“to count”).

Lo ke konto aki es verdad.

1992, Los Muestros, number 7, R. Capuia, page 58:

[…] i kontavan la moneda ke re[ko]jia kada mes, i korava 20 por 100 por su lazerya.

(Can we date this quote?), Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi, translated by Isaac Jerusalmi, edited by Aron Rodrigue, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel A-Levi, Stanford University Press, published 2012, →ISBN, page 235:

and they were counting the money that was accumulating monthly, and they collected 20 by 100 for their work.

Si tu enemigo es una ormiga, kontalo komo un gameyo.

If your foe is an ant, consider him a camel.

(transitive) to consider (think of something as)


boltar

בולטאר (Hebrew)
boltar (infinitive)
aver boltado (infinitive multiword-construction)
boltando (gerund)
aviendo boltado (gerund multiword-construction)
boltado (masculine participle past singular)
boltados (masculine participle past plural)
boltada (feminine participle past singular)
boltadas (feminine participle past plural)
bolto (first-person indicative present singular)
boltas (indicative present second-person singular)
bolta (indicative present singular third-person)
boltamos (first-person indicative plural present)
boltáx (indicative plural present second-person)
boltan (indicative plural present third-person)
boltava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
boltavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
boltava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
boltávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
boltavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
boltavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
boltí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
boltates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
boltó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
boltimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
boltatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
boltaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
boltaré (first-person future indicative singular)
boltarás (future indicative second-person singular)
boltará (future indicative singular third-person)
boltaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
boltaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
boltarán (future indicative plural third-person)
boltaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
boltarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
boltaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
boltaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
boltaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
boltarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
bolte (first-person present singular subjunctive)
boltes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bolte (present singular subjunctive third-person)
boltemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
boltéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
bolten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
boltara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
boltaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
boltara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
boltáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
boltarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
boltaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
bolta (imperative second-person singular)
boltad (imperative plural second-person)
no boltes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no boltéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Kuando boltó el halvadjí i avrió la kasha para pagar parás, no topó mas nada adientro.

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, לז׳נדאס, נור, page 207:

When the candyman turned around and opened the cash register to pay in Ottoman coins, there was no longer anything inside.


אבאשאדי

head

אבאשאדי f sg

(Bitola, Dupnitsa, Pristina) Hebrew spelling of abaxada


vinir

Me demando: de ke no azesh este konserto en Estanbol. Es mas kolay de ir i vinir.

2019 May 22, Silvio & Eyal Ovadya, “Un evenimyento, una dicha/un proverbo”, in Şalom:

She asked me: why don't you do this concert in Istanbul. It's easier to go and come.


konsiderar

קונסידיראר (Hebrew)
konsiderar (infinitive)
aver konsiderado (infinitive multiword-construction)
konsiderando (gerund)
aviendo konsiderado (gerund multiword-construction)
konsiderado (masculine participle past singular)
konsiderados (masculine participle past plural)
konsiderada (feminine participle past singular)
konsideradas (feminine participle past plural)
konsidero (first-person indicative present singular)
konsideras (indicative present second-person singular)
konsidera (indicative present singular third-person)
konsideramos (first-person indicative plural present)
konsideráx (indicative plural present second-person)
konsideran (indicative plural present third-person)
konsiderava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
konsideravas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
konsiderava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
konsiderávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
konsideravax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
konsideravan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
konsiderí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
konsiderates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
konsideró (indicative preterite singular third-person)
konsiderimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
konsideratex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
konsideraron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
konsideraré (first-person future indicative singular)
konsiderarás (future indicative second-person singular)
konsiderará (future indicative singular third-person)
konsideraremos (first-person future indicative plural)
konsideraréx (future indicative plural second-person)
konsiderarán (future indicative plural third-person)
konsideraría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
konsiderarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
konsideraría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
konsideraríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
konsideraríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
konsiderarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
konsidere (first-person present singular subjunctive)
konsideres (present second-person singular subjunctive)
konsidere (present singular subjunctive third-person)
konsideremos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
konsideréx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
konsideren (plural present subjunctive third-person)
konsiderara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
konsideraras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
konsiderara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
konsideráramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
konsiderarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
konsideraran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
konsidera (imperative second-person singular)
konsiderad (imperative plural second-person)
no konsideres (imperative negative second-person singular)
no konsideréx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Borrowed from Latin cōnsīderāre. Cognate with English consider.

En kuanto a los muzulmanos, segun el mandamiento de sus relijion, eyos konsideran todos sus bienes komo patrimonio del Dio.

1995, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 49–52, page 13:

As for the Muslims, following their faith’s commandment, they consider all of their goods as God’s property.


aderesso

first-person singular present indicative of aderessar


deven

third-person plural present indicative of dever


estranyo

איסטראנייו (Hebrew)
estraño (alternative)

first-person singular present indicative of estranyar

third-person singular preterite indicative of estranyar


almorzo

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of almorzar

third-person singular preterite indicative of almorzar


אגראדאר

אגראדאר from Catalan Agradar (canonical)
agradar (romanization)


deskuvrir

Akoruto, kuando afita una trajediya, munchos bushkan a deskuvrir un lado positivo.

2019 February 27, Metin DELEVİ, “El Samuray ke salvo a miles de djudios de los nazis”, in Şalom:

Often, when a tragedy takes place, many people seek to discover a positive side.


פינסאר

From Old Spanish pensar, borrowed from Latin pēnsāre.


ayudash

second-person plural present indicative of ayudar

polite second-person singular present indicative of ayudar


yerrar

From Old Spanish yerrar, a variant of errar, from Latin errāre. Related to English error.


echar lashon

Las aktividades ke mas muncho se dezvelopavan eran echar lashon, komer un bokado i baylar.

2011 4, Hernan Rodriguez Fisse, “Muzika i Bayles en Kaza en la Mansevez Djudia de Santiago, Chile”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 89:

The activities that most often arose were chatting, eating a bite and dancing.


אזיר

From Old Spanish fazer, from Latin facere. Compare Spanish hacer, Portuguese fazer.


tresladar

From Latin trānslātus, perfect passive participle of trānsferō (“I transfer, convey”). Though it is cognate with terms used in the modern-day forms of languages including French translater and Spanish trasladar, it retains the meaning of older cognates like Middle French translater.


modrer

From Latin mordēre, from Proto-Italic *mordeō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd- (“to bite, sting”).


לואר

Inherited from Old Spanish loar, laudar, from Latin laudāre.

אי טי לוארי קון לה ארפה ,דייו מי דייו.

And I shall praise you upon the harp, God, my God.


arrepushar

אריפושאר (Hebrew)
arrepushar (infinitive)
aver arrepushado (infinitive multiword-construction)
arrepushando (gerund)
aviendo arrepushado (gerund multiword-construction)
arrepushado (masculine participle past singular)
arrepushados (masculine participle past plural)
arrepushada (feminine participle past singular)
arrepushadas (feminine participle past plural)
arrepusho (first-person indicative present singular)
arrepushas (indicative present second-person singular)
arrepusha (indicative present singular third-person)
arrepushamos (first-person indicative plural present)
arrepusháx (indicative plural present second-person)
arrepushan (indicative plural present third-person)
arrepushava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
arrepushavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
arrepushava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
arrepushávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
arrepushavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
arrepushavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
arrepushí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
arrepushates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
arrepushó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
arrepushimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
arrepushatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
arrepusharon (indicative plural preterite third-person)
arrepusharé (first-person future indicative singular)
arrepusharás (future indicative second-person singular)
arrepushará (future indicative singular third-person)
arrepusharemos (first-person future indicative plural)
arrepusharéx (future indicative plural second-person)
arrepusharán (future indicative plural third-person)
arrepusharía (conditional first-person indicative singular)
arrepusharías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
arrepusharía (conditional indicative singular third-person)
arrepusharíamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
arrepusharíax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
arrepusharían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
arrepushe (first-person present singular subjunctive)
arrepushes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
arrepushe (present singular subjunctive third-person)
arrepushemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
arrepushéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
arrepushen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
arrepushara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
arrepusharas (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
arrepushara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
arrepusháramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
arrepusharax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
arrepusharan (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
arrepusha (imperative second-person singular)
arrepushad (imperative plural second-person)
no arrepushes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no arrepushéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
arrempushar (alternative)
rempushar (alternative)
repushar (alternative)

De vista lo aferraron i lo arrepusharon delantre del haham bashí.

1999, Matilda Koén-Sarano, לז׳נדאס: אגדות וסיפורי מוסר מן המסורת היהודית־ספרדית, נור, page 187:

They immediately caught him and pushed him in front of the chief rabbi.


מילדאר

From Medieval Latin meletō, from Ancient Greek μελετάω (meletáō). Cognate with Catalan maldar (“to make an effort”).


atakanar

atakanar (infinitive)
aver atakanado (infinitive multiword-construction)
atakanando (gerund)
aviendo atakanado (gerund multiword-construction)
atakanado (masculine participle past singular)
atakanados (masculine participle past plural)
atakanada (feminine participle past singular)
atakanadas (feminine participle past plural)
atakano (first-person indicative present singular)
atakanas (indicative present second-person singular)
atakana (indicative present singular third-person)
atakanamos (first-person indicative plural present)
atakanáx (indicative plural present second-person)
atakanan (indicative plural present third-person)
atakanava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
atakanavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
atakanava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
atakanávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
atakanavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
atakanavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
atakaní (first-person indicative preterite singular)
atakanates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
atakanó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
atakanimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
atakanatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
atakanaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
atakanaré (first-person future indicative singular)
atakanarás (future indicative second-person singular)
atakanará (future indicative singular third-person)
atakanaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
atakanaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
atakanarán (future indicative plural third-person)
atakanaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
atakanarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
atakanaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
atakanaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
atakanaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
atakanarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
atakane (first-person present singular subjunctive)
atakanes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
atakane (present singular subjunctive third-person)
atakanemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
atakanéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
atakanen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
atakanara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
atakanaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
atakanara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
atakanáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
atakanarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
atakanaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
atakana (imperative second-person singular)
atakanad (imperative plural second-person)
no atakanes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no atakanéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

From a- + Hebrew תָּקַן (takán) + -ar, or from a clipping of Hebrew לְתַקֵּן (letakén), infinitive of תִּקֵּן (tikén), with assimilation of e to a.

El haragan si ve en su kaza ke ay de atakanar alguna koza i lo desha de atakanarlo kavza munchos danyos a si i a su famiya.

2018 August 8, Rav Yeuda ADONİ, “Ree”, in Şalom:

The lazy person who sees in their house that something has to be repaired and fails to repair it causes much harm to themselves and their family.

Asentada esto delantre de un panorama sin igual, ampesando de la Torre “Kız Kulesi”, indo al Ponte de Bosfor ke se atakano por la noche, kon kolyes de rubi, safir o esmeraldas.

2014 August 27, Coya DELEVİ, “ESTAMBOL... (Sivdad de Mil Fachas)”, in Şalom:

I'm sitting in front of a panorama without equal, beginning with the tower "Kız Kulesi", going to the Bosfor Bridge which has dressed itself up for the night with necklaces of ruby, sapphire or emeralds.


אירה

first-person singular imperfect indicative of סיר

אירה אונה די אקילייאס מאדֿרוגאדֿאס פֿריסקאס אי טיירנאס אין איל מיס די סיפטימברי, אינטרי ראש השנה אי יום כפור.

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

It was one of those fresh, tender early mornings in the month of September, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Era una de akelyas maḏrugaḏas freskas i tiernas en el mes de septembre, entre Rosh Ashana i Yom Kippur.

לה פאז קי אירה אונה סולומברה, לה קי [...] לוס פואיב״לאס די לה טיירה איסטאב״אן פירסוגיינדו, איס אאורה אונה ריאלידאד

1920 January 13, “פאס אין טודוס לוס קונטינטיס סאלב"ו אין איל די לה אמיריקה”, in La epoca de New York:

The peace that was a dream, the [one] that … the peoples of the earth were pursuing, is now a reality

La paz ke era una solombra, la ke … los puevlos de la tera estavan persugendo, es aora una realidad

third-person singular imperfect indicative of סיר


aserkar

Morphologically from serka (“near”). Compare Spanish acercar and Portuguese acercar.

Eliau Anavi ke lo estava mirando d'enfrente se aserko de el i le disho: Dime ombre, deke estas de negra umor ?

1979, Kamelia Shahar, “La verdadera felisidad”, in Aki Yerushalayim, number 1:

The prophet Elijah, who was watching him from in front, approached him and said: Tell me, man, why are you in a bad mood?


kritikar

Kritikar Israel no es el antisemitizmo.

2018 February 7, Dora Niyego, “El Antisemitizmo De Oy”, in Şalom:


sovre

first-person singular present subjunctive of sovrar

third-person singular present subjunctive of sovrar


pishar

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *pīssiāre, of echoic origin.

onomatopoeic

echoic


sovrebivir

Pokas viktimas pudieron sovrebivir los atakes.

2018 January 17, Dora NİYEGO, “Nunka Te Olvides”, in Şalom:


akodrar

With metathesis from Vulgar Latin *accordāre.

Komo dishimos: Estamos akodrando, i nunka mas.

2019 February 13, Metin DELEVİ, “Por ke los nombres de los djudios estan gravados en los trotuares de toda la Evropa?”, in Şalom:

As we said: we remember, and never again.


aborreser

From Old Spanish [Term?], from Latin abhorrēscere. Compare Spanish aborrecer.


alavar

Inherited from Old Spanish alabar, from Late Latin alapārī (“to boast”), which is probably related to Latin alapa (“box on the ear, blow with the hand”).


מיראר

From Old Spanish mirar, from Vulgar Latin *mīrāre, from the deponent Latin mīrārī, present active infinitive of mīror (“admire, marvel at”). Compare Spanish mirar, Portuguese mirar (“to aim”), dated French mirer (“to stare”).


oido

אואידו (Hebrew)
oído (alternative)
oydo (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish oido (“ear; hearing”).

inh+

No savia kualo azer porke nunka avia oido nada de esto.

2000, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 62–64, page 56:

[Somebody] knew not what to do since [somebody] had never heard of this.


merko

first-person singular present indicative of merkar


merkas

second-person singular present indicative of merkar


merkamos

first-person plural present indicative of merkar


merkash

second-person plural present indicative of merkar


merkan

third-person plural present indicative of merkar


adjusto

first-person singular present indicative of adjustar


adjustas

second-person singular present indicative of adjustar


adjusta

third-person singular present indicative of adjustar


adjustamos

first-person plural present indicative of adjustar


adjustash

second-person plural present indicative of adjustar


adjustan

third-person plural present indicative of adjustar


keremos

first-person plural present indicative of kerer


keresh

second-person plural present indicative of kerer


korodear

From Greek κορόιδο (koróido, “sucker”), from earlier word Greek κουρόγιδο (kourógido), itself from κουρεύω (kourévo) + γίδι (gídi); probably in reference to Byzantine soldiers who were shaved with a goat's shears.

to make fun of, to laugh at someone's expense


meldo

first-person singular present indicative of meldar

third-person singular preterite indicative of meldar


metites

second-person singular preterite indicative of meter


metitesh

second-person plural preterite indicative of meter


estuvites

second-person singular preterite indicative of estar


izites

second-person singular preterite indicative of azer


izimos

first-person plural preterite indicative of azer


izitesh

second-person plural preterite indicative of azer


izieron

third-person plural preterite indicative of azer


dishi

first-person singular preterite indicative of dezir


kijo

third-person singular preterite indicative of kerer


avlan

third-person plural present indicative of avlar


dishites

second-person singular preterite indicative of dezir


disho

third-person singular preterite indicative of dezir


dishimos

first-person plural preterite indicative of dezir


dishitesh

second-person plural preterite indicative of dezir


disheron

third-person plural preterite indicative of dezir


kijites

second-person singular preterite indicative of kerer


kijimos

first-person plural preterite indicative of kerer


kijitesh

second-person plural preterite indicative of kerer


kijieron

third-person plural preterite indicative of kerer


meldava

first-person singular imperfect indicative of meldar

third-person singular imperfect indicative of meldar


meldavas

second-person singular imperfect indicative of meldar


meldavamos

first-person plural imperfect indicative of meldar


meldavash

second-person plural imperfect indicative of meldar


meldavan

third-person plural imperfect indicative of meldar


luvia

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

third-person singular present indicative of luviar


kombidado

קומבידאדו (Hebrew)
konbidado (alternative)


abaxar

abaxar (infinitive)
aver abaxado (infinitive multiword-construction)
abaxando (gerund)
aviendo abaxado (gerund multiword-construction)
abaxado (masculine participle past singular)
abaxados (masculine participle past plural)
abaxada (feminine participle past singular)
abaxadas (feminine participle past plural)
abaxo (first-person indicative present singular)
abaxas (indicative present second-person singular)
abaxa (indicative present singular third-person)
abaxamos (first-person indicative plural present)
abaxáx (indicative plural present second-person)
abaxan (indicative plural present third-person)
abaxava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abaxavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abaxava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abaxávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abaxavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abaxavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abaxí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
abaxates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
abaxó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
abaximos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
abaxatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
abaxaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
abaxaré (first-person future indicative singular)
abaxarás (future indicative second-person singular)
abaxará (future indicative singular third-person)
abaxaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
abaxaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
abaxarán (future indicative plural third-person)
abaxaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
abaxarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
abaxaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
abaxaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
abaxaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
abaxarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
abaxe (first-person present singular subjunctive)
abaxes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
abaxe (present singular subjunctive third-person)
abaxemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
abaxéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
abaxen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
abaxara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
abaxaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abaxara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abaxáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abaxarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abaxaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abaxa (imperative second-person singular)
abaxad (imperative plural second-person)
no abaxes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no abaxéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
abashar (alternative)


fetnear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic فطن (fṭan) + -ear.


enkaˁasarse

Adapted borrowing of en- + Hebrew כעס (káʕas) + -ar + -se.


enĵubilar

From en- + Old Spanish jubilar, from Latin iūbilāre.


ḥaddear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic حضى (ḥḍā) + -ear.


jammear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic خمم (ḵammam) + -ear.


asuvo

first-person singular present indicative of asuvir


asuves

second-person singular present indicative of asuvir


asuve

third-person singular present indicative of asuvir


asuvimos

אסוב׳ימוס (Hebrew)

first-person plural present indicative of asuvir


asuvish

second-person plural present indicative of asuvir


asuven

third-person plural present indicative of asuvir


jalfear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic خلف (ḵlaf) + -ear.


jaltear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic خلط (ḵallaṭ) + -ear.


qaddear

Borrowed from Arabic قَضَّى (qaḍḍā) + -ear.


alḥadrar

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic حاضر (ḥāḍir) + -ar.

(Haketia) to be present for, attend, witness


afeshugar

Likely from Catalan afeixugar, itself from a- + feixuc + -ar.

(figuratively) to flatter, pamper, seduce


qailear

Possibly borrowed from Moroccan Arabic بقى (bqā) + -ear.

(Haketia) to stay, remain, spend time, visit often, spend the night


qalbear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic قلب (qlab) + -ear.

(Haketia) to turn something around, knock over, stir up, have the opposite happen


ḥaslear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic حصل (ḥṣal) + -ear.

(Haketia, figurative) to get caught in a trap


ˁadlear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic عدل (ʕaddal) + -ear.


ˁadbear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic عدب (ʕaddab) + -ear.

(Haketia) to tire, exhaust, give a lot work


arrondjar

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *arrot(u)lāre, *rotulāre, from Latin rotāre (“to turn, to wheel”).

inh+

arondjar (alternative)
arrojar (alternative)
rondjar (alternative)


asaventar

Likely from Catalan assabentar, itself from a- + sabent + -ar.


luviar

i a las nuves enkomendare de no azer liover sovre eya luvia

And I shall command the clouds to make no rain over whom it rains.

(intransitive, usually impersonal) to rain


arebivir

Para arebivir el Ladino en el siekolo 21 es menester profitar de lo dijital para dokumentar i ambezar esta lingua en perikolo de ekstinsyon.

In order to revive Ladino in the twenty first century it is necessary to take advantage of digital technology to document and learn this endangered language.


dar uti

(transitive) to iron (clothing or fabric)


yakishear

ייאקישיאר (Hebrew)
yakishear (infinitive)
aver yakisheado (infinitive multiword-construction)
yakisheando (gerund)
aviendo yakisheado (gerund multiword-construction)
yakisheado (masculine participle past singular)
yakisheados (masculine participle past plural)
yakisheada (feminine participle past singular)
yakisheadas (feminine participle past plural)
yakisheo (first-person indicative present singular)
yakisheas (indicative present second-person singular)
yakishea (indicative present singular third-person)
yakisheamos (first-person indicative plural present)
yakisheáx (indicative plural present second-person)
yakishean (indicative plural present third-person)
yakisheava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
yakisheavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
yakisheava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
yakisheávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
yakisheavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
yakisheavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
yakisheí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
yakisheates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
yakisheó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
yakisheimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
yakisheatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
yakishearon (indicative plural preterite third-person)
yakishearé (first-person future indicative singular)
yakishearás (future indicative second-person singular)
yakisheará (future indicative singular third-person)
yakishearemos (first-person future indicative plural)
yakishearéx (future indicative plural second-person)
yakishearán (future indicative plural third-person)
yakishearía (conditional first-person indicative singular)
yakishearías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
yakishearía (conditional indicative singular third-person)
yakishearíamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
yakishearíax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
yakishearían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
yakishee (first-person present singular subjunctive)
yakishees (present second-person singular subjunctive)
yakishee (present singular subjunctive third-person)
yakisheemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
yakisheéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
yakisheen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
yakisheara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
yakishearas (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
yakisheara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
yakisheáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
yakishearax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
yakishearan (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
yakishea (imperative second-person singular)
yakishead (imperative plural second-person)
no yakishees (imperative negative second-person singular)
no yakisheéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
akishear (alternative)

[…] mos fuimos en luna de miel a París, i yo empesí a engodrarme ... i engodrarme. El prenyado a mí me yakishea muncho.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, זיקנתך כבחרותך, page 142:

we left to have our honeymoon in Paris, and I started to fatten myself ... and fatten myself. I look so much like I am pregnant.

(intransitive) to match; to fit; to go with; to suit (look like)


eskureser

איסקוריסיר (Hebrew)

I tambien la luna i las estreyas se eskuresen por una de 4 kozas: […]

2013 November 30, Jacobo Sefamí, Miriam Moscona, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 75:

And also the moon and the stars obscure themselves through one of four things.

(transitive, reflexive) to darken; to dim; to obscure


profitar

פרופ׳יטאר (Hebrew)
profitar (infinitive)
aver profitado (infinitive multiword-construction)
profitando (gerund)
aviendo profitado (gerund multiword-construction)
profitado (masculine participle past singular)
profitados (masculine participle past plural)
profitada (feminine participle past singular)
profitadas (feminine participle past plural)
profito (first-person indicative present singular)
profitas (indicative present second-person singular)
profita (indicative present singular third-person)
profitamos (first-person indicative plural present)
profitáx (indicative plural present second-person)
profitan (indicative plural present third-person)
profitava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
profitavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
profitava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
profitávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
profitavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
profitavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
profití (first-person indicative preterite singular)
profitates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
profitó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
profitimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
profitatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
profitaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
profitaré (first-person future indicative singular)
profitarás (future indicative second-person singular)
profitará (future indicative singular third-person)
profitaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
profitaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
profitarán (future indicative plural third-person)
profitaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
profitarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
profitaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
profitaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
profitaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
profitarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
profite (first-person present singular subjunctive)
profites (present second-person singular subjunctive)
profite (present singular subjunctive third-person)
profitemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
profitéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
profiten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
profitara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
profitaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
profitara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
profitáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
profitarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
profitaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
profita (imperative second-person singular)
profitad (imperative plural second-person)
no profites (imperative negative second-person singular)
no profitéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Borrowed from French profiter (“to take advantage”).

bor+

(intransitive) to take advantage (of something)


komer

קומיר (Hebrew)
comer (alternative)
kumer (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish comer (“to eat”), from Vulgar Latin *comēre, restructuring of Classical Latin comedere.

inh+

Se torno el haham dezesperado a su kaza i komio kon muncha ansia, despues de lo kualo metio su vestido blanko de Yom Kippur i entro al kal.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 60:

The sagely yet desperate rabbi returned home and ate anxiously, after which he put on white clothes for Yom Kippur and entered the synagogue.

(ambitransitive) to eat; to dine (on something)

(figurative, transitive) to eat away (corrode)


bevida

Inherited from Old Spanish bevida. Cognate with Aragonese, Asturian, Galician, Portuguese & Spanish bebida.


sonreir

Inherited from Old Spanish sonreir, from Vulgar Latin *subrīdīre, from Latin subrīdēre. Compare Portuguese sorrir.

Le miró extrańada y se puzo a sonreir y él tamién la sonrió; ella le dio una bentoza y él otra y, al cabo de unos días, estaban como dos tortolitos.

(Can we date this quote?), Oro Anahory-Librowicz, “El sheshauni meˁerra”, in Voces de Ḥaketía:

She looked at him strangely and started to smile, and he smiled at her too; she gave him a suction cup, he gave her another and, after a few days, they were like two little lovebirds.

(intransitive) to smile (flex the lips upwards)


razgar

ראזגאר (Hebrew)
razgar (infinitive)
aver razgado (infinitive multiword-construction)
razgando (gerund)
aviendo razgado (gerund multiword-construction)
razgado (masculine participle past singular)
razgados (masculine participle past plural)
razgada (feminine participle past singular)
razgadas (feminine participle past plural)
razgo (first-person indicative present singular)
razgas (indicative present second-person singular)
razga (indicative present singular third-person)
razgamos (first-person indicative plural present)
razgáx (indicative plural present second-person)
razgan (indicative plural present third-person)
razgava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
razgavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
razgava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
razgávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
razgavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
razgavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
razgí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
razgates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
razgó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
razgimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
razgatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
razgaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
razgaré (first-person future indicative singular)
razgarás (future indicative second-person singular)
razgará (future indicative singular third-person)
razgaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
razgaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
razgarán (future indicative plural third-person)
razgaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
razgarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
razgaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
razgaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
razgaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
razgarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
razge (first-person present singular subjunctive)
razges (present second-person singular subjunctive)
razge (present singular subjunctive third-person)
razgemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
razgéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
razgen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
razgara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
razgaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
razgara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
razgáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
razgarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
razgaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
razga (imperative second-person singular)
razgad (imperative plural second-person)
no razges (imperative negative second-person singular)
no razgéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
rasgar (alternative)

Probably an alteration of Old Spanish resgar (with influence from raskar), itself likely from Latin resecāre; cognate to English resect, cf. also raskunyar (“to scratch and sketch”). Likely a doublet of resekar.

Enpesava de rasgar los sus panyos.

Gritos de donzeyas tristes, ke razgaron sus velos,
Ensuziados de la dezonor i la infamia.

Screams from sad lasses, who ripped their veils, filthy from dishonour and infamy.


bostejo

first-person singular present indicative of bostejar


tanyer

Inherited from Old Spanish tanner (“to play”), from Latin tangere, from Proto-Italic *tangō, nasal infix present from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g-.

Aki me meto a kantar yo
al tanyer de la gitara,
kualo al ombre ke lo apanya
un penserio ingradesido,
bilbiliko solitario
kon el dizir se konsola.

2013, Myriam Moscona, Jacobo Sefamí with Martín Fierro, José Hernández, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 222:

Here I get involved in singing
by playing the guitar,
which in the man holding it
[there's] a growing concern;
lonely little kid
who consoles himself by speaking.


engodrar

אינגודראר (Hebrew)
engodrar (infinitive)
aver engodrado (infinitive multiword-construction)
engodrando (gerund)
aviendo engodrado (gerund multiword-construction)
engodrado (masculine participle past singular)
engodrados (masculine participle past plural)
engodrada (feminine participle past singular)
engodradas (feminine participle past plural)
engodro (first-person indicative present singular)
engodras (indicative present second-person singular)
engodra (indicative present singular third-person)
engodramos (first-person indicative plural present)
engodráx (indicative plural present second-person)
engodran (indicative plural present third-person)
engodrava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
engodravas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
engodrava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
engodrávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
engodravax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
engodravan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
engodrí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
engodrates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
engodró (indicative preterite singular third-person)
engodrimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
engodratex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
engodraron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
engodraré (first-person future indicative singular)
engodrarás (future indicative second-person singular)
engodrará (future indicative singular third-person)
engodraremos (first-person future indicative plural)
engodraréx (future indicative plural second-person)
engodrarán (future indicative plural third-person)
engodraría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
engodrarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
engodraría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
engodraríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
engodraríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
engodrarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
engodre (first-person present singular subjunctive)
engodres (present second-person singular subjunctive)
engodre (present singular subjunctive third-person)
engodremos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
engodréx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
engodren (plural present subjunctive third-person)
engodrara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
engodraras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
engodrara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
engodráramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
engodrarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
engodraran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
engodra (imperative second-person singular)
engodrad (imperative plural second-person)
no engodres (imperative negative second-person singular)
no engodréx (imperative negative plural second-person)

From en- + godro + -ar. Cognate with Spanish engordar.

Para cada actividad, tomar mas de estas calorias es engodrar, tomar menos es aflacar, tomar lo justo es estar en equilibro.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11-34, page 75:

For each activity, taking more of these calories is to fatten, taking fewer is to thin, taking the right amount is to be in equilibrium.

we left to have our honeymoon in Paris, and I started to gain weight ... and gain weight. I look so much like I am pregnant.

(reflexive) to gain weight (become fatter)


repozo

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of repozar


mereser

Inherited from Old Spanish meresçer, mereçer, from Vulgar Latin *merēscere, from Latin merēre.

Eia te envoca con palavras dulsis
Con cantes i loores¹) ke tu las mereses
Es ia tiempo ke de eia te entereses
Ajenos se empatronan de sus posesiones
Termine la aniada i sus maldisiones.

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 8:

It lifts you with sweet words, with songs and praises that you deserve, 'tis now time that it interest you; strangers seize its possessions. End the year and its curses.

(transitive) to deserve; to merit; to be worthy of


empatronar

lad-verb

empatronar (Hebrew spelling אימפאטרונאר)

אימפאטרונאר (Hebrew)
empatronar (infinitive)
aver empatronado (infinitive multiword-construction)
empatronando (gerund)
aviendo empatronado (gerund multiword-construction)
empatronado (masculine participle past singular)
empatronados (masculine participle past plural)
empatronada (feminine participle past singular)
empatronadas (feminine participle past plural)
empatrono (first-person indicative present singular)
empatronas (indicative present second-person singular)
empatrona (indicative present singular third-person)
empatronamos (first-person indicative plural present)
empatronáx (indicative plural present second-person)
empatronan (indicative plural present third-person)
empatronava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
empatronavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
empatronava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
empatronávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
empatronavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
empatronavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
empatroní (first-person indicative preterite singular)
empatronates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
empatronó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
empatronimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
empatronatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
empatronaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
empatronaré (first-person future indicative singular)
empatronarás (future indicative second-person singular)
empatronará (future indicative singular third-person)
empatronaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
empatronaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
empatronarán (future indicative plural third-person)
empatronaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
empatronarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
empatronaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
empatronaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
empatronaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
empatronarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
empatrone (first-person present singular subjunctive)
empatrones (present second-person singular subjunctive)
empatrone (present singular subjunctive third-person)
empatronemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
empatronéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
empatronen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
empatronara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
empatronaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
empatronara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
empatronáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
empatronarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
empatronaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
empatrona (imperative second-person singular)
empatronad (imperative plural second-person)
no empatrones (imperative negative second-person singular)
no empatronéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Si en vedrá empatronaría él ansí un grado de reliĝośidad, a_la hora ³⁶ no bušcaría él afeitarse con ansí unas decoraciones y recamados que traen a_la persona a altigüeźa.

1983, Elena Romero, Repertorio de noticias sobre el mundo teatral de los sefardíes orientales, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, →ISBN, page 33:

If he would indeed control such a level of religiosity, he would not yet look to adorn hisself with such decorations and embroidery that make somebody arrogant.

En los tres otros dias de la marcha las kozas se pasaron de la mizma manera, i solo mi fuersa me se fuiya mas i mas, la kanseria se aumentava i se empatronava de mi puerpo entero, i mi kaminada me azia grande pezgadia.

2007, Moshe 'Ha-Elion, Las angustias del enferno: las pasadias de un djidio de Saloniki en los kampos de eksterminasion almanes Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk i Ebensee, Sentro Moshe David Gaon de Kultura Djudeo-Espanyola, Universidad Ben-Gurion del Negev, →ISBN, page 103:

In the three days of marching things happened the same way, only my energy was draining more and more, my fatigue worsening and seizing my entire body, and it was harder to walk.


arretar

arretar (infinitive)
aver arretado (infinitive multiword-construction)
arretando (gerund)
aviendo arretado (gerund multiword-construction)
arretado (masculine participle past singular)
arretados (masculine participle past plural)
arretada (feminine participle past singular)
arretadas (feminine participle past plural)
arreto (first-person indicative present singular)
arretas (indicative present second-person singular)
arreta (indicative present singular third-person)
arretamos (first-person indicative plural present)
arretáx (indicative plural present second-person)
arretan (indicative plural present third-person)
arretava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
arretavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
arretava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
arretávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
arretavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
arretavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
arretí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
arretates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
arretó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
arretimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
arretatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
arretaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
arretaré (first-person future indicative singular)
arretarás (future indicative second-person singular)
arretará (future indicative singular third-person)
arretaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
arretaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
arretarán (future indicative plural third-person)
arretaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
arretarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
arretaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
arretaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
arretaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
arretarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
arrete (first-person present singular subjunctive)
arretes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
arrete (present singular subjunctive third-person)
arretemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
arretéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
arreten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
arretara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
arretaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
arretara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
arretáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
arretarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
arretaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
arreta (imperative second-person singular)
arretad (imperative plural second-person)
no arretes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no arretéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
aretar (alternative)

ya atorno; ma los diozes, parese, al kamino l'arretan.

(Can we date this quote?), “Odisea”, in Folkmasa:

[Somebody] already returned, but the gods, it seems, stop him on his path.


aiuda

Cualo respondire? Aiuda de ken demandare?
En dia de tu giuzgo onde io me fuire?

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

Who shall respond? Whose help shall I request? Where shall I flee on your day of judgement?


kavakar

קאב׳אקאר (Hebrew)
kavakar (infinitive)
aver kavakado (infinitive multiword-construction)
kavakando (gerund)
aviendo kavakado (gerund multiword-construction)
kavakado (masculine participle past singular)
kavakados (masculine participle past plural)
kavakada (feminine participle past singular)
kavakadas (feminine participle past plural)
kavako (first-person indicative present singular)
kavakas (indicative present second-person singular)
kavaka (indicative present singular third-person)
kavakamos (first-person indicative plural present)
kavakáx (indicative plural present second-person)
kavakan (indicative plural present third-person)
kavakava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
kavakavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
kavakava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
kavakávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
kavakavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
kavakavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
kavakí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
kavakates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
kavakó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
kavakimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
kavakatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
kavakaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
kavakaré (first-person future indicative singular)
kavakarás (future indicative second-person singular)
kavakará (future indicative singular third-person)
kavakaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
kavakaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
kavakarán (future indicative plural third-person)
kavakaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
kavakarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
kavakaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
kavakaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
kavakaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
kavakarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
kavake (first-person present singular subjunctive)
kavakes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
kavake (present singular subjunctive third-person)
kavakemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
kavakéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
kavaken (plural present subjunctive third-person)
kavakara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
kavakaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
kavakara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
kavakáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
kavakarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
kavakaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
kavaka (imperative second-person singular)
kavakad (imperative plural second-person)
no kavakes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no kavakéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Borrowed from Old Galician-Portuguese cavaco + -ar, from Late Latin cava, substantivized from Latin cava, the feminine of the adjective cavus.

bor+

Mas antes, mientres k’en las rovinas kavakavan
i el kadavre de sus amigo lo bushkavan,
la statua de Dagon a la tierra arrojada,
entera rota vieron, sin pies, deskavesada.

Yet earlier, whilst they were digging up the ruins, and were seeking their friend’s corpse, Dagon’s statue on the rejected land, they came upon an utterly broken person, footless and headless.

to dig; to dig up; to drill; to excavate; to shovel


dezayuno

דיזאייונו (Hebrew)

first-person singular present indicative of dezayunar

third-person singular preterite indicative of dezayunar


kevranto

first-person singular present indicative of kevrantar

third-person singular preterite indicative of kevrantar


kevrantar

קיב׳ראנטאר (Hebrew)
kevrantar (infinitive)
aver kevrantado (infinitive multiword-construction)
kevrantando (gerund)
aviendo kevrantado (gerund multiword-construction)
kevrantado (masculine participle past singular)
kevrantados (masculine participle past plural)
kevrantada (feminine participle past singular)
kevrantadas (feminine participle past plural)
kevranto (first-person indicative present singular)
kevrantas (indicative present second-person singular)
kevranta (indicative present singular third-person)
kevrantamos (first-person indicative plural present)
kevrantáx (indicative plural present second-person)
kevrantan (indicative plural present third-person)
kevrantava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
kevrantavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
kevrantava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
kevrantávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
kevrantavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
kevrantavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
kevrantí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
kevrantates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
kevrantó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
kevrantimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
kevrantatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
kevrantaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
kevrantaré (first-person future indicative singular)
kevrantarás (future indicative second-person singular)
kevrantará (future indicative singular third-person)
kevrantaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
kevrantaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
kevrantarán (future indicative plural third-person)
kevrantaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
kevrantarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
kevrantaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
kevrantaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
kevrantaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
kevrantarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
kevrante (first-person present singular subjunctive)
kevrantes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
kevrante (present singular subjunctive third-person)
kevrantemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
kevrantéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
kevranten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
kevrantara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
kevrantaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
kevrantara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
kevrantáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
kevrantarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
kevrantaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
kevranta (imperative second-person singular)
kevrantad (imperative plural second-person)
no kevrantes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no kevrantéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old Spanish quebrantar (“to break”).

inh+

Kevrantó, grito amargo y boz de nuestra exclamacion,
Con su intelligencia y su espiritu de abnegacion.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 36:

It has broken [a] bitter shout and our voice’s exclamation with its intelligence and its mind of devotion.

(ambitransitive) to break (separate into two or more pieces, to fracture or crack, by a process that cannot easily be reversed for reassembly)


apasentar

אפאסינטאר (Hebrew)
apasentar (infinitive)
aver apasentado (infinitive multiword-construction)
apasentando (gerund)
aviendo apasentado (gerund multiword-construction)
apasentado (masculine participle past singular)
apasentados (masculine participle past plural)
apasentada (feminine participle past singular)
apasentadas (feminine participle past plural)
apasento (first-person indicative present singular)
apasentas (indicative present second-person singular)
apasenta (indicative present singular third-person)
apasentamos (first-person indicative plural present)
apasentáx (indicative plural present second-person)
apasentan (indicative plural present third-person)
apasentava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
apasentavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
apasentava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
apasentávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
apasentavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
apasentavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
apasentí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
apasentates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
apasentó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
apasentimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
apasentatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
apasentaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
apasentaré (first-person future indicative singular)
apasentarás (future indicative second-person singular)
apasentará (future indicative singular third-person)
apasentaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
apasentaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
apasentarán (future indicative plural third-person)
apasentaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
apasentarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
apasentaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
apasentaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
apasentaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
apasentarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
apasente (first-person present singular subjunctive)
apasentes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
apasente (present singular subjunctive third-person)
apasentemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
apasentéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
apasenten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
apasentara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
apasentaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
apasentara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
apasentáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
apasentarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
apasentaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
apasenta (imperative second-person singular)
apasentad (imperative plural second-person)
no apasentes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no apasentéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

En toda mi vida en tu doctrina ghiame
En este mundo con tu favor apasentame⁶)

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 11:

Direct me in your doctrine throughout my life, shepherd me with your favour in this world.


dezvelopar

lad-verb

dezvelopar (Hebrew spelling דיזב׳ילופאר)

דיזב׳ילופאר (Hebrew)
dezvelopar (infinitive)
aver dezvelopado (infinitive multiword-construction)
dezvelopando (gerund)
aviendo dezvelopado (gerund multiword-construction)
dezvelopado (masculine participle past singular)
dezvelopados (masculine participle past plural)
dezvelopada (feminine participle past singular)
dezvelopadas (feminine participle past plural)
dezvelopo (first-person indicative present singular)
dezvelopas (indicative present second-person singular)
dezvelopa (indicative present singular third-person)
dezvelopamos (first-person indicative plural present)
dezvelopáx (indicative plural present second-person)
dezvelopan (indicative plural present third-person)
dezvelopava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dezvelopavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dezvelopava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dezvelopávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
dezvelopavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dezvelopavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dezvelopí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
dezvelopates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
dezvelopó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
dezvelopimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
dezvelopatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
dezveloparon (indicative plural preterite third-person)
dezveloparé (first-person future indicative singular)
dezveloparás (future indicative second-person singular)
dezvelopará (future indicative singular third-person)
dezveloparemos (first-person future indicative plural)
dezveloparéx (future indicative plural second-person)
dezveloparán (future indicative plural third-person)
dezveloparía (conditional first-person indicative singular)
dezveloparías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
dezveloparía (conditional indicative singular third-person)
dezveloparíamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
dezveloparíax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
dezveloparían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
dezvelope (first-person present singular subjunctive)
dezvelopes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
dezvelope (present singular subjunctive third-person)
dezvelopemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
dezvelopéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
dezvelopen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
dezvelopara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dezveloparas (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dezvelopara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dezvelopáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dezveloparax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dezveloparan (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dezvelopa (imperative second-person singular)
dezvelopad (imperative plural second-person)
no dezvelopes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no dezvelopéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

“Se puede dizir ke la komunidad sefaradi de Viena fue el lider de las otras komunidades sefaradis en el kampo kultural i sientifiko. En Viena se dezvelopo (¹) el sistema edukativo, relijiozo i administrativo de los sefaradis.¹”

2003, Sefárdica, numbers 14–16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, page 47:

‘One can say that Vienna’s Sephardic community was the leader of the other Sephardic communities in the cultural and scientific fields. The Sephardim’s educational, religious and administrative system was developed in Vienna.’

[…] se dezveloparon i en siertos kavzos deskayeron i desparesieron las komunidades djudias del kontinente evropeo.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 79:

The Jewish communities of the European continent were developed and had in certain cases fallen and vanished.


briyar

ברילייאר (Hebrew)
briyar (infinitive)
aver briyado (infinitive multiword-construction)
briyando (gerund)
aviendo briyado (gerund multiword-construction)
briyado (masculine participle past singular)
briyados (masculine participle past plural)
briyada (feminine participle past singular)
briyadas (feminine participle past plural)
briyo (first-person indicative present singular)
briyas (indicative present second-person singular)
briya (indicative present singular third-person)
briyamos (first-person indicative plural present)
briyáx (indicative plural present second-person)
briyan (indicative plural present third-person)
briyava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
briyavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
briyava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
briyávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
briyavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
briyavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
briyí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
briyates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
briyó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
briyimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
briyatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
briyaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
briyaré (first-person future indicative singular)
briyarás (future indicative second-person singular)
briyará (future indicative singular third-person)
briyaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
briyaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
briyarán (future indicative plural third-person)
briyaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
briyarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
briyaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
briyaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
briyaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
briyarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
briye (first-person present singular subjunctive)
briyes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
briye (present singular subjunctive third-person)
briyemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
briyéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
briyen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
briyara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
briyaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
briyara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
briyáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
briyarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
briyaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
briya (imperative second-person singular)
briyad (imperative plural second-person)
no briyes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no briyéx (imperative negative plural second-person)
brillar (alternative)

Borrowed from Italian brillare. Cognate with Spanish brillar.

la luna briya

Tu sos komo una estreya ke me briya
Kuando veyo tu sonriza en triste diya

2005, La Lettre Sépharade, numbers 20–31, →ISBN, page 20:

You are like a star that shines on me when I see your smile on a sad day.

Todo lo ke briya no es oro.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 317:

El estado aktual de estas tres eskolas deşa munço a dezear, la kuenta de los elevos es bastante limitada i en konsiguensa no briyan komo loke era en lo pasado.

1995, Tiryaki: aylık gazete-dergi, numbers 8–9, Tiryaki, page 29:

The current state of the these three schools leaves much to be desired; the pupils’ account is quite limited and consequently they don’t shine like they used to.

(copulative, figurative, intransitive) to shine (excel)


sinyar

סינייאר (Hebrew)
sinyar (infinitive)
aver sinyado (infinitive multiword-construction)
sinyando (gerund)
aviendo sinyado (gerund multiword-construction)
sinyado (masculine participle past singular)
sinyados (masculine participle past plural)
sinyada (feminine participle past singular)
sinyadas (feminine participle past plural)
sinyo (first-person indicative present singular)
sinyas (indicative present second-person singular)
sinya (indicative present singular third-person)
sinyamos (first-person indicative plural present)
sinyáx (indicative plural present second-person)
sinyan (indicative plural present third-person)
sinyava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
sinyavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
sinyava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
sinyávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
sinyavax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
sinyavan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
sinyí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
sinyates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
sinyó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
sinyimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
sinyatex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
sinyaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
sinyaré (first-person future indicative singular)
sinyarás (future indicative second-person singular)
sinyará (future indicative singular third-person)
sinyaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
sinyaréx (future indicative plural second-person)
sinyarán (future indicative plural third-person)
sinyaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
sinyarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
sinyaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
sinyaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
sinyaríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
sinyarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
sinye (first-person present singular subjunctive)
sinyes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
sinye (present singular subjunctive third-person)
sinyemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
sinyéx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
sinyen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
sinyara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
sinyaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
sinyara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
sinyáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
sinyarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
sinyaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
sinya (imperative second-person singular)
sinyad (imperative plural second-person)
no sinyes (imperative negative second-person singular)
no sinyéx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Oy en diya el Rav Yeuda Adoni es el Kaymakam Hahambaşı i es el ke va sinyar todos los dokumentos asta ke va aver eleksyones o un trokamyento ofisial.

2025 January 29, Silvyo Ovadya, “Los Evenimyentos de esta semana”, in Şalom:

Today Rabbi Yeuda Adoni is the administrative rabbi and he is the one who is going to sign all of the documents until he has elections or an official change.

(transitive) to sign (write one’s name in something)


hadrear

Adapted borrowing of Moroccan Arabic هدر (hdar) + -ear.

af

(Haketia) to talk; to have a conversation; to chat


deshifrar

deshifrar (infinitive)
aver deshifrado (infinitive multiword-construction)
deshifrando (gerund)
aviendo deshifrado (gerund multiword-construction)
deshifrado (masculine participle past singular)
deshifrados (masculine participle past plural)
deshifrada (feminine participle past singular)
deshifradas (feminine participle past plural)
deshifro (first-person indicative present singular)
deshifras (indicative present second-person singular)
deshifra (indicative present singular third-person)
deshiframos (first-person indicative plural present)
deshifráx (indicative plural present second-person)
deshifran (indicative plural present third-person)
deshifrava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
deshifravas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
deshifrava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
deshifrávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
deshifravax (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
deshifravan (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
deshifrí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
deshifrates (indicative preterite second-person singular)
deshifró (indicative preterite singular third-person)
deshifrimos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
deshifratex (indicative plural preterite second-person)
deshifraron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
deshifraré (first-person future indicative singular)
deshifrarás (future indicative second-person singular)
deshifrará (future indicative singular third-person)
deshifraremos (first-person future indicative plural)
deshifraréx (future indicative plural second-person)
deshifrarán (future indicative plural third-person)
deshifraría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
deshifrarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
deshifraría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
deshifraríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
deshifraríax (conditional indicative plural second-person)
deshifrarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
deshifre (first-person present singular subjunctive)
deshifres (present second-person singular subjunctive)
deshifre (present singular subjunctive third-person)
deshifremos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
deshifréx (plural present second-person subjunctive)
deshifren (plural present subjunctive third-person)
deshifrara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
deshifraras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
deshifrara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
deshifráramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
deshifrarax (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
deshifraran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
deshifra (imperative second-person singular)
deshifrad (imperative plural second-person)
no deshifres (imperative negative second-person singular)
no deshifréx (imperative negative plural second-person)

Ma, komo el haham-bashi non kijo ke kada uno lo entienda — porke, al kavo del kavo, situasion fue bien delikada siendo ke el dezdichado agora, komo uno d'eyos, podia kontar a la proteksion de las autoridades turkas - alugar de ekrivirles el pesak⁴⁸⁷ en avierto i en largo - el prefiero de kamuflarlo totalmente, eskriviendolo en lashon a-kodesh i en abreviasiones - ansina ke afilu uno ke save bien la letra i la lengva ebrea no lo podia intender paramordi de las abreviasiones, i tambien si deshifrava las abreviasiones non iva a intender muncho mas - porke la fraze ke se resive kvando se deshifren las abreviasiones ez un aviamiento tehniko a kodeks de la ley djudia - i para entenderlo avia ke konoser bien la literatura djudia legal.

1999, Eliezer Papo, La megila de Saray, E. Papo, page 151:

Nonetheless, as the wise chief did not wish for everyone to understand it — since, ultimately, the situation was very delicate, seeing as how the miserable one, like anybody else, could now depend on the Turkish authorities’ protection — instead of writing the psak to them openly and at length — he preferred to completely camouflage it, writing to him in the holy language and in abbreviations — so that even if one understands the letters and the Hebrew tongue well one could not understand it because of the abbreviations, and likewise if one was deciphering the abbreviations one was not going to grasp much else, for the phrase that is received, when the abbreviations are deciphered, is a technicality in the Jewish law’s codex — and to understand it one had to be very familiar with Jewish legal literature.