양

—양 (canonical)
-yang (romanization)
洋 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 洋 (“ocean; Western (because Westerners came by sea)”).

ko-etym-sino

태평양

the hanja entry at 洋 for Sino-Korean compounds of 양


가

—가 (canonical)
-ga (romanization)
家 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 家 (“house, family”).

건축(建築) (geonchuk, “architecture”) + 가(家) (ga) → 건축가(建築家) (geonchukga, “architect”)

전략(戰略) (jeollyak, “strategy”) + 가(家) (ga) → 전략가(戰略家) (jeollyakga, “strategist”)

자본(資本) (jabon, “capital”) + 가(家) (ga) → 자본가(資本家) (jabon'ga, “capitalist”)

애묘(愛猫) (aemyo, “loving cats”) + 가(家) (ga) → 애묘가(愛猫家) (aemyoga, “cat-lover”)

the hanja entry at 家 for Sino-Korean compounds of 가


가

—가 (canonical)
-ga (romanization)
價 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 價 (“price, value”).

the hanja entry at 價 for Sino-Korean compounds of 가


가

—가 (canonical)
-ga (romanization)
街 (hanja)

종로3가

the hanja entry at 街 for Sino-Korean compounds of 가


적

—적 (canonical)
-jeok (romanization)
的 (hanja)

-ive, -like, -ish, -ic, -ical, -y, kind of, sort of (see usage notes)


화

—화 (canonical)
-hwa (romanization)
化 (hanja)

서양화(西洋化)

세계화(世界化)

발칸화(발칸化)

the hanja entry at 化 for Sino-Korean compounds of 화


화

—화 (canonical)
-hwa (romanization)
畫/畵 (hanja)

서양화(西洋畫)

수채화(水彩畫)

풍경화(風景畫)

the hanja entry at 畫 for Sino-Korean compounds of 화


화

—화 (canonical)
-hwa (romanization)
靴 (hanja)

축구화(蹴球靴)

런닝화(런닝靴)

the hanja entry at 靴 for Sino-Korean compounds of 화


인

—인 (canonical)
-in (romanization)
人 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 人 for Sino-Korean compounds of 인

미국인 (美國人)

한국인 (韓國人)

-ese, -ian; person from... (indicates person of certain nationality or ethnicity)

예술인 (藝術人)

-ist, -ian (indicates person of certain occupation)


서

—서 (canonical)
-seo (romanization)
署 (hanja)

경찰서(警察署)

소방서(消防署)

관공서(官公署)

the hanja entry at 署 for Sino-Korean compounds of 서


심

—심 (canonical)
-sim (romanization)
心 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 心 (“heart”). Compare Chinese 芯 (xīn, “pith; wick; core”), Japanese 芯(しん) (shin, “pith; wick; core”).

애국심

the hanja entry at 心 for Sino-Korean compounds of 심


요

—요 (canonical)
-yo (romanization)
要 (hanja)

신분증 지참 요

the hanja entry at 要 for Sino-Korean compounds of 요


한

—한 (canonical)
-han (romanization)
漢 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 漢, from the Middle Korean reading 한 (Yale: han).

the hanja entry at 漢 for Sino-Korean compounds of 한

문외한 (門外漢)

냉혈한 (冷血漢)

호색한 (好色漢)


수

—수 (canonical)
-su (romanization)
手 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 手 (“hand, way”), from the Middle Korean reading 슈〮 (Yale: syú). However, the dependent noun is usually not written in hanja.
The word somewhat displaced the native dependent noun 줄 (jul, “fact, ability”).

the hanja entry at 手 for Sino-Korean compounds of 수


사

—사 (canonical)
-sa (romanization)
社 (hanja)

신문(新聞) (sinmun, “newspaper”) + 사(社) (sa) → 신문사(新聞社) (sinmunsa, “newspaper agency”)

the hanja entry at 社 for Sino-Korean compounds of 사


사

—사 (canonical)
-sa (romanization)
史 (hanja)

한국(韓國) (Han'guk, “Korea”) + 사(史) (sa) → 한국사(韓國史) (han'guksa, “Korean history”)

the hanja entry at 史 for Sino-Korean compounds of 사


설

—설 (canonical)
-seol (romanization)
說 (hanja)

지동(地動) (jidong, “Earth rotation”) + 설(說) (seol, “theory”) → 지동설(地動說) (jidongseol, “Heliocentric theory”)

the hanja entry at 說 for Sino-Korean compounds of 설


감

—감 (canonical)
-gam (romanization)
感 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 感 (“to feel, to perceive; emotion”).

ko-etym-Sino

죄책(罪責) (joechaek, “guilt”) + -감(感) (-gam) → 죄책감(罪責感) (joechaekgam, “feeling of guilt”)


여

—여 (canonical)
-yeo (romanization)
餘 (hanja)

300여 명

(after a Sino-Korean number) -odd; a little more than

the hanja entry at 餘 for Sino-Korean compounds of 여


제

—제 (canonical)
-je (romanization)
祭 (hanja)

예술(藝術) (yesul, “art”) + -제(祭) (-je) → 예술제(藝術祭) (yesulje, “art festival”)

the hanja entry at 祭 for Sino-Korean compounds of 제


제

—제 (canonical)
-je (romanization)
製 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 製 for Sino-Korean compounds of 제

한국(韓國) (Han'guk, “Korea”) + -제(製) (-je) → 한국제(韓國製) (han'gukje, “made in Korea”)

금속(金屬) (geumsok, “metal”) + -제(製) (-je) → 금속제(金屬製) (geumsokje, “made of metal”)


제

—제 (canonical)
-je (romanization)
劑 (hanja)

진통(鎭痛) (jintong, “reducing pain”) + -제(劑) (-je) → 진통제(鎭痛劑) (jintongje, “pain killer / analgesic”)

the hanja entry at 劑 for Sino-Korean compounds of 제


제

—제 (canonical)
-je (romanization)
制 (hanja)

양당(兩黨) (yangdang, “two / both parties”) + -제(制) (-je) → 양당제(兩黨制) (yangdangje, “bipartisan system”)

the hanja entry at 制 for Sino-Korean compounds of 제


주

—주 (canonical)
-ju (romanization)
主 (hanja)

건물(建物) (geonmul, “building”) + 주(主) (ju) → 건물주(建物主) (geonmulju, “landlord; building owner”)

the hanja entry at 主 for Sino-Korean compounds of 주


주

—주 (canonical)
-ju (romanization)
酒 (hanja)

포도(葡萄) (podo, “grape”) + 주(酒) (ju) → 포도주(葡萄酒) (podoju, “wine”)

the hanja entry at 酒 for Sino-Korean compounds of 주


간

—간 (canonical)
-gan (romanization)
間 (hanja)


권

—권 (canonical)
-gwon (romanization)
權 (hanja)


성

—성 (canonical)
-seong (romanization)
性 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 性, from the Middle Korean reading 셔ᇰ〯 (Yale: syěng).
; “-ity, -ness”

잔혹성 (殘酷性)

인간성 (人間性)

생산성 (生産性)

-ity, -ness; the nature, quality, tendency, or characteristics of something

the hanja entry at 性 for Sino-Korean compounds of 성


성

—성 (canonical)
-seong (romanization)
星 (hanja)

시리우스성

the hanja entry at 星 for Sino-Korean compounds of 성


범

—범 (canonical)
-beom (romanization)
犯 (hanja)

강간 (ganggan, “rape”) + 범 (beom) → 강간범 (gangganbeom, “rapist”)

정치 (jeongchi, “politics”) + 범 (beom) → 정치범 (jeongchibeom, “political prisoner”)


비

—비 (canonical)
-bi (romanization)
費 (hanja)

생활비 (生活費)

교육비 (敎育費)

the hanja entry at 費 for Sino-Korean compounds of 비


는

See the entry at -는- (-neun-, present tense-marking verb-internal suffix).


는

See the entry at -는 (-neun, present tense-marking adnominalizing suffix).


전

—전 (canonical)
-jeon (romanization)
戰 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 戰 for Sino-Korean compounds of 전

공격전 (攻擊戰)

소모전 (消耗戰)

결승전 (決勝戰)

선발전 (選拔戰)


전

—전 (canonical)
-jeon (romanization)
展 (hanja)

미술전 (美術展)

사진전 (寫眞展)

the hanja entry at 展 for Sino-Korean compounds of 전


전

—전 (canonical)
-jeon (romanization)
傳 (hanja)

홍길동전 (洪吉童傳)

the hanja entry at 傳 for Sino-Korean compounds of 전


장

—장 (canonical)
-jang (romanization)
長 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 長 for Sino-Korean compounds of 장

위원장 (委員長)

공장장 (工場長)


장

—장 (canonical)
-jang (romanization)
場 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 場, from the Middle Korean reading 댜ᇰ (Yale: tyàng).

공사장 (工事場)

사격장 (射擊場)

스키장 (스키場)

the hanja entry at 場 for Sino-Korean compounds of 장


장

—장 (canonical)
-jang (romanization)
莊 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 莊, from the Middle Korean reading 쟈ᇰ (Yale: cyàng).

the hanja entry at 莊 for Sino-Korean compounds of 장


장

—장 (canonical)
-jang (romanization)
狀 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 狀 for Sino-Korean compounds of 장


장

—장 (canonical)
-jang (romanization)
帳 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 帳 for Sino-Korean compounds of 장


나라

In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 나랗〮 (Yale: nàláh), from Old Korean 國惡 (*NALak). Compare Yukjin dialect 나랑 (narang), which preserves the velar nature of the coda consonant.
Beyond Koreanic, the word is usually connected to Proto-Tungusic *nā (“land”), and hence Manchu ᠨᠠ (na, “land”) and Nanai на (na, “land”), with *lak~*lah being a suffix. Also cf. -tah in Middle Korean ᄯᅡᇂ (stah, “ground, land”) > Korean 땅 (ttang, “ibid.”) and -lk in Middle Korean ᄒᆞᆰ (holk, “earth, soil”) > Korean 흙 (heuk, “ibid.”).

m+

건륭제는 청나라의 황제였다.

Qianlong emperor was an emperor of the Qing dynasty.


다

For the verb-final suffix, see the entry at -다 (-da).


대

—대 (canonical)
-dae (romanization)
大 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 大 (“big, great”), from the Middle Korean reading 대 (Yale: tay).

세계 7대 불가사의

중국 4대 미녀

3대 문제점

Attached to Sino-Korean numerals to denote a grouping of that number which is best in quality, importance, or gravity.

the hanja entry at 大 for Sino-Korean compounds of 대


대

—대 (canonical)
-dae (romanization)
代 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 代 (“to replace; generation”), from the Middle Korean reading ᄃᆡ〯 (Yale: tǒy).

ko-etym-sino

the hanja entry at 代 for Sino-Korean compounds of 대

(after a Sino-Korean multiple of ten) people in their...

4대를 봉사하다

to perform rites for the ancestors up to the fourth generation

제10대 대통령

(after a Sino-Korean number) -th; of ancestors or political leaders


대

—대 (canonical)
-dae (romanization)
臺 (hanja)

수십억대

the hanja entry at 臺 for Sino-Korean compounds of 대


도

—도 (canonical)
-do (romanization)
島 (hanja)

제주도 (濟州島)

the hanja entry at 島 for Sino-Korean compounds of 도


구

—구 (canonical)
-gu (romanization)
口 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 口 (“mouth, hole”).

출입(出入) (churip, “coming and going”) + 구(口) (gu) → 출입구(出入口) (churipgu, “entrance/exit”)

비상(非常) (bisang, “emergency”) + 구(口) (gu) → 비상구(非常口) (bisanggu, “emergency exit”)

the hanja entry at 口 for Sino-Korean compounds of 구


구

—구 (canonical)
-gu (romanization)
俱 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 俱 for Sino-Korean compounds of 구


발

—발 (canonical)
-bal (romanization)
發 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 發 for Sino-Korean compounds of 발

미국발 공황

[economic] depression originating from the USA

부산발 기차


담

—담 (canonical)
-dam (romanization)
談 (hanja)

여행담 (旅行談)

성공담 (成功談)

story, talk, account (of one's experience); -logue

the hanja entry at 談 for Sino-Korean compounds of 담


집

—집 (canonical)
-jip (romanization)
集 (hanja)

작품(作品) (jakpum, “works”) + 집(集) (jip, “collection”) → 작품집(作品集) (jakpumjip, “collected works”)

collection of bound works; anthology, collected works

the hanja entry at 集 for Sino-Korean compounds of 집


해

—해 (canonical)
-hae (romanization)
海 (hanja)

발트해 (발트海)

베링해 (베링海)

지중해 (地中海)


위

—위 (canonical)
-wi (romanization)
委 (hanja)

위원회(委員會) 위원회#Korean

short for 위원회(委員會) (wiwonhoe, “committee”)

the hanja entry at 委 for Sino-Korean compounds of 위


학

—학 (canonical)
-hak (romanization)
學 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 學 (“to learn, to study”).

지진(地震) (jijin, “earthquake”) + 학(學) (hak, “study of...”) → 지진학(地震學) (jijinhak, “seismology”)

the hanja entry at 學 for Sino-Korean compounds of 학


남

—남 (canonical)
-nam (romanization)
男 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 男 (“man”), from the Middle Korean reading 남 (Yale: nàm).

짝남

썸남

유부남

the hanja entry at 男 for Sino-Korean compounds of 남


-이다

펄럭 (peolleok, “fluttering”, ideophonic root) + -이다 (-ida) → 펄럭이다 (peolleogida, “to flutter”)

끄덕 (kkeudeok, “nodding”, ideophonic root) + -이다 (-ida) → 끄덕이다 (kkeudeogida, “to nod”)

Attached to certain ideophonic roots to derive verbs without frequentative effect.


기

—기 (canonical)
-gi (romanization)
機 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 機 for Sino-Korean compounds of 기


기

—기 (canonical)
-gi (romanization)
器 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 器 for Sino-Korean compounds of 기


조

—조 (canonical)
-jo (romanization)
朝 (hanja)


고

—고 (canonical)
-go (romanization)
高 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 高 for Sino-Korean compounds of 고


시

—시 (canonical)
-si (romanization)
視 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 視. Compare Japanese 視(し) (-shi, “treating as; viewing as”).

적대시 (敵對視)

금기시 (禁忌視)

문제시 (問題視)

the hanja entry at 視 for Sino-Korean compounds of 시


호

—호 (canonical)
-ho (romanization)
號 (hanja)

무궁화호 (無窮花號)

A suffix attached to the names of trains, planes, etc.

the hanja entry at 號 for Sino-Korean compounds of 호


체

—체 (canonical)
-che (romanization)
體 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 體 (“body”), from the Middle Korean reading 톄〮 (Yale: thyéy).

the hanja entry at 體 for Sino-Korean compounds of 체

정육면체


치

—치 (canonical)
-chi (romanization)
癡 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 癡 (“foolish, stupid”).

길 (gil, “road”) + -치 (-chi) → 길치 (gilchi, “someone with no sense of directions”)

기계 (gigye, “machine”) + -치 (-chi) → 기계치 (gigyechi, “someone who is terrible with electronics”)

the hanja entry at 癡 for Sino-Korean compounds of 치


치

—치 (canonical)
-chi (romanization)
値 (hanja)

계산 (gyesan, “calculation”) + -치 (-chi) → 계산치 (gyesanchi, “calculated value”)

측정 (cheukjeong, “measurement”) + -치 (-chi) → 측정치 (cheukjeongchi, “measured value”)

the hanja entry at 値 for Sino-Korean compounds of 치


형

—형 (canonical)
-hyeong (romanization)
型 (hanja)

이상형

선다형

서구형

유선형

자유형

표준형


산

—산 (canonical)
-san (romanization)
産 (hanja)

한국(韓國) (han'guk, “Korea”) + 산(産) (san) → 한국산(韓國産) (han'guksan, “made in Korea”)

the hanja entry at 産 for Sino-Korean compounds of 산


애

—애 (canonical)
-ae (romanization)
愛 (hanja)


어

—어 (canonical)
-eo (romanization)
語 (hanja)

한국 (han'guk, “Korea”) + 어 (eo) → 한국어 (han'gugeo, “Korean”)

외계 (oegye, “outer space”) + 어 (eo) → 외계어 (oegyeeo, “alien language”)

체로키 (cheroki, “Cherokee”) + 어 (eo) → 체로키어 (cherokieo, “Cherokee language”)

사회 (sahoe, “society”) + 어 (eo) → 사회어 (sahoeeo, “sociolect”)


추

세금이 낮다. (segeumi natda., “Tax is low.”) → 정부는 세금을 낮추어야 한다. (jeongbuneun segeumeul natchueoya handa., “The government must lower the tax.”)


복

—복 (canonical)
-bok (romanization)
服 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 服, from the Middle Korean reading 복〮 (Yale: pwók).

수영복 (水泳服)

한복 (韓服)

운동복 (運動服)

죄수복 (罪囚服)

학생복 (學生服)

the hanja entry at 服 for Sino-Korean compounds of 복


교

—교 (canonical)
-gyo (romanization)
敎 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 敎 (“teach, doctrine”).

그리스도 (Geuriseudo, “Christ”) + 교(敎) (gyo, “religion”) → 그리스도교 (Geuriseudogyo, “Christianity”)


-아지

-aji (romanization)
-악지 (alternative dialectal)
-안지 (alternative dialectal especially)
-암지 (alternative dialectal especially)

From Middle Korean -ᅌᅡ지 (Yale: -ngaci), -아지 (Yale: -aci) (Lee and Ramsey 2011, p. 174). The /ŋ/ survives in certain compounds.

-let, -ling; a diminutive suffix, especially common for the young of animals and certain plants.


하

—하 (canonical)
-ha (romanization)
下 (hanja)

통치하 (統治下)

지도하 (指導下)

the hanja entry at 下 for Sino-Korean compounds of 하


계

—계 (canonical)
-gye (romanization)
界 (hanja)

음악계(音樂界)


-냐

-nya (romanization)
-느냐 (alternative dated literary)
-으냐 (alternative dated literary)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean -으〮녀〮/ᄋᆞ〮녀〮 (Yale: -únyé/ónyé), equivalent (despite vowel mismatches) to a contraction of -으〮니아〮/ᄋᆞ〮니아〮 (Yale: -únìGá/ónìGá), ultimately from Old Korean 隱 (*-un, realis gerund suffix) + 是 (*-i, “to be”, copula stem) + 去 (*-ke, polar question interrogative suffix): etymologically "is it that...".
Recently, the epenthetical 으/느 (eu/neu) have been deleted, producing the modern form.

okm-l

-으〮니아〮/ᄋᆞ〮니아〮

-únìGá/ónìGá

-으〮니아〮/ᄋᆞ〮니아〮 (Yale: -únìGá/ónìGá)

der

뒈지고 싶어서 환장했냐?

너 찾았는데 어디 갔었냐?

I was looking for you; where did you go?

plain-style
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

(colloquial) a plain-style interrogative suffix


-냐

okm-l

-으〮니아〮/ᄋᆞ〮니아〮

-únìGá/ónìGá

-으〮니아〮/ᄋᆞ〮니아〮 (Yale: -únìGá/ónìGá)

post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -으냐 (-eunya, (dated) plain-style interrogative suffix)


녀

—녀 (canonical)
-nyeo (romanization)
女 (hanja)


맞다

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 맞다〮 (Yale: màctá).

ko-etym-native

to be in a certain way, to have a certain appearance


로

—로 (canonical)
-ro (romanization)
爐 (hanja)

원자(原子) (wonja, “atom”) + -로(爐) (-ro) → 원자로(原子爐) (wonjaro, “nuclear reactor”, literally “atom furnace”)


로

—로 (canonical)
-ro (romanization)
路 (hanja)

항공(航空) (hanggong, “aviation”) + -로(路) (-ro) → 항공로(航空路) (hanggongno, “airways”)

the hanja entry at 路 for Sino-Korean compounds of 로


님

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 님〯 (Yale: nǐm), from Old Korean *nirim, transcribed in the eighth-century Japanese history Nihon Shoki as Baekje 二林 (“lord”) and variants.
Per the Japanese sources, the original meaning of the word was "lord; ruler"; thus Middle Korean 님〯금〮 (Yale: nǐmkúm, “monarch”) and 님〯잫 (Yale: nǐmcàh, “owner”) are almost certainly related. The semantic shift from "ruler" to "beloved" is also found in Japanese 君 (kimi).
The development of a noun for "lord" into an honorific marker is also common; see, for instance, Spanish señor. The development of the Internet slang pronoun arises from speakers adding -nim to the usernames of anonymous addressees in polite speech, leading to nim becoming used as a generic second-person pronoun.

홍 길동 과장님

(honorific, after a title or a person's name) esteemed; Mr., Ms., Mrs.


경

—경 (canonical)
-gyeong (romanization)
頃 (hanja)

5시경


지다

—지다 (canonical)
-jida (romanization)
진다 (formal indicative non-past)
져 (indicative informal non-past)
져요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
지어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
집니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
졌다 (formal indicative past)
졌어 (indicative informal past)
졌어요 (indicative informal past polite)
졌습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
지느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
져 (informal interrogative non-past)
져요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
지어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
집니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
졌느냐 (formal interrogative past)
졌어 (informal interrogative past)
졌어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
졌습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
지자 (formal hortative)
져 (hortative informal)
져요 (hortative informal polite)
지어요 (hortative informal polite)
지십시다 (formal hortative polite)
져라 (formal imperative)
지어라 (formal imperative)
져 (imperative informal)
져요 (imperative informal polite)
지어요 (imperative informal polite)
집시오 (formal imperative polite)
지겠다 (assertive formal)
지겠어 (assertive informal)
지겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
지겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
져 (causative formal)
져서 (causative informal)
지어서 (causative informal)
지니 (causative informal polite)
지니까 (causative formal polite)
지지만 (contrastive formal)
지는데 (contrastive informal)
지더니 (contrastive informal polite)
지고 (conjunctive formal)
지면 (conditional formal)
져야 (conditional informal)
지어야 (conditional informal)
지려고 (formal motive-form)
짐 (formal noun-from-verb)
지기 (informal noun-from-verb)
졌음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
지었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
졌기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
지었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
진 (determiner formal past)
지는 (determiner formal present)
질 (determiner formal future)
지신다 (formal indicative non-past)
지셔 (indicative informal non-past)
지세요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
지셔요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
지십니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
지셨다 (formal indicative past)
지셨어 (indicative informal past)
지셨어요 (indicative informal past polite)
지셨습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
지시느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
지셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
지세요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
지셔요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
지십니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
지셨느냐 (formal interrogative past)
지셨어 (informal interrogative past)
지셨어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
지셨습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
지시라 (formal imperative)
지셔 (imperative informal)
지세요 (imperative informal polite)
지십시오 (formal imperative polite)
지시겠다 (assertive formal)
지시겠어 (assertive informal)
지시겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
지시겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
지셔 (causative formal)
지셔서 (causative informal)
지시니 (causative informal polite)
지시니까 (causative formal polite)
지시지만 (contrastive formal)
지시는데 (contrastive informal)
지시더니 (contrastive informal polite)
지시고 (conjunctive formal)
지시면 (conditional formal)
지셔야 (conditional informal)
지시려고 (formal motive-form)
지심 (formal noun-from-verb)
지시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
지셨음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
지셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
지신 (determiner formal past)
지시는 (determiner formal present)
지실 (determiner formal future)

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 耻 (Yale: *ti-).
In the hangul script, first attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 디다 (Yale: ti-ta). Original meaning: "to fall; to drop".

Attached to nominal or verbal roots to form adjectives carrying the meaning of “with the characteristics of...”.


상

—상 (canonical)
-sang (romanization)
上 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 上 for Sino-Korean compounds of 상

이론상 (理論上)

사실상 (事實上)

with respect to...; from the standpoint of...

지구상 (地球上)

도로상 (道路上)


상

—상 (canonical)
-sang (romanization)
狀 (hanja)

나선(螺旋) (naseon, “spiral”) + 상(狀) (sang) → 나선상(螺旋狀) (naseonsang, “spiral shape”)

the hanja entry at 狀 for Sino-Korean compounds of 상


상

—상 (canonical)
-sang (romanization)
商 (hanja)

고물(古物) (gomul, “antique”) + 상(商) (sang) → 고물상(古物商) (gomulsang, “antique dealer / store”)

the hanja entry at 商 for Sino-Korean compounds of 상


방

—방 (canonical)
-bang (romanization)
房 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 房, from the Middle Korean reading 바ᇰ (Yale: pàng).

조왕(竈王) (jowang, “kitchen goddess”) + 방(房) (bang) → 조왕방(竈王房) (jowangbang, “devotee of the kitchen goddess”)

(Seoul shamanism) Attached to deities and rituals to denote a shaman deemed particularly skilled at holding said ritual. [attested since 1745]


년대

—년대 (canonical)
-nyeondae (romanization)
年代 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 年代, from 年 (“year”) + 代 (“representing”)

ko-etym-Sino

the... -s (attached to a year to make it a decade or century)


법

—법 (canonical)
-beop (romanization)
法 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 法 (“law”), from the Middle Korean reading 법〮 (Yale: pép).

교수법 (敎授法)

사용법 (使用法)

the hanja entry at 法 for Sino-Korean compounds of 법


-쯤

언제쯤 왔어요?


금

—금 (canonical)
-geum (romanization)
金 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 金 (“gold”), from the Middle Korean reading 금 (Yale: kùm).

등록(登錄) (deungnok, “enrollment”) + 금(金) (geum, “money”) → 등록금(登錄金) (deungnokgeum, “tuition”)


군

—군 (canonical)
-gun (romanization)
君 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 君 (“prince; (polite) you”).

ko-etym-sino

홍길동 군

Mr.; attached to names or surnames of young men to show a certain level of respect.

the hanja entry at 君 for Sino-Korean compounds of 군


대다

—대다 (canonical)
-daeda (romanization)
댄다 (formal indicative non-past)
대 (indicative informal non-past)
대요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
대어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
댑니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
댔다 (formal indicative past)
댔어 (indicative informal past)
댔어요 (indicative informal past polite)
댔습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
대느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
대 (informal interrogative non-past)
대요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
대어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
댑니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
댔느냐 (formal interrogative past)
댔어 (informal interrogative past)
댔어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
댔습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
대자 (formal hortative)
대 (hortative informal)
대요 (hortative informal polite)
대어요 (hortative informal polite)
대십시다 (formal hortative polite)
대라 (formal imperative)
대어라 (formal imperative)
대 (imperative informal)
대요 (imperative informal polite)
대어요 (imperative informal polite)
댑시오 (formal imperative polite)
대겠다 (assertive formal)
대겠어 (assertive informal)
대겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
대겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
대 (causative formal)
대서 (causative informal)
대어서 (causative informal)
대니 (causative informal polite)
대니까 (causative formal polite)
대지만 (contrastive formal)
대는데 (contrastive informal)
대더니 (contrastive informal polite)
대고 (conjunctive formal)
대면 (conditional formal)
대야 (conditional informal)
대어야 (conditional informal)
대려고 (formal motive-form)
댐 (formal noun-from-verb)
대기 (informal noun-from-verb)
댔음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
대었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
댔기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
대었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
댄 (determiner formal past)
대는 (determiner formal present)
댈 (determiner formal future)
대신다 (formal indicative non-past)
대셔 (indicative informal non-past)
대세요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
대셔요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
대십니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
대셨다 (formal indicative past)
대셨어 (indicative informal past)
대셨어요 (indicative informal past polite)
대셨습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
대시느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
대셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
대세요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
대셔요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
대십니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
대셨느냐 (formal interrogative past)
대셨어 (informal interrogative past)
대셨어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
대셨습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
대시라 (formal imperative)
대셔 (imperative informal)
대세요 (imperative informal polite)
대십시오 (formal imperative polite)
대시겠다 (assertive formal)
대시겠어 (assertive informal)
대시겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
대시겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
대셔 (causative formal)
대셔서 (causative informal)
대시니 (causative informal polite)
대시니까 (causative formal polite)
대시지만 (contrastive formal)
대시는데 (contrastive informal)
대시더니 (contrastive informal polite)
대시고 (conjunctive formal)
대시면 (conditional formal)
대셔야 (conditional informal)
대시려고 (formal motive-form)
대심 (formal noun-from-verb)
대시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
대셨음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
대셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
대신 (determiner formal past)
대시는 (determiner formal present)
대실 (determiner formal future)

까불대다

반짝대다

방실대다

출렁대다

to produce verbs meaning that the motion or the condition continues


종

—종 (canonical)
-jong (romanization)
種 (hanja)

재래종 (在來種)

외래종 (外來種)

개량종 (改良種)

the hanja entry at 種 for Sino-Korean compounds of 종


-히

-하- (-ha-) + -이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).

af

솔직하다 (soljikhada, “to be honest”) + -히 (-hi) → 솔직히 (soljikhi, “honestly”)

깔끔하다 (kkalkkeumhada, “to be neat”) + -히 (-hi) → 깔끔히 (kkalkkeumhi, “neatly”)

-ly; an adverb-deriving suffix, attaching primarily to adjectives formed by the light verb 하다 (hada).


-고

-go (romanization)
-구 (alternative dialectal endearing slang)

From Middle Korean -고〮 (Yale: -kwó), probably from Old Korean 遣, although the phonology is potentially problematic. While Old Korean 遣 corresponds exactly to Middle Korean -고〮 (Yale: -kwó) in terms of grammar, the Middle Chinese pronunciation is 遣 (MC khjienX|khjienH), which does not sound like -고〮 (Yale: -kwó).
In any case, Old Korean 古 (*-kwo) is also, albeit rarely, attested as a connective suffix; either 遣 and 古 are different orthographies of the same suffix (more likely), or the latter subsumed the role of the former. In Middle Korean Idu script, 遣 always denotes -고〮 (Yale: -kwó).

공부하고 놀아야지.

밥을 먹고 갈게요.

and then, after...; marks successive action.

운동도 하고 일도 한다.

나는 도착했고 걔가 안 온 거야.

Na-neun dochakhaetgo gyae-ga an on geo-ya.

하고 있다

누가 자전거를 타고 있습니까?

하고 나니

하고 들다

하고 보니

하고 말았다.

Used for the main verb to join it to certain auxiliaries.

아침은 먹었고?

내가 너처럼 바본 줄 알고?

intimate style
w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che

In the intimate style, used to ask confirmatory questions; by extension, can have nuances of denial or sarcasm.

그쪽 분들 어서 오시고요.

In the intimate style, used in polite requests.

날씨 되게 좋던데. — 아, 그래? — 어. 밖에 사람도 없고.

Nalssi doege joteonde. - A, geurae? - Eo. Bakk-e saram-do eop-go.

The weather was really nice, I saw. — Oh, really? — Yeah. No people outside, too.

In the intimate style, used to present additional information, typically with the nominal particle -도 (-do, “also, too”).


-고

Shortened from Middle Korean -고〮져〮 (Yale: -kwócyé, verbal suffix expressing intent), perhaps under the influence of the auxiliary-joining suffix. This resulted in a change of the primary meaning of 싶다 (sipda), from "to seem to be about to do" to "to want".

okm-l

하고 싶다

죽고 싶다

Used to join the verb expressing the desired action to 싶다 (sipda, “to want”).


-고

From Middle Korean -고 (Yale: -kwó), from Old Korean 古 (*-kwo). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for polar questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the adnominal forms of verbs, whence -ㄴ고 (-n'go) and -ㄹ꼬 (-lkko).
In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation and generally dated or archaic; see "Related terms" below.

plain style
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

(Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking wh-word questions. It is only used for the copula -이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아이다 (aida, “to not be”).


희

너희

저희


처

근무처

공부처


류

—류 (canonical)
-ryu (romanization)
類 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 類, from the Middle Korean reading 류 (Yale: lyu).

the hanja entry at 類 for Sino-Korean compounds of 류


리

—리 (canonical)
-ri (romanization)
裏/裡 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 裏 for Sino-Korean compounds of 리


-매

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으매 (-eumae, “(dated) because, since”)


-며

From Middle Korean -며〮 (Yale: -myé). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으며 (-eumyeo)


항

—항 (canonical)
-hang (romanization)
港 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 港, from the Middle Korean reading 하ᇰ〯 (Yale: hǎng).

무역항 (貿易港)

the hanja entry at 港 for Sino-Korean compounds of 항


필

—필 (canonical)
-pil (romanization)
畢 (hanja)

Korean reading of various Chinese characters


-던

Equivalent to -더- (-deo-, retrospective suffix) + -ㄴ (-n, past/realis adnominal suffix), but it retains the older imperfective sense of -더- (-deo-), not its modern and more nuanced "retrospective" sense.

compound

내가 어제 먹던 케이크

the cake I was eating yesterday [but I did not eat all of it]

The imperfective adnominal marker, used to make verbs and adjectives attribute nouns:

After verb stems, indicates an action or state which was interrupted and hence not completed.

비가 오면 나가 걷곤 하던 대나무 숲길

bi-ga omyeon naga geotgon hadeon daenamu sup-gil

the lane in the bamboo grove I used to walk along when it rained

After verb stems, indicates an event in the past which happened on a regular basis, but does not continue now.

아름다웠던 내 고향

After adjective stems, indicates a state which no longer exists.


-ㅂ니까

누가 물을 마십니까?

post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -습니까 (-seumnikka, formal polite interrogative suffix)


-롭다

ko-suffix

-롭다 • (-ropda) (irregular, infinitive 로워, sequential 로우니)

-ropda (romanization)
로워 (infinitive)
로우니 (sequential)
-롭다 (formal indicative non-past)
-로워 (indicative informal non-past)
-로워요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-롭습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
-로웠다 (formal indicative past)
-로웠어 (indicative informal past)
-로웠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-로웠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-로우냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
-로워 (informal interrogative non-past)
-로워요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-롭습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
-로웠냐 (formal interrogative past)
-로웠어 (informal interrogative past)
-로웠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-로웠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-롭겠다 (assertive formal)
-롭겠어 (assertive informal)
-롭겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
-롭겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
-로워 (causative formal)
-로워서 (causative informal)
-로우니 (causative informal polite)
-로우니까 (causative formal polite)
-롭지만 (contrastive formal)
-로운데 (contrastive informal)
-롭더니 (contrastive informal polite)
-롭고 (conjunctive formal)
-로우면 (conditional formal)
-로워야 (conditional informal)
-로움 (formal noun-from-verb)
-롭기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-로웠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-로웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-로운 (determiner informal present)
-로울 (determiner future informal)
-로우시다 (indicative non-past)
-로우셔 (indicative informal non-past)
-로우세요 (indicative non-past polite)
-로우셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
-로우십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
-로우셨다 (indicative past)
-로우셨어 (indicative informal past)
-로우셨어요 (indicative past polite)
-로우셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
-로우시냐 (interrogative non-past)
-로우셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
-로우세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
-로우셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
-로우십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
-로우셨냐 (interrogative past)
-로우셨어 (informal interrogative past)
-로우셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
-로우셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
-로우시겠다 (assertive)
-로우시겠어 (assertive informal)
-로우시겠어요 (assertive polite)
-로우시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
-로우셔 (causative)
-로우셔서 (causative informal)
-로우시니 (causative polite)
-로우시니까 (causative formal)
-로우시지만 (contrastive)
-로우신데 (contrastive informal)
-로우시더니 (contrastive polite)
-로우시고 (conjunctive)
-로우시면 (conditional)
-로우셔야 (conditional informal)
-로우심 (noun-from-verb)
-로우시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-로우셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
-로우셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-로우신 (determiner informal present)
-로우실 (determiner future informal)

Used to form adjectives from abstract nouns. Forms p-irregular adjectives.


-쩍다

-jjeokda (romanization)
—쩍다 (formal indicative non-past)
—쩍어 (indicative informal non-past)
—쩍어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
—쩍습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
—쩍었다 (formal indicative past)
—쩍었어 (indicative informal past)
—쩍었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
—쩍었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
—쩍으냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
—쩍어 (informal interrogative non-past)
—쩍어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
—쩍습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
—쩍었냐 (formal interrogative past)
—쩍었어 (informal interrogative past)
—쩍었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
—쩍었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
—쩍겠다 (assertive formal)
—쩍겠어 (assertive informal)
—쩍겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
—쩍겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
—쩍어 (causative formal)
—쩍어서 (causative informal)
—쩍으니 (causative informal polite)
—쩍으니까 (causative formal polite)
—쩍지만 (contrastive formal)
—쩍은데 (contrastive informal)
—쩍더니 (contrastive informal polite)
—쩍고 (conjunctive formal)
—쩍으면 (conditional formal)
—쩍어야 (conditional informal)
—쩍음 (formal noun-from-verb)
—쩍기 (informal noun-from-verb)
—쩍었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
—쩍었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
—쩍은 (determiner informal present)
—쩍을 (determiner future informal)
—쩍으시다 (indicative non-past)
—쩍으셔 (indicative informal non-past)
—쩍으세요 (indicative non-past polite)
—쩍으셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
—쩍으십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
—쩍으셨다 (indicative past)
—쩍으셨어 (indicative informal past)
—쩍으셨어요 (indicative past polite)
—쩍으셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
—쩍으시냐 (interrogative non-past)
—쩍으셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
—쩍으세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
—쩍으셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
—쩍으십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
—쩍으셨냐 (interrogative past)
—쩍으셨어 (informal interrogative past)
—쩍으셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
—쩍으셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
—쩍으시겠다 (assertive)
—쩍으시겠어 (assertive informal)
—쩍으시겠어요 (assertive polite)
—쩍으시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
—쩍으셔 (causative)
—쩍으셔서 (causative informal)
—쩍으시니 (causative polite)
—쩍으시니까 (causative formal)
—쩍으시지만 (contrastive)
—쩍으신데 (contrastive informal)
—쩍으시더니 (contrastive polite)
—쩍으시고 (conjunctive)
—쩍으시면 (conditional)
—쩍으셔야 (conditional informal)
—쩍으심 (noun-from-verb)
—쩍으시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
—쩍으셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
—쩍으셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
—쩍으신 (determiner informal present)
—쩍으실 (determiner future informal)

[t͡ɕ͈ʌ̹k̚t͈a̠]

Used to make adjectives from nouns, with the meaning of "to have the feeling (of)".


-구요

See -구 (-gu, colloquial form of -고 (-go)) and -요 (-yo, politeness-adding particle attaching to the intimate style).


-고요

See -고 (-go, intimate style suffix/particle) and -요 (-yo, politeness-adding particle attaching to the intimate style).


-세요

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으세요 (-euseyo)


-군요

See -군 (-gun, intimate style suffix) and -요 (-yo, politeness-adding particle attaching to the intimate style).


-잖아

그리고 너 그거 알잖아.

(used with verbs) Used to emphasize some statement is correct.

(used with verbs) Used to contradict previous statement is indeed correct.


-라니

스폰지가 동물이라니.

우리나라가 일본보다 큰 게 아니라니.

Urinara-ga Ilbon-boda keun ge ani-ra-ni.

저 자그만 것이 나무라니.

Wow, to think that such a little thing is a tree.

alternative form of -다니 (-dani), used in the environments where -라 (-ra) is required. In particular, always used after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”).

-다니

여기도 위험한 곳이라니 나갑시다.

Yeogi-do wiheom-han gos-i-ra-ni nagapsida.

Since they say it's dangerous here as well, let's leave.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -라 (-ra), -니 (-ni)— equivalent to 라고 하니 (-ra-go ha-ni).

나보고 가라니 가야지.

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으라니 (-eurani)


-든

어느 옷을 입든

어디를 가든

무엇을 먹든

걸어서든 뛰어서든 제 시간에 와라.

Georeoseo-deun ttwieoseo-deun je sigan-e wara.

Just be in time, no matter whether you walk or run.

검은 고양이든 흰 고양이든 쥐를 잘 잡는 게 먼저지.

Geomeun goyang'i-deun huin goyang'i-deun jwi-reul jal jamneun ge meonjeo-ji.

No matter whether it's a black cat or a white one, what comes first is that it catches mice well.

밥이든 빵이든 배부르면 됐지.

Bab-i-deun ppang-i-deun bae-bureumyeon dwaetji.

Whether it's rice or bread, it's all good if it makes you full.

노래를 부르든 춤을 추든 마음대로 해.

Norae-reul bureudeun chum-eul chudeun ma'eum-daero hae.

Do as you please; you can sing or dance.

no matter whether, -ever; used to suggest various options that make no difference in the end.


-읍시다

-eupsida (romanization)
-ㅂ시다 (alternative)

Only reached its present form in the early twentieth century. Ultimately from Middle Korean -ᅀᆞᆸ〯- (Yale: -zǒp-, object-honorific suffix) + -사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: -sángìtá, hortative suffix).

okm-l

걸읍시다.

불고기를 먹읍시다.

김치를 만들어 봅시다.

Hortative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하오체 (haoche, “formal”) speech level.


-습니다

-seumnida (romanization)
-ㅂ니다 (alternative)
-습나이다 (alternative archaic)
-ㅂ나이다 (alternative archaic)
-읍니다 (alternative)

→ Chinese:

zh-l

思密達／思密达 (sīmìdá)

Mandarin: 思密達／思密达 (sīmìdá)

→ Japanese: ニダ (nida)

From earlier -ᄉᆞᆸᄂᆡ다 (-seumnaeda) in the nineteenth century, contracted from -ᄉᆞᆸᄂᆞ이다 (-seumnaida), used since the seventeenth century. The uncontracted form is still found as -습나이다 (-seumnaida), now archaic.
Ultimately formed by a merger of the Middle Korean verbal suffixes -ᄉᆞᆸ〯- (Yale: -sǒp-, object honorific) + -ᄂᆞ〮- (Yale: -nó-, present tense marker) + -ᅌᅵ- (Yale: -ngì-, addressee honorific for questions) + -다〮 (Yale: -tá, declarative mood marker).
The allomorph -ㅂ니다 (-mnida) after sonorants represents the fact that the Middle Korean object honorific -ᄉᆞᆸ〯- (Yale: -sǒp-) had the allomorph -ᅀᆞᆸ〯- (-zǒp-) after sonorants, which became simply -ㅂ- (-b-) after Middle Korean /z/ was (almost) unconditionally deleted in the sixteenth century.

okm-l

고맙습니다.

하십시오체 하십시오체#English

Declarative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.


-ㅂ니다

지금 갑니다.

alternative form of -습니다 (-seumnida) (allomorph after a verb stem ending in a vowel or /l/)


-습니까

-seumnikka (romanization)
-ㅂ니까 (alternative)
-습나이까 (alternative archaic)
-ㅂ나이까 (alternative archaic)

Formed by a merger of the Middle Korean verbal suffixes -ᄉᆞᆸ〯- (Yale: -sǒp-, object honorific) + -ᄂᆞ〮- (Yale: -nó-, present tense marker) + -ᅌᅵᆺ- (Yale: -ngìs-, addressee honorific for questions) + -가〮 (Yale: -ká, interrogative mood marker).
The allomorph -ㅂ니까 (-mnikka) after sonorants represents the fact that the Middle Korean object honorific -ᄉᆞᆸ〯- (Yale: -sǒp-) had the allomorph -ᅀᆞᆸ〯- (-zǒp-) after sonorants, which became simply -ㅂ- (-b-) after Middle Korean /z/ was (almost) unconditionally deleted in the sixteenth century.
The modern form only emerged in the nineteenth century, in the form -습나이까 (-seumnaikka) (then written -ᄉᆞᆸᄂᆞ잇가 (-seumnaikka)).

서울은 오늘 춥습니까?

게이브리얼 씨, 이번 주 노래는 어땠습니까?

geibeurieol ssi, ibeon ju norae-neun eottaetseumnikka?

Mr. Gabriel, how do you think about this week's song?

하십시오체 하십시오체#English

Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.


-ㄴ다

ㄴ (n, present-tense suffix) + 다 (da, declarative suffix); see there for more.

af

Post-vocalic and post-liquid form of -는다 (-neunda)


-는다

-neunda (romanization)
-ㄴ다 (alternative)

는 (neun, present-tense suffix) + 다 (da, declarative suffix); see there for more.

요리사가 잡채를 접시에 담는다.

yorisa-ga japchae-reul jeopsi-e damneunda.

영화를 보러 간다.

"plain" speech level
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

A suffix in the "plain" speech level, ubiquitous in literature but less common nowadays in Seoul speech:

오늘은 저녁에 뭘 먹는다...?

이 돈을 어쩐다...?

A monologic interrogative suffix; usually used with interrogative words.


-라고

이거라고 그랬어.

아니라고 말했잖아.

alternative form of -다고 (-dago), obligatory after the inflecting stems of -이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아니다 (anida, “to not be”).


-라고

그는 나에게 가라고 명령한다.

Geu-neun na-ege ga-rago myeongnyeonghanda.

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으라고 (-eurago)


-라서

From Middle Korean -라〮셔〮 (Yale: -lásyé), from -라〮 (Yale: -lá) + 이셔〮 (Yale: ìsyé, infinitive of 잇다〮 (Yale: ìstá, “to be at”, whence modern 있다 (itda))). Compare -어서 (-eoseo) and -면서 (-myeonseo), from a similar etymology.

okm-l

whence modern <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">있다</i> (itda)

유기농이라서 그런지 많이 비싸다.

Yuginong-i-raseo geureonji mani bissada.

It's very expensive, maybe because it's organic.

친구라서 알려주는 거야.

I'm telling you that because you're my friend.

because, since; used directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”). It is the equivalent of -어서 (-eoseo) for other stems.


-은지

From Middle Korean -은디 (Yale: -unti), equivalent to Middle Korean -은 (Yale: -un, realis adnominal suffix) + ᄃᆞ (Yale: to, semantically light dependent noun) + -이 (Yale: -i).

미안한데, 혹시 그 여자애 몇 반인지 알아?

Mian-hande, hoksi geu yeojaae myeot ban-i-nji ara?

I'm sorry, but do you know what class that girl is in?

그렇게까지 예쁜지는 모르겠는데.

부친께서는 안녕하신지요?

어디가 아픈지 계속 누워만 있다.

He's lying down all the time, as if he's sick somewhere.

alternative form of -는지 (-neunji); see -는지#Usage notes


-는데

-neunde (romanization)
-은데 (alternative)
-ㄴ데 (alternative)

Possibly grammaticalized from 는 (neun, “that, which is”, present-tense adnominal suffix) + 데 (de, “place”, dependent noun).

af

밖이 시끄러운데 무슨 일 있나?

It's noisy outside; is something going on?

날이 좋던데 어디 놀러 안 갈래?

I saw that it was nice outside, why don't we go have fun?

야, 밖에 눈 오는데 눈싸움하자!

Hey, it's snowing outside! Let's have a snowball fight!

since; used to convey current relevant circumstances before an explanation, suggestion, question, etc.

여, 제법인데?

Oh, nice performance; better than I expected!

그렇지만 나이도 있으신데...

이러다 금메달도 따겠는데?

At this rate, you're going to get the gold medal!

"intimate" speech level
w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che

In the "intimate" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a verb-final suffix:

An exclamatory suffix conveying surprise or hesitation.

뭐를 먹었는데?

An interrogative suffix urging the listener to respond, used with an interrogative.


-은데

Possibly grammaticalized from 은 (eun, “that, which is”, realis adnominal suffix) + 데 (de, “place”, dependent noun).

너무 비싼데요. 좀 깎을 수 없어요?

Neomu bissandeyo. Jom kkakkeul su eopseoyo?

It's too expensive. Can you lower the price a bit?

alternative form of -는데 (-neunde); see -는데#Usage notes


-는지

-neunji (romanization)
-은지 (alternative)

From Middle Korean -ᄂᆞᆫ디 (Yale: -nonti), equivalent to Middle Korean -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-, present-tense marker) + -ㄴ (Yale: -n, realis adnominal suffix) + ᄃᆞ (Yale: to, semantically light dependent noun) + -이 (Yale: -i).

리모컨이 어딨는지 안 보인다.

indirect question marker: whether, if, who, what, where, how ...

음식은 입에 맞으시는지요?

Conveys a careful, indirect question. Nowadays typically used with -요 (-yo) for further politeness.

잠이 오는지 연신 고개만 꾸벅인다.

jami oneunji yeonsin gogaeman kkubeoginda.


-라며

스펀지도 동물이라며.

Wait, you said a sponge is an animal too.

그 아이는 스펀지가 동물이 아니라며 계속 떼를 썼다.

Geu ai-neun seupeonji-ga dongmur-i ani-ramyeo gyesok tte-reul sseotda.

The child kept being petulant, saying that a sponge is not an animal.

See -라 (-ra, allomorphic form of -다 (-da)) and -며 (-myeo, short for 고 하며 (-go ha-myeo) or alternative form of -면서 (-myeonseo)).

가라며.

친구가 나한테 잘 가라며 손을 흔든다.

Chin'gu-ga na-hante jal ga-ramyeo son-eul heundeunda.

My friend waves at me, telling me to go safely.

See -라 (-ra, allomorphic form of -으라 (-eura)) and -며 (-myeo, short for 고 하며 (-go ha-myeo) or alternative form of -면서 (-myeonseo)).


-아요

Yang-vowel form of -어요 (-eoyo); see -아 (-a, intimate-style suffix) and -요 (-yo, politeness-adding particle attaching to the intimate style).


-어요

이 집 고기가 그렇게 부드러울 수가 없어요. 안 먹어 보면 후회할지도 몰라요.

I jip gogi-ga geureoke budeureoul su-ga eopseo-yo. An meogeo bo-myeon huhoe-halji-do molla-yo.

The meat in this restaurant is impossibly tender. You'll regret it if you don't have a try.

See -어 (-eo, intimate-style suffix) and -요 (-yo, politeness-adding particle attaching to the intimate style).


-ㄹ게

Post-vocalic and post-liquid allomorphic form of -을게 (-eulge)


-을게

-eulge (romanization)
-ㄹ게 (alternative)
-을께 (alternative)
-ㄹ께 (alternative)

며칠 내로 꼭 갚을게요.

열심히 공부할게요.

An informal verbal suffix conveying a promise to be upheld in the future.


-을래

-eullae (romanization)
-ㄹ래 (alternative)

Short for 을라 해 (-eulla hae), nonstandard form of Standard Korean 으려 해 "[one] tries to do; [one] plans to do". The first element is from Middle Korean -오〮리〮라〮 (-wólílá), and the second is simply the infinitive of 하다 (hada).

lang

'-려고/ㄹ라고'와 ‘{ᄒᆞ/야}X’의 융합 분석

'려고/ㄹ라고'와 ‘{ᄒᆞ/야}X’의 융합 분석

이제 그만할래.

저녁 안 먹을래요.

intimate speech level
w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che

polite speech level
w:Korean speech levels#Haeyo-che

In the intimate speech level, or with -요 (-yo) in the polite speech level, a desiderative suffix marking the subject's intention about the future:

Used to declare the intention of the speaker.

라면 먹고 갈래?

Used to ask about the intention of the listener.

이 문제 풀어볼래?

Do you want to try solving this problem?


-을지

From Middle Korean -을디 (Yale: -ulti), equivalent to Middle Korean -을 (Yale: -ul, irrealis adnominal suffix) + ᄃᆞ (Yale: to, semantically light dependent noun) + -이 (Yale: -i). This construction was extremely rare in Middle Korean (apparently attested only once, near the very end of the MK period) but became increasingly popular beginning in the seventeenth century.

ruby

􂀿國􂁀(국)􂀿語􂁀(어)􂀿學􂁀(학)

國(국)語(어)學(학)

lang

國(국)語(어)學(학)

이제 뭘 해먹고 살지 걱정이 태산이다.

Ije mwol hae-meokgo salji geokjeong-i taesan-ida.

I am greatly worried about how I'm going to make a living.

제가 작년에 어떻게 하는 게 옳았을지 모르겠습니다.

Je-ga jangnyeon-e eotteoke haneun ge orasseulji moreugetseumnida.

I am unsure about what the right way I should have acted last year might be.

얘들아, 휴가를 어디로 갈지 정했니?

yae-deur-a, hyuga-reul eodi-ro galji jeonghaenni?

Kids, did you decide where you're going to go for vacation?

Used to convey a doubt, or an indirect question about the future:

Used to connect a dependent clause conveying such a doubt or question to the main clause conveying judgment or a fact.

내일도 오늘처럼 추울지.

I wonder if tomorrow is going to be as hot as today.

그녀도 나를 사랑했을지.

I wonder...; an intimate-style suffix introducing a doubt that one does not necessarily expect to be answered; mainly used when talking to oneself.

intimate-style
w:korean speech levels#Hae-che

내일 통화 드려도 괜찮으실지요.

Naeil tonghwa deuryeodo gwaenchaneusilji-yo.

In the polite level, conveys a careful, indirect question; used to add further politeness than -는지 (-neunji).

polite level
w:Korean speech levels#Haeyo-che


-던데

밖이 시끄럽던데 무슨 일 있나?

I noticed it was noisy outside; is something going on?

날이 좋던데 어디 놀러 안 갈래?

이러다 금메달도 따겠던데?

At this rate, it looked like they were going to get the gold medal!

Equivalent to -더- (-deo-) + -는데 (-neunde). See there for more.


-다가

-daga (romanization)
-다 (alternative short-form)

First attested in the Cheoyong-ga (處容歌 / 처용가), 1281, as Late Old Korean 如可 (Yale: *-taka). The Cheoyong-ga is claimed to be from the ninth century but is almost certainly of much later provenance, possibly as late as the thirteenth century. Not attested in earlier Old Korean sources.
In the hangul script, first attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean -다가〮 (Yale: -tàká).
Further etymology unclear. In 13th century gugyeol texts, this suffix appears as -入舍可 (*-tosyaka) when fused with the honorific suffix -으시- (-usi-). This suggests that it is a compound of -더〮- (Yale: -té-, imperfect past suffix) + -오〮- (Yale: -wó-, unclear suffix, perhaps the modulator) + -가〮 (Yale: -ká, unclear suffix).
However this is incompatible with the tonal pattern, as the syllable 다 has low pitch rather than the high pitch expected from this etymology. Perhaps the pitch was affected by that of the particle, although Kim Seong-gyu rejects this possibility.

okm-l

비가 오다가 갑작스레 갰다.

마라톤 선수는 뛰다가 쓰러졌다.

Maraton seonsu-neun ttwidaga sseureojeotda.

The marathon athlete was running, then collapsed.

and then; conveys an action or state coming to a halt and another beginning

아무 생각 없이 걷다가 모서리에 부딪혔다.

Amu saenggak eopsi geotdaga moseori-e budicheotda.

I bumped into an edge [of a table, etc.] while walking carelessly.

가을 풍경을 그리다가 문득 네가 생각나서 이 글을 보낸다.

Ga'eul punggyeong-eul geuridaga mundeuk ne-ga saenggangnaseo i geur-eul bonaenda.

You suddenly came to mind when I was drawing the autumn scenery, you suddenly came to my mind, so that I am writing this letter.

뭐 하다가 이제 와?


-다가

-다가... 다가 (canonical)
-daga... -daga (romanization)
-다 (alternative short-form)

요새 날씨가 덥다가 춥다가 한다.

Yosae nalssi-ga deopdaga chupdaga handa.

The weather nowadays gets hot, then cold again.


욕

—욕 (canonical)
-yok (romanization)
慾/欲 (hanja)

권력욕 (權力慾)

독점욕 (獨占慾)


-스럽다

ko-suffix

-스럽다 • (-seureopda) (irregular, infinitive 스러워, sequential 스러우니)

-seureopda (romanization)
스러워 (infinitive)
스러우니 (sequential)
-스럽다 (formal indicative non-past)
-스러워 (indicative informal non-past)
-스러워요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-스럽습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
-스러웠다 (formal indicative past)
-스러웠어 (indicative informal past)
-스러웠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-스러웠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-스러우냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
-스러워 (informal interrogative non-past)
-스러워요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-스럽습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
-스러웠냐 (formal interrogative past)
-스러웠어 (informal interrogative past)
-스러웠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-스러웠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-스럽겠다 (assertive formal)
-스럽겠어 (assertive informal)
-스럽겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
-스럽겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
-스러워 (causative formal)
-스러워서 (causative informal)
-스러우니 (causative informal polite)
-스러우니까 (causative formal polite)
-스럽지만 (contrastive formal)
-스러운데 (contrastive informal)
-스럽더니 (contrastive informal polite)
-스럽고 (conjunctive formal)
-스러우면 (conditional formal)
-스러워야 (conditional informal)
-스러움 (formal noun-from-verb)
-스럽기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-스러웠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-스러웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-스러운 (determiner informal present)
-스러울 (determiner future informal)
-스러우시다 (indicative non-past)
-스러우셔 (indicative informal non-past)
-스러우세요 (indicative non-past polite)
-스러우셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
-스러우십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
-스러우셨다 (indicative past)
-스러우셨어 (indicative informal past)
-스러우셨어요 (indicative past polite)
-스러우셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
-스러우시냐 (interrogative non-past)
-스러우셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
-스러우세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
-스러우셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
-스러우십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
-스러우셨냐 (interrogative past)
-스러우셨어 (informal interrogative past)
-스러우셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
-스러우셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
-스러우시겠다 (assertive)
-스러우시겠어 (assertive informal)
-스러우시겠어요 (assertive polite)
-스러우시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
-스러우셔 (causative)
-스러우셔서 (causative informal)
-스러우시니 (causative polite)
-스러우시니까 (causative formal)
-스러우시지만 (contrastive)
-스러우신데 (contrastive informal)
-스러우시더니 (contrastive polite)
-스러우시고 (conjunctive)
-스러우시면 (conditional)
-스러우셔야 (conditional informal)
-스러우심 (noun-from-verb)
-스러우시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-스러우셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
-스러우셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-스러우신 (determiner informal present)
-스러우실 (determiner future informal)

[sʰɯɾʌ̹p̚t͈a̠]

바보 → 바보스럽다

사랑 → 사랑스럽다

Attached after nouns or roots, to form adjectives expressing the sense of "to have the property/feeling of". Forms p-irregular adjectives.


-라뇨

Contraction of -라니 (-rani) + -요 (-yo, polite suffix).

post-vowel allomorphic form of -이라뇨 (-iranyo)


-이라뇨

-iranyo (romanization)
-라뇨 (alternative)

Contraction of -이라니 (-irani) + -요 (-yo, polite suffix).

(used with verbs, after consonants, colloquial) Used to raise doubt about a statement.


-거리다

Suffix deriving frequentative verbs from ideophonic terms

(informal) to say; to be like (attached directly to the quote)


-ㄹ까

From Middle Korean -ㅭ가〮 (Yale: -lq-ká). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -을까 (-eulkka)


-을까

-eulkka (romanization)
-ㄹ까 (alternative)

From Middle Korean -으ᇙ가〮/ᄋᆞᇙ가〮 (Yale: -olq-ká/ulq-ká), equivalent to -으ᇙ/ᄋᆞᇙ (Yale: -olq/ulq, irrealis adnominal suffix) + -가〮 (Yale: -ká, noun-like particle for polar questions). The wh-word question equivalent is -을꼬 (-eulkko), not common in Standard Korean.

okm-l

음악이나 들을까요?

언제 만날까?

우리가 할 수 있을까?

Can we do it? / Do you think we can do it?

커피나 마실까?

In the intimate speech level, or with -요 (-yo) in the polite speech level, an interrogative suffix. Has a nuance of greater doubt or uncertainty.


-답다

ko-suffix

-답다 • (-dapda) (irregular, infinitive 다워, sequential 다우니)

-dapda (romanization)
다워 (infinitive)
다우니 (sequential)
-답다 (formal indicative non-past)
-다워 (indicative informal non-past)
-다워요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-답습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
-다웠다 (formal indicative past)
-다웠어 (indicative informal past)
-다웠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-다웠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-다우냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
-다워 (informal interrogative non-past)
-다워요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-답습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
-다웠냐 (formal interrogative past)
-다웠어 (informal interrogative past)
-다웠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-다웠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-답겠다 (assertive formal)
-답겠어 (assertive informal)
-답겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
-답겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
-다워 (causative formal)
-다워서 (causative informal)
-다우니 (causative informal polite)
-다우니까 (causative formal polite)
-답지만 (contrastive formal)
-다운데 (contrastive informal)
-답더니 (contrastive informal polite)
-답고 (conjunctive formal)
-다우면 (conditional formal)
-다워야 (conditional informal)
-다움 (formal noun-from-verb)
-답기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-다웠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-다웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-다운 (determiner informal present)
-다울 (determiner future informal)
-다우시다 (indicative non-past)
-다우셔 (indicative informal non-past)
-다우세요 (indicative non-past polite)
-다우셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
-다우십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
-다우셨다 (indicative past)
-다우셨어 (indicative informal past)
-다우셨어요 (indicative past polite)
-다우셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
-다우시냐 (interrogative non-past)
-다우셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
-다우세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
-다우셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
-다우십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
-다우셨냐 (interrogative past)
-다우셨어 (informal interrogative past)
-다우셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
-다우셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
-다우시겠다 (assertive)
-다우시겠어 (assertive informal)
-다우시겠어요 (assertive polite)
-다우시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
-다우셔 (causative)
-다우셔서 (causative informal)
-다우시니 (causative polite)
-다우시니까 (causative formal)
-다우시지만 (contrastive)
-다우신데 (contrastive informal)
-다우시더니 (contrastive polite)
-다우시고 (conjunctive)
-다우시면 (conditional)
-다우셔야 (conditional informal)
-다우심 (noun-from-verb)
-다우시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-다우셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
-다우셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-다우신 (determiner informal present)
-다우실 (determiner future informal)

남자 → 남자답다

너 → 너답다

학생 → 학생답다

그녀는 오랜만에 책다운 책을 읽었다.

geunyeoneun oraenmane chaekdaun chaegeul ilgeotda.

She finally read a book (worthy of the name) after a long time.

Attached after nouns or roots, to form adjectives expressing the sense of “to have the property/feeling of; (already) like a ...; typical of”. Forms p-irregular adjectives.


-을 것이다

을 것이다 (canonical)
-eul geos-ida (romanization)
-ㄹ 것이다 (alternative)
-을 거다 (alternative)
-ㄹ 거다 (alternative)

-을 (-eul, irrealis attributive suffix) + 것 (geot, “thing”) + -이다 (-ida, “to be”). Literally "it is a thing that [SUBJECT] will..."

저는 내일 시험 공부 할 거예요.

Jeo-neun naeil siheom gongbu hal geoyeyo.

I'm going to study for the exams tomorrow.

저는 미국으로 갈 것입니다.

우리 어디 갈 거야?

차를 세우시지 않을 겁니까?

expresses the subject's desire; typically has a future meaning, similar to English "will"

언젠가 저 나무는 쓰러질 것입니다.

Eonjen'ga jeo namu-neun sseureo-jil geosimnida.

That tree is going to fall down some day.

지금 이 순간에도 바람이 불고 있을 거야.

Jigeum i sun'gan-e-do baram-i bulgo isseul geoya.

The wind is going to be blowing this very moment.

아마 아기가 울었을 거예요.

expresses the speaker's hypothesis or supposition, about which the speaker is reasonably confident


촌

—촌 (canonical)
-chon (romanization)
村 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 村, from the Middle Korean reading 촌 (Yale: chwòn).

광산촌 (鑛山村)

대학촌 (大學村)

the hanja entry at 村 for Sino-Korean compounds of 촌


행

—행 (canonical)
-haeng (romanization)
行 (hanja)

나라행


-쟁이

장(匠) (jang, “workman”) + -이 (-i, agentive noun suffix), with umlaut on the first syllable triggered by the vowel /-i/. Umlaut is not extremely characteristic of Seoul Korean, suggesting that the suffix was borrowed from an umlauting dialect such as the Gyeongsang dialect. The regular Seoul form is 장이 (jang'i), not usually used nowadays.

suffix

A derogatory agent suffix; sometimes also used for humorous but not strictly derogatory effect.


-깔

a suffix denoting the nature, state, or property of something.


업

—업 (canonical)
-eop (romanization)
業 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 業 (“work; karma”).

the hanja entry at 業 for Sino-Korean compounds of 업


-라도

Compound of -라 (-ra, “suffix attached -이다 (-ida) and 아니다 (anida)”) + -도 (-do).

com+

살인마라도 법에 따라 처벌되어야 한다.

Sarinma-rado beob-e ttara cheobeol-doeeoya handa.

Even a mass murderer should be punished according to the law.

Even if he is a mass murderer, he should be punished according to the law.

뱀이라도 죽이면 안 된다.

Even if [something] is a snake, it should not be killed.

even if; used to indicate that something does not matter, whether it is true or not. Used only in the environments of the -라 (-ra) allomorph of -다 (-da); see the former entry for more.


-어야 하다

어야 하다 (canonical)
-eoya hada (romanization)

나는 그 셔츠를 입어야 한다.

Na-neun geu syeocheu-reul ib-eoya handa.

너는 죽어야 한다.


-라는

Contraction of -라 (-ra, copula) + 하- (ha-, “to say”) + -는 (-neun, participle suffix).

com

허우위강이라는 어느 방문객이 말하기를, 그는 기후 변화와 바이수이에의 융해에 대해서 너무 걱정하지는 않는다고 한다.

Heouwigang'iraneun eoneu bangmun'gaegi malhagireul, geuneun gihu byeonhwawa baisu'ie'ui yunghaee daehaeseo neomu geokjeonghajineun anneundago handa.

As one visitor named Hou Yugang says, he is not too concerned about climate change and Baishui’s melting.

Alternative form of -다는 (-daneun, declarative, noun-modifying quotative suffix) in the following environments:

Directly after the stem of -이다 (-ida, “to be”, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, “to not be”).

나는 어릴 적부터 우주 비행사가 되리라는 꿈을 가졌었다.

Na-neun eoril jeok-buteo uju bihaengsa-ga doe-riraneun kkum-eul gajeosseotda.

From a young age, I had dreamt of becoming an astronaut.

After -으리 (-euri, prospective suffix) and -으니 (-euni), -느니 (-neuni, general declarative suffix).


액

—액 (canonical)
-aek (romanization)
額 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 額 for Sino-Korean compounds of 액


엄

A noun-forming suffix, no longer productive.

죽다 (jukda-, “to die”) + 엄 (eom) → 주검 (jugeom, “corpse”)

살다 (salda-, “live”) + 엄 (eom) → 사람 (saram, “human, living being”) (with vowel harmony)

묻다 (mutda-, “bury”) + 엄 (eom) → 무덤 (mudeom, “grave”)

꾸짖다 (kkujitda-, “scold”) + 엄 (eom) → 꾸지람 (kkujiram, “scolding”) (with vowel harmony)

첫 (cheot-, “first”) + 엄 (eom) → 처음 (cheo'eum, “start”) (from Middle Korean 처ᅀᅥᆷ


충

—충 (canonical)
-chung (romanization)
蟲 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 蟲 (“insect, bug”).

(slang, derogatory, neologism) Used to form derogatory words for groups of people [From c. 2010]

맘충

Karen; annoying middle-aged women; Mom-worm


-시-

From Middle Korean -시〮- (Yale: -sí-). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으시- (-eusi-, subject honorific suffix)


-박이

-bagi (romanization)
-배기 (alternative dialectal)
-백이 (alternative dialectal)

From Middle Korean 바기 (Yale: paki), equivalent to 박- (bak-, “to insert, to embed; (vulgar) to fuck”) + -이 (-i, noun-deriving suffix).

af

a suffix attached to the end of some nouns, meaning something is a person, animal, or thing embedded in it

a suffix that means something is embedded in it or that it is fixed in one place at a certain times

(Internet slang) -phile (originally from "one who would fuck…")


-으라

From Middle Korean -으〮라〮/ᄋᆞ〮라〮 (Yale: -úlá/ólá), from Old Korean 羅 (*-la).

okm-l

-으〮라〮/ᄋᆞ〮라〮 (Yale: -úlá/ólá)

아버지께서 나에게 집에 가라고 하셨다.

Abeoji-kkeseo na-ege jib-e gara-go hasyeotda.

걔네들보고 밥 먹으라고 그랬어.

Gyaenedeul-bogo bap meogeura-go geuraesseo.

나만 벌금을 내라니 말이 돼?

na-man beolgeum-eul naera-ni mar-i dwae?

They said only I should pay the fine; how does this make any sense?

In the plain style, an imperative verb-final suffix:

Always used in indirect quotes, where all verbs in the imperative mood are neutralized to this suffix.

하나님이 가라사대 빛이 있으라 하시매 빛이 있었고[…]

1938, “Genesis I. 3”, in 성경 개역한글판 [seonggyeong gaeyeokhan'geulpan, Korean Revised Version Bible]:

Quoth God, "Let there be light", and there was light […]

할아버지, 고기를 잡으라요 […] 철수야, 고기를 잡으라.

2020, 강용택 [gang'yongtaek], “중국 료녕성 평안도지역어의 문장종결법에 대하여 [jungguk ryonyeongseong pyeong'andojiyeogeoui munjangjonggyeolbeobe daehayeo, On the sentence enders of Pyong'an dialect in Liaoning Province, China]”, in Jungguk Joseoneomun, volume 4, pages 6—11:

Grandfather, catch the fish […] Cheolsu, catch the fish.

(Pyongan or archaic) A general-purpose imperative suffix, not commonly used nowadays outside certain dialects. In Pyongan dialect, it is also used in the intimate style.

너 자신을 알라.

다음 방정식의 해를 구하라.

Find the solutions of the following equations.

(formal or literary) In the plain style, an imperative verb-final suffix specifically addressed to a general, impersonal audience, e.g. by an author to their readers.

아버지께서 나에게 집에 가라 하셨다.

Abeoji-kkeseo na-ege jib-e gara hasyeotda.

걔네들보고 밥 먹으라 그랬어.

Gyaenedeul-bogo bap meogeura geuraesseo.


-어사

Equivalent to -어 (-eo, infinitive suffix) + -사 (-sa, emphatic particle).

compound

Gyeongsang, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and southern Jeolla form of -어야 (-eoya, conditional suffix)


-믄

배가 아프다고 그러믄 이제 배를 문질러 주면서...

2010 February 8, 윤봉이 [yunbong'i], “배 쓸어주는 노래 [bae sseureojuneun norae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경기도 파주시 교하읍 (현 교하동) [gyeonggido pajusi gyoha'eup (hyeon gyohadong)]:

If their stomach hurts then you'd touch their stomach...

(Gangwon, Seoul, Chungcheong, Jeolla dialect, Hwanghae, Gyeongsang) Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으믄 (-eumeun, “(dialectal) if, when”)


-ㅂ네다

관리소에선 수리비를 받으러도 옵네다.

2018 September 4, 혜선 [hyeseon], “혜산 장마당 혜선씨의 하루...한달 벌이 500위안 [hyesan jangmadang hyeseonssiui haru...handal beori 500wian]”, in 중앙일보 [jung'ang'ilbo], 평안남도 평성시 [pyeong'annamdo pyeongseongsi]:

At the political camps they'd come to receive the cost for repairs.

(Pyongan, Northern Hwanghae, areas of Hamgyong) post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -습네다 (-seumneda, formal polite declarative suffix)

Northern Hwanghae; areas of Hamgyong; Northern Hwanghae; areas of Hamgyong


-아야겠-

자살을 하면 안 된다. 살아야겠다.

Jasar-eul hamyeon an doenda. Sar-ayaget-da.

I shouldn't commit suicide. I should live.

너도 해외를 가려면 백신을 맞아야겠구나.

Neo-do hae'oe-reul garyeomyeon baeksin-eul maj-ayaget-guna.

If you want to go abroad, I guess you have to get vaccinated too.

Yang-vowel form of -어야겠- (-eoyaget-); syncopic form of 아야 하겠 (-aya ha-get-) and 아야 되겠 (-aya doe-get-)


-래요

지금 북한이 쌀이 없어 큰일이래요.

Jigeum Bukhan-i ssar-i eopseo keunir-i-rae-yo.

Apparently North Korea is in trouble because they have no rice.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see -래 (-rae), -요 (-yo).

어머니는 김명숙인데 모를거래요.

1983 July 4, 정옥순 [jeong'oksun], 이산가족을 찾습니다 [isan'gajogeul chatseumnida], 강원도 강릉시 [gang'wondo gangneungsi]:

Our mother's name is Kim Myeong-Sook [but] you wouldn't know.


-라우

정호야 니 빵 한 입만 주라우

Jeongho, give me just a bite of your bread.

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으라우 (-eurau, imperative suffix (northwestern Seoul, Hwanghae, Pyongan))


-꾼

Nativisation of the Sino-Korean term 군 (軍, gun). Probably -ㅅ- (-s-, genitive marker) + 군(軍) (gun, “soldier”).


-니까

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으니까 (-eunikka, “because, since, as”)


-응께

총각 내가 어응 지내다가 배가 고파서 못 견디겄응께 그 술 찬밥 좀 얻어 먹자.

1980 August 12, 김정균 [gimjeonggyun], “똘감 명당 [ttolgam myeongdang]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 함평군 엄다면 [jeollanamdo hampyeonggun eomdamyeon]:

Young man as I am hungry from spending my time and now cannot bear [the hunger] any longer, take out some alcohol and cold rice to eat.

(Jeolla dialect, parts of Gyeongsang, Chungcheong) because, since


-으닝까

-euningkka (romanization)
-닝까 (alternative)

(northern Gyeongsang) dialectal form of -으니까 (-eunikka, “since, because, as”)


-슴

Perhaps from Early Modern Korean -ᄉᆞᆸ (-seup, declarative suffix of similar formal and polite meaning).

cog

나느 원동에서 났슴

2016 September 8, 곽응호 [gwageungho], “한국인의 밥상 ‘카레이스키의 아리랑’ [han'guginui bapsang - ‘kareiseukiui arirang’]”, in KBC다큐 [KBCdakyu], 카자흐스탄 [kajaheuseutan]:

formal polite style
w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che

(Yukjin, Hamgyong, parts of Pyongan, Russia) In the formal polite style, the chief declarative suffix.


-심니꺼

alternative spelling of -십니꺼 (-simnikkeo)


풀이

풀— (pul-, “to unravel”) + -이 (-i, noun-deriving suffix).


-을 것 같다

을 것 같다 (canonical)
-eul geot gatda (romanization)
-ㄹ 것 같다 (alternative)
-을 거 같다 (alternative)
-ㄹ 거 같다 (alternative)

[ɯɭ kʌ̹t̚ ka̠t̚t͈a̠]

-을 (-eul, irrealis attributive suffix) + 것 (geot, “thing”) + 같다 (gatda, “to look like”). Literally "it looks like a thing that [SUBJECT] will..."

이 나무는 쓰러질 것 같았습니다.

I namu-neun sseureo-jil geot gatatseumnida.

It seemed this tree would fall down some day.

아마 아기가 울었을 거 같아요.

I think it's probably the baby who cried.

그 날은 기분이 좋을 거 같았어?

Did you feel like you'd be in a good mood that day?

너무 일을 많이 해서 죽을 거 같네.

Neomu ir-eul mani haeseo jugeul geo ganne.

I've worked so hard, I feel like I'm going to keel over.

비가 올 것 같다.

공항까지 지하철을 타면 될 것 같은데 혹시 지하철이 어디 있는지 아세요?

gonghang-kkaji jihacheor-eul tamyeon doel geot gateunde hoksi jihacheor-i eodi inneunji aseyo?

I feel that I can take the subway to the airport, do you happen to know where the subway is?

to feel like; to feel that; to think (expresses an assumption, guess, or supposition; also used in hyperbolic statements about one's emotional state)


-음직

From Middle Korean -엄〮직〮 (Yale: -émcík). Beyond this, the first vowel of the Middle Korean suffix behaves identically to and is certainly etymologically derived from the infinitive -어〮 (Yale: -é) whence modern -어 (-eo), but the rest of the etymology (/m/, /t͡sik/) is unclear.

먹- (meok-, “to eat”) + -음직 (-eumjik) + -하다 (-hada, adjective-deriving light verb) → 먹음직하다 (meogeumjikhada, “to look palatable, to look good to eat”)

믿- (mit-, “to trust”) + -음직 (-eumjik) + -스럽다 (-seureopda, adjective-deriving suffix) → 믿음직스럽다 (mideumjikseureopda, “to be trustworthy”)

들- (deul-, “to listen”) + -음직 (-eumjik) + -하다 (-hada, adjective-deriving light verb) → 들음직하다 (deureumjikhada, “to be worth listening to”)

꺼리- (kkeori-, “to avoid”) + -음직 (-eumjik) + -하다 (-hada, adjective-deriving light verb) → 꺼림칙하다 (kkeorimchikhada, “to be uncanny”)

-worthy (attached between a verb stem and the adjective-deriving suffixes -스럽다 (-seureopda) or -하다 (-hada))


-거든

cog

Old Korean 去隱等隱 (“as for that which was...”)

시간이 있거든 같이 영화 보러 갑시다.

Sigan-i it-geodeun gachi yeonghwa boreo gapsida.

If you have time, let's go to the movies together.

벼도 익으면 고개를 숙이거든 너는 어찌 그리 오만방자하냐?

byeo-do igeumyeon gogae-reul sugi-geodeun neo-neun eojji geuri omanbangja-hanya?

Given that even rice plants bend their heads as they ripen, how can you be so conceited and arrogant?

(literary) given that; especially used in rhetorical questions

내일이 일요일이거든요.

In the intimate style, a declarative ending explaining a reason.


-스무니다

A stereotypical Japanese mispronunciation of the formal polite declarative verbal suffix -습니다 (-seumnida), as Japanese lacks coda /-m/.
See also Chinese 思密達 /思密达 (sīmìdá), Japanese ニダ (nida), Japanese and Chinese equivalents towards Koreans.

(sometimes offensive) Alternative form of -습니다 (-seumnida) used to denote that the person speaking is Japanese.


-스무니까

A stereotypical Japanese mispronunciation of the formal polite interrogative verbal suffix -습니까 (-seumnikka), as Japanese lacks coda /-m/.
See also Chinese 思密達 /思密达 (sīmìdá), Japanese ニダ (nida), Japanese and Chinese equivalents towards Koreans.

(sometimes offensive) Alternative form of -습니까 (-seumnikka) used to denote that the person speaking is Japanese.


-끼리

우리끼리.

《우리 민족끼리》

Among Our People (North Korean news website)


-이라는

-iraneun (romanization)
-이다 (conjugative-of)

(after consonants) alternative form of -라는 (-raneun)


-단이

-dani (romanization)
-다니 (alternative alternative)

From 단 (dan, meaning unclear) + -이 (-i, noun suffix).

suffix

삐꿀단이

싸낙단이

꼬시락단이

시단이

대단이

pet name for the daughter of a woman from a village beginning with Dae-

(Jindo Island Jeolla dialect) A derivational suffix for girls, also common in pet names for children or nicknames between friends.


대가리

—대가리 (canonical)
-daegari (romanization)

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄃᆡ골 (Yale: tòykwòl). The noun suffix -이 (-i) was later attached.
The word is generally considered a compound, but the etymology is not fully clear. The second component is probably 골 (gol, “brain”). For the first element, compare Jeju 데멩이 (demeng'i, “head”), Jeolla dialect 대망 (daemang, “forehead”), and beyond Korean, Chinese 頭 (MC duw, “head”), Proto-Mongolic *teriün (“head”).

ko-etym-native

멋도 없이 > 멋대가리도 없이


-자마자

학교에 가자마자 도서관에 갔어요.

As soon as I went to school, I went to the library.


-읍세다

-eupseda (romanization)
-ㅂ세다 (alternative)

(Pyongan, Hamgyong) dialectal form of -읍시다 (-eupsida)


-겄-

See the main entry. The vowel change to ㅓ (eo) is irregular; Ko Gwang-mo believes it was potentially influenced by the etymologically unrelated Early Modern suffix -것- (-geot-).

내가 용이 되아가지고 내가 당신 목숨을 살려 주겄소

1984 June 9, 정금례 [jeonggeumnye], “가마귀와 선비 [gamagwiwa seonbi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 신안군 암태면 [jeollanamdo sinan'gun amtaemyeon]:

I shall become a dragon and will save your life

나는 가몬 어짜든지 이포수 저 놈을 쥑이고 오겄다

1980 August 8, 김명칠 [gimmyeongchil], “강원도 이포수(李砲手)와 매구 [gang'wondo iposuwa maegu]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 진양군 일반성면 (현 진주시 일반성면) [gyeongsangnamdo jinyanggun ilbanseongmyeon (hyeon jinjusi ilbanseongmyeon)]:

If I go then I will come back after killing hunter Lee.

southern dialectal form of 겠 (get, “will, intend”)


-걸랑

-geollang (romanization)
-거들랑 (alternative)

Short for older -거들랑 (-geodeullang), from -거든 (-geodeun) + -을랑 (-eullang).

김치 만들어고 싶걸랑 배추를 사야지.

Gimchi mandeureogo sip-geollang baechu-reul sayaji.

If you want to make kimchi, you have to buy cabbage.

In the intimate style, introduces information new to the addressee.


-을깝쇼

-eulkkapsyo (romanization)
-ㄹ깝쇼 (alternative)

[ɯɭk͈a̠pɕ͈o]

빨래를 올릴깝쇼?

formal polite speech level
w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che

(archaic) In the formal polite speech level, an interrogative suffix used to a superior, by e.g. a shopkeeper to a client or a servant to a master.


-붕이

Originally a clipping of 붕붕 (bungbung, “buzz-buzz”) + -이 (-i, “-er”, noun suffix), an endearing self-designation for members of a putative bee-related forum on the DC Inside website.

suffix

(Internet slang) A suffix designating a member of an Internet community website, generally attached to the first syllable of the website in question.


-갔-

See the main entry. The vowel change to ㅏ (a) is irregular; Ko Gwang-mo believes it was potentially influenced by a putative suffix -*갓- (-*gat-), which would have been the yang-vowel form of the etymologically unrelated Early Modern suffix -것- (-geot-).

그 뜻이 그건 저두 잘 모르갔어요

2009 February 19, 민영철 [minyeongcheol], “도읍이 되지 못한 봉성산 [do'eubi doeji mothan bongseongsan]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView2_html5.asp?datacode=02_06_FOT_20090219_SJE_MYC_0001&dbkind=2&hilight=%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%B4%EA%B0%94%EC%96%B4&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%B4%EA%B0%94%EC%96%B4(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9), 경기도 김포시 하성면 [gyeonggido gimposi haseongmyeon]:

The meaning of that, even I would not know.

말 타구 도망가갔구 그 산정호수 뒤에...

2011 March 5, 배경성 [baegyeongseong], “궁예의 패망과 울음산의 유래 [gung'yeui paemanggwa ureumsanui yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 강원도 철원군 철원읍 [gang'wondo cheorwon'gun cheorwoneup]:

Gung Ye intended to flee by riding a horse behind Sanjeong Lake...

northern and western Gyeonggi and western Gangwon form of -겠- (-get-, “will, intend, probably”)


-더라

See -더- (-deo-, retrospective suffix) and -라 (-ra, declarative mood suffix).


-으니까

-eunikka (romanization)
-니까 (alternative)
-으닝까 (alternative Gyeongsang Northern dialectal)
-닝까 (alternative Gyeongsang Northern dialectal)

Emphatic form of -으니 (-euni, “since, because, as”)


-으면서

-eumyeonseo (romanization)
-면서 (alternative)

[ɯmjʌ̹nsʰʌ̹]

From Middle Korean -으〮며셔〮/ᄋᆞ〮며셔〮 (Yale: -úmyèsyé/ómyèsyé), from -으〮며〮/ᄋᆞ〮며〮 (Yale: -úmyé/ómyé, “while”) + 이셔〮 (Yale: ìsyé, infinitive of 잇다〮 (Yale: ìstá, “to be at”, whence modern 있다 (itda))). Compare -어서 (-eoseo), from a similar etymology.

okm-l

-으〮며셔〮/ᄋᆞ〮며셔〮

점심은 오면서 간단하게 먹었어

jeomsim-eun o-myeonseo gandanhage meogeosseo

나는 살면서 너만 사랑했다.

Na-neun sal-myeonseo neo-man sarang-haetda.

잘 알지도 못하면서 참견은.

Jal alji-do motha-myeonseo chamgyeon-eun.

Quit being so nosy even though you don't know anything.

빵은 먹으면서 밥은 왜 안 먹어?

ppang-eun meog-eumyeonseo bab-eun wae an meogeo?

Why won't you eat rice even when you eat bread?


-시겨

거, 아침에 조반 먹을려구... 김치 한 폭씩 끄내시겨.

1981 July 18, 김순이 [gimsuni], “딸은 도둑년(2) [ttareun dodungnyeon(2)]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 인천광역시 강화군 길상면 [incheon'gwang'yeoksi ganghwagun gilsangmyeon]:

Take out a batch of Kimchi so that I can have breakfast in the morning.

Hwanghae and Northwestern Gyeonggi form of 세요 (seyo, “present tense declarative, an interrogative suffix that can indicate a suggestion or question”)


-시꺄

-sikkya (romanization)
-시까 (alternative)
-시니꺄 (alternative)
-시니까 (alternative)

느이집은 어드메서 있시꺄?

송화에서 기 페양와서 오랫동안 사셨시꺄?

2003 August 15, 송해 [songhae], “평양노래자랑 [전국송해자랑] KBS 2003 08 15 방송 [pyeong'yangnoraejarang [jeon'guksonghaejarang] KBS 2003 08 15 bangsong]”, in 전국노래자랑 [jeon'gungnoraejarang], 황해남도 재령군 [hwanghaenamdo jaeryeonggun]

Have you lived in Pyongyang for a long time since you came from Songhwa?
From a conversation between Korean television host, Song Hae, who grew up in Jaeryong county, and a North Korean contestant from a neighboring county.

songhwa-eseo gi peyang'waseo oraetdong'an sasyeotsikkya?

Hwanghae and Seoul form of 습니까 (seumnikka, “Interrogative suffix for sentence-final verbs”)


-에기

-억 (-eok, diminutive suffix) + -이 (-i, noun suffix), with dialectal umlaut of the first vowel.

af

쓸— (sseul-, “to sweep”) + -에기 (-egi) → 쓰레기 (sseuregi, “trash”)

뿔 (ppul, “horn”) + -에기 (-egi) → 뿌레기 (ppuregi, “bull”) (Jeolla dialect)

(especially dialectal) Attached to nouns or verb stems to derive related or synonymous nouns, often with a pejorative effect.


-을

From Middle Korean -으ᇙ/ᄋᆞᇙ (Yale: -ulq/olq), from Old Korean 尸 (*-(u)lq).
In Old Korean, a (perhaps the) primary function of this suffix was to form verbal gerunds that could function as nouns, much as English -ing-forms serve as both independent nouns and to attribute nouns adjectivally; this nominalizing usage was only vestigial in Middle Korean and is wholly defunct today.

파티에 올 사람들

the people who are going to come to the party

친구에게 줄 선물

죽일 놈

비가 올 때 이 거리는 잠긴다.

At times when it rains, this street is submerged.

목발은 못 걸을 때 사용한다.

Mokbar-eun mot georeul ttae sayonghanda.

차가웠을 물

water which should have been cold; water which I predict was cold

A verbal and adjectival irrealis adnominal suffix; generally equivalent to English "that [one] will" or "who [one] will", but not always with a future meaning; indicates the future intention of the subject, the inference of the subject about an event (whether past, present, or future), a general timeless fact, something that ought to be done, etc.


-거나

From Middle Korean -거나〮 (Yale: -kená), from -거- (Yale: -ke-) + -나〮 (Yale: -ná).

주말에는 보통 영화를 보거나 책을 읽습니다.

Jumar-e-neun botong yeonghwa-reul bo-geona chaeg-eul ikseumnida.

On weekends I usually watch movies or read books.


-거나

-거나... 거나 (canonical)
-geona... -geona (romanization)

비가 오거나 안 오거나 중요하지 않아요.

Bi-ga o-geona an o-geona jung'yo-haji anayo.

It's not important whether it rains or not.

좋아하거나 말거나


-슴다

(colloquial) Colloquial version of 습니다 (seumnida), a declarative suffix in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.

나두 왔슴다.

2013, 김선희 [gimseonhui, Jin Shan-ji], 연변 방언 연구 조사와 종결어미를 중심으로 [yeonbyeon bang'eon yeon'gu - josawa jonggyeoreomireul jungsimeuro, A study on particles and endings of the Yanbian dialect], Korean Language and Literature Society, page 8:

(Northern Hamgyong, Yanbian, Yukjin) the declarative suffix in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.


-ㅁ

떠나- (tteona-, “to depart”) + -ㅁ (-m) → 떠남 (tteonam, “one's departing”)

슬프- (seulpeu-, “to be sad”) + -ㅁ (-m) → 슬픔 (seulpeum, “sadness”)

살- (sal-, “to live”) + -ㅁ (-m) → 삶 (sam, “life”)

Post-vocalic and liquid allomorphic form of -음 (-eum, “-ing, -ment”, substantive-deriving verbal suffix)


-음

Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean -음〮 (Yale: -úm), -ᄋᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: -óm).
This suffix is the most common Middle Korean nominalizer, including in the gugyeol sources of the fourteenth century and in the Hangul sources of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but is very rarely attested in pre-fourteenth-century Old Korean sources. Choe 2017 comments that no intermediary stage appears to exist, and that this sudden post-fourteenth-century dominance of an apparently novel grammatical suffix is puzzling and difficult to explain.
The older nominalizers were realis 隱 (*-n) and irrealis 尸 (*-l), both of which are now adnominal suffixes.
In Middle Korean, -음〮 (Yale: -úm) proper only derived nouns from verbs, while verbal substantives ("-ing", "that...") were formed by bimorphemic -움〮 (Yale: -wú-m), the first element traditionally being analyzed as the "modulator" suffix -우〮- (Yale: -wú-). The "modulator" disappeared around the late sixteenth century, leaving -음 (-eum) to do double duty.

나누 (nanu-, “to divide”) + -음 (-eum) → 나눔 (nanum, “division, charity”)

기쁘 (gippeu-, “happy”) + -음 (-eum) → 기쁨 (gippeum, “happiness”)

-ness; -tion; -ment (noun-deriving suffix for verbs and adjectives)

우리가 만남은 우연이 아니다.

Our meeting [each other] cannot be an accident.

이가 옳지 않음은 명백한 사실입니다.

i-ga ol-chi aneum-eun myeongbaek-han sasir-imnida.

This not being right is an evident fact.

(formal) the act of, the process of, -ing, being […] , to be […] (gerund- or noun clause-forming suffix for verbs and adjectives)

생물학에 큰 관심을 가지고 있음.

Saengmulhag-e keun gwansim-eul gajigo isseum.

[Student] has great interest in biology.

2020년 12월 9일에 씀.

님, 거기 가 봄?

(formal or Internet, slang) A formality-neutral sentence ender used in certain contexts when one desires to avoid formality distinctions, such as in formal reports or Internet conversations.


-ㅅ

A non-productive noun, adjective and prefix forming suffix.

돌다 (dolda, “to turn”) + -ㅅ (-s) → 돐 (dol, “first year”)

묵다 (mukda, “to stop”) + -ㅅ (-s) → 몫 (mok, “part”)

풀 (pul, “grass”) + -ㅅ (-s) → 풋 (put, “green”)

물 (mul, “water”) + -ㅅ (-s) → 뭇 (mut, “multitude”)


-사

夫(부)子(자)ㅣ 溫(온)良(량)恭(공)儉(검)讓(양)하사[…]

For the Master was humane, upright, courteous, temperate, and complaisant […]

Post-vocalic and liquid allomorphic form of -으사 (-eusa)


-사

Sino-Korean suffixes; see the main entries.


-으사

Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean 으샤〮 (Yale: -usy-á), ᄋᆞ샤〮 (Yale: -osy-á).

夫(부)子(자)ㅣ 溫(온)良(량)恭(공)儉(검)讓(양)하사[…]

archaic form of -으셔 (-eusyeo, contraction of 으시어 (-eusi-eo, “honorific infinitive”))


-새

걸음 (georeum, “walking”) + -새 (-sae, “form”) → 걸음새 (georeumsae, “gait”, literally “walking form”)


-아

From Middle Korean -아〮 (Yale: -á), from Old Korean 良 (*-a).

Yang-vowel form of -어 (-eo, versatile verbal infinitive suffix)


-어

From Middle Korean -어〮 (Yale: -é), from Old Korean 良 (*-a), the vowel shift presumably informed by vowel harmony. In Old and Middle Korean, the suffix was solely a connective one and could not be used to end a sentence.
Modern sentence-final usage emerged at some point in Early Modern Korean. Indisputable examples of the infinitive serving as an informal imperative, one given below, are found by the eighteenth century. This innovation was probably extended from a practice in which the auxiliary or other subsequent verb was omitted to be determined by context in colloquial speech, transforming the infinitive into a sentence-ending suffix.

해는 저물어 간다.

저거 한 번 먹어 봐.

그는 죽어 있다.

날이 더워진다.

The "infinitive" suffix, connecting verbs and adjectives.

Joins the main verb or adjective to its auxiliary.

옷을 벗어 침대에 던졌다.

I took off my clothes and threw them on the bed.

의자에 앉아 글을 쓸 것이다.

종이를 접어 학을 만들었다.

Jong'i-reul jeob-eo hag-eul mandeureotda.

and, by; expresses a sequence of actions made by the same subject. There is a nuance that the first action is impacting or enabling the second; compare -고 (-go), which lacks this nuance.

꽃이 피어 기분이 좋다.

나 점심 먹고 있어.

소년이 벽에 페인트를 칠하고 있어요.

Sonyeoni byeoge peinteureul chilhago isseoyo.

In the "intimate" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:

Marks the declarative or indicative mood.

너는 점심 먹었어?

얼른 점심 먹어.

日(일)中(듕)三(삼)足(죡)烏(오)야 가지 말고 내 말 드러

1728, 珍(진)本(본)靑(청)丘(구)永(영)言(언) (Jinbon Cheongguyeong'eon) [Songs from the Green Hills]:

Three-legged crow inside the sun, don't go; listen to what I have to say.

Ildyung samjyogo-ya gaji malgo nae mal deur-eo


-짜리

세 살짜리 아기

5천원짜리 책

2킬로짜리 양파

onions equivalent to two kilos (in amount)

Suffix attached to quantified sums (price, value, age, number, weight, etc.) to denote an equivalence.

Suffix denoting a person dressed in a certain attire.


-는-

From Middle Korean -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-), representing a merger of two independent Old Korean suffixes: 飛 (*-no-) and 臥 (*-nwu-). It is usually thought that 臥 (*-nwu-), despite the vowel shift, was closer to the present-tense meaning and that 飛 (*-no-) may have been a continuous aspect-marking suffix.
The reduplicated form -는- (-neun-) is used since the seventeenth century, except in certain contexts (see below) where the syncopated form -ㄴ (-n) is used after vowels.

lang

口訣學會 제21회 共同硏究會 發表論文集

口訣學會 제21회 共同硏究會 發表論文集

口訣學會 제54회 共同硏究會 發表論文集

口訣學會 제54회 共同硏究會 發表論文集

먹- (meok-) + -는- (-neun-) + -다 (-da) → 먹는다 (meongneunda, “one eats”)

먹- (meok-) + -는- (-neun-) + -구나 (-guna) → 먹는구나 (meongneun'guna, “one is eating!”)

있- (it-) + -는- (-neun-) + -다 (-da) → 있는다 (inneunda, “one stays”)

A present tense-marking suffix for verbs; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific -으시- (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix.


-는

Equivalent to Middle Korean -ᄂᆞ (Yale: -no, present-tense suffix) + -ㄴ (Yale: -n, realis gerundive suffix). The first element is now homophonous -는- (-neun-) in Modern Korean; see that entry for more.

읽는 책

사는 곳

동물원에 있는 호랑이

떠나는 사람들

that is..., that [one] is..., -ing, etc.; suffix attached to the stem of verbs or the existential adjectives 있다 (itda) and 없다 (eopda) to turn the clause into a dependent one in the present tense.


-는

Possibly a contraction of -느냐 (-neunya).

너 무슨 소리를 그렇게 허는?

1990, Park Wan-suh, 미망 [Mimang, Illusions]:

Seoul form of -느냐 (-neunya, “plain-style interrogative suffix”)


-은

From Middle Korean -은/ᄋᆞᆫ (Yale: -un/on), from Old Korean 隱 (*-(u)n).
In Old Korean, a (perhaps the) primary function of this suffix was to form verbal gerunds that could function as nouns, much as English -ing-forms serve as both independent nouns and to attribute nouns adjectivally; this nominalizing usage was only vestigial in Middle Korean and is wholly defunct today.

네가 어제 빌린 사전

the dictionary which you borrowed yesterday

어제 먹은 빵

퍼런 정장을 입은 남자

the man wearing (that put on) a deep blue suit

that, which; past adnominal suffix for verbal stems, often carries a perfect meaning.

차가운 손

아름다운 여인

Realis adnominal suffix for adjectival stems.


-ㄴ

From Middle Korean -ㄴ (Yale: -n). See the main entry for more.

post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -은 (-eun, past or realis adnominal suffix)


-ㄴ

only used in 온 (on, “(endearing) come here!”).


-나

First attested in the nineteenth century, as a contraction of -는가 (-neun'ga).

자네는 전공을 무엇으로 정했나?

jane-neun jeon'gong-eul mueos-euro jeonghaen-na?

서울역에 어떻게 가나요?

familiar speech level
w:Korean speech levels#Hage-che

An interrogative marker in the familiar speech level; with -요 (-yo), also used in the polite speech level.

내가 미쳤나, 어떻게 이런 실수를...

Nae-ga micheon-na, eotteoke ireon silsu-reul...

Was I insane? How could I make such a mistake...

잘 지내나 싶어서 전화했지.

Conveys a question addressed to oneself.

plain speech level
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

(Gyeongsang) In the plain speech level, an interrogative marker denoting polar (yes-or-no) questions.

-나 보다
보다#나보다


-나

From Middle Korean -나〮 (Yale: -ná). See the main entry for more.

표현은 다르나 내용은 같다.

Pyohyeon-eun dareu-na naeyong-eun gatda.

The expressions are different, but the content is the same.

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으나 (-euna)


-으나

From Middle Korean -으〮나〮/ᄋᆞ〮나〮 (Yale: -óná/úná), from Old Korean 乃 (*-na), 隱乃 (*-una).

okm-l

-으〮나〮/ᄋᆞ〮나〮 (Yale: -óná/úná)

광주·전남지역은 곳에 따라 구름이 많이 끼겠으나 대체로 맑겠습니다.

Gwangju·Jeonnamjiyeog-eun gos-e ttara gureum-i mani kkigesseuna daechero malgetseumnida.

Gwangju and Jeonnam region will be partly cloudy, but mostly clear.

높으나 높다

기나길다

Used as an emphatic interfix between certain reduplicated adjectival stems.


-으나

-으나... 으나 (canonical)
-euna... -euna (romanization)
-나 (alternative)

-으〮나〮/ᄋᆞ〮나〮 (Yale: -óná/úná)

있으나 없으나 별 차이가 없다.

There's little difference whether you have it or not.


-느냐

-neunya (romanization)
-으냐 (alternative)

From Middle Korean -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-, present-tense suffix) + -으〮녀〮/ᄋᆞ〮녀〮 (Yale: -únyé/ónyé, interrogative suffix). See -냐 (-nya) for more.

어디를 가느냐, 토끼야?

잠깐 쉬어감이 어떻겠느냐?

What do you think about taking some rest?

(dated or literary) synonym of -냐 (-nya)


-으냐

The most conservative form of the suffix; see -냐 (-nya) for more.

alternative form of -느냐 (-neunya, dated form of -냐 (-nya)); see -느냐#Usage notes


-네

First appears in the late sixteenth century, originally as -ᄂᆡ (Yale: -noy).
Traditionally analyzed as a shortening of Middle Korean ᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: -no-ngì-tá), from -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-, present-tense suffix) + -ᅌᅵ- (Yale: -ngì-, listener-honoring suffix) + -다〮 (Yale: -tá, declarative suffix), with the last being fully deleted.
However, Jang Yun-hui suggests that it may be more appropriate to posit -이 (Yale: -i) as a colloquial Middle Korean verb-final suffix, in which case this is a simple compound of -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-, present-tense suffix) + -이 (Yale: -i).

-도다

-doda, dated literary plain style exclamatory

familiar style
w:Korean speech levels#Hage-che

In the familiar style, a declarative suffix.

한국어를 잘 하시네요!

아, 그러네. 생각을 못 했다.

polite style
w:Korean speech levels#Haeyo-che

In the intimate style, the polite style, or when talking to oneself, an exclamatory suffix conveying a sudden realization.


-네

From Middle Korean -내〮 (Yale: -náy). Originally an honorific plural; became increasingly pejorative.

걔 (gyae, “he/she”) + -네 (-ne) → 걔네 (gyaene, “they”)

니 (ni, “you”) + -네 (-ne) → 니네 (nine, “you guys”)

(colloquial) Forms the plural of certain pronouns.

언니 (eonni, “older sister”) + -네 (-ne) → 언니네 (eonnine, “older sister's (in-law) family”)

우리 (uri, “we; us”) + -네 (-ne) → 우리네 (urine, “us; our folks”)

남정(男丁) (namjeong, “adult men”) + -네 (-ne) → 남정(男丁)네 (namjeongne, “menfolk”)


-네

큰아바지레 오셋네?

1998, 김영배 [gimyeongbae], “서북방언 [seobukbang'eon]”, in 새국어생활 [saegugeosaenghwal], volume 8, number 4, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 69:

Pyongan form of -니 (-ni, “a plain-style interrogative suffix”)


-느니

치욕스레 사느니 차라리 죽겠다.

Chiyokseure sa-neuni charari juk-get-da.

Rather than live in shame, I would rather die.

rather; marks the following clause as a preferable choice.


-느니

-느니... 느니 (canonical)
-neuni... -neuni (romanization)
-으니 (alternative)
-니 (alternative)

돈을 쓰느니 아끼느니 갑론을박이 계속된다.

Don-eul sseu-neuni akki-neuni gamnoneulbag-i gyesokdoenda.

The dispute continues, with some arguing to spend the money, some to save it.

saying... and saying...; conveys a dispute between opposing viewpoints.


-느니

-neuni (romanization)
-으니 (alternative)
-니 (alternative)

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean -으〮니〮/ᄋᆞ〮니 (Yale: -úní/óní), a general-purpose declarative and interrogative suffix of a middling level of deference.
In Middle Korean, this suffix is formally identical to -으〮니〮/ᄋᆞ〮니 (Yale: -úní-/óní-), a "durative" aspect-marking suffix indicating continuous action or timeless fact. Said suffix is etymologically from Old Korean 隱 (*-un, realis gerundive suffix) + 是 (*i-, “to be”, copula): "to be that..." (Lee and Ramsey 2011, p. 211).
The traditional analysis is that this suffix is in fact fully identical to the durative suffix, with the expected formality- and mood-marking suffixes that should follow it being omitted due to the reduced degree of formality. However, it has been argued that this analysis is strange from the perspective of Korean grammar, and that there is in fact a formality-marking suffix -이〮 (Yale: -i) which merges with -니〮- (Yale: -ní-) due to the shared vowel.
Before verbs, the suffix now takes 느 (neu), from Middle Korean -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-), originally a Middle Korean present-tense suffix now attached generally to verbs (or tense-marking suffixes derived from verbs) in many grammaticalized suffixes. See Usage notes below.

der

사람이 효를 모르거든 금수와 다름이 없느니.

Saram-i hyo-reul moreu-geodeun geumsu-wa dareum-i eom-neuni.

If a man knows no respect for his parents, he is no different from a beast.

(dated, now poetic) In the familiar style, a declarative suffix introducing a general truth or maxim.


-니

A nineteenth-century contraction of Early Modern Korean -ᄂᆞ니 (-neuni), which it replaces, as attested by the older spelling -늬 (-nui). The uncontracted form is now written -느니 (-neuni) due to spelling reforms and no longer has interrogative meaning; see there for more. As expected by the etymology, -니 (-ni) could originally only combine with verbs and existential adjectives but expanded rapidly to adjectives in the early twentieth century.

너 가니?

여우야, 여우야, 뭐 하니?

A plain-style interrogative suffix, with a more friendly tone than -냐 (-nya).


-니

From Middle Korean -니〮 (Yale: -ní). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -으니 (-euni, “because, since”)


-니

-니... 니 (canonical)
-ni... -ni (romanization)

하니 마니


-니

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으니 (-euni, alternative form of -느니 (-neuni))


-면

From Middle Korean -면〮 (Yale: -myén). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -으면 (-eumyeon, “if, when”)


-으면

-eumyeon (romanization)
-면 (alternative)

From Middle Korean -으〮면〮/ᄋᆞ〮면〮 (Yale: -úmyén/ómyén), a Middle Korean innovation from Old Korean 㢱 (*-mye, adverb-deriving suffix) + 隱 (*-n, topic marker). Modern speakers do not perceive it as such.

꼬리가 길면 밟힌다.

One's evil deeds will eventually be discovered.

If one's tail is long, it will be stepped on.

그분이 가시면, 저도 가겠습니다.

Geubun-i gasimyeon, jeo-do gagetseumnida.

봄이 오면, 꽃이 핀다.


-으니

From Middle Korean -으〮니〮/ᄋᆞ〮니〮 (Yale: -úní/óní), from Old Korean 隱 (*-un, realis gerund marker) + 是 (*-i, either the nominative case marker or a semantically light noun). Compare -으리 (-euri).

okm-l

-으〮니〮/ᄋᆞ〮니〮 (Yale: -úní/óní)

der

워낙 배가 고팠다 보니 무엇을 먹어도 맛있었다.

Wonak bae-ga gopatda bo-ni mueos-eul meogeodo masisseotda.

Everything tasted good since I was so hungry.

시절이 하 수상하니 어찌 될지 몰라라.

Sijeor-i ha susangha-ni eojji doelji mollara.

As the times are so treacherous, I do not know how things will end up.

because, since, as; used to convey a cause, a proof, or a premise.

바닷가에 다다르니 하늘이 노을에 물들던 참이었다.

Badatga-e dadareu-ni haneur-i no'eur-e muldeuldeon cham-ieotda.

When we arrived at the seashore, the sky was starting to glow with the sunset.

as; used to convey a relevant fact, such an immediately antecedent action which enables the subsequent clause.


-으니

-으니... 으니 (canonical)
-euni... -euni (romanization)
-니 (alternative)

alternative form of -느니 (-neuni); see Usage notes in that entry.


-자

노래를 다 같이 부르자!


-자

집을 나오자 비가 내리기 시작했다.

Jib-eul naoja bi-ga naerigi sijakhaetda.

As I left the house, it started to rain.

여름이 오자 날씨가 더워졌네요.

As/Since the summer came the weather has become hotter.

(formal) as: Suffix attached to verbs expressing that one action happened after another finished, which also sometimes acts as a reason for the following action.


-ㄹ

From Middle Korean -ㅭ (Yale: -lq). See the main entry for more.

post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -을 (-eul, irrealis adnominal suffix)


-ㄹ래

Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of -을래 (-eullae)


-으세요

-euseyo (romanization)
-세요 (alternative)
-시어요 (alternative)
-셔요 (alternative)

Contraction of -시어요 (-sieoyo), which is -시- (-si-, honorific suffix) + 어요 (-eo-yo, informal polite style sentence final).

어머니께서 지금 집에 안 계세요.

안녕하세요?

여기서는 담배 피우지 마세요.

A non-past honorific informal polite style suffix expressing declarative, interrogative, imperative, and suggestive moods depending on context.


-듯이

앞서 말했듯이...

여름이 이미 왔듯이 더워졌어요

It's gotten hotter as if summer has already come.


-듯

Shortened form of -듯이 (-deusi, “as if, just like”)


-ㄴ-

From Middle Korean -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-). See the main entry for more.

post-vowel or post-liquid allomorphic form of -는- (-neun-, present-tense suffix)


-되

From Middle Korean -오〮ᄃᆡ〮 (-wótóy). Cognate with Jeju -뒈 (-dwe).

여름이 왔으되 날씨는 아직도 쌀쌀하네.

Yeoreum-i wasseudoe nalssi-neun ajik-do ssalssalhane.

Summer has come, however it's still a bit cold.

(dated, formal) however, but: a suffix connecting contradictory facts

미연아, 나가서 친구들이랑 놀되 열 시 전까지는 들어오렴.

Miyeon-a, nagaseo chin'gu-deur-irang noldoe yeol si jeon-kkaji-neun deureooryeom.

Miyeon, go ahead and play with your friends, but come back before 10PM.

but: a suffix introducing a contradictory additional explanation or a condition one must follow.

그녀는 묻되 "여기 앉아도 돼요?"

geunyeo-neun mutdoe yeogi anjado dwaeyo?"

A suffix indicating that the following statement is a direct quote.


-으되

alternative form of -되 (-doe, “but, however”) used with 있다 (itda), 없다 (eopda), -겠- (-get-), -었- (-eot-) and its other forms.


-으시-

From Middle Korean -으시〮/ᄋᆞ시〮- (Yale: -ùsí/òsí-), from Old Korean 賜 (*-si).

얘야, 형님은 운동을 언제 하시냐?

yae-ya, hyeongnim-eun undong-eul eonje hasinya?

Child, when does your older brother do his exercises?

손이 정말 예쁘시네요.

선생님께서 여기로 오신다.

An honorific suffix for verbs and adjectives indicating that the subject of the sentence or the direct possessor of it is honored; it attaches directly to the stem, preceding all other suffixes.

손님, 문이 열리시겠습니다.

(proscribed) An honorific suffix for verbs and adjectives indicating that the addressee (not the subject or the possessor) is honored


-겠-

-get- (romanization)
-게엿- (alternative Early Modern)
-게얏- (alternative Early Modern)
-갯- (alternative Hamgyong)
-겄- (alternative)
-갔- (alternative)
-갓- (alternative)

Contraction of older and synonymous 게 하였 (-ge ha-yeot-), 게 ᄒᆞ엿 (Yale: -key hoy-es-) in historical spelling. 게 ᄒᆞ엿 (Yale: -key hoy-es-) has been used with future meaning since the late sixteenth century.
In Modern Korean, 게 하였 (-ge ha-yeot-) most literally means "caused [one] to [VERB]", e.g. 먹게 하였다 (meok-ge ha-yeot-da, “[I] made [him] eat”). Hence, there are multiple theories with regards to the semantics. Some believe that the verb 하다 (hada) in this context was synonymous to 되다 (doeda), and hence that the construction originally had the same meaning as modern 게 되었 (-ge doe-eot-), e.g. 먹게 되었다 (meok-ge doe-eot-da, “[he] ended up eating”). Others believe that the suffix developed from a more reflexive use of the causative, equivalent to modern 도록 하였 (-dorok ha-yeot-), e.g. 먹도록 하였다 (meok-dorok ha-yeot-da, “[he] decided to eat”).
Increasingly displaced older future-like -으리- (-euri-).

다시는 담배를 피우지 않겠다!

철수가 오늘 김밥을 먹겠대요.

Cheolsu-ga oneul gimbab-eul meokgetdaeyo.

A general future speculative suffix; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific -으시- (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix.

(mainly used with 1st person or in quotative sentences) will, intend: a suffix indicating that the subject intends to do the action in the future with their own efforts, thus showing their will, determination.

내일 비가 오겠네요.

어제 모스크바에서도 눈이 내렸겠지요?

eoje Moseukeuba-eseo-do nun-i naeryeotget-ji-yo?

It probably snowed in Moscow too yesterday, right?

will, may: A suffix denoting guess or assumption of varied possibility.

제가 말을 좀 해도 되겠어요?

will, would: A suffix indicating an indirect polite proposal with some degree of future supposition.


-겠-

-get- (romanization)
-것- (alternative Early Modern Southern dialectal)

From Middle Korean -것- (Yale: -kes-), from -거- (Yale: -ke-, perfective or confirmative marker) + -ㅅ- (Yale: -s-, exclamatory marker). It has since merged with the suffix above phonologically.

okm-l

집에 들어가기는 싫고 날씨도 좋겠다, 카페나 가볼까?

jib-e deureo-gagi-neun silko nalssi-do jo-ket-da, kape-na ga-bolkka?

I don't want to go back home, and the weather is really nice; should I just go to a café?

ᄀᆡ화ᄒᆞᆫ 아들 잇것다 ᄀᆡ화ᄒᆞᆫ 며누리 잇것다 집이 잘 되지 망ᄒᆞᆯ 리가 있소

1908, 이인직 [iinjik], 雉(치)岳(악)山(산), volume I, page 32:

We do have a Westernized son, we do have a Westernized daughter-in-law; of course our family will do well, how on earth could it go to ruin?

Used to strongly confirm that something is the case; nowadays, it is typically followed by another clause which draws a conclusion based on that fact.