-ㅂ네까

왜들 그럽네까? 그러디들 말소구레.

1949, Kim Nae-Sung, 청춘극장 [Cheongchun'geukjang, Theatre of Youth], 평안남도 대동군 [pyeong'annamdo daedonggun]:

Why are you guys acting like that? Stop being like this.

(Pyongan, Northern Hwanghae, areas of Hamgyong) post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -습네까 (-seumnekka, formal polite interrogative suffix)

Northern Hwanghae; areas of Hamgyong; Northern Hwanghae; areas of Hamgyong


-니께

Compare -ㄴ께 (-nkke), although this form has also spread outside of Chungcheong and Jeolla.

금벵이가 가만히 생각허니께 그 약속이 다 어그러진 것 같어.

1980 June 22, 이재득 [ijaedeuk], “금봉이와 은금이 [geumbong'iwa eun'geumi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청남도 당진시 [chungcheongnamdo dangjinsi]:

As the larve thought quietly, [he realised that] the promise had seemed to have been ruined

급해니께... 그집이, 그냥 환하게 이러던 집이 캄캄하단 말야, 담을 뛰어넘어 가니께...

1979 August 13, 김의호 [gimuiho], “구렁이 색씨 [gureong'i saekssi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경기도 여주시 대신면 [gyeonggido yeojusi daesinmyeon]:

Because they were urgent, they jumped into a house which, although once bright, was now dark.

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, less common in Seoul, Hwanghae, Pyongan) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic form of -으니께 (-eunikke)


-죠

오늘 본 영화는 좀 지루했죠?

The movie we watched today was kind of boring, wasn't it?

a sentence-final ending used when the speaker rhetorically confirms something they already knew, in order to cross-check the information


-습네다

천만에 말씀이올세다, 퍽이나 바쁘시겠습네다.

Cheonman-e malsseumi-olseda, peog-ina bappeu-si-get-seumneda.

(Pyongan, Northern Hwanghae, areas of Hamgyong, potentially dated) alternative form of -습니다 (-seumnida, formal polite declarative suffix)

Northern Hwanghae; areas of Hamgyong; potentially dated; Northern Hwanghae; areas of Hamgyong; potentially dated


-습네까

(Pyongan, Northern Hwanghae, areas of Hamgyong, potentially dated) alternative form of -습니까 (-seumnikka, formal polite interrogative suffix)


-멘

너 어드로 울멘 가니

1980, 전천덕 [jeoncheondeok], “방울네 [bang'ulle]”, in MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 [MBC han'gungminyodaejeon eumbanjaryo saiteu], 강원도 안변군 학천리 [gang'wondo anbyeon'gun hakcheolli]:

(Pyongan, Gangwon, southern Gyeongsang) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으면서 (-eumyeonseo, “while”)

(Pyongan, Gangwon, southern Gyeongsang) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으면서 (-eumyeonseo, “even though”)


-꾸마

쌈함 절 때 사람들이 욕 하꾸마.

2015 February 20, 장 율리아 [jang yullia], “제사 때 찾아오는 영혼 2 [jesa ttae chajaoneun yeonghon 2]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 우즈베키스탄 누쿠스 [ujeubekiseutan nukuseu]:

(Yukjin, Russia) post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -으꾸마 (-eukkuma, formal polite declarative suffix)


-내

From Middle Korean -내〯 (-nǎy). See 내 (nae, “through, throughout”), the adverb form.

겨울 (gyeoul, “winter”) + -내 (-nae) → 겨우내 (gyeounae, “throughout the winter”)

끝 (kkeut, “end”) + -내 (-nae) → 끝내 (kkeunnae, “until the end”)


-뱅이

게으름 (geeureum, “laziness”) + -뱅이 (-baeng'i) → 게으름뱅이 (geeureumbaeng'i, “lazybone; slacker”)

주정(酒酊) (jujeong, “drunkenness”) + -뱅이 (-baeng'i) → 주정(酒酊)뱅이 (jujeongbaeng'i, “drunkard”)

(derogatory, after a noun) person or thing characterized


-외다

-oeda (romanization)
-우다 (alternative)
-원다 (alternative)
-웨다 (alternative)
-워다 (alternative)
-웬다 (alternative)


-오이다

-oida (romanization)
-외다 (alternative clipping)

(dated, polite) post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으오이다 (-euoida)


-까

From Middle Korean -가〮 (Yale: -ká), from Old Korean 去 (*-ka). See -가 (-ga) (Etymology 2) for more cognates.

-을까 (-eulkka)

-습니까 (-seumnikka)

(possibly) -으니까 (-eunikka)

an interrogative particle not used in isolation in Modern Korean. It appears in the following compositions:


-실

연구(硏究) (yeon'gu, “study, research”) + -실 (-sil) → 연구실(硏究室) (yeon'gusil, “research lab; study room”)

탈의(脫衣) (tarui, “undressing”) + -실 (-sil) → 탈의실(脫衣室) (taruisil, “fitting room”)

기획(企劃) (gihoek, “planning”) + -실 (-sil) → 기획실(企劃室) (gihoeksil, “planning section”)


-실

밤 (bam, “chestnut”) + -실 (-sil) → 밤실 (bamsil, “so-called Chestnut Village”, certain village known for chestnuts)

(after what it is characteristic of) neighborhood, community, village


-배

Sino-Korean word from 輩 (“certain type of people”).

ko-sino

불량(不良) (bullyang, “misconduct, bad character”) + -배 (-bae) → 불량배(不良輩) (bullyangbae, “thugs, troublemakers”)

소인(小人) (soin, “small-minded person”) + -배 (-bae) → 소인배(小人輩) (soinbae, “those with narrow and cunning minds”)


-지롱

나 오늘 너 보다 일찍 일어났지롱~

Na oneul neo boda iljjik ireonat-jirong~

(childish, humorous) Used to tease someone or to sound playful


-탕

갈비 (galbi, “rib as food”) + -탕 (-tang) → 갈비탕(湯) (galbitang, “short rib soup”)

갈근(葛根) (galgeun, “kudzu root”) + -탕 (-tang) → 갈근탕(葛根湯) (galgeuntang, “kudzu root decoction”)

alternative medicine
alternative medicine

(alternative medicine) liquid remedy, tonic, decoction


-풍

From 풍(風) (pung, “atmosphere; trend; custom”).

현대(現代) (hyeondae, “modern times”) + -풍 (-pung) → 현대풍(現代風) (hyeondaepung, “modern style”)

동양(東洋) (dong'yang, “the Orient”) + -풍 (-pung) → 동양풍(東洋風) (dong'yangpung, “Oriental style”)

비틀스풍으로 노래를 하는 새 밴드

Biteulseu-pung-euro norae-reul haneun sae baendeu


-장

Sino-Korean word from 帳 (“ledger; notebook”).

매입(買入) (maeip, “purchase”) + -장 (-jang) → 매입장(買入帳) (maeipjang, “purchase ledger”)

연습(練習) (yeonseup, “practice”) + -장 (-jang) → 연습장(練習帳) (yeonseupjang, “exercise book”)

일기(日記) (ilgi, “daily record”) + -장 (-jang) → 일기장(日記帳) (ilgijang, “diary”)


-장

Sino-Korean word from 莊 (“villa, manor”).

이화장

(used in names) villa, luxury inn; mansion


-장

이사(理事) (isa, “executive director”) + -장 (-jang) → 이사장(理事長) (isajang, “director general”)

지점(支店) (jijeom, “branch store”) + -장 (-jang) → 지점장(支店長) (jijeomjang, “branch manager”)


-장

운동(運動) (undong, “sports, exercise”) + -장 (-jang) → 운동장(運動場) (undongjang, “sports field”)

공사(工事) (gongsa, “construction”) + -장 (-jang) → 공사장(工事場) (gongsajang, “construction site”)


-장

Sino-Korean word from 丈 (“senior respectable man”).

노인(老人) (noin, “old person”) + -장 (-jang) → 노인장(老人丈) (noinjang, “elderly senior”)


-장

사회(社會) (sahoe, “society, community”) + -장 (-jang) → 사회장(社會葬) (sahoejang, “community funeral”)


-장

Sino-Korean word from 狀 (“document; letter, post”).

졸업(卒業) (joreop, “graduation”) + -장 (-jang) → 졸업장(卒業狀) (joreopjang, “graduation certificate”)

도전(挑戰) (dojeon, “challenge”) + -장 (-jang) → 도전장(挑戰狀) (dojeonjang, “(written) challenge invitation”)


-장

앞 (ap, “front”) + -장 (-jang) → 앞장 (apjang, “lead of a crowd”)


-장

너 뭐 하장?

(sentence ending) Jeolla dialect form of -지 (-ji), used in questions


-파

지성(知性) (jiseong, “intellect mind”) + -파 (-pa) → 지성파(知性派) (jiseongpa, “intellectualist faction”)


-파

지진(地震) (jijin, “earthquake”) + -파 (-pa) → 지진파(地震波) (jijinpa, “seismic wave”)

선미(船尾) (seonmi, “stern”) + -파 (-pa) → 선미파(船尾波) (seonmipa, “ship wake”)


-류

Sino-Korean word from 類 (“category, class”).

감귤(柑橘) (gamgyul, “citrus”) + -류 (-ryu) → 감귤류(柑橘類) (gamgyullyu, “citrus fruits”)

금속(金屬) (geumsok, “metal”) + -류 (-ryu) → 금속류(金屬類) (geumsongnyu, “metallic objects”)


-류

Sino-Korean word from 流 (“flow; faction, school”).

서양(西洋) (seoyang, “the West”) + -류 (-ryu) → 서양류(西洋流) (seoyangnyu, “Western style”)

faction, camp, school, style (of a person or group)

전자(電子) (jeonja, “electron”) + -류 (-ryu) → 전자류(電子流) (jeonjaryu, “electron current”)


-류

정맥(靜脈) (jeongmaek, “vein”) + -류 (-ryu) → 정맥류(靜脈瘤) (jeongmaengnyu, “venous varix”)

(medicine, pathology) aneurysm, varix; outpouching in the circulatory system


-씨

김씨 부인

박씨 문중

Indicating a surname itself or the lineage or member of the surname

형수씨

무명(無名) (mumyeong, “anonymity”) + -씨 (-ssi) → 무명씨(無名氏) (mumyeongssi, “Mr. John Doe/Ms. Jane Doe”)

(honorific, referring to one's identity or status) Mr., Ms., Mrs.


-씨

From 쓰- (sseu-, “to use, employ”) + -이 (-i, agent noun suffix).

af

말 (mal, “words, speech”) + -씨 (-ssi) → 말씨 (malssi, “manner of speaking”)

바람 (baram, “wind”) + -씨 (-ssi) → 바람씨 (baramssi, “state of the wind blowing”)

(after a noun or noun root) attitude; state, appearance


-슬람

From 이슬람 (iseullam, “Islam”). Originally used only for the word 쉐슬람 (sweseullam, “Chevrolet fanboy”, literally “Chevrolet Islam”). Popularized in Internet as a suffix in late 2010s.

문슬람

Fanatical supporters of Moon Jae-in; Moon Islam

쉐슬람

Fanatical supporters of Chevrolet; Chevrolet Islam

테슬람

Fanatical supporters of Tesla Motors; Tesla Islam

(Internet slang, offensive, derogatory, vulgar) A suffix combined with the first letter of a noun to form a word for a person who is fanatical and stubborn about the noun.

(Internet slang, offensive, derogatory, vulgar) A suffix combined with the first letter of a noun and used in pairs with -독 (-dok) or -독교 (-dokgyo) to create a word that refers to one of two competing fandoms or fandoms of two rival nouns, which each shares obstinate support for the noun (e.g. 롤독 (roldok, “LoL fanboys”, literally “LoL Christianity”) and 도슬람 (doseullam, “Dota fanboys”, literally “Dota Islam”)).


-노

plain style
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

(Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking wh-word questions.

(Internet slang, offensive) A general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives.


-으서요

See the main entry. Appears in the central dialects of Korea.

좀 앉으서요.

1991, 유구상 [yugusang], “중부 방언의 경어법 [jungbu bang'eonui gyeong'eobeop]”, in 새국어생활 [saegugeosaenghwal], volume 1, number 3, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 52:

(Seoul, Gangwon, Chungcheong, Hwanghae, rare) alternative form of -으세요 (-euseyo, “A non-past honorific informal polite style suffix expressing declarative, interrogative, imperative, and suggestive moods depending on context.”)


-을 테니까

-eul tenikka (romanization)
-ㄹ 테니까 (alternative)
-을 테니 (alternative abbreviation colloquial)

-을 (-eul) + 터 (teo) + -이다 (-ida) with the copula changed to -니까 (-nikka).

일찍 출발하세요. 금요일이라 길이 막힐 테니까요.

Iljjik chulbalhaseyo. Geumyoir-ira giri makhil tenikkayo.

Leave early. It's Friday, so there's going to be traffic jam.

can be used at the end of a sentence to express speaker's assumption


-다는

Contraction of -다 (-da, copula) + 하- (ha-, “to say”) + -는 (-neun, participle suffix).

com

비가 온다는 모양이다.

걔가 줬다는 말이야?

indirect quotation
indirect quotation#English

Used for the indirect quotation of sentences in the declarative, additionally modifying the noun that follows it.


-다능

From -다는 (-daneun, declarative, noun-modifying quotative suffix), originally a poorly or machine-translated rendition of the Japanese 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of verbs due to their double functionality as attributive and terminal forms.

(Internet slang, humorous, sometimes derogatory) A sentence-final declarative mood suffix.


-라능

From -라는 (-raneun, declarative, noun-modifying quotative suffix), originally a poorly or machine-translated rendition of the Japanese 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of verbs due to their double functionality as attributive and terminal forms.
Compare -다능 (-daneung).

Alternative form of -다능 (-daneung, (humorous) declarative mood suffix) in the following environments:

Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”).

After -리 (-ri), -으리 (-euri, prospective suffix) and -니 (-ni), -으니 (-euni), -느니 (-neuni, general declarative suffix).


-올시다

From -오- (-o-, humble suffix) + Early Modern Korean -로쇠다 (-lwoswoyta). The final part is ultimately from Middle Korean -로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-lwóswóngìtá), a combination of Middle Korean suffixes -롯〮- (-lwós-, emotive suffix) + -ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ- (-óngì-, politeness suffix) + 다〮 (tá, declarative suffix).
A more polite version of -ㄹ세 (-lse). Compare the pairs -읍시다 (-eupsida) - -세 (-se), -습니다 (-seumnida) - -네 (-ne).

compound

싸이 (PSY) [ssai (PSY)] (2017) “New Face”, in PSY 8th 4X2=8 (in Korean): “원래 이런 사람이냐고 / 아니올시다

You asking if I'm like this normally? / No”

Used with -이다 (-ida) and 아니다 (anida) to make declarations. A politer version of -ㄹ세 (-lse) and -로다 (-roda).


-세

From Middle Korean -사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-sángìtá, polite hortative suffix).

inh

노세 노세 젊어서 노세.

Let's have fun, have fun, while we're still young.

Let's. Hortative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하게체 (hageche) speech level.


-습디다

From -습- (-seup-, humble suffix) + Middle Korean -더〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-téngìtá).
A more polite version of -데 (-de). Compare the pairs -습니다 (-seumnida) - -네 (-ne), -읍시다 (-eupsida) - -세 (-se).

Indicates the speaker had learned or realized new information at the time of event. A politer version of -데 (-de) and -더라 (-deora).


-마

From Middle Korean -오〮마〮/우〮마〮 (Yale: -wómá/wúmá). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel allomorphic form of -으마 (-euma)


-으마

From Middle Korean -오〮마〮/우〮마〮 (Yale: -wómá/wúmá).

Sentence-ending suffix used to promise to do something to the listener.


-으려고

-euryeogo (romanization)
-려고 (alternative)

From Middle Korean -오려 (-wolye, “in order to”) + -고 (-go, quotative marker).

밖에 일찍 나가려고 숙제를 빨리 했어요.

Bakk-e iljjik naga-ryeogo sukje-reul ppalli haesseoyo.

I did my homework fast in order to go out early.

뭐 먹으려고 하니?

Used with 하다 (hada) to try to, to intend to


-ㄹ수록

공부할수록 더 알다

the more: a suffix which expresses the equivalent of "the more (x), (result)"


-는가

-neun'ga (romanization)
-은가 (alternative)
-ㄴ가 (alternative)
-인가 (alternative)

오늘 부장님도 오시는가요?

방학 동안에도 학교에 학생이 많이 있는가요?

banghak dong'an-e-do hakgyo-e haksaeng-i mani in-neun'gayo?

Are there many students in the school during the vacation, too?

a final ending indicating a question or a guess, attached to a verb

오빠가 아직도 자는 걸 보니까 오늘 출근 안 하는가 봐.

Oppa-ga ajik-do janeun geol bo-nikka oneul chulgeun an ha-neun'ga bwa.

Seeing that my brother is still sleeping, it appears that he will not go to work today.

combined with 보다 (boda): it seems, it appears, it looks like


-인가

-in'ga (romanization)
-은가 (alternative)
-ㄴ가 (alternative)
-는가 (alternative)

그 사람이 선생님인가?

이것이 김치인가요?

그럼, 자네는 그 사람하고 싸우겠다는 말인가?

geureom, jane-neun geu saram-hago ssau-get-daneun mar-in'ga?

So, are you telling me you'd fight with him?

a final ending indicating a question or a guess, attached to a noun

누가 왔는가 보다.


-ㄴ가

먼가요?

그 자동차가 빠른가요?

그 여자가 예쁜가 봐요.

alternative form of -은가 (-eun'ga) (for adjectival stems ending in a vowel or ㄹ (l))


-으려나

-euryeona (romanization)
-려나 (alternative)

오늘도 늦으려나?

creates a sentence expressing a guess, often to oneself


-려나

친구가 내 생일을 기억하려나 모르겠어요.

Chin'gu-ga nae saeng'ir-eul gieok-ha-ryeona moreugesseoyo.

I wonder if my friend will remember my birthday.

내일 비가 오려나.

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic form of -으려나 (-euryeona, “creates a sentence expressing a guess, often to oneself”)


-커녕

그 녀석은 고마워 하기는커녕 도리어 화를 냈다.

Geu nyeoseog-eun gomawo hagi-neun-keonyeong dorieo hwa-reul naetda.

Instead of (far from) thanking me, this dude got angry

저는 공부를 잘하기는커녕 학교도 잘 안 가는데요.

Jeo-neun gongbu-reul jalhagi-neun-keonyeong hakgyo-do jal an ganeundeyo.

I am far from being able to study well, let alone go to school.


-ㄴ들

First attested as Middle Korean -ㄴᄃᆞᆯ (-ntol) in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 3:13a, 1447, from -ㄴ (-n, past of realis adnominal suffix) + ᄃᆞ (to, semantically light noun) + -ᄋᆞᆯ (-ol, accusative case marker).

com

초라한 노인이 소리친들 누가 듣겠는가?

chorahan noin-i sorichin-deul nuga deut-gen-neun'ga?

Were a shabby old man to cry out, who would pay heed?

그가 아무리 차가운들, 어찌 어린 아이의 울음을 외면할 수 있었을까?

geu-ga amuri chagaun-deul, eojji eorin ai-ui ureum-eul oemyeonhal su iss-eoss-eulkka?

No matter how cold he is, how could he have ignored the cries of a little child?

네가 부정한들 결과는 달라지지 않아.

Ne-ga bujeonghandeul gyeolgwa-neun dallaji-ji an-a.

Even if you deny it, the result will not change.

Used to express denial toward the following result (usually framed as a rhetorical question), despite or regardless of concession to the preceding condition.


-찍

From the word root of 찍다 (jjikda, “to guess, choose”).

relating to choice, especially in a ballot

1찍 (1jjik, )

supporters of the 2022 presidential candidate Lee Jae-myeong

2찍 (2jjik, )

supporters of the president Yoon seok-yeol


-더라고

수업시간에 게임을 많이 하니까 재밌더라고요.

Sueop-sigan-e geim-eul mani ha-nikka jaemit-deoragoyo.

It was fun playing a lot of games during class.

used when expressing a fact that is newly known through direct experience


-읍니다

나는 깡패 입니다. 국민의 심판을 받겠읍니다.

1961, Slogan held when gangster Li Jeong-jae was paraded in 1961

I am a gangster. The citizens will try (me).

na-neun kkangpae -imnida. gungmin-ui simpan-eul bat-gess-eumnida.

신뢰받는 방송이 되겠읍니다

1988, Channel identification screen of KBS1

We will become trustworthy broadcasters.

(proscribed) alternative form of -습니다 (-seumnida)


-으로부터

-eurobuteo (romanization)
-로부터 (alternative)

[ɯɾo̞butʰʌ̹]

에이짱은 언니로부터 오래된 지갑을 받았습니다.

E-ijjang-eun eonni-robuteo oraedoen jigab-eul badatseumnida.

Ei-chan (a Japanese boy's name) received an old wallet from his older sister.


-느라고

내가 어제 컴퓨터 게임을 하느라고 늦게 잤어요.

Nae-ga eoje keompyuteo geim-eul ha-neurago neutge jasseoyo.

I stayed up late yesterday because I was playing computer games.

어제 컴퓨터 게임을 하느라고 늦게 잤어요.

Eoje keompyuteo geim-eul ha-neurago neutge jasseoyo.

(colloquial) Used to express that because the subject was busy doing something (action A), something else (action B) couldn't happen, often resulting in a negative outcome or inconvenience.


-으므로

-eumeuro (romanization)
-므로 (alternative)

우리 부장님이 그날 선약이 있으므로 못 가실 것 같아요.

Uri bujang-nim-i geunal seonyag-i iss-eumeuro mot gasil geot gatayo.

I don't think our manager will be able to make it that day because he has a prior engagement.


-므로

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으므로 (-eumeuro)


-길래

싸길래 많이 샀어요.

(colloquial) Used to express why the speaker did or felt something based on observation or reason — often subjective or based on the speaker's perspective. Only used when the subject of the second clause is the speaker.


-기에

비가 오기에 우산을 챙겼어요.

Because it was raining, I brought an umbrella.


-ㄹ 텐데

ㄹ 텐데 (canonical)
-l tende (romanization)


-라지

그 가수는 미국에서 왔다라지요?

저기는 새로운 식당이라지요?

Used for quoted or recalling speech or fact


-느냐고

-neunyago (romanization)
-냐고 (alternative)

어디 가느냐고 물었어.

(He/she, somebody) asked where (you) are going. (indirect)

used when reporting a question someone asked or when quoting oneself or another speaker’s question indirectly; used after action verbs in the present tense when the verb stem ends in a consonant or vowel, except for 이다 (ida) / 아니다 (anida) or adjectives


-냐고

그녀가 예쁘냐고 물었다.

alternative form of -느냐고 (-neunyago) used after adjectives, 이다 (ida) / 아니다 (anida) or 있다 (itda) / 없다 (eopda)


-ㄹ 테니까

alternative form of -을 테니까 (-eul tenikka, “after vowel or ㄹ (l)-final stems”)


-따라

이상하게 오늘따라 피곤하네.

오늘따라 일이 안 풀린다.

Things aren't going well today (of all days).

Expresses "unlike usual", "especially", "particularly (for some reason)"; it marks an exception to the norm or emphasises a contrast.


-을걸요

-eulgeoryo (romanization)
-ㄹ걸요 (alternative)

그 사람 벌써 갔을걸요.

아마도 영희가 도왔을걸요.

conveys uncertainty or soft speculation and is often used in spoken language, especially in casual or semi-polite speech


-ㄹ걸요

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -을걸요 (-eulgeoryo)