-라

From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá), lenited form of -다〮 (Yale: -tá).
It is not clear why lenition only occurred at these specific environments. Vovin speculates that lenition occurred at intervocalic environments except at verbal morpheme boundaries when preceded by a "minimal vowel": ㅡ (Yale: u-) or ㆍ (Yale: o-). Hence lenition occurred after -더- (Yale: -te-), but not after -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-). To explain why only the stem -이- (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula) triggers lenition and not the many Class H! verbs, all of whose stems end with a non-minimal vowel, Vovin suggests that all Class H! verbs were originally once closed-syllable stems with nasal or liquid finals. However, Vovin's arguments remain for the most part speculative.

뭐라고?

쟤가 누구라고?

이게 아니라고?

저게 사람이라니, 뭔 말이야?

스펀지도 동물이라고 그랬어.

나는 아니라고 그랬어.

Alternative form of -다 (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:

Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”):

Used in all indirect quotes (either explicit or implicit), before markers such as -고 (-go), -니 (-ni), -면 (-myeon), etc.

스펀지도 동물이라 그랬어.

(colloquial) ellipsis of 라고 (-ra-go, alternative form of 다고 (-da-go) for the copulative stems), when not used sentence-finally

라고

이는 효자가 아니라.

도를 모르거든 사람도 금수라.

Do-reul moreu-geodeun saram-do geumsu-ra.

If a man knows not the Way, he too is a beast.

(dated, dialectal or very literary) Used directly after the stem in all environments. This was historically obligatory but is now dated.

After -더- (-deo-, retrospective suffix), as -더라 (-deora).

Optionally after -으리- (-euri-, prospective suffix), as -으리라 (-eurira).


-라

유기농이라 그런지 많이 비싸다.

It's very expensive, maybe because it's organic.

because, since; used directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”). It is the equivalent of the infinitive -어 (-eo) for other stems.


-라

From Middle Korean -라〮 (Yale: -lá); see the main entry for more.

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으라 (-eura, imperative suffix)


-다고

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -다 (-da), -고 (-go).

누구라고 그랬어?

어디 있다고?

They're where? / Where [did you say] they are?

저녁을 먹겠다고 말했다.

매우 큰 동물이었다고 주장했다.

Mae'u keun dongmur-ieot-da-go jujanghaetda.

He claimed that it was a very large animal.

Used for the indirect quotation of sentences in the declarative.

난 또 누가 다쳤다고.

난 또 쟤가 범인이라고.

intimate style
w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che

In the intimate style, used to express relief that something has not come to pass.

공부 잘한다고 다냐?

눈이 안 좋다고 책을 못 읽는대.

Nun-i an jota-go chaeg-eul mot ingneundae.

She says she can't read because her eyesight is bad.

Used to note that someone is using something as a reason or excuse, sometimes with a pejorative nuance.

마이동풍이라고[…]

[as they say], talking to a deaf wall [lit. east wind in the horse's ear] […]

호랑이도 제 말 하면 온다고[…]

[as they say], speak of the Devil [lit. speak of the tiger and it shall appear] […]

Used to cite proverbs, maxims, and aphorisms.


-으라고

-eurago (romanization)
-라고 (alternative)

너 먹으라고 그러더라.

빨리 가라고 그러던데?

But they were telling you to go quickly!

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -으라 (-eura), -고 (-go): used for the indirect quotation of sentences in the imperative

너 먹으라고 사온 건데.

But it's something I bought for you to eat.

엄마가 핸드폰을 게임하라고 사줬니?

eomma-ga haendeupon-eul geimha-ra-go sajwonni?

Did I [Mom] buy you a cell phone [just] so you could play games?


-다니

우리나라가 선진국이 되었다니...

Wow, Korea has become a developed country.

벌써 서른 살 먹었다니, 참 세월도 빠르다.

Beolsseo seoreun sal meog-eot-da-ni, cham sewol-do ppareuda.

I'm thirty years old already; time flies by.

부모님 면전에 욕을 하다니, 너 미쳤어?

bumonim myeonjeon-e yog-eul ha-da-ni, neo micheosseo?

You're swearing in front of your parents; are you insane?

여자친구한테 미쳤냐고 하다니.

How does he have the gall to ask his girlfriend if she's insane?

In the intimate style or in monologues, used to express surprise or anger at something one has just learned or remembered. Often followed by a sentence expanding on the emotion being felt.

친구가 아프다니?

너가 아니라니 다행이야.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -다 (-da), -니 (-ni) — equivalent to a short form of 다고 하니 (-da-go ha-ni)


-으라니

-eurani (romanization)
-라니 (alternative)

여기 남으라니 남았지.

나보고 나가라니.

See -으라 (-eura), -니 (-ni) — equivalent to 으라고 하니 (-eura-go ha-ni, “since [one] tells [someone] to..., does [one] tell [someone] to...”), 으라고 하다니 (-eura-go ha-dani, “how could [one] tell [someone] to...”).


-으며

From Middle Korean -으〮며〮/ᄋᆞ〮며〮 (Yale: -úmyé/ómyé), from Old Korean 㢱 (*-mye).

무며 오이며 부추며 갖가지 채소로 김치를 담근다.

Mu-myeo oi-myeo buchu-myeo gatgaji chaeso-ro gimchi-reul damgeunda.

Kimchi is made from various vegetables such as white radishes, cucumbers, and leeks.

로마 제국의 국경은 북쪽으로는 라인강을 접했으며 남쪽으로는 사하라 사막에 다다랐다.

Roma jegug-ui gukgyeong-eun bukjjog-euro-neun Rain-gang-eul jeop-haess-eumyeo namjjog-euro-neun Sahara samag-e dadaratda.

The borders of the Roman Empire adjoined the Rhine to the north and attained the Sahara Desert to the south.

(rather formal) and; enumerates descriptions or actions.

그녀는 숨을 가쁘게 쉬며 강변 산책로를 따라 뛰었다.

Geunyeo-neun sum-eul gappeuge swi-myeo gangbyeon sanchaengno-reul ttara ttwieotda.

She ran along the riverside walk while breathing heavily.

살며 사랑했고 죽으며 사랑했느니라.

Sal-myeo sarang-haetgo jug-eumyeo sarang-haen-neunira.

While living, I loved; while dying, I loved.


-으매

From -음 (-eum, verbal noun-deriving suffix) + -애 (-ae, obsolete form of -에 (-e, “at”, locative marker)): "at [VERB]ing...". May have grammaticalized as a purpose-marking suffix in the seventeenth century.

compound

obsolete form of <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">-에</i> (-e, “at”, locative marker)

져녁이 되도록 밥 먹지 못 ᄒᆞ야시매 ᄇᆡ ᄀᆞ장 골푸니[…]

1790, 方(방)孝(효)彦(언) (Bang Hyo'eon), 蒙(몽)語(어)老(노)乞(걸)大(대) [The Old Cathayan for Mongol language]:

Since we were not able to eat anything into the evening, we are extremely hungry […]

jeonyeog-i doe-dorok bap meokji mot hayasimae bae gajang golpuni[…]


-다랗다

-darata (romanization)
—다랗다 (formal indicative non-past)
—다래 (indicative informal non-past)
—다래요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
—다랗습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
—다랬다 (formal indicative past)
—다랬어 (indicative informal past)
—다랬어요 (indicative informal past polite)
—다랬습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
—다라냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
—다래 (informal interrogative non-past)
—다래요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
—다랗습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
—다랬냐 (formal interrogative past)
—다랬어 (informal interrogative past)
—다랬어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
—다랬습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
—다랗겠다 (assertive formal)
—다랗겠어 (assertive informal)
—다랗겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
—다랗겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
—다래 (causative formal)
—다래서 (causative informal)
—다라니 (causative informal polite)
—다라니까 (causative formal polite)
—다랗지만 (contrastive formal)
—다란데 (contrastive informal)
—다랗더니 (contrastive informal polite)
—다랗고 (conjunctive formal)
—다라면 (conditional formal)
—다래야 (conditional informal)
—다람 (formal noun-from-verb)
—다랗기 (informal noun-from-verb)
—다랬음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
—다랬기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
—다란 (determiner informal present)
—다랄 (determiner future informal)
—다라시다 (indicative non-past)
—다라셔 (indicative informal non-past)
—다라세요 (indicative non-past polite)
—다라셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
—다라십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
—다라셨다 (indicative past)
—다라셨어 (indicative informal past)
—다라셨어요 (indicative past polite)
—다라셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
—다라시냐 (interrogative non-past)
—다라셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
—다라세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
—다라셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
—다라십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
—다라셨냐 (interrogative past)
—다라셨어 (informal interrogative past)
—다라셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
—다라셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
—다라시겠다 (assertive)
—다라시겠어 (assertive informal)
—다라시겠어요 (assertive polite)
—다라시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
—다라셔 (causative)
—다라셔서 (causative informal)
—다라시니 (causative polite)
—다라시니까 (causative formal)
—다라시지만 (contrastive)
—다라신데 (contrastive informal)
—다라시더니 (contrastive polite)
—다라시고 (conjunctive)
—다라시면 (conditional)
—다라셔야 (conditional informal)
—다라심 (noun-from-verb)
—다라시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
—다라셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
—다라셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
—다라신 (determiner informal present)
—다라실 (determiner future informal)
-따랗다 (alternative)
-닿다 (alternative short-form)

커- (keo-, “big”) + -다랗다 (-darata, “very”) → 커다랗다 (keodarata, “enormous”)

가늘- (ganeul-, “thin”) + -다랗다 (-darata, “very”) → 가느다랗다 (ganeudarata, “very thin”)

짧- (jjal-, “short”) + -다랗다 (-darata, “very”) → 짤따랗다 (jjalttarata, “shorter than average; very short”)

Attached after adjectives and less commonly some roots; an intensifying suffix creating h-irregular adjectives


-앓이

앓— (al-, “to ache”) + -이 (-i, noun-deriving suffix).

suffix

가슴 (gaseum, “chest, heart”) + -앓이 (-ari, “pain, -ache”) → 가슴앓이 (gaseumari, “heartburn; heartache”)

-ache: A suffix added to nouns mainly denoting organs and body parts; indicates illness or pain in such a place, sometimes figuratively.


-슴둥

-seumdung (romanization)
-ㅁ둥 (alternative)
-슴두 (alternative)
-ㅁ두 (alternative)

먹슴둥?

하십시오체 하십시오체#English

(Yukjin, some dialects of Russia and Yanbian) Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.


-ㅁ둥

아바니 아이게시문 어띃게 다 함둥?

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 13:

If father isn't there then how will you do it all?

(Yukjin, some dialects of Russia and Yanbian) post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -슴둥 (-seumdung, formal polite interrogative suffix)


-씩

First attested as Middle Korean -식〮 (-sík).

ko-attest

밤마다 2시간씩 한국어를 공부하겠습니다.

Bam-mada 2sigan-ssik han'gugeo-reul gongbuha-get-seumnida.

I shall study Korean for 2 hours each every night.

엄마는 책을 한 권 당 5천 원씩에 사 왔어요.

Eomma-neun chaeg-eul han gwon dang 5cheon won-ssig-e sa wass-eo-yo.

My mom bought books for 5000 won per one book.

each, apiece, at a time: A suffix most commonly attaching to counters to denote some equal, regular distribution.


-면서

From Middle Korean -며〮셔〮 (Yale: -myésyé). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으면서 (-eumyeonseo)


-으라우

철수야, 고기를 잡으라우.

2020, 강용택 [gang'yongtaek], “중국 료녕성 평안도지역어의 문장종결법에 대하여 [jungguk ryonyeongseong pyeong'andojiyeogeoui munjangjonggyeolbeobe daehayeo, On the sentence enders of Pyong'an dialect in Liaoning Province, China]”, in Jungguk Joseoneomun, volume 4, pages 6—11:

(northwestern Seoul, Hwanghae, Pyongan) alternative form of -으라 (-eura, imperative suffix)


-다

From Middle Korean -다〮 (Yale: -tá), from Old Korean 如 (*-ta). First uncontroversially attested in 695 C.E.

맛있겠다.

우리가 이겼다.

길이 멀다.

양궁 선수가 활을 쏜다.

어머니가 아기를 업는다.

The mother carries her baby on her back.

plain style
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

In the plain style, the sentence-final declarative mood suffix. [since 695 C.E.]

Used to form the dictionary citation form of verbs and adjectives; note that Korean verbs and adjectives are never lemmatized at the infinitive.


-다

From Middle Korean -다 (Yale: -tà); see the main entry for more.

alternative form of -다가 (-daga, “and then; but soon”, conveys one action halting and another beginning)


-요

See -소 (-so). The semivowel is introduced to break hiatus.

Gyeongsang and Jeolla dialect form of -오 (-o, post-vowel allomorph of -소 (-so, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix))


-도다

From Middle Korean -도〮다〮 (Yale: -twótá) first attested in hangul form in Seokbosangjeol, 1447.

양사언(楊士彦) (Yang Sa'eon), 태산가(泰山歌), Middle Korean translation in modernized language
태산이 높다 하되 하늘 아래 뫼이로다
Taesan-i nopda hadoe haneul arae moe-iroda

Although Taesan is lofty, it is still a mountain underneath heaven

시편 135:11 (KRV 개역한글) [Psalm 135:11 (Korean Revised Version)]; English translation from the King James Version
곧 아모리인의 왕 시혼과 바산 왕 옥과 가나안의 모든 국왕이로다
got Amoriin-ui wang Sihon-gwa Basan wang Ok-gwa Ganaan-ui modeun gugwang-iroda
Sihon king of the Amorites, and Og king of Bashan, And all the kingdoms of Canaan

(dated or humorous) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to express admiration or surprise.

나는 왔도다

(humorous, mainly 1st person) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to declare a certain fact.


-구나

First attested in the Beonyeok Bak Tongsa (飜譯朴通事 / 번역박통사), before 1517, as Middle Korean -고〮나〮 (Yale: -kwóná).

ko-etym-native

제주어는 참 배우기 힘든 언어구나.

Jejueo-neun cham bae'u-gi himdeun eoneo-guna.

Wow, the Jeju language is a really difficult language to learn.

이 노래도 아는구나!

이 그림은 정말 아름답구나.

그 분이 돌아가셨구나.

자네도 곧 떠나겠구나.

plain-style
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

a plain-style exclamatory suffix used to express a certain feeling (surprise, wonder, admiration, etc.) upon discovering or hearing about a new fact.


-어서

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean -어〮셔〮 (Yale: -é-syé), from Middle Korean -어〮 (Yale: -é, infinitive suffix) + -셔〮 (Yale: -syé, location postposition). The postposition is from the infinitive of the verb 이시다〮 (Yale: ìsìtá, “to be at”).
It was uncommon in the fifteenth century but increasingly became more widespread.

미안, 아기가 시끄러워서 잘 안 들려...

Mian, agi-ga sikkeureowoseo jal an deullyeo...

Sorry, my kid's being noisy so I can't hear you well.

많이 먹어서 배가 아파졌다.

so, since: a suffix used to express cause, reason.

미연아, 누워서 밥을 먹지 마라!

철수는 도서관에 가서 공부를 시작했어요.

Cheolsu-neun doseogwan-e gaseo gongbu-reul sijakhaesseoyo.

Cheolsu went to the library and then started studying (at the library).

라면을 끓여서 먹었어.

공원에서 친구를 만나서 영화를 보러 갔다.

Gong'won-eseo chin'gu-reul mannaseo yeonghwa-reul bo-reo gatda.

I met up with my friend at the park and then went to watch a movie (with them).

and then: a suffix used to indicate that two or more connected actions happen in a sequential order; the first clause usually establishes the state, position, location, or the object of the second clause.


-대

Short for 다(고) 해 (-da(-go) hae, “[one] says that...”).

뉴스 보니까 아프간에서 탈레반이 파죽지세로 전국을 장악하고 있대.

Nyuseu bonikka Apeugan-eseo Talleban-i pajukjise-ro jeon'gug-eul jang'ak-hago itdae.

I was watching the news, and apparently the Taliban in Afghanistan is rapidly taking over the entire country.

누구한테서 들었는데, 여기 엄청난 보물이 매장돼 있대.

Nugu-hante-seo deureonneunde, yeogi eomcheong-nan bomur-i maejang-dwae itdae.

I heard it from somebody that apparently there's immense treasure buried here.

오늘 날씨 별로래.

오늘 주식은 어떻대?

What do they say the stock market is like today?

In the intimate style, used to convey something someone else has said:

they say, apparently; used to report or ask about something one has heard about (often from an unclear source), adding a nuance that one is only reporting what other people have said rather than claiming so personally.

걔는 볼 때마다 돈이 없대.

Every time I meet him, he says he has no money.

Used to report or ask about something that someone says constantly or regularly.

결혼식 갔다왔어. — 신랑은 행복하대?

Gyeolhonsik gatda-wasseo. - sillang-eun haengbok-hadae?

I came back from a wedding. — Does the groom say he's happy?

어제 만나보니까 최근 너무 우울했대.

Eoje manna-bonikka choegeun neomu uul-haetdae.

I met him yesterday, and he said he was so depressed recently.

Used to report or ask about something that one has been told in the (near) past. The use of a present-tense form for a situation in the past gives a more vivid nuance.

오늘은 왜 이렇게 폭염이래?

그 나라는 땅덩어리는 크면서 왜 그렇게 돈이 없대?

geu nara-neun ttangdeong'eori-neun keumyeonseo wae geureoke don-i eopdae?

Why does that country have no money even when it's so big in territory?

In the intimate style, used to ask about a fact that one takes as a given, adding a nuance of annoyance or surprise.


-래

걔 말에 따르면 나무도 동물이래.

Gyae mar-e ttareumyeon namu-do dongmur-irae.

According to what he says, trees are apparently animals.

아기가 밥을 먹지를 않더래.

Short for 라(고) 해 (-ra(-go) hae, “[one] says that...”); alternative form of -대 (-dae), used in the environments of the allomorph -라 (-ra) of -다 (-da).

라(고) 해

나보고 가래.

Short for 라(고) 해 (-ra(-go) hae, “[one] says to...”); post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으래 (-eurae)


-에요

저도 한국 사람이에요.

alternative form of -어요 (-eoyo), used after the copulas -이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)


-아서

From Middle Korean -아〮셔〮 (Yale: -á-syé); see the main entry for more.


-더-

From Middle Korean -더〮- (-té-), from Old Korean 如 (*-ta). The Middle Korean suffix (and presumably Old Korean, although data is rather lacking) was quite different in meaning, being closer to a simple imperfective aspect marker; see the Middle Korean entry for more. The shift to the modern nuances is first attested in texts from the late eighteenth century. -던 (-deon, past adnominal marker) preserves the original meaning.

중국 분위기는 어떻더냐?

What was the atmosphere/vibe in China like?

어제 기분 좋아 보이더라. 무슨 좋은 일 있어?

Eoje gibun joa boi-deo-ra. museun jo'eun il isseo?

You looked happy yesterday—did something nice happen?

일기예보 보니까 내일은 또 춥겠더라.

Ilgiyebo bonikka naeir-eun tto chup-get-deo-ra.

I was looking at the weather forecast, and it looks like it's going to be cold again tomorrow.

일어나 보니까 내가 술 열 병을 혼자 먹었더라고.

Ireona bonikka nae-ga sul yeol byeong-eul honja meog-eot-deo-rago.

When I got up, I realized I had eaten ten bottles of alcohol all by myself.

그 말 듣고 있으니까 너무 화가 나더라.

Geu mal deutgo isseunikka neomu hwa-ga nadeo-ra.

When I was listening to what he was saying, I got so angry.

The retrospective suffix, marking that the speaker (in declaratives) or the addressee (in interrogatives) has personally observed the action/state conveyed by the verb/adjective, or a fact from which the action/state could be inferred; that either this action/state was not taken by the observer, or the observer did not do so purposefully; and that this action/state occurred at a place or time removed from the current conversation. It adds a nuance that one is speaking of the action/state from the subjective viewpoint of an external observer.

내가 먹던 빵을 먹으면 안 되지.

Nae-ga meokdeon ppang-eul meogeumyeon an doeji.

You shouldn't have eaten the bread I was eating.

니 어제 어디 갓더노? — 영덕 갓더라.

1999, 이기갑 [igigap, Yi Ki-gap], “국어 방언의 시상 체계—그 분화의 역사— [gugeo bang'eonui sisang chegye-geu bunhwaui yeoksa-, The tense and aspect systems of Korean dialects: The history of divergence]”, in Eoneohak, volume 25, pages 185—210:

Where were you gone yesterday? — I was gone to Yeongdeok.

imperfective aspect
imperfective aspect#English

(parts of northern Gyeongsang or in the adnominal -던 (-deon)) The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix. [in conservative literary style, used up to the early 20th century]


-러

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으러 (-eureo)


-러

From an incorrect analysis of English -er.

악플 (akpeul, “malicious comment”) + -러 (-reo) → 악플러 (akpeulleo, “people who post malicious comment”)

선플 (seonpeul, “positive comments”) + -러 (-reo) → 선플러 (seonpeulleo, “people who post positive comments”)


-으러

From Middle Korean -으〮라〮/ᄋᆞ〮라〮 (Yale: -úlá/ólá).

okm-l

-으〮라〮/ᄋᆞ〮라〮 (Yale: -úlá/ólá)

너 보러 왔지.

이거 사러 일본까지 갔다 왔어.

밥 먹으러 나갔어.

in order to; used only with verbs of movement


-도록

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean -ᄃᆞ〮록〮 (Yale: -tólwók). The suffix also appeared as the modern form -도〮록〮 (Yale: -twólwók) as far back as in the fifteenth century.
The Idu spelling -巴只 (*-twolwok) is attested from earlier.

ko-etym-native

죄송합니다. 앞으로 늦지 않도록 하겠습니다!

Joesonghamnida. apeuro neutji antorok ha-get-seumnida!

I apologize. From now on, I will try (so as) not to be late!

우리도 들을 수 있도록 말 좀 크게 해...

Uri-do deureul su itdorok mal jom keu-ge hae...

Speak up so that we can also hear you...

so that, so as to: a suffix used to indicate a purpose, goal of a certain action.

노래를 죽도록 불렀어요.

to: a suffix used to show a degree, extent of an action.

밤늦도록

밤새도록

until: a suffix used to indicate that an action lasted until a certain point in time (likely until a certain state has nearly finished).


-리-

From Middle Korean -이〮- (Yale: -Gí-), an allomorph of -기〮- (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix) formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative, first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.
/-ɣ-/ ⟨-G-⟩ had stopped the allomorphy of ㄹ (Yale: l) to [ɾ] intervocalically, preserving it as [l]. This continued to be the case even after /-ɣ-/ ⟨-G-⟩ was deleted in late Middle Korean, which meant that -이〮- (Yale: -Gí-) had effectively morphed to -리- (Yale: -li), as simple -이- (Yale: -i-) without some initial consonant would lead to a realization of ㄹ (Yale: l) as [ɾ].

okm-inline

풀다 (pulda, “to solve”) + -리- (-li-) → 풀리다 (pullida, “to make someone (e.g. a student) solve”)

날다 (nalda, “to fly”) + -리- (-li-) → 날리다 (nallida, “to fly, to cause to fly”)

닫다 (datda, “to run”) + -리- (-li-) → 달리다 (dallida, “to run; to make someone run”)

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in ㄹ (l), or the irregular ㄷ (d) ~ ㄹ (l) stems. No longer productive.

듣다 (deutda, “to hear”) + -리- (-li-) → 들리다 (deullida, “to be heard”)

풀다 (pulda, “to solve”) + -리- (-li-) → 풀리다 (pullida, “to become solved”)

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, attaching to verb stems which end in ㄹ (l), or the irregular ㄷ (d) ~ ㄹ (l) stems. No longer productive.


-리-

For the prospective/future suffix, see the entry at -리 (-ri).


-리

From Middle Korean -리〮 (Yale: -lí). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으리 (-euri, future/prospective suffix)


-으리

From Middle Korean -으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (Yale: -úlí/ólí), from Old Korean 尸 (*-ulq, irrealis gerund marker) + 是 (*-i, either the nominative case marker or a semantically light noun). Compare -으니 (-euni).

okm-l

-으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (Yale: -úlí/ólí)

der

내 아들이 여기 있었거늘 이 봄을 보고 또 얼마나 웃었으리, 지독지정이 쓰라리기도 하구나.

Nae adeur-i yeogi isseotgeoneul i bom-eul bogo tto eolmana useosseuri, jidokjijeong-i sseurarigi-do haguna.

If my son were here now, how much he would have smiled upon seeing this spring! A parent's love is bitter indeed.

(dated or poetic) In the plain style or in poetic monologue, a prospective suffix which attaches to verbs and adjectives:

내 기필코 대의를 이루리.

I will certainly achieve my great cause.

나라가 망하고도 이 몸이 살았으니 아니 죽고 어이리.

Nara-ga manghago-do i mom-i sarasseuni ani jukgo eoi-ri.

The country is gone, but I am alive; what is there to do but to die?

(how) could...; marks a rhetorical question.


-가

From Middle Korean -가〮 (Yale: -ká), from Old Korean 去 (*-ka). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for yes-no questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the Old Korean nominalized forms of verbs, whence -ㄴ가 (-n'ga) and -ㄹ까 (-lkka).
In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation (nor reserved for yes-no questions); see "Related terms" below.

아이가?

이기 니 이름이가?

느그들이 성제가?

(Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking yes-no questions. It is only used for the copula -이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아이다 (aida, “to not be”).


-갓-

See the main entry. The vowel change to ㅏ (a) is irregular; Ko Gwang-mo believes it was potentially influenced by a putative suffix -*갓- (-*gat-), which would have been the yang-vowel form of the etymologically unrelated Early Modern suffix -것- (-geot-).

이런 일이 빠져서야 돼갓어?

1980 February 10, 동아방송 [dong'abangsong], “달구놀이 [dalgunori]”, in 풍물삼천리 [pungmulsamcheolli], 자강도 중강군 [jagangdo jungganggun]:

Is it enough to get out of this situation?

너 하가 같이 가갓어

2007, 황대화 [hwangdaehwa], 황해도 방언 연구 [hwanghaedo bang'eon yeon'gu, Study of the Hwanghae dialect], 한국 문화사, →ISBN:

Pyongan, Hwanghae, and Yukjin form of -겠- (-get-, “will, intend, probably”)


-개

지우- (jiu-, “to erase”) + -개 (-gae) → 지우개 (jiugae, “eraser”)

덮- (deop-, “to cover”) + -개 (-gae) → 덮개 (deopgae, “covering”)

Attaches to verbal stems to derive agentive nouns.


-어야

From Middle Korean -어〮ᅀᅡ〮 (Yale: é-zá), from Old Korean 良沙 (*-a-sa); equivalent to the addition of the particle -야 (-ya) to the infinitive suffix -어 (-eo). Cognate with Jeju -어사 (-eosa) which preserves the original consonant. Compare -어서 (-eoseo).

물을 많이 마셔야 살을 뺄 수 있어.

Mur-eul mani masyeoya sar-eul ppael su iss-eo.

You have to drink a lot of water to be able to lose weight.

You can lose weight only if you drink a lot of water.

그 짓 안 했어야지... 그래야 사람이지!

Geu jit an haess-eoyaji... geuraeya saram-i-ji!

He shouldn't have done such a thing... He doesn't even deserve to be called a person otherwise!

He shouldn't have done such a thing... Only if he does so [i.e. he still did what he shouldn't have] is he a human being!

only if: a suffix indicating a strong, essential condition which has to be achieved to realize a certain goal.

알겠지만, 예뻐야 얼마나 예쁘겠나?

al-get-jiman, yeppeoya eolmana yeppeu-gen-na?

I got that, but granted she is pretty, how pretty can she really be?

I understand that, but no matter if she is pretty, how pretty will she be?

아무리 열심히 연습해 봐야 원어민처럼 말할 수는 없을 거예요.

Amuri yeolsimhi yeonseuphae bwaya woneomin-cheoreom malhal su-neun eops-eul geo-yeyo.

No matter how diligently you may practice, you won't be able to speak like a native.

no matter: a suffix indicating that an action or a state has no influence over a certain situation, often questioning the extent of it.


-것-

ᄀᆡ화ᄒᆞᆫ 아들 잇것다 ᄀᆡ화ᄒᆞᆫ 며누리 잇것다 집이 잘 되지 망ᄒᆞᆯ 리가 있소

1908, 이인직 [iinjik], 雉(치)岳(악)山(산), volume I, page 32:

We do have a Westernized son, we do have a Westernized daughter-in-law; of course our family will do well, how on earth could it go to ruin?

obsolete and southern dialectal form of -겠- (-get-, confirmative suffix)


-어도

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean -어〮도〮 (Yale: é-twó); equivalent to the addition of the particle -도 (-do) to the infinitive suffix -어 (-eo). Compare -어서 (-eoseo).

ko-etym-native

오늘은 추워도 학교에 가야 돼요.

Oneur-eun chuwodo hakgyo-e gaya dwae-yo.

Even though it's cold, I have to go to school.

키는 커도 잘생긴 사람은 아니네요.

Ki-neun keodo jalsaenggin saram-eun anine-yo.

Even though he's tall, he isn't handsome.

even though, but: a suffix introducing two truths which seem to contradict each other.

내일 비가 와도 갈게. 알았어?

Even if it rains tomorrow I'll go. got it?

그건 사실이라도 못 믿어요.

Even if it's the truth, I can't believe it.

맛있어도 얼마나 맛있겠냐?

Even if it's tasty, how tasty can it be?

even if, no matter: a suffix presenting a possible truth and indicating that an action or a state has no influence over a certain situation, often questioning the extent of it..


-게

From Middle Korean -게〮 (Yale: -kéy). Old Korean has adverb-deriving 去 (*-ke), although uncommon. In Middle Korean, it coexisted with -이 (Yale: -i) and -오 (Yale: -wo), but it has since displaced both to become by far the most productive adverbial suffix in Korean.

슬프게 울다

행복하게 살고 있다.

하늘이 붉게 물들었다.

-ly; a suffix attached to the stems of verbs and adjectives to derive adverbs.

물 마시게 컵 좀.

몸에 꼭 맞게 맞춘 옷이 배달되어 왔다.

Mom-e kkok mat-ge matchun os-i baedaldoeeo watda.

The clothes which were made to fit him perfectly were delivered.


-게

First attested in the nineteenth century. Formally the same suffix as Etymology 1. It stems from a practice in which the mood-marking main verb was left implicit in colloquial conversation, causing the originally adverbalized stem to develop into the main stem of the clause.

뭐 하게?

지금 가게? 너무 이르지 않아?

Are you going to leave right now? Isn't it too early?

are you going to...; used to ask about the addressee's intentions, often with a nuance of slight surprise.

말만 하면 다 되게?

Do you think you can solve every problem just by talking?

If you just spoke, would everything be done?

네가 검사면 난 판사게?

If you're a prosecutor, then I'm a judge!

Used sarcastically to deny the possibility of something being true by positing an equally absurd situation.

누구게?

In the intimate style:
Used to invite someone to guess.

말하게. 그날 자네는 뭘 하고 있었나?

Mal-ha-ge. geunal jane-neun mwol hago isseonna?

Please tell me. What were you doing that day?

familiar style
w:Korean speech levels#Hage-che

In the familiar style, the principal imperative suffix.


-게

alternative form of -개 (-gae, “[agentive suffix]”)


-아도

From Middle Korean -아〮도〮 (Yale: -á-twó); see the main entry for more.


-아야

From Middle Korean -아〮ᅀᅡ〮 (Yale: -á-zá); see the main entry for more.


-구-

달다 (dalda, “(of metal) to become heated”) + -구- (-gu-) → 달구다 (dalguda, “to heat (metal)”)

Derives certain causative verbs. No longer productive.


-구

dialectal and slang form of -고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix)


-군

Contracted from -구나 (-guna); see there for more.

그렇군.

결국 탈레반이 승리했군.

오늘도 또 후덥지근하겠군.

I see; in the intimate style or in monologues, used to emphasize a new fact that the speaker has learned.


-군

Nativisation of the Sino-Korean term 군 (軍, gun). Probably -ㅅ- (-s-, genitive marker) + 군(軍) (gun, “soldier”).

compound

North Korea standard spelling of -꾼 (-kkun)


-기-

From Middle Korean -기〮- (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix). Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative, first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

신다 (sinda, “to wear (shoes)”) + -기- (-gi-) → 신기다 (sin'gida, “to make someone wear shoes”)

남다 (namda, “to remain”) + -기- (-gi-) → 남기다 (namgida, “to leave behind”)

웃다 (utda, “to laugh”) + -기- (-gi-) → 웃기다 (utgida, “to be funny”)

맡다 (matda, “to take charge of”) + -기- (-gi-) → 맡기다 (matgida, “to assign”)

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, particularly but not exclusively attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in ㅁ (m), ㄴ (n), or ㅅ (s). No longer productive.

안다 (anda, “to hug”) + -기- (-gi-) → 안기다 (an'gida, “to be hugged”)

믿다 (mitda, “to believe”) + -기- (-gi-) → 믿기다 (mitgida, “to be believable”)

빼앗다 (ppaeatda, “to rob, to take away from”) + -기- (-gi-) → 빼앗기다 (ppaeatgida, “to be dispossessed”)

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, particularly but not exclusively attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in ㅁ (m), ㄴ (n), or ㅅ (s). No longer productive.


-기

From Middle Korean -기〮 (-kí) ~ -이〮 (-í). The suffix was rare in fifteenth-century Middle Korean (Lee and Ramsey 2011, p. 177), but came to increasingly displace -옴 (-wom).

아기들은 울기만 한다.

죽기는 쉽고 살기는 어렵다.

Juk-gi-neun swipgo sal-gi-neun eoryeopda.

It is easy to die and difficult to live.

이 아이는 그림 그리기를 잘한다.

I ai-neun geurim geuri-gi-reul jal-handa.

그가 떠났기 때문이다.

to, -ing, that...; derives verbal and adjectival substantives.

듣- (deut-, “to listen”) + -기 (-gi) → 듣기 (deutgi, “listening”)

달리- (dalli-, “to run”) + -기 (-gi) → 달리기 (dalligi, “running”)

-ing, -ment, -tion; derives nouns from verbs and adjectives.


-기

For Sino-Korean suffixes, see the entries at 기 (gi).


-데

First appears in the late sixteenth century as -데 (Yale: -tey). Traditionally analyzed as a shortening of Middle Korean 더〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: -té-ngì-tá), from -더〮- (Yale: -té-, imperfective suffix) + -ᅌᅵ- (Yale: -ngì-, listener-honoring suffix) + -다〮 (Yale: -tá, declarative suffix), with the last being fully deleted.
However, Jang Yun-hui suggests that it may be more appropriate to posit -이 (Yale: -i) as a colloquial Middle Korean verb-final suffix, in which case this is a simple compound of -더〮- (Yale: -té-, imperfective suffix) + -이 (Yale: -i).

okm-l

걔가 밥을 먹데.

[I personally saw that] he was having a meal.

intimate-style equivalent form of -더라 (-deora)

걔가 밥을 먹데?

[Did you personally see that] he was having a meal?

The intimate-style interrogative retrospective suffix. See -더- (-deo-) for usage notes.


-어라

From Middle Korean -어〮 (Yale: -é, infinitive suffix) + -라〮 (Yale: -lá, imperative mood suffix).

천천히 먹어라, 체할라.

Slow down; you may suffer from indigestion.

너는 그렇게 살아라. 나는 나대로 살겠다.

neo-neun geureo-ke sarara. na-neun nadaero sal-get-da.

As for you, live like that. I'll live my own way.


-어라

From Middle Korean 에/애 (Yale: -èy/ày, exclamatory suffix) + 라〮 (Yale: -lá, alternative form of declarative mood suffix 다〮 (-tá)).
The fusion is sometimes analyzed as already having occurred in Middle Korean.

alternative form of declarative mood suffix <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">다〮</i> (-tá)

멀리 있는 너 생각이 들어 정말 외로워라!

meolli in-neun neo saenggag-i deur-eo jeongmal oerowora!

How truly lonely I am to think of you who are far away!

고요히 다물은 고양이의 입술에 / 폭은한 봄졸음이 ᄯᅥ돌아라.

1924, 이장희 [ijanghui, Yi Jang-hui], “봄은 고양이로다 [bomeun goyang'iroda, Spring is a cat]”, in 金(금)星(성):

On the cat's lips, tranquilly shut / A cozy spring's drowsiness is wandering by.

지금 눈 나리고 / 梅(매)花(화)香(향)氣(기) 홀로 아득하니 / 내 여기 가난한 노래의 씨를 뿌려라.

1945, Yi Yuksa, 曠(광)野(야) [The Barren Field]^(https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%95%BC_(%EC%9D%B4%EC%9C%A1%EC%82%AC)):

Snow is falling now / And the scent of the plum flower alone is faint / How I scatter here the seeds of impoverished songs!

Jigeum nun narigo / maehwa hyanggi hollo adeukhani / nae yeogi gananhan norae-ui ssireul ppuryeora.

놀래라. 무려 311살의 감성전이잖아요?

2017, “놀래라, '311살의 감성전' [nollaera, 311sarui gamseongjeon]”, in OhmyNews:

Wow, I'm shocked. That's 311 years' worth of sensibility exhibitions!

a plain-style exclamatory ending for verbs and adjectives; not specifically addressed to another person and particularly common when talking to oneself; mainly used in colloquial speech.


-아라

Yang-vowel form of -어라 (-eora, imperative suffix)


-아라

Yang-vowel form of -어라 (-eora, exclamatory suffix)


-십니꺼

Compare -니껴 (-nikkyeo), -습니꺼 (-seumnikkeo), -시니껴 (-sinikkyeo), which are also used in different areas of Northern and Southern Gyeongsang Province.

아이고 아무 어른, 말 꼬리 조심하라 캤는데 우예 그냥 놔뒀습니꺼? 그거 어옜십니꺼?

1979 November 9, 이이호 [iiho], “등신 학자 [deungsin hakja]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 성주군 가천면 [gyeongsangbukdo seongjugun gacheonmyeon]:

My goodness, any adult would say to be careful of what you say, how did you just leave it there? What happened to it?


-아야 하다

아야 하다 (canonical)
-aya hada (romanization)


-어야 되다

어야 되다 (canonical)
-eoya doeda (romanization)

synonym of -어야 하다 (-eoya hada, “must, have to”)


-아야 되다

아야 되다 (canonical)
-aya doeda (romanization)

Yang-vowel form of -어야 하다 (-eoya hada); synonym of -아야 하다 (-aya hada, “must, have to”)


-어야겠-

-eoyaget- (romanization)
-여야겠- (alternative)

[ʌ̹ja̠ɡe̞t̚]

밥을 먹어야겠다.

배 없이 강을 건너려면 물이 얼어야겠구나.

Bae eopsi gang-eul geonneoryeomyeon mur-i eor-eoyaget-guna.

In order to cross the river without a boat, the water probably needs to freeze over.

short for 어야 하겠 (-eoya ha-get-) or 어야 되겠 (-eoya doe-get-).


-해

See the entry at 해(海) (hae, “sea”) for the Sino-Korean suffix.


-었-

From Middle Korean -엇〮- (Yale: -és-, stative continuous suffix), which is a simplification of -엣〮- (Yale: -éys-, stative continuous suffix). Both forms appeared in the 15th century as contractions of 어〮 잇 (Yale: -é ìs-) with auxiliary 잇다〮 (Yale: ìs-tá). The past tense meaning developed from a seventeenth-century semantic shift of "one exists in a state of having VERBed" to "VERBed". Hence doublet of -어 있다 (-eo itda).

죽었다.

부산에 갔어요.

He's gone to Busan (and he is still likely there or he may not be there anymore).

오늘 정말 고마웠어... 너무 재밌었어.

Oneul jeongmal gomawoss-eo... Neomu jaemisseoss-eo.

Today I was very thankful (and I still am), it was very fun.

전화가 왔습니다.

A phone call has come in (the phone is still ringing).

나는 어제 친구를 만났어요.

Na-neun eoje chin'gu-reul mannass-eo-yo.

-ed: A general past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence; it often carries a perfect meaning.


-았-

From Middle Korean -앗〮- (Yale: -ás-); see the main entry for more. Doublet of -아 있다 (-a itda).

Yang-vowel form of -었- (-eot-, past-tense suffix)


-야

이게 바로 표범이야.

뭐야?

아니야. 할 말 없어.

alternative form of -어 (-eo, intimate-style suffix), used after the copulas -이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)


-었었-

-eosseot- (romanization)
-였었- (alternative)

Formed through doubling the past tense suffix -었- (-eot-).

한국에 갔었어요.

I went to Korea (but I am no longer there, I came back).

전화가 왔었습니다.

A phone call came in (the phone is no longer ringing though).

오늘 아침에 바람이 많이 불었었다.

Oneul achim-e baram-i mani bureosseot-da.

Today, in the morning, it was very windy (but it's no longer windy).

작년에 우리 공원에서 해바라기가 잘 피었었다.

Jangnyeon-e uri gong'won-eseo haebaragi-ga jal pieosseot-da.

Last year, at our park, sunflowers grew well (but that's no longer the case).

-ed: A past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence; it carries a meaning of finished action, however the state has also become different from the past.


-여

-yeo (romanization)
-야 (alternative archaic)

From Middle Korean -야〮 (Yale: -yá), as in ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (Yale: hóy-á).
It is believed that at an ancient stage, the stem of ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá) was actually *ᄒᆡ- (Yale: *hoy-). At that stage, the infinitive of the stem would have regularly been ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (Yale: hó-yá). However, this older infinitive was retained even when the stem was monophthongized in other contexts, producing the irregular allomorph of the infinitive suffix (Vovin 2010, p. 27).

다수의 적군을 발견하여 속전속결로 격파하였습니다.

Dasu-ui jeokgun-eul balgyeonha-yeo sokjeonsokgyeol-lo gyeokpa-hayeotseumnida.

Having discovered a large number of enemy forces, we have swiftly put them to rout.

(formal) alternative form of -어 (-eo, infinitive/connective suffix), used after the stem of 하다 (hada).

-어

드디여 련결되여 있습니다.

거기에 씌여진 PUK1(8 자리수자)을 입력하십시오.

(Can we date this quote?), “개인식별번호차단해제열쇠(PUK) 사용방법”, in 평양2407 사용설명서:

Please enter PUK1 (8 digit number) that is written there.

Geogi-e ssui-yeojin PUK1(8 jarisuja)-eul imnyeokha-sipsio.

(North Korea, formal) alternative form of -어 (-eo, infinitive/connective suffix), used after i- and y-stem verbs


-여

Sino-Korean suffixes; see the main entries.

See the entry at 여(餘) (yeo, “(of a numeral) somewhat more than”).


-여야

From Middle Korean -야〮ᅀᅡ〮 (Yale: -yá-zá). See -여 (-yeo) for more.

(formal) alternative form of -어야 (-eoya, “only if; no matter”), used after the stem of 하다 (hada).


-우-

From Middle Korean -우〮- (Yale: -Gwú-), from Old Korean 友 (*-(G)wu-), from older <*-kwú->.

비다 (bida, “to be empty”) + -우- (-u-) → 비우다 (biuda, “to empty”)

지다 (jida, “to bear”) + -우- (-u-) → 지우다 (jiuda, “to burden”)

Derives certain causative verbs, especially for stems ending in ㅣ (i). No longer productive.


-우

박서방! 피란 안 가우? 갑시다.

1997, 서울 토박이말 연구 [seoul tobagimal yeon'gu, Study of the Dialect of Seoul Natives], volume I, National Institute of Korean Language, →ISBN, page 260:

Mr Park! Are you not going to evacuate? Let's go.

(Standard Korean) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으우 (-euu, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix)

semi-formal style
w:Korean speech levels#Hao-che

(Pyongan) The primary semi-formal style sentence-final suffix.


-으우

Ablaut variant of -으오 (-euo). Compare -구 (-gu) for -고 (-go).

언니는 오늘 어디 가시우?

Where are you [lit. older sister] going today?

요즘 젊은 것들은 핸드폰밖에 모르우.

Yojeum jeolmeun geot-deur-eun haendeupon-bakke moreu-u.

The young ones nowadays don't know about anything except for cell phones.

(dated) alternative form of -으오 (-euo, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix), commonly used by older women when addressing socially superior women in informal contexts.


-으오

(Standard Korean, dated) synonym of -소 (-so, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix)


-소

-so (romanization)
-오 (alternative)
-우 (alternative)
-요 (alternative)
-으오 (alternative)
-으우 (alternative)
-으요 (alternative)

Ultimately from Middle Korean -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix), which gradually came to have an addressee-honoring meaning. Compare -오- (-o-), -옵- (-op-), from the same suffix and both now with addressee-honoring meaning.
First attested for the imperative mood in the late sixteenth century. It expanded to the declarative and interrogative moods in the eighteenth century. However, it is not clear if the two suffixes are related.
The early imperative suffix was invariably -소 (-so), as in modern Gyeongsang. There are many theories about its etymology, but the most widely accepted one is that it is shortened from Middle Korean -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix) + -ᄋᆞ쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: -òsyósyé, highly deferential imperative suffix):
:ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòW-ósyòsyé) > ᄉᆞ오〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòw-ósyòsyé) > -ᄉᆞ오〮 (Yale: -sòwó) > -소 (Yale: -swo)
For the declarative and interrogative suffixes, there are again many theories:
* Directly from the imperative suffix.
* Equivalent to -ᄉᆞ오- (Yale: -sow(o)-, late form of -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- (-sǒW-)) + -으이 (Yale: -ui, colloquial sentence-final suffix):
*: -ᄉᆞ외 (Yale: -sow-oy) > unattested *쇠 (Yale: *-swoy) > -소 (Yale: -swo)
* From the Early Modern polite suffix -ᄉᆞᆸ (Yale: -sop) via intermediary -솝 (Yale: -swop); this is also ultimately from -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- (Yale: -sǒW-).
The form is -오 (-o) after sonorants because Middle Korean -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- (Yale: -sǒW-) was -ᅀᆞᇦ〯- (Yale: -zǒW-) in such environments, and Middle Korean /z/ was subsequently deleted.

late form of <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-</i> (-sǒW-)

오늘 날이 춥소.

Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own:

반발이 심했소?

다음 방정식을 푸시오.

대구로 오소.

Marks the imperative mood; the form is -으오 (-euo) in Standard Korean and -소 (-so) in Gyeongsang.

결혼해가지고 계속 여그서 새끼들 낳고, 새끼들 인자 도시로 보내고 우리 할머니 둘이만 살고 있소.

2013 February 5, 최동만 [choedongman], “결혼하기까지 [gyeolhonhagikkaji]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 장흥군 유치면 [jeollanamdo jangheunggun yuchimyeon]:

So we got married, kept on living here and had kids, [but] now since our children have moved to the city it's only me and my wife living here.

허씨요체 허씨요체#Korean

(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:

허씨요체 허씨요체#Korean

(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members:

언니 한국사람 아이지 않소 그러니까 아이 붙인단 말이네.

2021 August 22, 한유미 [hanyumi], “남한정착 3개월차 탈북녀들의 황당한 한국생활 계획! 북한사투리 버전 [namhanjeongchak 3gaewolcha talbungnyeodeurui hwangdanghan han'guksaenghwal gyehoek! bukhansaturi beojeon]”, in 중고차는 유미카 [junggochaneun yumika], 함경남도 북청군 [hamgyeongnamdo bukcheonggun]:

But you're not from the south so you don't attach it (the -요 suffix) at the end as well.

formal polite style
w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che

(Hamgyong) Used in the formal polite style:

Used in the formal polite style:
Marks the declarative mood.

Used in the formal polite style:
Marks the interrogative mood.

여보소 동무님네들

1971, 황봉 [hwangbong], “그물당기는소리날바소리 [geumuldanggineunsori-nalbasori]”, in MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 [MBC han'gungminyodaejeon eumbanjaryo saiteu], 함경북도 선봉군 (현 라선특별시 선봉구역) 굴포리 [hamgyeongbukdo seonbonggun (hyeon raseonteukbyeolsi seonbongguyeok) gulpori]:

Used in the formal polite style:
Marks the imperative mood.


-오

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -소 (-so, “semi-formal style sentence-final suffix”)


-오-

하오니

다름이 아니오라

allomorphic form of -으옵- (-euop-, self-deferential suffix), used after vowels or ㄹ (l) and before a vowel, including an underlying epenthetical vowel.


-으옵-

-euop- (romanization)
-오- (alternative before-vowel)
-옵- (alternative)
-으오- (alternative before-vowel)
-으옵- (alternative)

From Middle Korean -ᅀᆞᇦ- (Yale: -zòW◌́-, object-honoring suffix), from Old Korean 白 (*SOLPO-). The expected form after consonants is -습- (-seup-), cf. -소 (-so) and -습니다 (-seumnida), but in contemporary Korean an epenthetical vowel was introduced instead to produce -으옵 (-euop).

하오니

다름이 아니오라

대자대비 세존께 귀의하옵고 지극정성으로 발원하나이다.

Daejadaebi sejon-kke gwiui-ha-op-go jigeukjeongseong-euro barwon-ha-naida.

I turn towards the ever-compassionate World-Honored One [the Buddha], and with utmost devotion I utter my prayer.

(very formal or dated) A highly polite deferential suffix.


-으오-

allomorphic form of -으옵- (-euop-, self-deferential suffix), used after consonants and before a vowel, including an underlying epenthetical vowel.


-이

From Middle Korean 이 (i), of variable pitch depending on the stem being attached to. Lee Ki-Moon and S. Roberts Ramsey notes that it is "probably from the same etymological source" as the bound noun for "person".

먹- (meok-, “to eat”) + -이 (-i) → 먹이 (meogi, “feed for animals”)

벌- (beol-, “to make money”) + -이 (-i) → 벌이 (beori, “earnings”)

감옥 (gamok, “prison”) + 살- (sal-, “to live”) + -이 (-i) → 감옥살이 (gamoksari, “prison life”)

A noun-deriving suffix for certain consonant-final verb and adjective stems, used to nominalize both individual verbs and entire phrases.

더듬- (deodeum-, “to grope, to stutter”) + -이 (-i) → 더듬이 (deodeumi, “antennae, stutterer”)

멍멍 (meongmeong, “woof-woof”) + -이 (-i) → 멍멍이 (meongmeong'i, “doggy”) (childish)

절름발 (jeolleumbal, “crippled leg”) + -이 (-i) → 절름발이 (jeolleumbari, “cripple”)

옷 (ot, “clothes”) + 걸- (geol-, “to hang”) + -이 (-i) → 옷걸이 (otgeori, “hanger”)

-er, -or; an agent noun-deriving suffix attached to certain consonant-final words, stems, and phrases.

둘이밖에 안 왔어.

A suffix attached to numerals, with the sense of "a group of people of that number".

(endearing) A suffix attached to consonant-final personal names; compare English -y as in Johnny. See also Usage Notes.

거북 (geobuk, “turtle”) + -이 (-i) → 거북이 (geobugi, “turtle”)

호랑 (horang, “tiger”) + -이 (-i) → 호랑이 (horang'i, “tiger”)

A suffix attached to consonant-final words for animals. In many cases, the original, non-suffixed form is not used.

입술 (ipsul, “lip”) + -이 (-i) → 입술이 (ipsuri, “lip”) (Gyeongsang dialect, Jinju)

A suffix attached to any noun to euphonically lengthen the word without changing its meaning. Now more productive in non-Seoul dialects.


-이

From Middle Korean 이 (i, adverb-deriving suffix), from Old Korean 是, 利 (*i, adverb-deriving suffix).

inh

길- (gil-, “to be long”) + -이 (-i) → 길이 (giri, “for evermore”)

달ㄹ- (dall-, “to be different”) + -이 (-i) → 달리 (dalli, “unlike”)

슬프- (seulpeu-, “to be sad”) + -이 (-i) → 슬피 (seulpi, “sadly, forlornly”)

간(間) (gan, “interval”) + 간(間) (gan, “interval”) + -이 (-i) → 간간이 (gan'gani, “from time to time”)

무진장(無盡藏) (mujinjang, “limitlessness”) + -이 (-i) → 무진찬이 (mujinchani, “profusely”) (Gyeongsang dialect, Namhae)

-ly; an adverb-deriving suffix, attaching especially to adjectives and certain reduplicated monosyllabic nouns. No longer productive in Seoul Korean.

일찍 (iljjik, “early”) + -이 (-i) → 일찍이 (iljjigi, “quite early”)

더욱 (deouk, “yet more”) + -이 (-i) → 더욱이 (deougi, “yet quite more”)

A suffix attached to an existing adverb not derived from a verb, generally with a more emphatic sense. No longer productive in Seoul Korean.


-이

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으이 (-eu'i, “familiar style ending”)


-으이

From a colloquial Middle Korean suffix -으이〮/ᄋᆞ이〮 (Yale: -uí/oí), more commonly attested in the sixteenth century. The traditional interpretation sees this as from -으〮ᅌᅵ/ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ- (Yale: -úngì/óngì-, addressee-honoring suffix); compare Gyeongsang Korean -으이- (-eu'i-). However, Jang Yun-hui rejects this..
In either case, related to verbal endings -네 (-ne), -데 (-de), possibly -소 (-so).

okm-l

-으〮ᅌᅵ/ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ-

고마우이.

날이 차이. 돌아갈 때 조심하시게.

Nar-i cha-i. Dora-gal ttae josim-ha-si-ge.

It's cold today. Be cautious when you return.

(dated, archaic or dialectal) A familiar style declarative ending.


-째

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 자히 (Yale: cahi). Compare Old Korean 音第叱 (*-m CAHI-s).

ko-etym-native

우리 집에서 내가 넷째야.

I'm the fourth oldest [of multiple siblings] in my family.


-으이-

From Middle Korean -으〮ᅌᅵ/ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ- (Yale: -úngì/óngì-, addressee-honoring suffix).

okm-l

-으〮ᅌᅵ/ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ-

아부지, 떡 좀 잡수이소.

孟(맹)子(자)ㅣ 對(대)曰(왈) 於(어)傳(전)에 有(유)之(지)하니이다.

Maengja(e) daewal eojeon-e yuji-ha-ni-i-da.

Mencius replied, "It is so in the records."

(archaic or Gyeongsang) A suffix adding an intensified degree of politeness or deference.


-질

Possibly from 짓— (jit-, “to make, to build”) / 지— (ji-, “to become, to grow, to form”) + —ㄹ (-l, prospective suffix). Compare 짓 (jit, “act, deed”).

선생질 (先生—, seonsaengjil, “(depreciative) being a teacher”), 첩질 (妾—, cheopjil, “concubinage”), 손가락질 (son'garakjil, “pointing fingers”), 서방질 (書房—, seobangjil, “cuckolding”)

A depreciative noun-forming suffix attached to nouns.

톱질 (topjil, “sawing”), 망치질 (mangchijil, “hammering”), 대패질 (daepaejil, “planing”), 부채질 (buchaejil, “fanning”), 바느질 (baneujil, “sewing”)

A nominalisation suffix attached to nouns, verbs or adjectives. The act of doing ...


-이-

From Middle Korean -이〮- (-í-), an allomorph of -기〮- (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix) formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

okm-inline

먹다 (meokda, “to eat”) + -이- (-i-) → 먹이다 (meogida, “to feed”)

높다 (nopda, “to be high”) + -이- (-i-) → 높이다 (nopida, “to heighten”)

나다 (nada, “to exit”) + -이- (-i-) → 내다 (naeda, “to take out”)

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in a vowel, an aspirate consonant, ㄱ (g), or ㄹ (l). No longer productive.

놓다 (nota, “to place”) + -이- (-i-) → 놓이다 (noida, “to be placed”)

보다 (boda, “to see”) + -이- (-i-) → 보이다 (boida, “to be seen”)

바꾸다 (bakkuda, “to change”) (transitive) + -이- (-i-) → 바뀌다 (bakkwida, “to change, to be changed”)

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, mainly attaching to verb stems ending in a vowel or in an aspirate consonant. No longer productive.


-이-

From Middle Korean -ᅌᅵ- (Yale: -ngì-, deferential/self-humbling suffix). See the main entry for more.

okm-l

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으이- (-eu'i-, polite deferential suffix)


-지

-ji (romanization)
-재 (alternative Gyeongsang sometimes)
-지비 (alternative Hamgyong)

Palatalized from earlier -디 (Yale: -ti), short for Middle Korean -디〮ᄫᅵ〮 (Yale: -tíWí, contrastive suffix). Compare Hamgyong Korean -지비 (-jibi), which has the most conservative form of this morpheme; Gyeongsang Korean -재 (-jae) may also be a non-shortened form of -디〮ᄫᅵ〮 (Yale: -tíWí), via Early Modern Korean -지웨 (-ciwey).
Sentence-final use appears in the eighteenth century, arising from an omission of the second fact in colloquial speech.

ruby

􂀿節􂁀(절) 􂀿結􂁀(결)􂀿束􂁀(속)􂀿力􂁀(력) 􂀿變􂁀(변)􂀿化􂁀(화)의 􂀿觀􂁀(관)􂀿點􂁀(점)에서 본 􂀿終􂁀(종)􂀿結􂁀(결)􂀿語􂁀(어)􂀿尾􂁀(미) '-지'의 􂀿形􂁀(형)􂀿成􂁀(성)

節(절) 結(결)束(속)力(력) 變(변)化(화)의 觀(관)點(점)에서 본 終(종)結(결)語(어)尾(미) '-지'의 形(형)成(성)

lang

節(절) 結(결)束(속)力(력) 變(변)化(화)의 觀(관)點(점)에서 본 終(종)結(결)語(어)尾(미) '지'의 形(형)成(성)

ruby

􂀿李􂁀(이)􂀿知􂁀(지)􂀿英􂁀(영)

李(이)知(지)英(영)

lang

李(이)知(지)英(영)

나는 애국자이지 민족주의자는 아닙니다.

Na-neun aegukja-i-ji minjokjuuija-neun animnida.

우리는 반려견을 가족처럼 생각해. — 개가 동물이지 어떻게 사람이냐?

Uri-neun ballyeogyeon-eul gajok-cheoreom saenggak-hae. - Gae-ga dongmur-i-ji eotteoke saram-inya?

We think of pet dogs like family. ― A dog is an animal; how can it be a human?

Used to contrast two facts regarding the same topic, thereby emphasizing both facts. In conversation, it is usually used to deny or qualify something the other person has said. The second fact tends to be negated or a rhetorical question.

죽었으면 죽었지 살아있을 리가 없다.

Jug-eoss-eumyeon jug-eot-ji sara-isseul ri-ga eopda.

Used to strongly emphasize a fact by connecting two differently worded statements amounting to the same meaning. The second statement tends to be negated or a rhetorical question.

어떻게든 하겠지.

영국 가봤어? ― 가봤지.

Have you been to the United Kingdom? ― Of course I did.

In the intimate style, a general-purpose sentence-final suffix with a more affirmative sense than -어 (-eo):

In the declarative mood, used to strongly affirm that something is the case.

어떻게든 하겠지?

터키가 원래 오스만이었지요?

Turkey was originally the Ottomans, right?

right?; in the interrogative mood, used to request confirmation about something one believes.

천천히 먹지.

It might be good if you ate more slowly.

In the imperative mood, used to soften orders and make them more indirect.


-지

From Middle Korean -디〮 (Yale: -tí), plausibly from ᄃᆞ (Yale: to, “fact”) + -이〮 (Yale: -í, nominative case marker); compare -ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: -tól), of similar use in long negation and incorporating the accusative marker. Apparently a Middle Korean innovation; 隱 (*-n) and 尸 (*-lq) were used in Old Korean long negation.
Nam Pung-hyeon notes that Middle Korean -디〮 (Yale: -tí) and -ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: -tól) apparently correspond to Old Korean 不知 (ANti, noun-negating particle) and 不冬 (ANtol, verb-negating adverb).

담배를 피우지 맙시다.

많지가 않아요.

서울에 오지 말 걸 그랬네요.

밥을 먹지도 못해요.

Used for the negated verb or adjective in "long negation".


-지

From Middle Korean -디〮 (Yale: -tí), from ᄃᆞ (Yale: to, “fact”) + -이〮 (Yale: -í, nominative case marker).

only used in -는지 (-neunji), -은지 (-eunji), -던지 (-deonji), -을지 (-eulji), and -을는지 (-eulleunji).


-은 지

-은 (-eun, “which”, realis/past adnominal marker) + 지 (ji, dependent noun).

compound

쌀 한 톨도 못 먹은 지 어언 사흘이 되었다.

Ssal han tol-do mot meog-eun ji eo'eon saheur-i doeeotda.

Somehow, it has been four days since I last ate even a grain of rice.

Somehow, it has become four days that I was unable to eat even a grain of rice.

모친께서 돌아가신 지 몇 년이 되었습니까?

mochin-kkeseo dora-gasin ji myeot nyeon-i doeeotseumnikka?

How many years has it been since your mother passed away?

탈레반이 정권을 잡은 지 벌써 이틀이다.

Talleban-i jeonggwon-eul jab-eun ji beolsseo iteur-ida.

It is already two days since the Taliban took power.

물을 안 준 지 너무 오래 됐다.

It's been too long since I last watered [the plants].

since, (from the time) that...; followed by a statement or question about the temporal duration.


-고는 하다

고는 하다 (canonical)
-goneun hada (romanization)

아기는 배가 고프면 울곤 한다.

Agi-neun bae-ga gopeumyeon ul-gon handa.

Babies usually cry when they are hungry.

어릴 적에 할아버지께서 내게 부처님 말씀을 가르쳐주시곤 하셨다.

Eoril jeog-e harabeoji-kkeseo naege Bucheonim malsseum-eul gareucheo-jusigon hasyeotda.

When I was little, my grandfather would teach me the words of the Buddha.

customarily, habitually; (in the past tense) would...


-다 하면

다 하면 (canonical)
-da ha-myeon (romanization)

-다 (-da, declarative suffix) + 하- (ha-, “to say”) + -면 (-myeon, “if”): "if one says that..."

아기는 배고프다 하면 운다.

When babies are hungry, they can't help but cry.

그 명장은 싸운다 하면 이겼다.

Geu myeongjang-eun ssaun-da hamyeon igyeotda.

That famed general was always victorious whenever he fought.

if... always; expresses the inevitable, and usually quickly ensuing, result of a hypothetical.


-으니께

야 인저 일을 했으니께...

1981 August 13, 이춘하 [ichunha], “삼 정승의 세 딸 얻어 호환을 면한 총각 [sam jeongseung'ui se ttal eodeo hohwaneul myeonhan chonggak]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청북도 단양군 매포면 [chungcheongbukdo danyanggun maepomyeon]:

방 주인이 오셨으니께 비 주고 가야 안 되겄냐?

1983 July 28, 최상근 [choesanggeun], “관상쟁이 덕에 부자된 이야기 [gwansangjaeng'i deoge bujadoen iyagi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 고흥군 풍양면 [jeollanamdo goheunggun pung'yangmyeon]:

Because the room's (such as a room in an Inn) owner has come, shouldn't you pay the fee and go?

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Parts of Gyeongsang, less common in Seoul, Hwanghae, Pyongan) alternative form of -으니까 (-eunikka, “since, because, as”)


-어하다

-eohada (romanization)
-어한다 (formal indicative non-past)
-어해 (indicative informal non-past)
-어해요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-어합니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
-어했다 (formal indicative past)
-어했어 (indicative informal past)
-어했어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-어했습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-어하느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
-어해 (informal interrogative non-past)
-어해요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-어합니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
-어했느냐 (formal interrogative past)
-어했어 (informal interrogative past)
-어했어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-어했습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-어하자 (formal hortative)
-어해 (hortative informal)
-어해요 (hortative informal polite)
-어하십시다 (formal hortative polite)
-어해라 (formal imperative)
-어하여라 (formal imperative)
-어해 (imperative informal)
-어해요 (imperative informal polite)
-어합시오 (formal imperative polite)
-어하겠다 (assertive formal)
-어하겠어 (assertive informal)
-어하겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
-어하겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
-어해 (causative formal)
-어해서 (causative informal)
-어하여서 (causative informal)
-어하니 (causative informal polite)
-어하니까 (causative formal polite)
-어하지만 (contrastive formal)
-어하는데 (contrastive informal)
-어하더니 (contrastive informal polite)
-어하고 (conjunctive formal)
-어하면 (conditional formal)
-어해야 (conditional informal)
-어하여야 (conditional informal)
-어하려고 (formal motive-form)
-어함 (formal noun-from-verb)
-어하기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-어했음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-어하였음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-어했기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-어하였기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-어한 (determiner formal past)
-어하는 (determiner formal present)
-어할 (determiner formal future)
-어하신다 (formal indicative non-past)
-어하셔 (indicative informal non-past)
-어하세요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-어하셔요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-어하십니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
-어하셨다 (formal indicative past)
-어하셨어 (indicative informal past)
-어하셨어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-어하셨습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-어하시느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
-어하셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
-어하세요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-어하셔요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-어하십니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
-어하셨느냐 (formal interrogative past)
-어하셨어 (informal interrogative past)
-어하셨어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-어하셨습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-어하시라 (formal imperative)
-어하셔 (imperative informal)
-어하세요 (imperative informal polite)
-어하십시오 (formal imperative polite)
-어하시겠다 (assertive formal)
-어하시겠어 (assertive informal)
-어하시겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
-어하시겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
-어하셔 (causative formal)
-어하셔서 (causative informal)
-어하시니 (causative informal polite)
-어하시니까 (causative formal polite)
-어하시지만 (contrastive formal)
-어하시는데 (contrastive informal)
-어하시더니 (contrastive informal polite)
-어하시고 (conjunctive formal)
-어하시면 (conditional formal)
-어하셔야 (conditional informal)
-어하시려고 (formal motive-form)
-어하심 (formal noun-from-verb)
-어하시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-어하셨음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-어하셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-어하신 (determiner formal past)
-어하시는 (determiner formal present)
-어하실 (determiner formal future)

From Middle Korean -어〮 ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: -é hò-tá), equivalent to -어 (-eo) + 하다 (hada). In Middle Korean, it combined much more commonly with verbs.

기쁘다 (gippeuda, “to be happy”) + -어하다 (-eohada) → 기뻐하다 (gippeohada, “to rejoice”)

좋다 (jota, “to be good”) + -어하다 (-eohada) → 좋아하다 (joahada, “to like”)

맵다 (maepda, “to be spicy”) + -어하다 (-eohada) → 매워하다 (maewohada, “to find spicy”)

무섭다 (museopda, “to be scary”) + -어하다 (-eohada) → 무서워하다 (museowohada, “to fear”)

to consider, to find; attached to various adjectives, primarily those conveying an emotion or sensation, to form transitive verbs. The connotation of the verb is that one's experience of the emotion or sensation can be seen by an external observer.

못 잊다 (mot itda, “to be unable to forget”) + -어하다 (-eohada) → 못 잊어하다 (mot ijeohada, “to keep being unable to forget”)

Attached to certain verbs to give it a durative sense.


-었으면 하다

었으면 하다 (canonical)
-eoss-eumyeon hada (romanization)
-었으면 한다 (formal indicative non-past)
-었으면 해 (indicative informal non-past)
-었으면 해요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-었으면 합니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
-었으면 했다 (formal indicative past)
-었으면 했어 (indicative informal past)
-었으면 했어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-었으면 했습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-었으면 하느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
-었으면 해 (informal interrogative non-past)
-었으면 해요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-었으면 합니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
-었으면 했느냐 (formal interrogative past)
-었으면 했어 (informal interrogative past)
-었으면 했어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-었으면 했습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-었으면 하자 (formal hortative)
-었으면 해 (hortative informal)
-었으면 해요 (hortative informal polite)
-었으면 하십시다 (formal hortative polite)
-었으면 해라 (formal imperative)
-었으면 하여라 (formal imperative)
-었으면 해 (imperative informal)
-었으면 해요 (imperative informal polite)
-었으면 합시오 (formal imperative polite)
-었으면 하겠다 (assertive formal)
-었으면 하겠어 (assertive informal)
-었으면 하겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
-었으면 하겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
-었으면 해 (causative formal)
-었으면 해서 (causative informal)
-었으면 하여서 (causative informal)
-었으면 하니 (causative informal polite)
-었으면 하니까 (causative formal polite)
-었으면 하지만 (contrastive formal)
-었으면 하는데 (contrastive informal)
-었으면 하더니 (contrastive informal polite)
-었으면 하고 (conjunctive formal)
-었으면 하면 (conditional formal)
-었으면 해야 (conditional informal)
-었으면 하여야 (conditional informal)
-었으면 하려고 (formal motive-form)
-었으면 함 (formal noun-from-verb)
-었으면 하기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-었으면 했음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-었으면 하였음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-었으면 했기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-었으면 하였기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-었으면 한 (determiner formal past)
-었으면 하는 (determiner formal present)
-었으면 할 (determiner formal future)
-었으면 하신다 (formal indicative non-past)
-었으면 하셔 (indicative informal non-past)
-었으면 하세요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-었으면 하셔요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-었으면 하십니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
-었으면 하셨다 (formal indicative past)
-었으면 하셨어 (indicative informal past)
-었으면 하셨어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-었으면 하셨습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-었으면 하시느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
-었으면 하셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
-었으면 하세요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-었으면 하셔요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-었으면 하십니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
-었으면 하셨느냐 (formal interrogative past)
-었으면 하셨어 (informal interrogative past)
-었으면 하셨어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-었으면 하셨습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-었으면 하시라 (formal imperative)
-었으면 하셔 (imperative informal)
-었으면 하세요 (imperative informal polite)
-었으면 하십시오 (formal imperative polite)
-었으면 하시겠다 (assertive formal)
-었으면 하시겠어 (assertive informal)
-었으면 하시겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
-었으면 하시겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
-었으면 하셔 (causative formal)
-었으면 하셔서 (causative informal)
-었으면 하시니 (causative informal polite)
-었으면 하시니까 (causative formal polite)
-었으면 하시지만 (contrastive formal)
-었으면 하시는데 (contrastive informal)
-었으면 하시더니 (contrastive informal polite)
-었으면 하시고 (conjunctive formal)
-었으면 하시면 (conditional formal)
-었으면 하셔야 (conditional informal)
-었으면 하시려고 (formal motive-form)
-었으면 하심 (formal noun-from-verb)
-었으면 하시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-었으면 하셨음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-었으면 하셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-었으면 하신 (determiner formal past)
-었으면 하시는 (determiner formal present)
-었으면 하실 (determiner formal future)

-었- (-eot-, past-tense marker) + -으면 (-eumyeon, “if”, conditional marker) + 하다 (hada, “to do; to say”): "to say [what] if... had/were...".

af

나는 아들이 나를 따라 교수가 됐으면 했는데 뜻대로 되지 않았다.

Na-neun adeur-i na-reul ttara gyosu-ga dwaess-eumyeon haenneunde tteut-daero doeji anatda.

I had hoped that my son would follow my footsteps to become a professor, but it did not end up as I intended.

너가 좀 더 아팠으면 해.


-으로 하여

으로 하여 (canonical)
-euro ha-yeo (romanization)
-으로 해서 (alternative colloquial)

[ɯɾo̞ ha̠jʌ̹]

이로 하여 문제는 더욱 심화되었습니다.

I-ro hayeo munje-neun deouk simhwa-doeeotseumnida.

Due to this, the problem became yet more serious.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -으로 (-euro), 하- (ha-), -여 (-yeo).


-쯤 해서

쯤 해서 (canonical)
-jjeum hae-seo (romanization)

[t͡ɕ͈ɯm hɛsʰʌ̹]

[t͡ɕ͈ɯm he̞sʰʌ̹]

3시쯤 해서 올게.

at around; emphatic form of 쯤에 (-jjeum-e, “at around”)


-치

중요치 않다.

사람들이 원치 않는 것을 강요해서는 안 됩니다.

Saram-deur-i won-chi anneun geos-eul gang'yo-haeseoneun an doemnida.

You should not coerce people into doing something they do not want to do.


-치

Sino-Korean suffixes; see the main entries.

See the entry at 치(癡) (chi, “someone who is terrible at...”).


-히-

From Middle Korean -히〮- (-hí-), an allomorph of -기〮- (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix) formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

입다 (ipda, “to wear”) + -히- (-hi-) → 입히다 (iphida, “to dress”)

익다 (ikda, “to ripen”) + -히- (-hi-) → 익히다 (ikhida, “to bake”)

앉다 (anda, “to sit down”) + -히- (-hi-) → 앉히다 (anchida, “to seat”)

더럽다 (deoreopda, “to be dirty”) + -히- (-hi-) → 더럽히다 (deoreophida, “to dirty, to soil”)

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in non-aspirate obstruents such as ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), ㅂ (b), and ㅈ (j). No longer productive.

먹다 (meokda, “to eat”) + -히- (-hi-) → 먹히다 (meokhida, “to be eaten”)

밟다 (bapda, “to trample on”) + -히- (-hi-) → 밟히다 (balpida, “to be trampled on”)

닫다 (datda, “to close”) + -히- (-hi-) → 닫히다 (dachida, “to be closed”)

A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, mainly attaching to verb stems which end in non-aspirate obstruents such as ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), ㅂ (b), and ㅈ (j). No longer productive.


-다 뿐이지

다 뿐이지 (canonical)
-da ppun-i-ji (romanization)

권력의 탈만 썼다 뿐이지 영락없이 조폭의 행태를 닮았다.

2010 July 28, “고구마 줄기처럼 나오는 비선 라인 [goguma julgicheoreom naoneun biseon rain]”, in Kyunghyang Shinmun:

It is merely that they have put on the mask of authority; their behavior resembles that of gangsters.


-와

의논하와 이 사안을 심도 있게 다루시지요.

Uinonhawa i saaneul simdo itge darusijiyo.

This suffix is formed by combining the polite ending -오- with the connecting suffix -아. It attaches to verb stems that either have no final consonant, rend in ㄹ, or follow the honorific marker -으시-.


-시니까

Related to standard 습니까 (seumnikka, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs”).

ko-l

괜찮시니까요?

(northern Seoul, also but not as common in Hwanghae) Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs


-엇-

근디 야가 멫 살 났냐믄 열 네 살 먹엇어.

1979, 이흥권 [iheunggwon], “구복여행 [gubogyeohaeng]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 황해북도 봉산군 동선면 [hwanghaebukdo bongsan'gun dongseonmyeon]:

But if you wanted to know how old he was, [he] was fourteen years old.

Pyongan, Hamgyong, Yukjin, Hwanghae, and uncommon Gyeongsang form of -었- (-eot-, past-tense suffix)


-앗-

낫들 다 갈앗소? 다 갈앗으믄 시작해 봅시다.

1973, 한준원 [hanjunwon], “낫소리 [natsori]”, in MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 [MBC han'gungminyodaejeon eumbanjaryo saiteu], 평안북도 운산군 풍량리 [pyeong'anbukdo unsan'gun pungnyangni]:

Have you changed the sickles? If you have then let us start.

Pyongan, Hamgyong, Yukjin, Hwanghae, and uncommon Gyeongsang form of -았- (-at-, yang-vowel form of -었- (-eot-, past-tense suffix))


-디

See -지 (-ji). This form appears to be the non palatalized form of the standard Korean form.

Pyongan, Yukjin, and Russia form of -지 (-ji, “Suffix for contrasting two facts regarding the same topic, thereby emphasizing both facts.”)

더 북죠선 더 경흥군에 많디 머.

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 27:

At North Korea, at Kyonghung county there is more of them.

Pyongan, Yukjin, and Russia form of -지 (-ji, “A general-purpose sentence-final suffix with a more affirmative sense than 어 in the intimate style”)


론

—론 (canonical)
-ron (romanization)
論 (hanja)

의미 (uimi, “meaning”) + 론 (ron) → 의미론 (uimiron, “semantics”)

책임 (chaegim, “responsibility”) + 론 (ron) → 책임론 (chaegimnon, “argument that [someone] bears responsibility”)

사망 (samang, “death”) + 론 (ron) → 사망론 (samangnon, “hypothesis that [someone] is dead”)


-을로다

아마도 모를로다.

(obsolete) contraction of 으리로다 (-euri-roda, future/prospective verbal suffix + exclamatory/emotive verbal suffix)


-껏

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄭᆞ자ᇰ〮 (Yale: skòcáng).

ko-etym-native

마음 (ma'eum, “mind”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 마음껏 (ma'eumkkeot, “to one's heart's content”)

재량 (jaeryang, “discretion”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 재량껏 (jaeryangkkeot, “at one's discretion”)

기 (gi, “spirit”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 기껏 (gikkeot, “at the most, at best”)

한 (han, “full”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 한껏 (hankkeot, “at climax”)

눈치 (nunchi, “1wits”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 눈칫껏 (nunchitkkeot, “tactfully”)

힘 (him, “strength”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 힘껏 (himkkeot, “at one's full strength”)

여태 (yeotae, “so far”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 여태껏 (yeotaekkeot, “until now, all this time”)

목청 (mokcheong, “vocals”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 목청껏 (mokcheongkkeot, “at full voice”)

일 (il, “work”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 일껏 (ilkkeot, “at one's full strength”)

밤새 (bamsae, “night”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 밤새껏 (bamsaekkeot, “all night long”)

해 (hae, “day”) + -껏 (-kkeot) → 해껏 (haekkeot, “all day long”)


-아-

Possibly inherited from Middle Korean -아- (-a-, causative suffix?). Alternatively, possibly formed via reanalysis from -우- (-u-, causative suffix).

inh+

널찌다 (neoljjida, “to fall”) + -아- (-a-) → 널짜다 (neoljjada, “to drop; to cause to fall”)

(Southern Gyeongsang) Derives certain causative verbs, especially for stems ending in ㅣ (i). No longer productive.


-려고

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic form of -으려고 (-euryeogo, “in order to”)


-든지

-deunji (romanization)
-든 (alternative)
-든가 (alternative)

어디서든지 살 수 있어요.

no matter which/what/where, whether... or..., -ever


-었는

From Middle Korean 엇〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (Yale: -é-snón), equivalent to the present adnominal form of the stative continuous mood, e.g. 먹엇〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (Yale: mèké-snón, “eaten; which is in an eaten state”). Now grammatically equivalent to -었- (-eot-, past-tense marker) + -는 (-neun, adnominal suffix).

af

아팠는 줄 몰랐어.

짚었는 물

(nonstandard) synonym of -은 (-eun, past adnominal suffix for verbal stems; realis adnominal suffix for adjectival stems)


-더면

순제가 부산에 내려와서 자기 아니더면[…]

1955, Yeom Sang-seop, “地(지)平(평)線(선) [Horizon]”, in Hyeondae munhak, page 200:

Sunje came to Busan and said that if it wasn't for her […]

Sunje-ga Busan-e naeryeowaseo jagi ani-deo-myeon[…]

(dated or southern Gyeongsang) See -더- (-deo-, retrospective suffix) and -면 (-myeon, conditional suffix). [until early 20th century]


-둥이

동(童) (dong, “child”) + -이 (-i, agentive noun suffix)

suffix

-er; an agent suffix, especially used for a person who has a characteristic.


-시리

Gyeongsang form of -스레 (-seure, adverbial form of -스럽다 (-seureopda))


-시리

Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant
w:Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant

(ginseng-harvesters' cant) Attached to nouns, especially single-character Sino-Korean morphemes, to make it part of Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant.


-붙이

붙- (but-) + -이 (-i, noun-deriving suffix).

affix

a suffix meaning close relation to the subject


-ㅁ두

쌀은 별로 아이 특별함두?

(Yukjin, some dialects of Russia and Yanbian) dialectal form of -ㅁ둥 (-mdung, “post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -슴둥”)


-슴두

무스거 쥬셨슴두?

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 13:

(Yukjin, some dialects of Russia and Yanbian) dialectal form of -슴둥 (-seumdung, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) form of speech.”)


-댓-

경옥이가 새박때 갓댓어.

어제 영화보러 갔댓어?

1996 January 2, 이영로 [iyeongno], “연평도의 방언 [yeonpyeongdoui bang'eon]”, in 연평도 이야기 [yeonpyeongdo iyagi], 인천광역시 옹진군 연평면 [incheon'gwang'yeoksi ongjin'gun yeonpyeongmyeon]:

(Pyongan, Hwanghae, Yukjin, Russia) dialectal form of -었- (-eot-, “past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence”)


-댔-

근데 어머니 만날 안 갔댔어요.

2021 June 15, 이철은 [icheoreun], “We Interviewed A Former Elite North Korean Spy”, in Asian Boss, 황해남도 연안군 [hwanghaenamdo yeonan'gun]:

말을 멕였댔다구.

1981 July 17, 신석하 [sinseokha], “벌떼총 이야기(양촌원 죽은 말 지키듯) [beolttechong iyagi(yangchonwon jugeun mal jikideut)]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView1.asp?ur10no=tsu_0220&ur20no=Q_0220_2_F_037&dbkind=1&hilight=%EB%8C%94%EB%8B%A4%EA%B5%AC&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EB%8C%94%EB%8B%A4%EA%B5%AC(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9)), 인천광역시 강화군 화도면 [incheon'gwang'yeoksi ganghwagun hwadomyeon]:

(Hwanghae, some areas of Northwestern Seoul) dialectal form of -었- (-eot-, “past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence”)


-응게

몇 백 년 됐응게 우리 한아버지 뫼 쓰고...

2007 March 5, 김길수 [gimgilsu], “꾀를 써서 마을 뒤에 묘를 쓴 청주 한씨 [kkoereul sseoseo ma'eul dwie myoreul sseun cheongju hanssi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView2_html5.asp?datacode=07_06_FOT_20110216_KEY_KKS_0001&dbkind=2&hilight=%EC%9D%91%EA%B2%8C&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EC%9D%91%EA%B2%8C(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9)), 전라북도 순창군 [jeollabukdo sunchanggun]:

Because a couple hundred years past, we buried out grandfather in his grave...

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong) because, since, as


-으니까나

저기서 약담배 없으니까나...

2016 February 18, 김알류나 [gimallyuna], “딸을 팔아먹은 약담배쟁이 [ttareul parameogeun yakdambaejaeng'i]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 카사흐스탄 우슈토베 보토와이야 [kasaheuseutan usyutobe botowaiya]:

Since there wasn't any medicinal tobacco there...

(Hamgyong, Yukjin, Russia) alternative form of -으니까 (-eunikka, “since, because, as”)


-시까

Related to Hwanghae and northern Gyeonggi dialectal -시꺄 (-sikkya). Compare -시니까 (-sinikka), which is also used in surrounding regions.

얼마나 괴로웠갔시까...

2007 March 6, 단옥선 [danokseon], “단옥선 할머니 (78)의 고 함창하 할아버지 이야기 [danokseon halmeoni (78)ui go hamchangha harabeoji iyagi]”, in 형과니의삶 [hyeonggwaniuisam], 황해남도 옹진군 강동면 [hwanghaenamdo ongjin'gun gangdongmyeon], archived from the original on 2022-01-13:

Hwanghae form of 습니까 (seumnikka, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs”)


-지비

Of Native Korean origin, related to standard Korean -지 (-ji). It is the most conservative descendant of the middle Korean form. Used in Hamgyong dialect speaking regions south of Kilju County and Myongchon.

눈 다 녹고 봄이 돌아오니까니 또 여기로 실려왔지비.

1993, 코발렌코 마리아 니콜라예브나 [koballenko maria nikollayebeuna], “Коре сарам [Kore saram]”, in Song Cinema inc., 카자흐스탄 우슈토베 [kajaheuseutan usyutobe]

When the snow melts away and the spring returns we would plant the seeds again here.
The interviewee, a Ukrainian woman named Maria Kovalenko, was married to a Koryo-saram man and had come to Kazakhstan during the deportation of Soviet Koreans due to her husband. The area in Kazakhstan where the documentary was filmed (Ushtobe) had a Koryo-saram majority in the past, and Koryo-mar was apparently the lingua franca and primary language for a short time.

Nun da nokgo bom-i doraonikkani tto yeogi-ro sillyeowatjibi.

그게 딱 갔지비, 갔는데.. 그 마트에서 파는 아주마이 있잖니?

2021 August 22, 이유미 [iyumi], “남한정착 3개월차 탈북녀들의 황당한 한국생활 계획! 북한사투리 버전 [namhanjeongchak 3gaewolcha talbungnyeodeurui hwangdanghan han'guksaenghwal gyehoek! bukhansaturi beojeon]”, in 중고차는 유미카 [junggochaneun yumika], 양강도 혜산시 [yanggangdo hyesansi]:

Of course I went there, but when I went.. you know how there are ladies that sell things at supermarkets?

Hamgyong, Russia, and Yanbian form of -지 (-ji, “A general-purpose sentence-final suffix with a more affirmative sense than 어 in the intimate style”)


-야요

자, 싱싱한 새우젓이야요.

1980 February 17, “평남 베짜기 놀이 [pyeongnam bejjagi nori]”, in 동아방송 DBS [dong'abangsong DBS], 평안남도 남포시 [pyeong'annamdo namposi]:

우리도 피난민이야요, 어듸메서 오셨시니까?

1995, Park Wan-Suh, 그 산이 정말 거기 었었을까 [Geu sani jeongmal geogi eosseosseulkka, Was that Mountain Really There?]:

We're refugees as well, where did you come from?

그래 그게 도깨비가 한 말이야요, 그게.

2011 March 18, 조옥희 [jookhui], “도깨비가 만들어 준 만년보 [dokkaebiga mandeureo jun mannyeonbo]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView2_html5.asp?datacode=03_11_FOT_20110318_KDH_JOH_0003&dbkind=2&hilight=%EC%95%BC%EC%9A%94&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EC%95%BC%EC%9A%94(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9)), 강원도 철원군 서면 [gang'wondo cheorwon'gun seomyeon]:

(Pyongan, Hwanghae, Western Gangwon, particularly northern Seoul) dialectal form of -예요 (-yeyo, “suffix used after the copulas 이다 (ida) and 아니다 (anida)”)


-갯-

삼춘 치즈한테 경상 티갯소

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 45:

I'll always feel indebted to my uncle's wife.

Hamgyong and Yukjin form of -겠- (-get-, “will, intend, probably”)


-갰-

야, 오십 젼이문 먹을 만 하갰습꾸마.

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 102

Hey, if it's 50 mace (fen) then it's probably good enough to eat.
Although the speaker was recorded in Hunchun, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, she originally comes from the Aoji area of Kyonghung county, North Hamgyong Province. Thus, her speech is likely reflective of the dialect from that region.

Ya, osip jeon-imun meog-eul man hagaet-seupkkuma.


-모

옛날에 친구 집에 놀러 가모, 여러 날로 그래 있던갑데.

1982 August 9, 최복만 [choebongman], “복 이야기 [bok iyagi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 김해시 한림면 [gyeongsangnamdo gimhaesi hallimmyeon]:

In the past when you would go hang out at your friend's house, you'd stay for several days.

(Gyeongsang) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으모 (-eumo, “(dialect) if, when”)


-맨

그래맨 제일 그 고향에서 가서 가슴 아픈 거예요

2020 November 7, 박신혁 [baksinhyeok], “2008년 입국, 박신혁 : 백령도까지 쪽배로 28시간 탈북! [2008nyeon ipguk, baksinhyeok : baengnyeongdokkaji jjokbaero 28sigan talbuk!]”, in 탈탈탈 [taltaltal], 황해남도 연안군 [hwanghaenamdo yeonan'gun]

So the most saddest thing was when I went to my hometown.
Although the defector comes from Hwanghae, his parents were originally from Jagang province and moved after much of the original residents of Yeonan were sent north after the Korean war. Thus, whether this feature of his speech is from the original Hwanghae dialect or from the Jagang province transplants is unclear.

geurae-maen jeil geu gohyang-e-seo ga-seo gaseum apeun geoyeyo

(Gyeongsang, Possibly Hwanghae or Pyongan) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으맨 (-eumaen, “(dialectal) if, when”)


-수다

Compare -소다 (-soda, “shortened form of -소이다”). Considered a part of the intimate style of speech in Pyongan Korean.

그럿수다 그전에.

(Can we date this quote?), 조병원 [jobyeong'won], “함경도 농부가 [hamgyeongdo nongbuga]”, in MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 [MBC han'gungminyodaejeon eumbanjaryo saiteu], 양강도 보천군 [yanggangdo bocheon'gun]:

This is how we did it (sang), back then.

(Hamgyong, Pyongan) a politeness-adding particle in the intimate style of speech.


-어야지

-eoyaji (romanization)
-여야지 (alternative)
-아야지 (alternative)

빨리 집 짓고 놀아야지.

I must build a house quickly and play (=have fun).

상자에 담아서 테이프로 잘 붙이셔야죠.

Sangja-e damaseo teipeu-ro jal buchisyeoyajo.

You have to put it in a box and tape it well.

손님, 거스름돈 받아 가셔야지요.

Sonnim, geoseureumdon bada gasyeoyajiyo.

Sir/madam (lit.: customer), you need to take your change.

약속했으면 지켜야지!

If you made a promise, you should keep it!

많이 많이 먹어야지.

The suffix often implies "one should / must / has to ...", and can be used for both self-talk (determination) or to gently criticize someone else


-을 텐데

을 텐데 (canonical)
-eul tende (romanization)
-ㄹ 텐데 (alternative)

춥겠을 텐데 옷 따뜻하게 입어요.

Chupgesseul tende ot ttatteuthage ibeoyo.

힘들었을 텐데 고생 많았어요.

Himdeureosseul tende gosaeng manasseoyo.

It must have been hard, but you did well (thank you for your hard work).

바쁠 텐데 나중에 이야기해요.

2021, Level 10 Korean Grammar Textbook (Talk To Me In Korean; Level 10):

Expresses expectation, assumption, or regret/contrast


-호

See the entry at 호(號) (ho, “number; name”)


-니껴

제여 말하자면 요새 탈 쓰잖니껴?

2009 January 15, 이차놈 [ichanom], “다섯 딸의 선택 [daseot ttarui seontaek]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 청송군 진보면 [gyeongsangnamdo cheongsonggun jinbomyeon]:

If I was to talk about these days wouldn't he be wearing a mask?

(northern Gyeongsang) dialectal form of -ㅂ니까 (-mnikka, “post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of 습니까”)


-더랫-

Shortening of -더라 (-deora) + 햇 (haet). Compare -댓- (-daet-), -드랫- (-deuraet-).

군대 간 오빠가 왓더랫어요

2007, 황대화 [hwangdaehwa], 황해도 방언 연구 [hwanghaedo bang'eon yeon'gu, Study of the Hwanghae dialect], 한국 문화사, →ISBN:

Her older brother who went to the army came back.

(Pyongan, Hwanghae) dialectal form of -었- (-eot-, “past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence”)


-ㅁ까

From -슴까 (-seumkka). Compare Yukjin -ㅁ둥 (-mdung), -ㅁ두 (-mdu), which are similarly used.

이모 이 뜨개옷 얼맘까?

2020 December 22, 강나라 [gangnara], “North Korean Dialect Part 2! Diving into N.Korean words from my defector friend Nara(So different)”, in 데이브 World of Dave [deibeu World of Dave], 함경북도 청진시 [hamgyeongbukdo cheongjinsi]:

(Hamgyong, Yanbian) post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -슴까 (-seumkka, formal polite interrogative suffix)


-ㄴ께

그런께 글자 석자를 내놓았단 말이요.

1984 August 2, 제갈남출 [jegallamchul], “바다속의 엽전 [badasogui yeopjeon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 신안군 하의면 [jeollanamdo sinan'gun hauimyeon]:

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic form of -으니께 (-eunikke)


-는교

큰집에만 내 부자 할줄 아는교? 돈이 돌아 댕기는데.

1984 July 25, 김두화 [gimduhwa], “며느리 덕으로 잘살게 된 작은집 [myeoneuri deogeuro jalsalge doen jageunjip]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 울산광역시 울주군 언양면 [ulsan'gwang'yeoksi uljugun eonyangmyeon]:

Does only our oldest uncle's home know how to be rich? Money circulates anyways.

(Gyeongsang) Interrogative suffix in the 하소체 (hasoche) style of speech.


-는디

인자 그런 것이 그 낮이로 들어온 것이 아니라 밤으로, 밤으로 와서 앉겄는디...

2017 March 18, 서대석 [seodaeseok], “오리잡아 판 사연 [orijaba pan sayeon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전남 순천시 별량면 [jeonnam suncheonsi byeollyangmyeon]:

Now those don't come in the day but they seem to come in the night and sit down...

한분은 자는디 우리 고향으서두 그 지진이 일어낫댓으.

2020, 최소연 [choesoyeon], 황해도 안악 지역어의 음운론적연구 [hwanghaedo anak jiyeogeoui eumullonjeogyeon'gu, A Phonological Study on the Regional Language of Anak County in the Hwanghae Region], 황해남도 은율군 [hwanghaenamdo eunyulgun]: 서울대학교 대학원:

Once I was sleeping but in my hometown an earthquake had struck.

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Southern Seoul, Areas of Hwanghae) dialectal form of -는데 (-neunde, “since; used to convey relevant circumstances surrounding an explanation, suggestion, etc.”)


-는디

요즘엔 생겼는디 모르갓는데 제가 잇을땐 없엇어요.

2020 August 21, UN음주오락부장관 [UNeumjuorakbujanggwan], “서울VS평양의 충격적인 차이점 [seoulVSpyeong'yang'ui chunggyeokjeogin chaijeom]”, in BODA 보다 [BODA boda], 평양직할시 [pyeong'yangjikhalsi]:

I don't know if they have it now but when I was there it wasn't a thing.

Pyongan form of -는지 (-neunji, “indirect question marker: if, what, where, etc.”)


-민서

Related to -면서 (-myeonseo). See -으면서 (-eumyeonseo)

배 고만 두구 과일나무나 가꾸민서 오손도손 삽시다.

2013 June 21, 김정자 [gimjeongja], “나의 살던 고향은 [naui saldeon gohyang'eun]”, in KBS 고향극장 [KBS gohyanggeukjang], 함경북도 청진시 [hamgyeongbukdo cheongjinsi]

Why don't you give up fishing and raise a fruit tree so that we can live happily.
As the speaker is a Korean War refugee from the 1950s who has since lived in Sokcho, it is probable that her speech does not represent the traditional dialect of the region.

Bae goman du-gu gwaillamu-na gakkuminseo osondoson sapsida.

(Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Hamgyong) Post-vowel allomorphic of -으민서 (-euminseo) form of -으민서 (-euminseo)


-으꾸마

Compare -스꾸마 (-seukkuma), -습꾸마 (-seupkkuma), which are also common Yukjin dialect forms.

쌈을 하므 절을 그거 아이 받아들인다고서리 그전에 우리 아부지랑 말했으꾸마.

2015 February 20, 장 율리아 [jang yullia], “제사 때 찾아오는 영혼 [jesa ttae chajaoneun yeonghon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 우즈베키스탄 누쿠스 [ujeubekiseutan nukuseu]:

Our father said, "if you fight, then I won't receive your bows".

(Yukjin, Russia, Yukjin speakers in Yanbian) the declarative suffix in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.


-슴까

Related to standard 습니까 (seumnikka, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs”). Compare -슴다 (-seumda), -ㅁ까 (-mkka)

오, 진짜 왔슴까?

2022 February 24, 최송죽 [choesongjuk], “'검은색의 이상한 음식' 북한 산골에서 온 탈북민, 생애 첫 짜장면을 먹다~ [geomeunsaegui isanghan eumsik bukhan san'goreseo on talbungmin, saeng'ae cheot jjajangmyeoneul meokda~]”, in 이제 만나러 갑니다 [ije mannareo gamnida], 양강도 김형직군 (옛 후창군) [yanggangdo gimhyeongjikgun (yet huchanggun)]:

(Hamgyong, Yanbian) dialectal form of -습니까 (-seumnikka, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs”)


-슴메

Compare Hamgyong dialectal -슴메다 (-seummeda), -음메 (-eumme). Also attested in the Pyongan dialect

야? 뭐이라오? 상을 어쩌라고? 내 못 알아 들었슴메.

2020 September 5, 박예영, “함경도 사투리(3) [hamgyeongdo saturi(3)]”, in 박예영's 통통TV [bagyeyeong s tongtongTV], 함경북도 김책시 [hamgyeongbukdo gimchaeksi]:

What? What did you say? What do you want me to do with the table? I don't understand what you're saying.

(Pyongan, Hamgyong) declarative or interrogative suffix in the plain style of speech


-ㄹ세

-lse (romanization)
-로세 (alternative)
-을세 (alternative)

From Middle Korean -로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-lwóswóngìtá), through -로쇠 (-lwoswoy), -ㄹ쇠 (-lswoy). Ultimately a combination of Middle Korean suffixes -롯〮- (-lwós-, emotive suffix) + -ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ- (-óngì-, politeness suffix) + 다〮 (tá, declarative suffix).

compound

배꽃일세 배꽃일세 큰애기 얼굴이 배꽃일세
도화로세 도화로세 큰애기 얼굴이 도화로세
baekkoch-ilse baekkoch-ilse keunaegi eolgur-i baekkoch-ilsedo

She is a pear blossom, she is a pear blossom, the lady's face is (like) a pear blossom
She is a peach blossom, she is a peach blossom, the lady's face is (like) a peach blossom

hwa-rose dohwa-rose keunaegi eolgur-i dohwa-rose

Used with -이다 (-ida) and 아니다 (anida) to make declarations.


-ㅁ메

아바이 어데 갔다 옴메?

2013 June 21, 김건욱 [gimgeonuk], “나의 살던 고향은 [naui saldeon gohyang'eun]”, in KBS 고향극장 [KBS gohyanggeukjang], 함경남도 홍원군 [hamgyeongnamdo hong'won'gun]:

(Hamgyong, Pyongan) post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -슴메 (-seumme, “declarative or interrogative suffix in the plain style of speech”)


-ㄹ려고

Related to -려고 (-ryeogo). Was widely used in the traditional dialect of Seoul and neighboring areas.

...시묘살이를 허다가 인자 하두 궁금해서 어 서울을 올라갈려고...혜음령을 오는데...

2010 February 2, 박종윤 [bakjong'yun], “수령령고개(혜음령 이칭)의 유래 [suryeongnyeonggogae(hyeeumnyeong iching)ui yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경기도 파주시 광탄면 [gyeonggido pajusi gwangtanmyeon]:

After mourning his mother's death for three years, he was now curious and he arrived at Hyeeumnyeong (a mountain pass in modern day Goyang) in order to get to Seoul...

nonstandard form of -려고 (-ryeogo, “in order to”)


-시니껴

Compare -니껴 (-nikkyeo), -십니꺼 (-simnikkeo), which are also used in different areas of Northern and Southern Gyeongsang Province.

아버지, 아버지요, 실수를 그만치 했으면 됐지 왜 이리 오시니껴?

2012 February 9, 우순석 [usunseok], “사돈집 가서 망신당한 이야기 [sadonjip gaseo mangsindanghan iyagi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 영양군 일월면 [gyeongsangbukdo yeong'yanggun irwolmyeon]:

Father, father, if you made that many mistakes then it's okay why do you keep coming here?

(Northern Gyeongsang) alternative form of -습니까 (-seumnikka)


-으믄

뭐가 좀 인자 우쪽으로 행동을 좀 했으믄은 큰 보탬이 됐을 건데.

2011 January 26, 남성현 [namseonghyeon], “김재열씨의 월북 [gimjaeyeolssiui wolbuk]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 여수시 삼산면 [jeollanamdo yeosusi samsanmyeon]:

Now if we had moved a bit more upward then it would have helped.

(Gangwon, Seoul, Chungcheong, Jeolla dialect, Hwanghae, Gyeongsang) dialectal form of -으면 (-eumyeon, “if, when”)


-마동

그래 자꼬 저녁마동 댕긴께 난종에는 말이 통하거든, 서로.

1983 February 3, 신지우 [sinjiu], “명두 이야기 [myeongdu iyagi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 고흥군 고흥읍 [jeollanamdo goheunggun goheung'eup]:

So because [the ghost] kept on going there every night, later they could understand each other.

(Jeolla dialect, Northern Gyeongsang) alternative form of -마다 (-mada, “every”)


-닝께

Compare -닝께 (-ningkke) and -닝까 (-ningkka).

저녁에 예를 지내고 신부가 들어왔는디 보닝께 신랭이 여자를 볼 수가 없어.

1984 March 31, 선수모 [seonsumo], “갈처사의 딸 [galcheosaui ttal]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 승주군 낙안면 (현 순천시 낙안연) [jeollanamdo seungjugun naganmyeon (hyeon suncheonsi naganyeon)]:

So while spending the night here the bride went inside and it turns out that the groom cannot see the girl.

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic form of -으닝께 (-euningkke)


-ㄴ게

그 과게 보는 사람이 본게 저그 마누래되는 사람인데.

2011 January 22, 정로자 [jeongnoja], “강피 훑던 여자가 죽어서 매미가 된 이야기 [gangpi huldeon yeojaga jugeoseo maemiga doen iyagi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 남해군 서면 [gyeongsangnamdo namhaegun seomyeon]:

After seeing a person who can look into the past (fortuneteller), [he found that] that's the person that will become his wife.

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Southwestern Gyeongsang) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic form of -으니게 (-eunige)


-으니게

인제 올라고 생여를 들으니게 생여가 떨어지들 안햐.

2009 March 7, 박희목 [bakhuimok], “명정이 날아간 자리에 쓴 정몽주의 묘 [myeongjeong'i naragan jarie sseun jeongmongjuui myo]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라북도 장수군 계북면 [jeollabukdo jangsugun gyebungmyeon]:

As they held the bier they intended to come [to the funeral], but the bier didn't fall [during the journey].

(Northern Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong) alternative form of -으니까 (-eunikka, “since, because, as”)


-으니께니

Cognate with -으니께 (-eunikke). Compare -으니까나 (-eunikkana), -으니까 (-eunikka)

스물둘에 가업을 물려받았으니께니 지금도 훈훈한 문배 냄새가 코에 배어있습니다레.

1988 July 26, 이경찬 [igyeongchan], “문배주담그기 이경찬옹 [munbaejudamgeugi igyeongchanong]”, in 중앙일보 [jung'ang'ilbo], 평안남도 평양시 [pyeong'annamdo pyeong'yangsi]

As at 22 I was handed the family business [of distilling munbae-ju] even now the smell of wild pear lingers in my nose.
From an interview of a munbae-ju distiller who's family were natives of Pyongyang, due to the fact that he had been living in Seoul for probably over 35 years, it is likely that his dialect is greatly influenced by standard Korean.

Seumuldur-e ga'eob-eul mullyeobadasseunikkeni jigeum-do hunhunhan munbae naemsae-ga ko-e baeeoit-seumnida-re.

(Pyongan) alternative form of -으니까 (-eunikka, “since, because, as”)


-이까

Perhaps compare northern Gyeongsang -이꺼네 (-ikkeone).

가다가 보이까능, 이 색시가 갔더니 불이 빤한게 있다 이거여.

2011 March 11, 임석례 [imseongnye], “색시복으로 부자 된 숯구이 총각 [saeksibogeuro buja doen sutgu'i chonggak]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 강원도 원주시 문막읍 [gang'wondo wonjusi munmageup]:

When the wife went to have a look [she saw that] the fire was shining brightly.

(Gangwon, Gyeongsang) alternative form of -니까 (-nikka, “Post-vowel and post-ㄹ allomorphic of -으니까 (-eunikka)”)


-ㅂ니껴

Compare -시니껴 (-sinikkyeo), -니껴 (-nikkyeo).

그러니께네, “부자 아입니껴?”

2013 January 30, 김광호 [gimgwangho], “경주 최부자와 호랑이의 보은 [gyeongju choebujawa horang'iui bo'eun]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 영주시 문수면 [gyeongsangnamdo yeongjusi munsumyeon]:

(Northern Gyeongsang) dialectal form of -ㅂ니까 (-mnikka, “post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of 습니까”)


-ㅁ다

(Hamgyong, Yanbian, Yukjin) post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -슴다 (-seumda, formal polite declarative suffix)


-습메다

Compare -습네다 (-seumneda), maybe -슴메 (-seumme).

Pyongan and Hamgyong form of -습니다 (-seumnida, “Declarative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 style of speech.”)


-을께

-eulkke (romanization)
-ㄹ께 (alternative)

superseded and pronunciation spelling of -을게 (-eulge, “An informal verbal suffix conveying a promise to be upheld in the future.”)


분지

—분지 (canonical)
-bunji (romanization)
分之 (hanja)

삼분지 일

(dated) a way to express fractions and percentages


-간

Shortening of -갓- (-gat-) + -니 (-ni). Compare -언 (-eon), which is also used in northwestern Korean.

은을 주면 널 사간 금을 준들 널 사간

1981, 김시봉 [gimsibong], “아이어르는소리둥둥타령 [aieoreuneunsori-dungdungtaryeong]”, in MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 [MBC han'gungminyodaejeon eumbanjaryo saiteu], 평안북도 동림군 동림읍 [pyeong'anbukdo dongnimgun dongnimeup]:

Would I buy you for silver, would I buy you for gold

(Pyongan, parts of Hwanghae) a plain-style interrogative suffix


-시다

Possibly compare Pyongan -수다 (-suda) as well as Hwanghae -쉐다 (-sweda), -쉬다 (-swida). Also historically used in the Ganghwa and Kaeseong regions of historic Gyeonggi province.

난 떠나야갓시다.

1979, 이흥권 [iheunggwon], “삼정승의 딸을 얻은 단명소년 [samjeongseung'ui ttareul eodeun danmyeongsonyeon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 황해북도 봉산군 동선면 [hwanghaebukdo bongsan'gun dongseonmyeon]:

죽는데 한 마디나, 할 말이 있시다.

1981, 나경필 [nagyeongpil], “선돌이 이야기 [seondori iyagi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 인천광역시 강화군 하점면 [incheon'gwang'yeoksi ganghwagun hajeommyeon]:

I will die, but please let me say one more thing.

(Hwanghae, Parts of Northwestern Seoul) a politeness-adding particle in the formal polite of speech.


-집

See the entry at -집(集) (-jip, “collection”)


-드랫-

그전엔 화천꺼정 이북이드랫는데... 50년 즌장 벳겼지...난 모릅니다 어떻게 됐는지.

2011 February 5, 김용복 [gimyongbok], “캄차카로 보내진 북한 노무자, 남한의 가족을 만나다 [kamchakaro bonaejin bukhan nomuja, namhanui gajogeul mannada]”, in KBS, 강원도 김화군 근동면 [gang'wondo gimhwagun geundongmyeon]

Back then it was [considered] North Korea until Hwacheon... but in the war 50 years ago it was taken [by South Korea]... I don't know about what's happened [to my hometown].
From an interview with a member of the Korean community in Kamchatka Krai, many of whom were originally North Korean labourers who were unable to return from the Soviet Union in the 1950s.

Geujeonen hwacheon-kkeojeong ibug-ideuraen-neunde... 50-nyeon jeunjang betgyeot-ji...Nan moreumnida eotteoke dwaen-neunji.

(Pyongan, Hwanghae, Gangwon) dialectal form of -었- (-eot-, “past tense marker going onto the main verb, adjective or copula of the sentence”)


-습꾸마

이거 (훈장) 높은 게 없습꾸마.

2018 March 20, 박 베라 [bak bera], “스물넷 고려인 4세 유학생 사샤가 부르는 아리랑, 고향의 눈물 [seumullet goryeoin 4se yuhaksaeng sasyaga bureuneun arirang, gohyang'ui nunmul]”, in KBS Diaspora, 우즈베키스탄 히바 [ujeubekiseutan hiba]:

There isn't [a medal] higher than this one.

(Yukjin, Russia, Yukjin speakers in Yanbian) the declarative suffix in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.


-뜨기

agent suffix denoting negative characteristics


-내기

Of native Korean origin.. From 나– (na–, “to be born”) + -기 (-gi, “derivational suffix”)

com

서울내기

suffix used to refer to a person who was born and raised in a certain region and/or who has that local characteristic


-ㅂ지

기래다서리 조선전쟁 훌 끝이나서 종무소식입지.

2004, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2012년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고서 [2012nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogoseo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], National Institute of the Korean Language, page 133:

So after the Korean War ended, we got no more news.

(Yanbian, Yukjin, Russia) post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -습지 (-seupji, “a declarative suffix in the formal polite speech level.”)


-습지

웃음하고 쟤 말 한단 말이오... 우리 업신봐서... 우리 살이 어럽다구, 따이 작아서 사는 데서 살라구. 그런 말 들으니 우울습지.

1992, 김 아나톨리 [gim anatolli], “수난시대 중앙아시아의 韓人들”, in SBS, Uzbekistan:

They laughed and as they belittled us they (the Korean students) said... our lives are hard, [in Korea there is] little land [so] just keep on living where you live now. After hearing that I felt very depressed.

(Yanbian, Yukjin, Russia) a declarative suffix in the formal polite speech level.


-재

우로 보이께네 형제가 그 참 보통 평범한 인물이재, 큰 대물이 아이래.

1982 July 26, 유병규 [yubyeonggyu], “간담이 큰 원두표와 풍수 [gandami keun wondupyowa pungsu]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 봉화군 명호면 [gyeongsangbukdo bonghwagun myeonghomyeon]:

After having a look above, [he found out that] the brothers were just ordinary people, rather than being big-shots.

(Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, colloquial Yanbian) dialectal form of -지 (-ji, “Suffix for contrasting two facts regarding the same topic, thereby emphasizing both facts.”)

-지

저기 가는 애가 순이재?

2013, 김선희 [gimseonhui, Jin Shan-ji], 연변 방언 연구 조사와 종결어미를 중심으로 [yeonbyeon bang'eon yeon'gu - josawa jonggyeoreomireul jungsimeuro, A study on particles and endings of the Yanbian dialect], Korean Language and Literature Society, page 8:

(Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, colloquial Yanbian) dialectal form of -지 (-ji, “A general-purpose sentence-final suffix with a more affirmative sense than 어 in the intimate style”)


-기오

형님... 집에 나가서 고향 술 마셔 보기오, 어떻소?

2013 June 21, 김건욱 [gimgeonuk], “나의 살던 고향은 [naui saldeon gohyang'eun]”, in KBS 고향극장 [KBS gohyanggeukjang], 함경남도 홍원군 [hamgyeongnamdo hong'won'gun]:

When we go back home let's drink our hometown's traditional liquor, how's that?

(Yukjin, Hamgyong) imperative suffix in the plain style of speech


-자구

«고맙소, 조국의 소식을 60만 동포들에게 전해주시오. 조국이 통일된 다음 다시 만나자구. …»
아버지원수님께서는 학생들을 오래오래 껴안아주시며 한없는 사랑을 부어주시였습니다.

1973, 위대한 사랑의 품 [The Embrace of Great Love]:

“Thank you. Bring news of the fatherland to 600,000 compatriots (living in Japan). Let's meet again after the country is reunified...” Our Fatherly Marshal hugged us students for a long time and poured out his boundless love.

«Gomapso, jogug-ui sosig-eul 60man dongpo-deur-ege jeonhaejusio. Jogug-i tong'ildoen da'eum dasi mannajagu. …»
abeojiwonsunim-kkeseo-neun haksaeng-deur-eul orae'orae kkyeoanajusimyeo haneomneun sarang-eul bueojusiyeotseumnida.


-투성이

피투성이

땀투성이

먼지투성이

a suffix used to mean a state of having too much of something or a person or thing in such a state


-을쏘냐

From Middle Korean -으〮리〮로〮소〮녀〮 (-úlílwóswónyé), through Early Modern Korean -로소냐 (-lwoswonya), -ㄹ소냐 (-lswonya). Ultimately a combination of Middle Korean suffixes -으〮리〮- (-úlí-, irrealis suffx) + -롯〮- (-lwós-, emotive suffix) + -ᄋᆞ녀 (-onye, yes/no question suffix).

compound

(a terminating ending indicating a strong negation, usually in the form of a question, i.e., "how can this be?" and/or in place of 해라 (haera))

a terminating ending indicating a strong negation; usually in the form of a question; i.e.; a terminating ending indicating a strong negation; usually in the form of a question; i.e.


-무

Of native Korean origin. Dialectal form of -면 (-myeon).

(Gyeongsang, Hamgyong and Yukjin dialect) synonym of -면 (-myeon)


-자고

아 할아버지 어저느 연세 많으니까 산에 가져다 두자고 이거 맨든다.

2015 February 11, 최 알렉산드로 니콜라이비치 [choe alleksandeuro nikollaibichi], “고려장이 없어진 유래 [goryeojang'i eopseojin yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 우즈베키스탄 타쉬켄트 [ujeubekiseutan taswikenteu]:

Now that grandfather is old I'm making this thing in order to take and leave him at the mountains.


-래르

걘데 사름으느 그 때애 게 얼음이 얼랑말랑 할 때애 신발으 신으래르 그 사듥에서 이만이 제치면서 뛔에얘 됀단 말이오.

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 13:

But at the time, when people were unsure of whether it was frozen over or not they would turn their shoes inside out at the marsh and run so as to [be able to] wear them [later].